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[Abstract: Objective: To identify the main components in the extracts of different parts of Juandan Baihe (Lilium lancifolium) by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) technology and investigate their hypoglycemic activities. Methods: The MS fragmentation pathways of the main types of compounds in Juandan Baihe (Lilium lancifolium) were studied, and the main components in the extracts were systematically identified using MS fragmentation pathways combined with MS mining technology. Based on the hyperglycemia male mouse model [specific pathogen free (SPF)-grade Kunming mice] induced by streptozotocin (intragastric administration of 80 mg/kg for 3 d), the hypoglycemic effects of extracts of Juandan Baihe (Lilium lancifolium) roots, stems, corms, leaves, and flowers were evaluated by measuring the changes of blood glucose, daily water consumption, daily food intake, and body weight. Results: The MS fragmentation pathways of regalosides, dioscins, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and chlorogenic acids in Juandan Baihe (Lilium lancifolium) were clarified, and a mining method for compounds in this plant was constructed. A total of 58 compounds, including 6 chlorogenic acids, 14 regalosides, 13 phenylpropanoids, 5 flavonoids, and 20 dioscins, were identified from the roots, stems, corms, leaves, and flowers of Juandan Baihe (Lilium lancifolium). Among them, 30 compounds were reported for the first time from this plant. The root and corm extracts demonstrated significant hypoglycemic activities by reducing blood glucose levels from 23.76 ± 1.21 and 24.29 ± 1.35 mmol/L to 17.21 ± 1.23 and 18.78 ± 1.49 mmol/L, respectively (P < 0.05). The roots and corms extracts could also attenuate the symptoms of polydipsia (P < 0.01), polyphagia (P < 0.05), and weight loss caused by diabetes. Conclusion: This study clarifies that the roots of Juandan Baihe (Lilium lancifolium) are rich in regalosides and dioscins for the first time, and have significant hypoglycemic activities, providing the foundation for the comprehensive utilization of this plant and the development of hypoglycemic drugs.

Objective: The antioxidant, hypoglycemic and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of ethanol extracts of different parts (root, stem, leave and fruit) from Psidium guajava L. were compared. Methods: The free radical scavenging were determined by DPPH and ABTS method. The hypoglycemic activities were determined by pNPG and DNS method. The inhibition of tyrosinase activity was determined by L-DOPA method. Results: The ethanol extracts of different parts from Psidium guajava L. had certain antioxidant, hypoglycemic activities and inhibitory effect on tyrosinase, and there were dose effect relationship. The ethanol extracts of the root from Psidium guajava L. had the strongest activity, and its free radical scavenging of ABTS+ and DPPH was close to VC, its IC50 values of the scavenging ability of ABTS+ and DPPH free radicals were (8.45±0.12), (0.09±0.002) mg/mL, and its inhibitory strength on yeast α-glucosidase and α-amylase was higher than that of positive control acarbose. And its IC50 values of the inhibitory activity on α-amylase and yeast α-glucosidase were: (0.10±0.02), (8.74±0.25) μg/mL, and the inhibitory activity of tyrosinase was weaker than VC. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the root from Psidium guajava L. had the highest antioxidant, hypoglycemic activities and inhibitory effect on tyrosinase, which suggested that the root from Psidium guajava L. is a potential inhibitors resource of antioxidant, α-glucosidase, α-amylase and tyrosinase.

Myricetin is a common plant-derived flavonoid and exhibits a wide range of activities. However, myricetin also exhibits substantial limitations, such as its poor water-solubility and low stability in body when it was administrated orally. To solve these problems, a series of myricetin derivatives with different disaccharide groups were designed, synthesized and evaluated their hypoglycemic activities. All synthesized compounds displayed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in comparison with acarbose in vitro, which indicated that myricetin derivatives with different disaccharide groups had good hypoglycemic activity and could be further developed as hypoglycemic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pleurotus eryngii (PE) is an edible mushroom with high nutritional value. Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides (PEPs) are one of the main active ingredients and manifest a great variety of biological activities. This study mainly focused on the chemical characterization and biological activities of PEPs, which were separated into two fractions (named WPS and P-1). WPS is mainly dominated by β-glycosidic bonds and contains α-glycosidic bonds, and P-1 only contains α-glycosidic bonds. The molecular weights of WPS and P-1 were 4.5 × 105 Da and 2.2 × 104 Da. The result of GC indicated that two the fractions were composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose, with a ratio of 0.35:0.24:0.45:0.24:28.78:1.10 for WPS and 0.95:0.64:0.66:1.84:60.69:0.67 for P-1. The advanced structure studies indicated that the two fractions had no triple-helical structure, where WPS had a dense structure and P-1 had a loose structure. In addition, the antioxidant activity of WPS surpassed P-1, and the two fractions also exhibited a high hypoglycemic activity via inhibiting α-glycosidase activities and promoting the expression of PI3K-AKT signaling pathway based on in vitro assay and cell experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural characteristic, physicochemical properties and structure-hypoglycemic activity relationship of intracellular (IPS) and extracellular (EPS) from submerged fermentation of Morchella esculenta were systematically compared and assessed. Both IPS and EPS were neutral, with a triple-helical conformation, and composed of galactose, glucose and mannose monosaccharides in different molar ratios. The molecular weight and particle size of IPS were higher than those of EPS. FTIR and SEM showed that the main functional group absorption peak intensity, glycosidic bond type and surface morphology of the two polysaccharides differed. Analysis of rheological and thermal properties revealed that the viscosity of IPS was higher than that of EPS, while thermal stability of EPS was greater than that of IPS. Hypoglycemic activity analysis in vitro showed that both IPS and EPS were non-competitive inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. EPS showed strong digestive enzyme inhibitory activity due to its higher sulphate content and molar ratio of galactose, lower Mw and particle size. Meanwhile, with its higher Mw and apparent viscosity, IPS showed stronger glucose adsorption capacity and glucose diffusion retardation. These results indicate that IPS and EPS differed considerably in structure and physicochemical properties, which ultimately led to differences in hypoglycemic activity. These results not only suggested that IPS and EPS has the potential to be functional foods or hypoglycemic drugs, but also provided a new target for the prevention and treatment of diabetes with natural polysaccharides. [Display omitted] • IPS, EPS differed in structure and physicochemical properties, causing differences in activity. • M. esculenta submerged fermentation polysaccharides exert their hypoglycemic activities in two ways. • EPS had strong digestive enzyme inhibitory activity. • IPS and EPS decreased the activity of digestive enzymes by changing their structure. • IPS exhibited stronger effect on delaying the absorption and transport of glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, polysaccharides with antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were isolated from the crude extract of pepper leaves by high-speed countercurrent chromatography in one step for the first time. An aqueous polymer two-phase system comprising PEG1000-K2HPO4-KH2PO4-H2O (0.8:1.25:1.25:6.5, w/w) was used for separation. During each separation, 2.0 g of the crude sample yielded two homogeneous components of polysaccharides PLP1 (226 mg) and PLP2 (273 mg). The molecular weights of PLP1 and PLP2 were 123 kDa and 243 kDa, respectively. PLP1 primarily consisted of mannose and glucose at a molar ratio of 1:2.4, whereas PLP2 was mainly composed of galactose, glucose, and rhamnose at a molar ratio of 2.6:1:2.2 with 10.3% (w/w) sulphates. Biological activity showed that sulfated PLP2 exhibited stronger antioxidant activity in vitro and hypoglycemic activity in diabetic mice than PLP1. The results demonstrated that sulfated PLP2 possessed potential as natural hypoglycemic agents or antioxidants in food or pharmaceuticals.

One new compound, β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-1-ethyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), and 11 known compounds were isolated from Trichosanthis Radix. Their structures were mainly elucidated by NMR and MS spectra. All the isolated compounds were tested for their inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, and compound 11 exhibited potential inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 36.41 ± 0.54 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of purity of tea polysaccharides (TPS) on its five antioxidant activities and hypoglycemic activities in vitro were studied. The results showed that the higher the purity of TPS, the lower the antioxidant capacity. The purity of FTPSI is the highest (sugar content 80.72%), but its antioxidant activities were lower than those of Fujian tea polysaccharides (FTPS) and FTPSII. The antioxidant activity of tea polysaccharide is related to its protein and polyphenol content (Pearson r >.90). The protective effect of Zhejiang tea polysaccharides and FTPS on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was better than that of its purified fractions. The inhibition rates of FTPSII (5 and 2 mg/ml) on α‐glucosidase (32.76%) and α‐amylase (−11.93%) were higher than those of FTPS and FTPSII. Purification does not change the basic structure of TPS. This study has certain reference value for the study of the antioxidant activities of TPS. Meanwhile, TPS can be used as a potential resource with hypoglycemic function. Practical applications: A large number of studies have shown that TPS have antioxidant activity. However, several studies considered that the antioxidant activity of TPS mainly comes from the residues of tea polyphenols. Therefore, the in vitro and cell antioxidant activities of TPS were studied in this paper. We believe that both glycoprotein and tea polyphenol are antioxidants of tea, and tea polysaccharide perform preferable effect on hypoglycemic. HUVEC cell model and four in vitro antioxidant test methods were used to study the antioxidant activities of TPS, and two enzyme inhibition activities were used to study the hypoglycemic effect of TPS, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the study of biological activity of TPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and hypoglycemic activity of tea polysaccharides has been extensively studied, while there are few reports on the characterization and hypoglycemic activity of dark tea polysaccharides. The crude dark tea polysaccharide (CDTPS) was optimally extracted from Fuzhuan dark tea. Six polysaccharide fractions (namely DTPS-1, DTPS-2, DTPS-3, DTPS-4, DTPS-5, and DTPS-6) were isolated from CDTPS, and their physicochemical, structural, and biological properties were compared and analyzed. The results revealed that the compositions, structural characteristics, and biological properties of the six DTPSs were different. Therein, DTPS-4 and DTPS-6 had looser morphology, faster solubility, and a more stable structure. Additionally, DTPS-4 had the optimum in vitro antioxidant capabilities, and DTPS-6 had the strongest in vitro hypoglycemic capabilities. In addition, a correlation analysis revealed that the molecular weight and uronic acid content were significantly related to their antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Our results indicated that DTPS-4 and DTPS-6 could be further developed into functional foods or additives, respectively.

Hsian-tsao polysaccharides fractions (HPs), including HP20, HP40, HP60, and HP80, were fractioned by gradient precipitation of 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, and 80 % (v /v) ethanol, respectively. Their physicochemical properties and in vitro hypoglycemic activities (inhibitory activities on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, glucose adsorption capacity, and glucose diffusion retardation) were determined. The results showed that, with ethanol upward, the average particle size, molecular weight, and apparent viscosity of HPs were decreased while carbohydrate and uronic acid contents, absolute zeta potential, and thermal stability were increased. Each of the HPs contained Rha, Ara, Gal, Xyl, Man, and GalA with different molar ratios, indicative of anionic heteropolysaccharides with uronic acid. HPs, with diverse structures and surface morphologies as proved by FTIR and SEM, whose solutions were pseudoplastic fluids, exhibited elastic behavior of weak gel networks at concentrations of >1 %. Moreover, HPs showed inhibitory activities on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, of which HP80 was the strongest. For α-amylase, HP20 and HP60 behaved as mixed inhibitors, while HP40 and HP80 were non-competitive. For α-glucosidase, HPs acted as mixed inhibitors. Additionally, HPs possessed glucose adsorption capacity and glucose diffusion retardation, with the best for HP20. These results suggested that HPs possessed hypoglycemic activities, which could be developed as functional food or hypoglycemic drugs. [Display omitted] • HPs contained high uronic acid contents with hypoglycemic activities. • HPs showed inhibitory activities on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. • HPs possessed glucose adsorption capacity and glucose diffusion retardation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scope: Dried Ziziphus jujuba Mill. kernel is a potential natural source of nutraceutical and therapeutic agents in China. Recent researches have shown that the saponins of dried Z. jujuba Mill. kernel (SZJs: SZJ-1 and SZJ-2) have various biological effects. However, the hypoglycemic activities and underlying mechanisms of SZJs remain obscure., Method and Results: In the current study, two saponins SZJ-1 and SZJ-2 mainly composed of betulinic acid, spinosin, jujuboside A, and jujuboside B are extracted and is olated from dried Z. jujuba Mill. kernel. The SZJ-1 and SZJ-2 could significantly inhibit the activities of digestion enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylases. The hypoglycemic ability of SZJ-1 and SZJ-2 is further investigated and the results show that SZJ-1 and SZJ-2 can improve the hyperglycemic by increasing the glucose consumption, improving the superoxide dismutase (SOD), hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK) activities, and decrease the MDA content of insulin resistant HepG2 cells. Furthermore, SZJ-1 and SZJ-2 can activate the phosphorated adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase α (p-AMPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110α (PI3K-p110α), and phosphorated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (Ser9) (p-GSK3β)., Conclusion: These results indicating that the SZJ-1 and SZJ-2 might improve the insulin resistant symptoms by improving the energy metabolic level and increasing the glycogen synthase activity of HepG2 cells., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

[Display omitted] • Two polysaccharide components including PLP1 and PLP2 were purified from pepper leaves by HSCCC. • The separation process was completed using the polymer two-phase aqueous system. • The purified PLP2 exhibited good scavenging abilities on DPPH and ATBS radicals. • The purified PLP2 possessed notable hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice. In the present study, polysaccharides with antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were isolated from the crude extract of pepper leaves by high-speed countercurrent chromatography in one step for the first time. An aqueous polymer two-phase system comprising PEG1000-K 2 HPO 4 -KH 2 PO4-H 2 O (0.8:1.25:1.25:6.5, w/w) was used for separation. During each separation, 2.0 g of the crude sample yielded two homogeneous components of polysaccharides PLP1 (226 mg) and PLP2 (273 mg). The molecular weights of PLP1 and PLP2 were 123 kDa and 243 kDa, respectively. PLP1 primarily consisted of mannose and glucose at a molar ratio of 1:2.4, whereas PLP2 was mainly composed of galactose, glucose, and rhamnose at a molar ratio of 2.6:1:2.2 with 10.3% (w/w) sulphates. Biological activity showed that sulfated PLP2 exhibited stronger antioxidant activity in vitro and hypoglycemic activity in diabetic mice than PLP1. The results demonstrated that sulfated PLP2 possessed potential as natural hypoglycemic agents or antioxidants in food or pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dietary fiber (DF) composition, physicochemical and functional properties of triticale dietary fiber (TR DF) and hull-less barley dietary fiber (HU DF) were investigated and compared in this study. Results revealed that triticale soluble dietary fiber (TR SDF) had higher arabinose and xylose contents but lower glucose content than that of hull-less barley soluble dietary fiber (HU SDF). Compared with hull-less barley insoluble dietary fiber (HU IDF), triticale insoluble dietary fiber (TR IDF) had more arabinose and xylose. HU SDF exhibited a smaller particle size and lower viscosity than TR SDF. HU SDF had greater hydroxyl scavenging activity, whereas TR SDF showed higher DPPH radicals scavenging activity. Glucose adsorption capacity, glucose dialysis retardation index, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of TR SDF were all higher than those of HU SDF. TR IDF and its bound polyphenols demonstrated higher α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities than those of HU IDF and its polyphenols. In conclusion, TR DF had better hypoglycemic activities than that of HU DF and the antioxidant activity of TR IDF was lower than that of HU IDF. • FT-IR spectra of triticale and hull-less soluble dietary fiber were different. • Bound polyphenols contributed to the antioxidant capacity of two dietary fibers. • Triticale soluble dietary fiber showed higher hypoglycemic properties. • Triticale soluble dietary fiber had larger particle size and higher viscosity. • Triticale insoluble dietary fiber showed lower antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and hypoglycemic activity of tea polysaccharides has been extensively studied, while there are few reports on the characterization and hypoglycemic activity of dark tea polysaccharides. The crude dark tea polysaccharide (CDTPS) was optimally extracted from Fuzhuan dark tea. Six polysaccharide fractions (namely DTPS-1, DTPS-2, DTPS-3, DTPS-4, DTPS-5, and DTPS-6) were isolated from CDTPS, and their physicochemical, structural, and biological properties were compared and analyzed. The results revealed that the compositions, structural characteristics, and biological properties of the six DTPSs were different. Therein, DTPS-4 and DTPS-6 had looser morphology, faster solubility, and a more stable structure. Additionally, DTPS-4 had the optimum in vitro antioxidant capabilities, and DTPS-6 had the strongest in vitro hypoglycemic capabilities. In addition, a correlation analysis revealed that the molecular weight and uronic acid content were significantly related to their antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Our results indicated that DTPS-4 and DTPS-6 could be further developed into functional foods or additives, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the chemical constituents of ethyl acetate from Cirsium setosum, fifteen flavonoids were obtained by column chromatography on silica gel, MCI, Sephadex LH-20, and preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified as 4',5,6-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone(1), 4',5-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone(2), sorbifolin-6-O-β-glucopyranoside(3), kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside(4), kaempferol(5), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucosyl-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside(6), myricetin(7), myricetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside(8), 5,7- dihydroxy -3',4'- dimethoxyflavone(9), 3',4',5- trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone(10), 3',3,4',5-tetrahydroxy-7-methoxyflavone(11), 3'-hydroxy-4',5,7-trimethoxyflavone(12), 7-hydroxy-3',4',5-trimethoxyflavone(13), 4',5-dihydroxy-2',3',7,8-tetramethoxylflavone(14), and 5-hydroxy-2',3',7,8-tetramethoxylflavone(15) by spectroscopic data analysis. All compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.Compounds(1-15) were evaluated for their hypoglycemic activities by PTP1B enzyme model. Among them, compounds 2, 12, and 14 showed significant PTP1B inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values of 2.54, 1.85, 2.11 μmol•L⁻¹, respectively., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)