Search

The structure of the body wall of the nematode Heterakis dispar (Schrank, 1790) from the family Heterakidae was studied using light and electron microscopy methods and compared with other species of the same family. The cuticle of the adult nematode H. dispar consists of eight layers: (1) epicuticle; (2, 3) outer and inner cortical layers; (4, 5) outer and inner homogeneous layers; (6, 7) outer and inner fibrous layers; (8) basement membrane. The homogeneous layer of the cuticle in the lateral ridges in both male and female and near the bursa of the male is several times as thick as other parts of the helminth cuticle. Unlike other species of the family, males of H. dispar have three different forms of cuticular structure in different parts of the body. In the basal layer of the cuticle, sustaining structures consisting of dense fibrils and microtubules were found, which were not previously noted in other species of the family. In the hypodermis of the nematode, dorsal, ventral, and two lateral ridges are found, the lateral ridges being twice as large as the others. Ultrastructural features of the excretory channels and nerve cords located in the hypodermal ridges were also revealed. The nervous system of the helminth is orthogonal. The ventral nerve cord is wider than the dorsal one. The muscle layer is of the polymyar type; number of muscle cells arranged in groups varies from 17 to 26, depending on the sex and body part of the helminth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Aims Methods Results Conclusions Anti‐freeze Glycoproteins (AFGPs) were described to preserve biological materials and protect them from different stresses.The effects of a synthetic anti‐freeze glycoprotein‐based compound, TFC‐1326, on human skin quality and its biological actions were studied.The effects of various concentrations of TFC‐1326 on the biology of human preadipocytes, differentiated in the proinflammatory microenvironment, and on human fibroblasts grown in coculture with human mature adipocytes or monocultured in stress conditions were investigated in, in vitro studies. Additionally, the efficacy of a 1% TFC‐1326 topical cream was evaluated in a clinical investigation on the skin biology and appearance of 20 women aged between 40 and 65 years throughout 84 days of application.The in vitro studies revealed that TFC‐1326 mitigated the deleterious effects of a proinflammatory cytokine cocktail produced by human macrophages, by restoring preadipocyte adipogenic capacity and by reducing their fibroinflammatory state. TFC‐1326 also stimulated the proliferative capacity of dermal fibroblasts co‐cultured with mature adipocytes as well as their production of hyaluronic acid and procollagen type I, while decreasing IL6 secretion and increasing fibroblast viability. Furthermore, daily 1% TFC‐1326 topical cream application, measurably improved skin radiance and laxity, as well as skin density. Finally, significant reductions of the volume and depth of the crow's feet wrinkles were also observed.The compound TFC‐1326 significantly improved the physiological appearance and cellular functions of aging skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin is the largest organ in the body and forms the interface between the body and the environment. Its structure is highly adapted to protect the body from many forms of noxious agents, to maintain homeostasis in several physiologic domains and to allow the individual to appreciate various modalities of sensation. The skin is divided into three layers – the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis (or subcutaneous tissue). The epidermis is a continually regenerating structure formed mainly from keratinocytes which account for the majority of cells in the epidermis. The pigment melanin, produced in the melanocyte cells of the epidermis is a major factor in determining skin colour. The dermis supports and gives strength and flexibility to the epidermis. It contains multiple blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves within its connective tissue architecture. The hypodermis is composed of various amounts of subcutaneous fat which plays a role in thermoregulation and water storage. It is essential that surgeons have a good knowledge of the structure of skin in order to choose the optimum site for surgical incisions, to understand the best methods of wound closure and to anticipate potential problems with wound healing. Furthermore, recognizing the role of specialist advice from plastic, reconstructive, or trauma surgeons is crucial for managing wounds that are complex, large, involve underlying structures, or are located on exposed skin such as the face and neck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Internal root aeration is essential for root growth in waterlogged conditions. Aerenchyma provides a path for oxygen to diffuse to the roots. In most wetland species, including rice, a barrier to radial oxygen loss (ROL) allows more of the oxygen to diffuse to the root tip, enabling root growth into anoxic soil. Most dryland crops, including barley, do not form a root ROL barrier. We previously found that abscisic acid (ABA) signalling is involved in the induction of ROL barrier formation in rice during waterlogging. Although rice typically does not form a tight ROL barrier in roots in aerated conditions, an ROL barrier with suberized exodermis was induced by application of exogenous ABA. Therefore, we hypothesized that ABA application could also trigger root ROL barrier formation with hypodermal suberization in barley. Methods Formation of an ROL barrier was examined in roots in different exogenous ABA concentrations and at different time points using cylindrical electrodes and Methylene Blue staining. Additionally, we evaluated root porosity and observed suberin and lignin modification. Suberin, lignin and Casparian strips in the cell walls were observed by histochemical staining. We also evaluated the permeability of the apoplast to a tracer. Key Results Application of ABA induced suberization and ROL barrier formation in the adventitious roots of barley. The hypodermis also formed lignin-containing Casparian strips and a barrier to the infiltration of an apoplastic tracer (periodic acid). However, ABA application did not affect root porosity. Conclusions Our results show that in artificial conditions, barley can induce the formation of ROL and apoplastic barriers in the outer part of roots if ABA is applied exogenously. The difference in ROL barrier inducibility between barley (an upland species) and rice (a wetland species) might be attributable to differences in ABA signalling in roots in response to waterlogging conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of ectoparasitic nematode development in the integument of a pseudoscorpion in Baltic amber is presented. The adult nematodes feed, apparently mate and oviposit in cavities within the integument of the host. Nourishment is obtained from the host’s hypodermis through a short stylet. Since these nematodes defer description because many of its pertinent characters are not clearly visible, it is described in the established collective group genus, Vetus Taylor, which was erected for fossil nematodes that could not be placed in any known extant family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological methods of fish research provide an opportunity to study their biological systems – cells, tissues, and organs in normal and pathological conditions – in depth at all levels of structural organization. The work aimed to investigate the morphological features of localization of skin pigment cells in scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) of different ages. The study was conducted in the laboratory of complex ichthyopathological studies at the Department of Ichthyology and Zoology of the Belotserkiv National Agrarian University. One-, two-, and three-year-old scaly carp from the feeding ponds of PJSC “Chernigivrybhosp” were used. From which the scales were removed, skin samples of scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were used as material for research. Tissue samples were taken from freshly caught fish for the research. Our study established that pigment cells in carp of different ages were localized in the upper and lower layers of the dermis and hypodermis and in the lateral connective tissue septum at the level of the lateral line that divides the lateral muscles. In addition, in the carp of the same age, in contrast to the older age groups, isolated clusters of pigment cells were observed in the loose connective tissue between the muscle fibers of the superficial lateral muscle. During the histological examination, we also discovered the presence of pigment cells in the skin, particularly melanophores. Thus, the skin of peers of scaly carp was located in single clusters and had a rounded shape and a concentrated distribution of melanin pigment. Many melanophores were observed in the lower layer of the dermis at the border with the hypodermis. In the area of the lateral line, in the connective tissue septum, at the level of the deep lateral muscle, large strands of melanophores were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent studies demonstrate that PDO threads, after being introduced into the facial skin, provide benefits due to collagen formation around the thread and improved vascularization. Aims: This work aims to report the ultrasound and photographic follow‐up after the execution of the facelift thread technique, thus evaluating the anti‐aging treatment that PDO threads will provide for human facial skin. Methods: The facelift will be performed using PDO thread 18G cannulated Sculpt i‐ Thread FML 100 × 185 mm, and 29G PDO thread Needled Flat i‐Thread 38 × 50 mm. A total of 10 patients were selected for the study; all of them had medium‐grade facial ptosis and aged 40–50 years old. In order to control tissue changes after thread, insertion ultrasound measurements will be made with Philips ultrasound 12 MHz linear probe at maximum resolution, initial evaluations and control of 30, 60, 90, and 120 days, measuring the skin layers: epidermis\dermis and hypodermis. Photographic control was performed before and after 120 days of intrusion of the PDO threads. Results: The formation of collagen around the PDO thread was evidenced through ultrasound images in all patients in this study, as well as improvement in the appearance of the skin and sagging, evaluated by photographic control. Conclusions: We can define that the PDO threads used for the facelift are effective in the formation of collagen around the thread (observed through the increase in the dermal layer), and improvement of the condition of the anti‐aging factor through sagging skin, vascularization and thinning of the superficial fat layer (observed through the reduction of the subcutaneous or hypodermis layer). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conifers are long-lived species that cope with multiple abiotic and biotic stresses. To defend themselves, they have evolved a wide array of morphological, anatomical and chemical traits. Morpho-anatomical traits of Juniperus seravschanica, particularly in male and female cones, have not been studied. Thus, in this survey, these structures were studied to investigate the adaptative traits. The species is frost- and drought-tolerant and grows at a 2200-3800 m altitude on normal, chalky, calcareous, rocky, and mountainous outcrops with other species or as pure patches. The seedlings and young plant leaves were small and needle-like, while the main leaves of adult plants were scale-like and overlapping; there was a conspicuous resin gland (duct) in the outer surface of scale-like leaves secreting a white and sticky resinous substance, particularly in damaged leaves. The epidermis was thick with thicker outer walls and sunken stomata; the hypodermis showed 1-3 layers of lignified cells with a narrow lumen. The palisade parenchyma was observed on both sides. Sclereids, phenolic- and starchy cells were observed in leaves, particularly scale-like ones. Male cones were small with overlapping and decussate scales, in which resin glands (ducts) and phenolic cells were also observed. Similarly, female cones had overlapping and decussate scales converting to fleshy, berry-like, and bluish appearance during development. They revealed the presence of several resin glands, a thick epidermis, phenolic cells in young cones, and numerous sclereid cells in mature cones. Tracheids were narrow in leaves and cones. The features such as high sclerophylly, resin glands, phenolic cells, narrow tracheids, sunken stomata, increasing thickness of the epidermis, cuticle, hypodermis, as well as the presence of palisade parenchyma on both sides enable the species to survive in hard conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We carried out a comparative study on Caspian thin-toed gecko with Persian sturgeon. The skin plays a role in preventing damage to internal organs from mechanical stress and the harmful effects of sunlight, and is colored depending to the environment to protect against enemies. It also plays the role in the recognition and reproduction of members. The epidermis of Tenuidactylus caspius (Eichwald, 1831) resembles mammals and birds more than the epidermis of reptiles. The stratum corneum layer of the epidermis is the same thickness in the same body area of the Caspian thin-toed gecko representatives. T.c. insularis, which live by the seaside in horizontal position, have relatively few stratum corneum cells that cover the underside of the body, however, there are many air-filled cavities inside these cells. The stratum corneum underside of T.c. caspius, which are adapted to living in a vertical position, have a large number of cells, but they are flatter and have fewer air cavities. The stratum compactum layer of the dermis in the T.c. caspius, is denser and more compact than in the T.c. insularis. Acipenser persicus (Borodin, 1897) epidermis consist of outermost surface layer, middle layer and stratum germinativum. In sturgeon, the outer surface of skin is covered with a cuticle. Below it are mucous cells, taste buds and stratified flattened cells. The stratum compactum of Acipenser persicus is thick and covers the body like a shield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the superficial fascia has been recognized as a specific anatomical structure between the two adipose layers—the superficial adipose tissue (SAT) and the deep adipose tissue (DAT). The evaluation of specific characteristics of cells, fibers, blood circulation, and innervation has shown that the superficial fascia has a clear and distinct anatomical identity, but knowledge about lymphatic vessels in relation to the superficial fascia has not been described. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of lymphatic vessels in the hypodermis, with a specific focus on the superficial fascia and in relation to the layered subdivision of the subcutaneous tissue into SAT and DAT. Tissue specimens were harvested from three adult volunteer patients during abdominoplasty and stained with D2-40 antibody for the lymphatic endothelium. In the papillary dermis, a huge presence of lymphatic vessels was highlighted, parallel to the skin surface and embedded in the loose connective tissue. In the superficial adipose tissue, thin lymphatic vessels (mean diameter of 11.6 ± 7.71 µm) were found, close to the fibrous septa connecting the dermis to the deeper layers. The deep adipose tissue showed a comparable overall content of lymphatic vessels with respect to the superficial layer; they followed the blood vessel and had a larger diameter. In the superficial fascia, the lymphatic vessels showed higher density and a larger diameter, in both the longitudinal and transverse directions along the fibers, as well as vessels that intertwined with one another, forming a rich network of vessels. This study demonstrated a different distribution of the lymphatic vessels in the various subcutaneous layers, especially in the superficial fascia, and the demonstration of the variable gauge of the vessels leads us to believe that they play different functional roles in the collection and transport of interstitial fluid—important factors in various surgical and rehabilitation fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The leaf ontogenesis of Myrtoideae species revealed that the subepidermal layer is a hypodermis that originates from periclinal divisions of the ground meristem. • The occurrence of a hypodermis in representatives of Myrtaceae needs to be better studied and discussed in relation to the phylogeny of the family. • This study demonstrates the importance of ontogeny to understand plant structures so they can be properly used in taxonomic and phylogenetic interpretations. The ninth largest family of angiosperms is Myrtaceae, which comprises 127 genera and over 6000 species. The leaf anatomy of Myrtaceae has been widely studied and can be used in phylogenetic analyses and species delimitations in complexes within the family. A multiple epidermis and hypodermis have been described for the leaves of representatives of the family but have not been confirmed using ontogenetic studies, which could lead to incorrect interpretations about these tissues. Thus, we studied the leaf ontogenesis of the following 9 species in subfamily Myrtoideae: tribe Syzigieae - Syzigium cumini ; tribe Myrteae - Myrceugenia alpigena and M. euosma (subtribe Luminae), Psidium sartorianum, P. guajava, Campomanesia adamantium and Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (subtribe Pimentinae), Myrcianthes pungens and M. gigantea (subtribe Eugeniinae). Shoot apices and leaves up to the fourth node were transversally and longitudinally sectioned following techniques used for plant anatomy. Leaf development in all species is from apical, intercalary, dorsal, marginal and plate meristematic activity. Protodermal periclinal divisions only occur to give rise to secretory cavities. The results show that in all the species the subepidermal layer is a hypodermis, which originates from periclinal divisions of the ground meristem. The occurrence of this layer could have phylogenetic implications according to reports in the literature, reinforcing the relationships among the subtribes in current topologies of Myrteae. However, the occurrence of a hypodermis in representatives of other subtribes of Myrteae and Syzigieae need to be better studied and discussed in relation to the phylogeny of Myrtaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cycads (Cycadales) are among the most ancient lineages of extant seed-bearing plants and are the most threatened plant order on Earth, with circa 75% of the 356 accepted species endangered or threatened with extinction. Zamia is the most species-rich (81 spp.) and widely distributed cycad genus in the Americas, notable for its morphological and ecological diversity. Across the genus, there appears to be a high degree of convergence among macromorphological traits, with many characters that are useful for species identification proving uninformative for elucidating relationships among species. However, it remains unknown whether anatomical variation in leaflet structure corresponds with phylogenetic or geographic patterns, as has been investigated in Dioon and Cycas. Here, we present a broad comparative survey of leaflet anatomy across Zamia species with the goals of describing anatomical diversity and uncovering diagnostic characters for resolved clades. Anatomical characters were scored based on the literature and newly prepared sections of leaflets from 20 Zamia species plus the outgroup species Microcycas calocoma. The resulting matrix covers 39 Zamia species representing all five major clades and spanning the geographic distribution of the genus. Anatomical characters scored from leaflet sections were mapped onto a previously published phylogeny and evaluated for their phylogenetic signal. Most anatomical characters examined are not diagnostic for clades, but newly reported mesophyll sclereids may be unique to one large lineage. Given the widespread incongruence between phylogenetic relationships and the distribution of anatomical traits, we tested the relationship between anatomical characters and environmental signals but did not uncover significant correlations between anatomy and ecology. While further work is required to elucidate the evolutionary history of anatomical characters in this genus, this research improves our understanding of micromorphological character evolution, anatomical diversity, and phylogenetic relationships within this highly threatened lineage of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gynoid lipodystrophy is one of the most common cosmetical problems in women. Aims: The study aims to examine the pathomorphology and histology of subcutaneous tissue in women with gynoid lipodystrophy exposed to local compression/vibration therapy using a non‐invasive Beautylizer Therapy Cosmospheres V medical device. Methods: The study enrolled 25 virtually healthy women aged 25–45 years with gynoid lipodystrophy grades I and II. The women included in the study completed a 10‐session month‐long therapeutic course with a non‐invasive Beautylizer Therapy Cosmospheres V medical device. Bioptic punch‐size samples were taken from the gluteal region prior to and following the 10‐session therapy course with the device. Results: After completing a 10‐session treatment course, a decrease in the mean adipocyte area from 123.08 ± 13.60 μm to 67.14 ± 4.20 μm was observed in punch bioptic samples of subcutaneous fat tissues of women with gynoid lipodystrophy as compared with the pre‐treatment indices. Conclusion: Thus, local application of 10‐session therapy with a non‐invasive Beautylizer Therapy Cosmospheres V medical device in women with gynoid lipodystrophy demonstrated a positive effect on the histological structure of the hypodermis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The genus Coryphantha has the second largest number of species of the tribe Cacteae-Cactaceae. Morphologically, it has been reported that the stem presents mainly globose, ovoid and cylindric variations. However, at the anatomical level, descriptions are scarce and focused on particular tissues (epidermis or xylem). The aim of this work is to contribute to the anatomical knowledge of the genus. Questions and/or Hypotheses: What are the anatomical characteristics that differentiate one species from another? Does the presence of crystals allow differentiation between species? Study species: Coryphantha clavata, Coryphantha cornifera and Coryphantha radians. Site and years of study: San Luis Potosí and Querétaro, Mexico; 2017, 2020. Methods: Three individuals per species were collected, and conventional histological techniques were applied. Anatomical descriptions were made for different tissues, and structural characteristics were measured for each species. Results: The species exhibited the greatest differences in the epidermis and hypodermis, such as the presence of subepidermal stomata (C. radians), three-layered hypodermis (C. clavata), and non-collenchymatous hypodermis (C. cornifera). Crystals were not observed in the epidermises but instead in the hypodermes, which exhibited crystal shapes of druses (C. cornifera and C. radians), prisms and round bodies (C. clavata). In the cortical tissue, C. clavata had abundant mucilage cells. The observed xylem and phloem tissues exhibited characteristics similar to those of other Coryphantha species. Conclusions: The anatomical characteristics of the epidermis and hypodermis are considered of high systematic value and could be used to distinguish between species of the genus.

How serine/threonine phosphatases are spatially and temporally tuned by regulatory subunits is a fundamental question in cell biology. Ankyrin repeat, SH3 domain, proline-rich-region-containing proteins are protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit binding partners associated with cardiocutaneous diseases. Ankyrin repeat, SH3 domain, proline-rich-region-containing proteins localize protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit to cell-cell junctions, but how ankyrin repeat, SH3 domain, proline-rich-region-containing proteins localize and whether they regulate protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit activity in vivo is unclear. Through a Caenorhabditis elegans genetic screen, we find that loss of the ankyrin repeat, SH3 domain, proline-rich-region-containing protein homolog, APE-1, suppresses a pathology called "jowls," providing us with an in vivo assay for APE-1 activity. Using immunoprecipitations and mass spectrometry, we find that APE-1 binds the protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit called GSP-2. Through structure-function analysis, we discover that APE-1's N-terminal half directs the APE-1-GSP-2 complex to intercellular junctions. Additionally, we isolated mutations in highly conserved residues of APE-1's ankyrin repeats that suppress jowls yet do not preclude GSP-2 binding, implying APE-1 does more than simply localize GSP-2. Indeed, in vivo reconstitution of APE-1 suggests the ankyrin repeats modulate phosphatase output, a function we find to be conserved among vertebrate homologs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The superficial fascia has only recently been recognized as a specific anatomical structure. Furthermore, whereas it is actually recognized that the innervation of the deep/muscular fascia plays a key role in proprioception and nociception, there are very few studies that have analyzed these characteristics in the superficial fascia. In this work, our group analyzed two different anatomical districts (abdomen and thigh), from volunteer patients, undergoing surgery procedures. Each sample was processed for histological analysis by Hematoxylin&Eosin, and by immunohistochemistry stainings (in 5-micron-paraffin embedded section and in cryosectioned free floating samples), with antibodies specific for nerve fibers: S100 antibody for myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells, PGP9.5 antibody as pan-neuronal marker, tyrosine hydroxylase for autonomic innervation. The results revealed a huge innervation: the nervous structures were found above all around blood vessels and close to adipocytes, but they penetrated also in the connective tissue itself and are found in the midst of fibro-adipose tissue. The tissue is pervaded by both thin (mean diameter of 4.8 ± 2.6 µm) and large nerve fiber bundles of greater diameter (21.1 ± 12.2 µm). The ratio S100/TH positivity was equal to 2.96, with a relative percentage of autonomic innervation with of 33.82%. In the light of these findings is evident that the superficial fasciae have a clear and distinct anatomical identity and a specific innervation, which should be considered to better understand their role in thermoregulation, exteroception and pain perception. The knowledge of the superficial fascia may improve grading and developing of different manual approach for treatments of fascial dysfunctions, and the understanding of how some factors like temperature or manual therapies can have an impact on sensitivity of the fascia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The superficial fascia has only recently been recognized as a specific anatomical structure. Furthermore, whereas it is actually recognized that the innervation of the deep/muscular fascia plays a key role in proprioception and nociception, there are very few studies that have analyzed these characteristics in the superficial fascia. In this work, our group analyzed two different anatomical districts (abdomen and thigh), from volunteer patients, undergoing surgery procedures. Each sample was processed for histological analysis by Hematoxylin&Eosin, and by immunohistochemistry stainings (in 5-micron-paraffin embedded section and in cryosectioned free floating samples), with antibodies specific for nerve fibers: S100 antibody for myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells, PGP9.5 antibody as pan-neuronal marker, tyrosine hydroxylase for autonomic innervation. The results revealed a huge innervation: the nervous structures were found above all around blood vessels and close to adipocytes, but they penetrated also in the connective tissue itself and are found in the midst of fibro-adipose tissue. The tissue is pervaded by both thin (mean diameter of 4.8 ± 2.6 μm) and large nerve fiber bundles of greater diameter (21.1 ± 12.2 μm). The ratio S100/TH positivity was equal to 2.96, with a relative percentage of autonomic innervation with of 33.82%. In the light of these findings is evident that the superficial fasciae have a clear and distinct anatomical identity and a specific innervation, which should be considered to better understand their role in thermoregulation, exteroception and pain perception. The knowledge of the superficial fascia may improve grading and developing of different manual approach for treatments of fascial dysfunctions, and the understanding of how some factors like temperature or manual therapies can have an impact on sensitivity of the fascia.

Background: Ten percent povidone-iodine (PVP-I) was initially promoted as 'tamed iodine' as the chemical activity of the active biocide, uncomplexed or free molecular iodine (I2), is reduced 30- to 50-fold compared with Lugol's solution. The idea that I2 is responsible for topical iodine staining and irritation remains widely held. However, there are no controlled studies that characterize the cytotoxicity and staining of the hydrophobic I2 species compared with the other hydrophilic iodine species that comprise over 99.9% of the total iodine in topical iodine disinfectants.Aims: To compare the staining properties of the I2 species with other topical iodine disinfectants; to evaluate if the concentrations of I2 in diluted PVP-I used to reduce severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 in the nasal cavity are potentially cytotoxic; and to determine if high concentrations of I2 can be delivered beyond the stratum corneum into the hypodermis, which could provide a mechanistic rationale for I2 out-gassing.Methods: Five liquid compositions that contained complexed and uncomplexed (free) I2 in aqueous and non-aqueous carriers were used to evaluate the interaction of I2 with mammalian cells in culture as well as human and pig skin.Findings: Concentrations of I2 (7800 ppm) that are 1500 times higher than that found in PVP-I can be applied to skin without irritation and staining. I2 is not cytotoxic at concentrations >100 times higher than that found in PVP-I, and does not contribute materially to staining of skin at concentrations found in Lugol's solution (approximately 170 ppm). I2 can partition into hypodermis tissue, remain there for hours and out-gas from skin. PVP-I and Lugol's solution are highly effective topical disinfectants, but do not facilitate diffusion of I2 through the stratum corneum.Conclusion: The maximum concentration of I2 found in diluted PVP, approximately 25 ppm, is not cytotoxic or irritating. The potential clinical utility of I2 has been limited by incorporating this broad-spectrum biocide into acidic aqueous formulations that contain numerous chemical species that contribute toxicity but not biocidal activity. I2 can be delivered topically into hypodermis tissue without irritation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin is the largest organ in the body and forms the interface between the body and the environment. Its structure is highly adapted to protect the body from many forms of noxious agents, to maintain homeostasis in several physiologic domains and to allow the individual to appreciate various modalities of sensation. The skin is divided into three layers – the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis or (subcutaneous fat). The epidermis is a continually regenerating structure formed mainly from keratinocytes which account for the majority of cells in the epidermis. The pigment melanin, produced in the melanocyte cells of the epidermis is a major factor in determining skin colour. The dermis supports and gives strength and flexibility to the epidermis. It contains multiple blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves within its connective tissue architecture. The hypodermis is composed of various amounts of subcutaneous fat which plays a role in thermoregulation and water storage. It is essential that surgeons have a good knowledge of the structure of skin in order to choose the optimum site for surgical incisions, to understand the best methods of wound closure and to anticipate potential problems with wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the superficial fascia has been recognized as a specific anatomical structure between the two adipose layers—the superficial adipose tissue (SAT) and the deep adipose tissue (DAT). The evaluation of specific characteristics of cells, fibers, blood circulation, and innervation has shown that the superficial fascia has a clear and distinct anatomical identity, but knowledge about lymphatic vessels in relation to the superficial fascia has not been described. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of lymphatic vessels in the hypodermis, with a specific focus on the superficial fascia and in relation to the layered subdivision of the subcutaneous tissue into SAT and DAT. Tissue specimens were harvested from three adult volunteer patients during abdominoplasty and stained with D2-40 antibody for the lymphatic endothelium. In the papillary dermis, a huge presence of lymphatic vessels was highlighted, parallel to the skin surface and embedded in the loose connective tissue. In the superficial adipose tissue, thin lymphatic vessels (mean diameter of 11.6 ± 7.71 µm) were found, close to the fibrous septa connecting the dermis to the deeper layers. The deep adipose tissue showed a comparable overall content of lymphatic vessels with respect to the superficial layer; they followed the blood vessel and had a larger diameter. In the superficial fascia, the lymphatic vessels showed higher density and a larger diameter, in both the longitudinal and transverse directions along the fibers, as well as vessels that intertwined with one another, forming a rich network of vessels. This study demonstrated a different distribution of the lymphatic vessels in the various subcutaneous layers, especially in the superficial fascia, and the demonstration of the variable gauge of the vessels leads us to believe that they play different functional roles in the collection and transport of interstitial fluid—important factors in various surgical and rehabilitation fields.

Advancements in tissue engineering enable the fabrication of complex and functional tissues or organs. In particular, bioprinting enables controlled and accurate deposition of cells, biomaterials, and growth factors to create complex 3D skin constructs specific to a particular individual. Despite these advancements, challenges such as vascularization, long-term stability, and regulatory considerations hinder the clinical translation of bioprinted skin constructs. This chapter focuses on such approaches using advanced biomaterials and bioprinting techniques to overcome the current barriers in wound-healing studies. Moreover, it addresses current obstacles in wound-healing studies, highlighting the need for continued research and innovation to overcome these barriers and facilitate the practical utilization of bioprinted skin constructs in clinical settings., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Severe injuries to skin including hypodermis require full-thickness skin replacement. Here, we bioengineered a tri-layered human skin substitute (TLSS) containing the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The hypodermal layer was generated by differentiation of human adipose stem cells (ASC) in a collagen type I hydrogel and combined with a prevascularized dermis consisting of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts, which arranged into a dense vascular network. Subsequently, keratinocytes were seeded on top to generate the epidermal layer of the TLSS. The differentiation of ASC into adipocytes was confirmed in vitro on the mRNA level by the presence of adiponectin, as well as by the expression of perilipin and FABP-4 proteins. Moreover, functional characteristics of the hypodermis in vitro and in vivo were evaluated by Oil Red O, BODIPY, and AdipoRed stainings visualizing intracellular lipid droplets. Further, we demonstrated that both undifferentiated ASC and mature adipocytes present in the hypodermis influenced the keratinocyte maturation and homeostasis in the skin substitutes after transplantation. In particular, an enhanced secretion of TGF-β1 by these cells affected the epidermal morphogenesis as assessed by the expression of key proteins involved in the epidermal differentiation including cytokeratin 1, 10, 19 and cornified envelope formation such as involucrin. Here, we propose a novel functional hypodermal-dermo-epidermal tri-layered skin substitute containing blood capillaries that efficiently promote regeneration of skin defects. The main objective of this study was to develop and assess the usefulness of a tri-layered human prevascularized skin substitute (TLSS) containing an epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The bioengineered hypodermis was generated from human adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ASC) and combined with a prevascularized dermis and epidermis. The TLSS represents an exceptional model for studying the role of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in vitro and in vivo. In particular, we observed that enhanced secretion of TGF-β1 in the hypodermis exerted a profound impact on fibroblast and keratinocyte differentiation, as well as epidermal barrier formation and homeostasis. Therefore, improved understanding of the cell-cell interactions in such a physiological skin model is essential to gain insights into different aspects of wound healing. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizophora mangle, one of the main neotropic mangrove species, has wide phenological variability associated with soil salinity. Since global warming is one of the main drivers of changes in salinity, understanding the influence of this variable at the species level would help improve the prediction of climate change in the ecological services provided by mangroves. To understand the physiological and/or anatomical responses to water stress generated by edaphic salinity and its relationship with phenological and structural diversity, we quantified the functional traits of leaf tissue subjected to a cross-seeding experiment between two forests with different ranges of natural salinity (0–18 PSU1 and 20 to 70 PSU). A total of 180 propagules, 90 native and 90 from the other forest, were planted in each forest. Every three months for a year, soil salinity and growth, adaptability, and survival of propagules that were transformed into seedlings were measured. The traits evaluated between the two saline regimes presented significant differences, as stated in the working hypothesis. Likewise, there were modifications in the hypodermis and the xylem vessels in the exchanged seedlings, tissues related to water storage, and conduction. These responses allowed native euhaline forest seedlings to grow in oligohaline. The opposite occurred with seedlings originating in low salinities that did not survive in high salinities. Differences in adaptability between populations of R. mangle subjected to ranges of contrasting salinity may imply changes at the structural level, zoning, and abundance of the species front to the climate change processes.

Abstract New autologous skin regeneration technology yielded full‐thickness skin as evidenced by clinical observation and skin biopsy 5 months after surgery, providing relief for debilitating split‐thickness skin graft contracture in a pediatric burn case.

Abstract Besides their ecological importance, epiphytic species of Orchidaceae play economic and social roles through their commercialization and some are at great risk of extinction. The objectives of this study were to characterize the leaf and root anatomy of fourteen epiphytic Orchidaceae species, which occur in indigenous territory in the Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro (P.E.S.T.), Santa Catarina, Brazil and to identify adaptive anatomical characteristics related to the epiphytic habit. The species are commercialized by the Guarani and were collected during interviews and guided tours with Guarani in the indigenous territory. The results reveal the species have many morphoanatomical structures that are useful during water shortages resulting from the epiphytic habit. Notable characteristics are related to reserving water (i.e., pseudobulbs and a hypodermis with water-storage cells) and resistance to desiccation in the leaf (i.e., conspicuous cuticle, suprastomatic chamber and extraxylary and pericyclic fibers) and root (i.e., tilosomes and/or exodermal thickening and cortex cells with phi thickenings or sclereids). Descriptions and the identification of adaptive characteristics of epiphytic plant species are useful for conservation and cultivation studies, especially for plants commercially used by the Guarani Indians.

The beneficial role of subcutaneous adipose tissue in skin rejuvenation derived from its capacity to fill the under-layer volumes but also from its ability to regulate the extracellular matrix production by dermis fibroblasts. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a major component of the extracellular matrix, is a commonly used injectable dermal filler showing excellent efficiencies to maintain tissue augmentation even after its biodegradation. To improve their stability, the HA molecules can also be "cross-linked" to each other. The effects of cross-linked HA-based fillers on the dermal structure are well known. For safety reasons, most of the physicians prefer to use the blunt cannula for injections. However, evidences showed that the cannula could not be located in the dermis, but it passes through immediate hypodermis and the long-lasting effect of cross-linked HA-based fillers may be related to its effects on adipose tissue. To test whether cross-linked HA has a direct effect on human adipocytes, we treated isolated adipocytes and precursors cells from human skin donors with cross-linked HA. Biochemical and cellular analysis demonstrated that treatment by cross-linked HA showed beneficial effects on differentiated cell adherence and survival as well as reduced basal and induced lipolysis in fully mature adipocytes. Taken together, these data showed that cross-linked HA promoted cell adherence and preserved the adipogenic capacity of preadipocytes during prolonged cell culture, bringing additional evidences of the beneficial role of cross-linked HA-based fillers in maintenance of the subcutaneous fat mass. This first study could defend a preventive approach to facial volume loss during natural aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen-enriched cuticle forms the outermost layer of skin in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The nematode's genome encodes 177 collagens, but little is known about their role in maintaining the structure or barrier function of the cuticle. In this study, we found six permeability determining (PD) collagens. Loss of any of these PD collagens--DPY-2, DPY-3, DPY-7, DPY-8, DPY-9, and DPY-10--led to enhanced susceptibility of nematodes to paraquat (PQ) and antihelminthic drugs- levamisole and ivermectin. Upon exposure to PQ, PD collagen mutants accumulated more PQ and incurred more damage and death despite the robust activation of antioxidant machinery. We find that BLMP-1, a zinc finger transcription factor, maintains the barrier function of the cuticle by regulating the expression of PD collagens. We show that the permeability barrier maintained by PD collagens acts in parallel to FOXO transcription factor DAF-16 to enhance survival of insulin-like receptor mutant, daf-2. In all, this study shows that PD collagens regulate cuticle permeability by maintaining the structure of C. elegans cuticle and thus provide protection against exogenous toxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are estimated to cause over £50 million worth of crop losses in the UK each year. It has been shown that the infective juveniles are able to alter their surface composition to avoid damage from host defence mechanisms. However, relatively few proteins present on the cuticle surface of PCN juveniles have been identified. We have developed a method based upon biotinylation that allows selective labelling of proteins present on the cuticle surface of PCN. Isolated proteins can consequently be affinity purified and identified using mass spectrometry proteomics. Using this technique, we identify a variety of proteins present on the surface of PCN, including all previously described PCN surface proteins. Identification of known surface coat proteins using these methods demonstrates the viability of the process for isolation of novel surface coat proteins. Subsequent analysis confirmed that the genes encoding seven of the novel proteins were expressed in the hypodermis. This work provides a technique for study of surface proteins in a wide range of nematodes and expands our knowledge of the surface proteome of PCN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides their ecological importance, epiphytic species of Orchidaceae play economic and social roles through their commercialization and some are at great risk of extinction. The objectives of this study were to characterize the leaf and root anatomy of fourteen epiphytic Orchidaceae species, which occur in indigenous territory in the Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro (P.E.S.T.), Santa Catarina, Brazil and to identify adaptive anatomical characteristics related to the epiphytic habit. The species are commercialized by the Guarani and were collected during interviews and guided tours with Guarani in the indigenous territory. The results reveal the species have many morphoanatomical structures that are useful during water shortages resulting from the epiphytic habit. Notable characteristics are related to reserving water (i.e., pseudobulbs and a hypodermis with water-storage cells) and resistance to desiccation in the leaf (i.e., conspicuous cuticle, suprastomatic chamber and extraxylary and pericyclic fibers) and root (i.e., tilosomes and/or exodermal thickening and cortex cells with phi thickenings or sclereids). Descriptions and the identification of adaptive characteristics of epiphytic plant species are useful for conservation and cultivation studies, especially for plants commercially used by the Guarani Indians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In several production areas, dessert (sweet) and reinforced wines are made after a more or less intense dehydration of harvested grapes. The dehydration process depends on several factors, including the size, morphology and anatomy of the berries, all genetically defined traits that can be affected by vineyard management and microclimate conditions. At harvest, berry outer surface and skin ultrastructural features of cvs Aleatico, Sagrantino, Sangiovese and Trebbiano berries were investigated in a frozen-hydrated state using cryo‑scanning electron microscopy (Cryo‑SEM). The berries were subjected to postharvest dehydration at 23 °C for twelve days and the differences in weight loss were determined. In terms of weight loss rate, Aleatico and Trebbiano were the fastest and the slowest respectively. Therefore, the ultrastructural changes of berry skin of these two varieties were also investigated at the end of the dehydration process. At harvest, the structure of the epicuticular waxes on the skin outer surface differed between berries of different cultivars. The thickness of the cuticle, epidermis and hypodermis was also found to be significantly different, with Trebbiano berries having the thickest skin. At the end of the dehydration process all the measured parameters decreased, in particular Aleatico epicuticular wax, hypodermis and cuticle thickness, as well as the hypodermis cell wall and the mesocarp parenchyma cell area. The high weight loss rate recorded for Aleatico can be partly explained by the thickness of the berry skin at harvest, which was significantly thinner than that of Trebbiano, as well as by other skin-related morphological and histological factors possibly affecting permeability.

Introduction. Various skin parameters such, as the thickness of the epidermal echo, dermis and subcutaneous tissue, the surface area of individual layers, the thickness of the subepidermal band with a low echogenic effect, the caliber of blood vessels, as well as the presence or absence of blood flow in the vessels, can be investigated with ultrasound. The aim of our investigation was to evaluate skin layers thickness in women of different age groups and the use of invasive cosmetic procedures, using the ultrasound method for its subsequent standardization. Materials and methods. The thickness epidermis, dermis, hypodermis in the interbrow, chin, nasolabial fold and cheeks (salivary gland), submandibular, occiput, sternocleidomastoid muscle zones was study in 102 women aged 15-75 years (average age 40,2 ± 1,2 years) using the Mindray DC-8 ultrasound scanner. In 14 women was investigated height, width and diameter of facial artery. The study was carried out in Department of Fundamental Medicine of the Baltic Federal University named after Kant. Statistical processing for the study results was performed in Microsoft Excel 2017 using average values (M), the reliability was determined using Student's criterion, and its critical level in this study was taken to be 0.05. Results and its discussion. It was revealed that on face the thickness of the epidermis was minimal in the submandibular area (0,037 cm) and in neck and occiput it was smaller (0,033 cm). The epidermis maximum was detected in the chin area (0,040 cm). Analysis of the dermis thickness indicates the largest size on face was in the interbrow area (0,048 cm) and smallest in the submandibular (0,020 cm). The hypodermis thickness on face was greatest in the area of the chin (0,129 cm), while in occiput it reached 0,141 cm. The smallest thickness of the hypodermis we had detected in the submandibular area (0,070 cm). We found a thickening of the dermis in patients after 40 years in all anatomical areas of the face with a statistically significant difference (p<0,05). The maximum thickness of the dermis was documented in the interbrow area, regardless of age. The dermis thickness in nasolabial folds in patients using dermal fillers was in 2 times greater versus surveyed women without it. Conclusion. The ultrasound technique in the skin and vessels study has clear advantages, since its results can be assessed in real time, it is non-invasive, inexpensive, reliable and absolutely safe for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serbian spruce (Picea omorika /Panč./ Purkyne) is rare and endangered tertiary relict and endemic species in the Balkan Peninsula. Its natural distribution is fragmented and restricted to western Serbia and eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, mainly in the canyon of middle course of the Drina river. Since the mid-19th century, the number and size of populations have been steadily decreasing accompanied by a decline in the number of mature individuals, endangering natural regeneration is endangered. The objective of this study is to determine variability within Serbian spruce (Picea omorika /Panč./ Purkyne) natural population in the canyon of the Mileševka river on the basis of morphological and anatomical characteristics of needles and, thus, to broaden knowledge on this rare and endangered species. Twigs with needles collected from all mature individuals that represent the population were used as material for the study. The following morphological and anatomical characteristics were measured: NL- needle length; NH - needle height; NW - needle width; CT+EH - cuticle + epidermis height; HH - hypodermis height; VB - vascular bundle diameter; No of SC - number of resin channels; SC diameter - resin channel diameter. The average values of the measured characteristics are: needle length 13.23 mm; needle width 1239.93 m; needle height 608.63 m; cuticle + epidermis height 11.49; hypodermis height 17.59 m; vascular bundle diameter 220.64 m; number of resin channels 0.74; resin channel diameter 52.36 m. The characteristics with the highest variability are as follows: number of resin channels (161.64%); resin channel diameter (25.35%); hypodermis height (20.79%), while the needle width is a characteristic with the lowest variability (6.39%). The results of the analysis of variance showed very high statistical differences within population for all studied characteristics (p<0.01; a=0.05). In order to make the results clearer, it is necessary to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure by analyzing various phenotypic characteristics in specially designed experiments (e.g. progeny tests) as well as by analyzing appropriate DNA markers. The studied population must be involved in continuous conservation and breeding processes, especially through appropriate forms of ex situ conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective High frequency ultrasound allows visualization of epidermis, dermis and hypodermis, precise measurement of skin thickness, as well as assessment of skin oedema, fibrosis and atrophy. The aim of this pilot cross-sectional observational study was to assess the performance and multiobserver variability of ultra-high-frequency (UHF) (50 MHz) ultrasound (US) in measuring skin thickness as well as the capacity of UHF-derived skin features to differentiate SSc patients from healthy controls. Methods Twenty-one SSc patients (16 limited and five diffuse SSc) and six healthy controls were enrolled. All subjects underwent US evaluation by three experts at three anatomical sites (forearm, hand and finger). Dermal thickness was measured and two rectangular regions of interest, one in dermis and one in hypodermis, were established for texture feature analysis. Results UHF-US allowed a precise identification and measurement of the thickness of the dermis. The dermal thickness in the finger was significantly higher in patients than in controls (P < 0.05), while in the forearm it was significantly lower in patients than in controls (P < 0.001). Interobserver variability for dermal thickness was good to excellent [forearm intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.754; finger ICC = 0.699; hand ICC = 0.602]. Texture computed analysis of dermis and hypodermis was able to discriminate between SSc and healthy subjects (area under the curve >0.7). Conclusion These preliminary data show that skin UHF-US allows a very detailed imaging of skin layers, a reliable measurement of dermal thickness, and a discriminative capacity between dermis and hypodermis texture features in SSc and healthy subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Skin ultrasound is a non-invasive, painless, easy-to-use evaluation method. Ultrasound devices are increasingly becoming an integral part of equipment used in aesthetic medicine and cosmetology, including areas for the age-related skin changes correction. However, there are no ultrasound parameters standards for facial skin aging assessing and invasive cosmetic procedures results evaluation. The aim of our investigation was to provide ultrasound examination of all skin layers thickness in different face areas in women. Materials and methods: The thickness of different skin layers (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis) was measured in the area of the interbrow zone, chin, nasolabial folds and cheeks (salivary gland) in 71 patients aged 15-75 years (average age 40.9±1.4 years) using an ultrasound scanner Mindray DC-8. The study was carried out in Department of Fundamental Medicine of the Baltic Federal University named after Kant. Statistical processing for the study results was performed in Microsoft Excel 2017 using average values (M), the reliability was determined using Student's criterion, and its critical level in this study was taken to be 0.05. Results: The thickness of the epidermis was minimal in the nasolabial fold (0.39 mm) and the maximum (0.43mcm) in the chin. The thickness of the dermis was maximum in the interbrow zone (0.81 mm) and the smallest in the chin (0.62 mm). The thickness of the hypodermis was the biggest in the salivary glands (cheeks) (1.36 mm and 1.37 mm to the right and left, respectively), the smallest hypoderm thickness was recorded in the chin area (0.19 mm). A thickening of the dermis was established in patients after 40 years in all anatomical areas of the face with the achievement of a statistically significant difference in the nasolabial folds (p = 0.027) and cheeks (p = 0.01). It was found that the dermis was thickened in patients who used fillers in all anatomical areas of the face with a statistically significant (p <0.05) difference in the nasolabial folds. Conclusion: Until now, little attention has been paid to the study of age-related changes and some pathological lesions in the face skin by using ultrasound, so there are no standard parameters for assessing its thickness, which requires further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adrenoleukodystrophy is a neurometabolic disorder caused by a defective peroxisomal ABCD1 transporter of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Its pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Here we characterize a nematode model of X-ALD with loss of the pmp-4 gene, the worm orthologue of ABCD1. These mutants recapitulate the hallmarks of X-ALD: i) VLCFAs accumulation and impaired mitochondrial redox homeostasis and ii) axonal damage coupled to locomotor dysfunction. Furthermore, we identify a novel role for PMP-4 in modulating lipid droplet dynamics. Importantly, we show that the mitochondria targeted antioxidant MitoQ normalizes lipid droplets size, and prevents axonal degeneration and locomotor disability, highlighting its therapeutic potential. Moreover, PMP-4 acting solely in the hypodermis rescues axonal and locomotion abnormalities, suggesting a myelin-like role for the hypodermis in providing essential peroxisomal functions for the nematode nervous system. Image 1 • 1-A novel model for adrenoleukodystrophy in C. elegans due to loss of pmp-4. • 2-Peroxisomal PMP-4 controls lipid droplet dynamics and vulnerability to mitochondrial ROS. • 3-Axonal degeneration in pmp-4 mutants is prevented by MitoQ. • 4-PMP-4 expression in the hypodermis maintains locomotion and axonal integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]