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While green hydrogen production technologies like electrolysis have reached commercial scale, the primary challenge centers on efficient, and economically viable transportation of hydrogen. This study proposes an integrated geospatial techno-economic modeling approach to optimize hydrogen transportation through blending in existing pipelines. The simulations strategically locate green hydrogen production and blending points. The paper evaluates blending ratios, flow dynamics, and operating parameters to optimize hydrogen blending in natural gas pipelines. A techno-economic analysis quantifies costs and revenues across the supply chain, identifying the most economically viable hydrogen blending locations. The approach is validated through a case study in Wyoming, providing insights for industry stakeholders considering hydrogen-natural gas blending as a transition strategy. This integrated method offers a robust decision support tool for leveraging existing infrastructure to realize hydrogen's potential as a sustainable energy vector contributing to the broader goal of cleaner energy alternatives. [Display omitted] • Map energy infrastructure to optimize hydrogen production and injection points. • Simulate blending ratios, flow dynamics, and parameters for system optimization. • Perform a cost-benefit analysis to identify optimal hydrogen blending locations. • Validate the model with a Wyoming case study for industry stakeholder insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of hydrogen storage and transportation, the development of hydrogen barrier coatings with excellent hydrogen permeation resistance is crucial for reducing hydrogen-induced damage caused by hydrogen leakage and hydrogen embrittlement. In recent years, benefiting from its excellent hydrogen barrier performance and wide application range, polymer-based hydrogen barrier composite coatings, membrane and films are expected to become an essential technology in promoting efficient hydrogen storage and transportation in the future. Primarily, starting from the material design of the composite systems, commonly applied gas barrier polymers and two-dimensional nanofillers are explicitly outlined. The detailed data of hydrogen barrier performance as well as advantages and disadvantages of their applications in this field are analysed and highlighted, and strategies are conceived and proposed to optimize their hydrogen barrier performance. Then, the major factors influencing the performance of hydrogen barrier composite system are put forward, providing ideas for strengthening the performance of hydrogen barrier composite from diverse perspectives and exploring failure mechanisms. Finally, a systematic classification overview of the currently researched hydrogen barrier composite system has been provided, and based on their different categories, the development trend of how to achieve large-scale applications of these coatings in the future is discussed. The H 2 barrier composite membrane, coating & film exhibit tremendous application prospects in abundant hydrogen-related fields. [Display omitted] • The H 2 barrier composites for efficient H 2 transportation and storage are discussed. • Major gas barrier polymers are explicitly summarized. • Common two-dimensional gas barrier fillers are outlined and compared. • Future development and optimization of H 2 barrier composites are envisioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel static mixer is designed specifically to blend hydrogen into natural gas pipelines, and its effectiveness is validated by numerical simulation method. Firstly, the structural model of the proposed static mixer model for hydrogen-methane blending is introduced, and the evaluation indicators are defined. Secondly, the computational fluid dynamic model for the mixing process is established based on the Large Eddy Simulation(LES) method, and the accuracy of the numerical results is validated against the experimental data of a benchmark gas mixing model. Subsequently, using LES, effects structural parameters (angle and height of trapezoidal baffle, number of mixing elements, and spacing and installation distance of mixing elements) and flow parameters (main flow velocity and hydrogen blending ratio) on the mixing homogeneity and pressure drop of the static mixer are investigated systematically to explore the optimal design and operational conditions. The numerical results showed that the static mixer can significantly improve the mixing efficiency of hydrogen and natural gas with acceptable pressure loss. In the range of flow conditions concerned, a best performance of mixing could be obtained by installing the mixer at a distance of 3 D (D is the diameter of the natural gas pipeline) downstream the blending point, setting the spacing between mixing elements as 1 D and employing four mixing elements. Finally, the underlying physics of mass transportation are analyzed based on the vortex structures generated by the mixer. • A novel static mixer is designed to blend hydrogen into natural gas pipelines. • A Large eddy simulation solution procedure is proposed to solve multi-component mixing. • Effects of key parameters of the static mixer and operating conditions are revealed. • The mixing mechanism of static mixer is revealed based on vortex dynamics analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a real-time optimization-based strategy for sustainable energy management using an energy hub that integrates combined heat and power (CHP) units, heat pumps, and fuel-cell technology to meet community electricity, heating, and cooling demands. It incorporates renewable-based R2 stations that leverage photovoltaic and wind power, integrated with hydrogen production and storage, to supply stationary energy consumers and the transportation sector. The system provides hydrogen for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and electricity for electric vehicles (EVs). Integrating the R2 station with the primary energy hub optimizes the use of locally generated power, reducing dependence on external sources. Hydrogen fuel is produced on-site and off-site, focusing on solving the capacitated routing problem for efficient delivery. The system's architecture is modeled using a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) approach. According to the results, no energy is drawn from the grid to meet the end-user's electricity demand. • The study presents an energy hub development integrating CHPs, HPs, and fuel-cell technology, optimized in real-time to meet community energy demands sustainably. • Incorporates a R 2 station crucial for harnessing PV and wind power, enhancing renewables with hydrogen production and storage. • Addresses stationary energy consumption and transportation sector needs, supplying hydrogen and electricity to FCEVs and EVs. • Includes both on-site and off-site hydrogen production for FCEVs, solving the capacitated routing problem for hydrogen delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transportation Science & Technolgy is the property of Transportation Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hydrogen power and electric vehicle rollout are among the global mitigation efforts for net-zero emission targets. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) is a promising embodiment of these two climate-neutral levers. Nevertheless, insufficient investigation of the life cycle of hydrogen production pathways and supply-demand mismatching jeopardize the optimal implementation of HFCV. A novel integrated framework combining life cycle greenhouse gas assessment and intra-regional supply-demand optimization method is developed to (1) evaluate the emissions performance for six typical HFCV hydrogen production pathways and (2) map out the optimal intra-regional hydrogen supply-demand allocation based on the trade-off between resource flow and geographical proximity. As one of the world's largest HFCV producers and consumers, China is chosen as the case study. The life cycle emissions assessment reveals that the Natural Gas Steam Methane Reforming (NG_SMR) pathway emits the most greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (i.e., 0.215 g CO 2 -eq/kJ H 2) while the Clean Energy_Water Electrolysis (CE_WE) pathway emits the least GHG emissions (i.e., 0.02 g CO 2 -eq/kJ H 2), stretching a 10-times emission difference. For intra-regional supply-demand optimization, provinces like Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Shandong act as the main suppliers (>50% of the total hydrogen source in China) to provinces like Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Sichuan, suggesting a north-to-south (N-S) regional hydrogen transmission. A sensitivity analysis is conducted based on the variation in production efficiency among different hydrogen production technologies in the HFCV value chain. The results inferred that the Coal Gasification & Carbon Capture and Storage (C l G & CCS) and CE_WE pathways are insensitive to efficiency improvement. In the scenario analysis, the outcome suggested urgently phasing out grey hydrogen pathways and accelerating the transition of grey-to-green hydrogen production pathways with the buffering of blue hydrogen pathways between 2015 and 2040 for the net-zero emission ambition by 2060. This study enlightens the decision-makers to endorse green hydrogen production for HFCV while securing hydrogen energy security. [Display omitted] • Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles accelerate low carbon transition in transportation sector. • Hydrogen resource allocation is one of the challenges developing fuel cell vehicle. • Life cycle assessment and intra-regional supply-chain optimization are coupled. • The integrated framework suggests a north-to-south hydrogen delivery in China. • Blue hydrogen pathway serves as an intermediate between grey-to-green transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen plays an essential role in the energy‐transition process. Even though currently almost 80–96% of hydrogen is produced from fossil fuel sources in the world, the exciting feature of hydrogen is that it can be produced from renewable sources by splitting water molecules through electrolyzing, and then it can be re‐electrified without any emissions by‐products. Hydrogen is the secondary source of energy as well as an energy carrier that stores and transports the energy produced from other sources such as water, biomass, and fossil fuels. It is a clean‐burning fuel; when oxidized in a fuel cell, it produces heat, electricity, and water vapor as a by‐product, without any carbon emissions. Despite these exciting characteristics of hydrogen, there are still a variety of challenges, such as cost‐effective hydrogen production and its technological challenges, storage, safety, transportation, and cost issues. This article aims to overview the challenges and opportunities in hydrogen production, storage, and transportation along with some future perspectives on hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overuse of fossil fuels has caused a serious energy crisis and environmental pollution. Due to these challenges, the search for alternative energy sources that can replace fossil fuels is necessary. Hydrogen is a widely acknowledged future energy carrier because of its nonpolluting properties and high energy density. To realize a hydrogen economy in the future, it is essential to construct a comprehensive hydrogen supply chain that can make hydrogen a key energy carrier. This paper reviews the various technologies involved in the hydrogen supply chain, encompassing hydrogen production, storage, transportation, and utilization technologies. Then, the challenges of constructing a hydrogen supply chain are discussed from techno-economic, social, and policy perspectives, and prospects for the future development of a hydrogen supply chain are presented in light of these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread deployment of green hydrogen plays a crucial role in decarbonizing economies. Achieving global market competitiveness for green hydrogen necessitates not only competitive production costs, high generation capacity, and favorable political-economic conditions but also cost-effective transportation solutions. This is particularly vital for energy-intensive industrial nations like Germany, which will increasingly rely on hydrogen imports. This study assesses Germany due to its significant industrial demand and strategic location in Europe. Norway, Spain, and Morocco were chosen for their potential as major hydrogen exporters based on geographical proximity and renewable energy resources. Australia serves as a reference scenario for evaluating differing transportation costs depending on the distance. The transportation of compressed gaseous hydrogen via new and retrofitted natural gas pipelines, or liquefied hydrogen and liquid organic hydrogen carriers via maritime routes, currently represent the most promising alternatives. This paper conducts a techno-economic analysis on the transportation of green hydrogen from these countries to Germany by 2050. This year is pivotal as it aligns with Europe’s ambitious decarbonization goals, by which time a robust hydrogen market is anticipated to be established. The analysis employs the concept of Levelized Transportation Cost, evaluating costs across actual transportation routes, to provide insights into the most economically viable methods for hydrogen transport in a future decarbonized Europe. Various scenarios were designed to explore future developments. The analysis finds that for all countries examined, pipeline transportation of compressed hydrogen presents the lowest costs (0.08 €/kg to 1.34 €/kg), rendering it preferable to maritime transport options − with costs for liquefied hydrogen ranging between 1.73 €/kg and 3.40 €/kg, and for liquid organic hydrogen carriers between 2.33 €/kg and 7.29 €/kg. Transportation from Norway across all examined supply chains yields the lowest costs, followed by Spain.

Hydrogen transportation through pipelines has extremely high economic value in realizing the development of the hydrogen energy industry and promoting efficient energy utilization. It is an important link to accelerate the realization of the energy transformation strategy. The evaluation of the compatibility of hydrogen with steel pipelines is the premise of the safe application of hydrogen transportation through pipelines. The hydrogen embrittlement caused by hydrogen entering the material has brought great challenges to safe hydrogen transportation through pipelines. However, no consensus has been formed regarding the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement, and no effective protection method is available against hydrogen embrittlement. The study on hydrogen embrittlement of steel pipeline materials intuitively exhibits the mechanical property change law caused by hydrogen entering the material, which is of great significance in mechanism research and engineering application. Herein, the research status of hydrogen embrittlement in hydrogen pipelines was summarized from the aspects of materials for hydrogen pipelines, mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement, research methods of hydrogen embrittlement and its influencing factors. Besides, their influence on hydrogen embrittlement behavior in the materials for hydrogen pipelines was elaborated in view of the experimental methods, conditions and material microstructure. In addition, the rationality of current experimental methods and results were discussed, and the research directions to be concerned in future work were put forward.

The global interest in hydrogen as an energy carrier is steadily increasing. In this study, multiple scenarios of liquid hydrogen exports from Africa to Germany are analyzed by life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify the global warming potential (GWP) of 1 kg hydrogen. The investigation is driven by the promise that hydrogen can be sustainably and economically produced by photovoltaic (PV)-powered electrolysis in Africa, benefiting from the geographical location near the equator and, consequently, higher solar irradiation levels. Given the absence of a pipeline network, shipping hydrogen emerges as the most efficient short-term transportation option to Germany. In this paper, supply locations—Morocco, Senegal, and Nigeria—are evaluated by means of an LCA and compared to hydrogen supply from Germany. Results show that emissions from hydrogen production and transportation by ship from Morocco range from 3.32 to 3.41 kgCO2-eq/kgH2. From Senegal, the range is 3.88 to 3.99 kgCO2eq/kgH2, and from Nigeria, it falls between 4.38 and 4.27 kgCO2-eq/kgH2. These emission levels are influenced by factors such as the GWP of PV electricity, the efficiency of the electrolyzer, and the transportation distance. Interestingly, the analysis reveals that PV-powered electrolysis of hydrogen in Germany, including 300 km distribution, causes, in most scenarios, a lower GWP in the range of 3.48 to 3.61 kgCO2-eq/kgH2 than hydrogen from the analyzed African regions. Opting for grid electricity instead of PV (with a value of 0.420 kgCO2-eq/kWh) for hydrogen production in Germany yields a GWP ranging from 24.35 to 25.42 kgCO2-eq/kgH2. Hence, we can conclude that in any event, PV-powered hydrogen electrolysis has a low environmental impact not only within Africa but also in Germany. However, it is crucial to carefully consider the balance of the GWP of production versus transportation given the distance between a hydrogen production site and the location of consumption.

The cost of hydrogen production from environmentally friendly energy resources is a primary barrier to fully realizing a hydrogen economy. Therefore, a detailed analysis of hydrogen production costs from various sustainable routes is required. This paper presents a comparative economic study of hydrogen production using several nuclear reactors integrated with electrolysis hydrogen production methods. The Hydrogen Economic Evaluation Program (HEEP) software is used for comparing hydrogen production using different technologies. The HEEP tool was developed by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and offers comprehensive data for the different nuclear power plants, hydrogen production processes, and various storage and transportation options. The current study utilizes HEEP capabilities to evaluate the cost of nuclear hydrogen production and compare it with non-nuclear sources. Furthermore, it considers the cost of hydrogen storage and transportation options. The reactors considered are Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (APWR) and High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) to power low- and high-temperature electrolyzers. In addition, the costs of hydrogen produced using electricity from grid, solar, and wind are evaluated and compared with that of nuclear plants. It is found that the cost of hydrogen production and storage using Compressed Gas (CG) from an APWR plant is 8.2 $/kg for a plant capacity of 360 MWe; the cost is reduced to 6.06 $/kg when the capacity increased to 1117 MWe. It is also found that HTGR integrated with HTSE can produce hydrogen at 3.51 $/kg, which is slightly lower than the case of using the grid electricity, which costs 3.55 $/kg. • Studied costs of electrolysis hydrogen production using APWR and HTGR at different scales. • Compared costs of hydrogen production using nuclear, solar, wind, and grid electricity. • Considered additional costs for compression, liquefaction, and metal hydride storage options. • Evaluated and compared vehicle and pipeline transportation costs for 500 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy demand is increasing rapidly while traditional fossil fuel resources are depleting. Hydrogen is considered a promising alternate fuel. The safety of hydrogen transportation is a key issue that warrants greater attention, primarily to determine how existing pipelines of natural gas transportation can be used for hydrogen transportation. This study has proposed a safety analysis model using the physics and mechanistic approach of hydrogen-associated degradation. A dynamic Object-Oriented Bayesian network (OOBN) model is proposed to study the mechanisms and physics of failure with hydrogen-associated degradation. The proposed model is explained using an industrial case study. Results show low-strength steel is less susceptible to hydrogen-associated degradation than high-strength steel pipes. Moisture, internal stress, and loss of metal ductility are key parameters that require detailed attention. The results of dynamic OOBN also indicate that hydrogen release probability follows a non-linear behavior dependent on the type of metal and operating conditions. The study identifies that controlling the corrosion rate can help ensure the safety of blended hydrogen pipelines. • A physics of failure dynamic model to study hydrogen-blended pipeline failure. • The proposed model is tested on an industrial case study. • High-strength steel pipes are more suspectable for the hydrogen-induced failure. • Moisture, internal stress, and loss of metal ductility require attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economical hydrogen storage and transportation contribute to hydrogen energy utilization. In this paper, for economically distributing hydrogen from the hydrogen plant to the terminal hydrogen refueling station, considering the daily hydrogen demand and transportation distance, firstly a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of the point-to-point hydrogen storage and transportation system based on compressed gas hydrogen (GH), liquid hydrogen (LH), pipeline hydrogen (PH), and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC) is investigated, respectively. The optimal economical point-to-point energy storage and transportation modes under various transportation distance and daily hydrogen demand are obtained. Then the economic analysis of different hydrogen storage and transportation modes under 1-to-N hydrogen storage and transportation scenario is conducted, which can significantly decrease the cost of LH storage and transportation mode. To step further, the 1-to-N relay hydrogen storage and transportation scenario is constructed to improve the applicability and reduce the unit cost. The economic analysis of 14 kinds of feasible combinations of hydrogen storage and transportation modes is systematically assessed. Regarding to the transportation distance and daily hydrogen demand, the optimal economical 1-to-N relay energy storage and transportation modes are identified. This study may contribute to rationally design and application for economic hydrogen storage and transportation systems. [Display omitted] • The economics of point-to-point hydrogen storage and transportation scenario is investigated. • The economics of the 1-to-N hydrogen storage and transportation scenario is analyzed. • 1-to-N relay hydrogen storage and transportation scenario is constructed to improve economic applicability. • 1-to-N relay hydrogen storage and transportation scenarios may exhibit obvious economic advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global interest in hydrogen as an energy carrier is steadily increasing. In this study, multiple scenarios of liquid hydrogen exports from Africa to Germany are analyzed by life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify the global warming potential (GWP) of 1 kg hydrogen. The investigation is driven by the promise that hydrogen can be sustainably and economically produced by photovoltaic (PV)-powered electrolysis in Africa, benefiting from the geographical location near the equator and, consequently, higher solar irradiation levels. Given the absence of a pipeline network, shipping hydrogen emerges as the most efficient short-term transportation option to Germany. In this paper, supply locations—Morocco, Senegal, and Nigeria—are evaluated by means of an LCA and compared to hydrogen supply from Germany. Results show that emissions from hydrogen production and transportation by ship from Morocco range from 3.32 to 3.41 kgCO2-eq/kgH2. From Senegal, the range is 3.88 to 3.99 kgCO2eq/kgH2, and from Nigeria, it falls between 4.38 and 4.27 kgCO2-eq/kgH2. These emission levels are influenced by factors such as the GWP of PV electricity, the efficiency of the electrolyzer, and the transportation distance. Interestingly, the analysis reveals that PV-powered electrolysis of hydrogen in Germany, including 300 km distribution, causes, in most scenarios, a lower GWP in the range of 3.48 to 3.61 kgCO2-eq/kgH2 than hydrogen from the analyzed African regions. Opting for grid electricity instead of PV (with a value of 0.420 kgCO2-eq/kWh) for hydrogen production in Germany yields a GWP ranging from 24.35 to 25.42 kgCO2-eq/kgH2. Hence, we can conclude that in any event, PV-powered hydrogen electrolysis has a low environmental impact not only within Africa but also in Germany. However, it is crucial to carefully consider the balance of the GWP of production versus transportation given the distance between a hydrogen production site and the location of consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate determination of hydrogen transport properties is essential for hydrogen production, transportation, storage, and utilization. Different Equations of State (EoS) are commonly used to calculate hydrogen thermophysical properties. However, EoS approaches are usually implicit and require numerous calculations and could be very time consuming. Therefore, the end users often desire the predictions of thermophysical properties using simple empirical correlations, which can be considered a practical solution to reduce the computational burden of EoS calculations. This study presents new explicit empirical correlations using symbolic regression analysis of available experimental data to calculate hydrogen viscosity and density. The developed viscosity correlation provides accurate predictions over the temperature range of 100–2130 K for dilute gas and 14 (H 2 triple point) −1000 K for hydrogen gas up to 220 MPa. The results show an average absolute deviation (AAD) of 1.06% in the predicted gas viscosity, with the largest deviation in the vicinity of the critical point. The dilute gas viscosity was also predicted with an AAD of 0.467%. The density correlation represents a high prediction accuracy with an AAD of 0.26% over the temperature and pressure ranges of 150–423 K and 0.1–220 MPa, respectively. The developed correlations offer a higher prediction accuracy and find applications in hydrogen production, transportation, storage, and utilization value chain. • H 2 viscosity/density correlations are obtained by symbolic regression. • The correlations are applicable to the entire H 2 value chain. • H 2 Viscosity/density are predicted with AADs of 0.66% and 0.26%. • The correlations yield higher accuracy while retaining functional simplicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen, as a carbon-free fuel, is significantly for replacing fossil fuels and reaching the ultimate goal of carbon neutrality, and is commonly expected to play a major role in future energy supply. Blending hydrogen into natural gas pipeline networks for end-user consumption as a means of delivering pure hydrogen to the market which not only improves the utilization rate of hydrogen energy, but also reduces the cost of hydrogen transportation. A three-dimensional model of the blending the natural gas and hydrogen with SMX mixing elements is developed to obtain homogeneous mixed gas injected into the natural gas pipeline network. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method is employed to investigate the flow physics in the static mixer, which was verified by experiments. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Based on the static mixer model, the coupling relationship between mixing performance and the crucial parameters including the number of mixing elements, operating conditions and hydrogen blending volume fraction is analyzed in detail, and a compromise design scheme is proposed under the studied conditions to improve the mixing performance of natural gas and hydrogen. [Display omitted] • The mixing behavior of the natural gas and hydrogen mixing in a SMX static mixer is investigated. • The simulation results were compared and verified with the experimental data. • The internal coupling relationship between the flow loss and the crucial parameters is studied, and the flow physics inside the static mixer is clarified. • The compromise scheme and operation conditions of the static mixer design are obtained to improve the mixing performance of natural gas and hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron hydride in Earth's interior can be formed by the reaction between hydrous minerals (water) and iron. Studying iron hydride improves our understanding of hydrogen transportation in Earth's interior. Our high-pressure experiments found that face-centered cubic (fcc) FeH x (x ≤ 1) is stable up to 165 GPa, and our ab initio molecular dynamics simulations predicted that fcc FeH x transforms to a superionic state under lower mantle conditions. In the superionic state, H-ions in fcc FeH become highly diffusive-like fluids with a high diffusion coefficient of ∼3.7 × 10−4 cm2 s−1, which is comparable to that in the liquid Fe-H phase. The densities and melting temperatures of fcc FeH x were systematically calculated. Similar to superionic ice, the extra entropy of diffusive H-ions increases the melting temperature of fcc FeH. The wide stability field of fcc FeH enables hydrogen transport into the outer core to create a potential hydrogen reservoir in Earth's interior, leaving oxygen-rich patches (ORP) above the core mantle boundary (CMB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, one of the most important areas in refining the energy sector in the developed countries is the transition to environmentally friendly technologies, and hydrogen energy production is the most promising of them. In this rapidly advancing area, significant progress in creating new technologies for hydrogen fuel generation, transportation, storage, and consumption has been recently observed, while a fast-growing number of research papers and implemented commercial projects related to hydrogen makes it necessary to give their general review. In particular, the combination of the latest achievements in this area is of particular interest with a view to analyzing the possibility of creating hydrogen fuel supply chains. This paper presents an analytical review of existing methods of hydrogen production, storage, and transportation, including their key economic and energy-related characteristics, and proposes an approach to the creation, analysis, and optimization of hydrogen supply chains. A mathematical model has been developed to determine the cost of hydrogen, taking into account the supply chain, including production, transport and storage. Based on the results of modeling in the given scenario conditions for 2030, 2040 and 2050, promising hydrogen supply chains have been established. Under the various scenario conditions, hydrogen production by 2050 is most preferable by the method of steam conversion of methane with a cost of 8.85 USD/kg H2. However, due to the environmental effect, electrolysis also remains a promising technology with a cost of hydrogen produced of 17.84 USD/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This current article discusses the technoeconomics (TE) of hydrogen generation, transportation, compression and storage in the Australian context. The TE analysis is important and a prerequisite for investment decisions. This study selected the Australian context due to its huge potential in green hydrogen, but the modelling is applicable to other parts of the world, adjusting the price of electricity and other utilities. The hydrogen generation using the most mature alkaline electrolysis (AEL) technique was selected in the current study. The results show that increasing temperature from 50 to 90 °C and decreasing pressure from 13 to 5 bar help improve electrolyser performance, though pressure has a minor effect. The selected range for performance parameters was based on the fundamental behaviour of water electrolysers supported with literature. The levelised cost of hydrogen (LCH2) was calculated for generation, compression, transportation and storage. However, the majority of the LCH2 was for generation, which was calculated based on CAPEX, OPEX, capital recovery factor, hydrogen production rate and capacity factor. The LCH2 in 2023 was calculated to be 9.6 USD/kgH2 using a base-case solar electricity price of 65–38 USD/MWh. This LCH2 is expected to decrease to 6.5 and 3.4 USD/kgH2 by 2030 and 2040, respectively. The current LCH2 using wind energy was calculated to be 1.9 USD/kgH2 lower than that of solar-based electricity. The LCH2 using standalone wind electricity was calculated to be USD 5.3 and USD 2.9 in 2030 and 2040, respectively. The LCH2 predicted using a solar and wind mix (SWM) was estimated to be USD 3.2 compared to USD 9.6 and USD 7.7 using standalone solar and wind. The LCH2 under the best case was predicted to be USD 3.9 and USD 2.1 compared to USD 6.5 and USD 3.4 under base-case solar PV in 2030 and 2040, respectively. The best case SWM offers 33% lower LCH2 in 2023, which leads to 37%, 39% and 42% lower LCH2 in 2030, 2040 and 2050, respectively. The current results are overpredicted, especially compared with CSIRO, Australia, due to the higher assumption of the renewable electricity price. Currently, over two-thirds of the cost for the LCH2 is due to the price of electricity (i.e., wind and solar). Modelling suggests an overall reduction in the capital cost of AEL plants by about 50% in the 2030s. Due to the lower capacity factor (effective energy generation over maximum output) of renewable energy, especially for solar plants, a combined wind- and solar-based electrolysis plant was recommended, which can increase the capacity factor by at least 33%. Results also suggest that besides generation, at least an additional 1.5 USD/kgH2 for compression, transportation and storage is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is a study of the influence of mixtures of gaseous hydrogen with natural gas with the ratios of 10 % H2/90 % CH4 and 20 % H2 /80 % CH4 on PE-80 polymer pipes. The paper presents the results of complex structural investigations of the material of polyethylene pipes from pe-80, which were used earlier in the operating gas distribution networks of ukraine, after 6 months of their hydrogenation. The influence of gas mixtures on the material structure was established, which is manifested in reduction of the quantity of the crystalline phase, polyethylene crystallite dimensions and their orderliness. no changes in the chemical structure of the polyethylene pipe material were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation from a fossil fuels economy to a low carbon economy reshapes how energy is transmitted. Since most renewable energy is harvested in the form of electricity, hydrogen obtained from water electrolysis using green electricity is considered a promising energy vector. However, the storage and transportation of hydrogen at large scales pose challenges to the existing energy infrastructures, both regarding technological and economic aspects. To facilitate the distribution of renewable energy, a set of candidate hydrogen transportation infrastructures using methanol and ammonia as hydrogen carriers were proposed. A systematical analysis reveals that the levelized costs of transporting hydrogen using methanol and ammonia in the best cases are $1879/t-H 2 and $1479/t-H 2 , respectively. The levelized cost of energy transportation using proposed infrastructures in the best case is $10.09/GJ. A benchmark for hydrogen transportation infrastructure design is provided in this study. • Enumerate the potential designs of hydrogen transportation infrastructures. • Investigate the levelized cost of hydrogen transportation (LCHT) using methanol and ammonia. • Ammonia-based infrastructure benefits most from the economy of scale. • Methanol-based infrastructure using direct air capture is not economically viable. • Ship is always the least expensive option for shipping ammonia and methanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas & Oil is the property of Editorial Department of Natural Gas & Oil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The work is a study of the influence of mixtures of gaseous hydrogen with natural gas with the ratios of 10 % Н2/90 % СН4 and 20 % Н2/80 % СН4 on PE-80 polymer pipes. The paper presents the results of complex structural investigations of the material of polyethylene pipes from PE-80, which were used earlier in the operating gas distribution networks of Ukraine, after 6 months of their hydrogenation. The influence of gas mixtures on the material structure was established, which is manifested in reduction of the quantity of the crystalline phase, polyethylene crystallite dimensions and their orderliness. No changes in the chemical structure of the polyethylene pipe material were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important component of the deep decarbonization of the worldwide energy system is to build up the large-scale utilization of hydrogen to substitute for fossil fuels in all sectors including industry, the electricity sector, transportation and heating. Hence, apart from reducing hydrogen production costs, establishing an efficient and suitable infrastructure for the storage, transportation and distribution of hydrogen becomes essential. This article provides a technically detailed overview of the state-of-the-art technologies for hydrogen infrastructure, including the physical- and material-based hydrogen storage technologies. Physical-based storage means the storage of hydrogen in its compressed gaseous, liquid or supercritical state. Hydrogen storage in the form of liquid-organic hydrogen carriers, metal hydrides or power fuels is denoted as material-based storage. Furthermore, primary ways to transport hydrogen, such as land transportation via trailer and pipeline, overseas shipping and some related commercial data, are reviewed. As the key results of this article, hydrogen storage and transportation technologies are compared with each other. This comparison provides recommendations for building appropriate hydrogen infrastructure systems according to different application scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current status of the hydrogen supply infrastructure was investigated to understand progress toward the realization of a hydrogen society. We also tried to help develop a proper strategy for the soft landing of the hydrogen industry by analyzing the roll-out strategy in Korea, one of the first movers into the hydrogen industry. First, the hydrogen supply infrastructure was analyzed. 96% of hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels, with the steam methane reforming method being the most widely used. Hydrogen is usually stored in compressed gas form and transported to refueling stations to consumer via tube trailers or pipelines depending on the delivery distance. Next, the characteristics of the hydrogen infrastructure in countries were examined. Each country tries to produce and supply hydrogen by utilizing existing industrial facilities. The USA and Japan produce hydrogen via natural gas (NG) reforming over 90% and transport the gas using exited pipelines. While the EU produces hydrogen from renewable energy sources, and considering importing the gas from EU members. Finally, we introduced a roll-out strategy for Korea as guidelines for second-mover countries. Korea mainly produces hydrogen as a by-product in existing liquid NG facilities, as well as importing liquefied hydrogen from abroad. Since most hydrogen is transported via pipelines, it is unevenly distributed across the country. Attempts at solving this imbalance in the supply of hydrogen will be by applying hydrogen extractors in local plants or developing electrolysis technologies. The Korean government offers subsidies to encourage the participation of private companies to expand the installation of hydrogen refueling stations. Through the supports, the government try to decrease the price of hydrogen gas to 2500 won/kg until 2050. Our findings provide the current status of hydrogen society development and can be used to suggest guidelines for the development of proper hydrogen-fueling strategies for countries. • The current status of the hydrogen supply infrastructure in countries was investigated. • Each country tries to produce hydrogen by utilizing existing industrial facilities. • Hydrogen is usually stored in compressed gas form. • Hydrogen gas is transported via tube trailers or pipelines. • Roll-out strategy for Korea is introduced as guidelines for second-mover countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tries to see if hydrogen can represent the future of marine transportation. This article presents all types of hydrogen and ways in which it can be produced. Major ship-owners companies' policy regarding use of hydrogen for ship propulsion is presented as well as how the P&I Clubs view the problem. The conclusion presents the arguments and drawbacks of this issue. In this paper, the author analyzes the hydrogen alternative as a source of energy for maritime transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A methodology of experimental research on hydrogen embrittlement of pipe carbon steels due to the transportation of hydrogen or its mixture with natural gas by a long-term operated gas distribution network is presented. The importance of comparative assessments of the steel in the as-received and operated states basing on the properties that characterize plasticity, resistance to brittle fracture and hydrogen assisted cracking is accentuated. Two main methodological peculiarities are pointed out, (i) testing specimens should be cut out in the transverse direction relative to the pipe axis; (ii) strength and plasticity characteristics should be determined using flat tensile specimens with the smallest possible thickness of the working part. The determination of hydrogen concentration in metal, metallographic and fractographic analyses have been supplemented the study. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology has been illustrated by the example of the steel research after its 52-year operation.

The green hydrogen provides a pathway to the 100% sustainable energy future, rendering hydrogen energy service providers (HESPs) an important role in energy supply. Different from the conventional electricity service providers, HESP is not only responsible for the production, purchase and retailing but also the transportation of hydrogen, which makes its operation a challenging problem. To this end, this paper proposes a bi-level strategic operation model for HESPs. In the operation level, the bidding, hydrogen production and hydrogen transportation are coordinated to minimize the overall cost of HESPs. In the market level, the market clearing is simulated to estimate the influence of HESP behavior on electricity prices in the market. Then, a model reformulation technique is developed to connect the discrete-time based hydrogen production and continuous-time based hydrogen transportation. The bi-level optimization model is transformed into a single-level mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem with Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions. The case studies with the modified IEEE-RTS-79 system were given to validate the proposed model and confirm the necessity to coordinate the hydrogen production and transportation in the strategic operation of HESPs. Sensitivity analysis is also conducted to study the potential influencing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an alternative to the construction of new infrastructure, repurposing existing natural gas pipelines for hydrogen transportation has been identified as a low-cost strategy for substituting natural gas with hydrogen in the wake of the energy transition. In line with that, a 342 km, 36″ natural gas pipeline was used in this study to simulate some technical implications of delivering the same amount of energy with different blends of natural gas and hydrogen, and with 100% hydrogen. Preliminary findings from the study confirmed that a three-fold increase in volumetric flow rate would be required of hydrogen to deliver an equivalent amount of energy as natural gas. The effects of flowing hydrogen at this rate in an existing natural gas pipeline on two flow parameters (the compressibility factor and the velocity gradient) which are crucial to the safety of the pipeline were investigated. The compressibility factor behaviour revealed the presence of a wide range of values as the proportions of hydrogen and natural gas in the blends changed, signifying disparate flow behaviours and consequent varying flow challenges. The velocity profiles showed that hydrogen can be transported in natural gas pipelines via blending with natural gas by up to 40% of hydrogen in the blend without exceeding the erosional velocity limits of the pipeline. However, when the proportion of hydrogen reached 60%, the erosional velocity limit was reached at 290 km, so that beyond this distance, the pipeline would be subject to internal erosion. The use of compressor stations was shown to be effective in remedying this challenge. This study provides more insights into the volumetric and safety considerations of adopting existing natural gas pipelines for the transportation of hydrogen and blends of hydrogen and natural gas.

The state of the art of research and development in the field of systems of accumulation, storage, transportation, and generation of hydrogen was considered. The basic requirements for hydrogen storage systems for both mobile and stationary applications were formulated. An analysis was made of systems of hydrogen accumulation, storage, and release based on physical (liquefaction and compression), physicochemical (using metal hydrides and adsorption materials), and chemical types of hydrogen interaction with the storage medium. A comparative thermodynamic and kinetic study was performed of the dehydrogenation of polycyclic naphthenes on promoted Pt-supported catalysts. The physicochemical processes of the formation of highly selective active phases of hydrogenation–dehydrogenation catalysts were considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research continues our inquiries into the technological and economic potential for hydrogen production in Russia [1]. The significant changes in global political and economic conditions in 2021 are taken into account. In 2022, Europe's energy market reflected a shortage of thermal and electrical energy. The energy policy of the European Union (EU) is analyzed; this policy was approved in 2005 and has been formalized in several editions of the EU's renewable energy directive. Special attention is paid to the trend in European toward renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses operating and developing technologies for hydrogen implementation, transition, and storage at operating thermal power plants (TPPs) to make recommendations for realization of perspective projects for evaluation of the use of hydrogen as a fuel. Over the medium-term horizon of the next decade, it is suggested that using the technology of burning a mixture of hydrogen and natural gas in gas turbines and gas-and-oil-fired boilers in volume fractions of 20% and 80%, respectively, be implemented at operating gas fired TPPs. We consider the construction of the liquefied hydrogen and natural gas storage warehouses for the required calculated quantities of the gas mixture as a reserve energy fuel for operating the TPPs. We consider the possibility of the reserve liquid fuel system being replaced by the technology involving storage of liquefied hydrogen in combination with natural gas. An economic assessment of the storing cost of reserve fuel on the TPP site is given. The paper suggests that the methane-hydrogen mixture be supplied to the TPP site by two independent gas pipelines for the possibility of using the mixture as the main fuel and to exclude fuel storage at the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen production, storage, and transportation are the key issues to be addressed to realize a so-called clean and sustainable hydrogen economy. Various production methods, storage methods, and hydrogen transportations have been listed in the literature, along with their limitations. Therefore, to summarize the state of the art of these proposed technologies, a detailed discussion on hydrogen production, storage, and transportation is presented in this review. Also, to discuss the recent advancements of these methods including, hydrogen production, storage, and transportation on their kinetics, cyclic behavior, toxicity, pressure, thermal response, and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, new techniques such as ball milling, ultrasonic irradiation, ultrasonication, alloying, additives, cold rolling, alloying, and plasma metal reaction have been highlighted to address those drawbacks. Furthermore, the development of modern hydrogen infrastructure (reliability, safety, and low cost) is needed to scale up hydrogen delivery. This review summarizes promising techniques to enhance kinetic hydrogen production, storage, and transportation. Nevertheless, the search for the materials is still far from meeting the aimed target for production, storage, and transportation application. Therefore, more investigations are needed to identify promising areas for future H 2 production, storage, and transportation developments. [Display omitted] • Hydrogen production, storage, and transportations methods have been reviewed. • Highlights the advantages disadvantages of the hydrogen production methods. • Underline the positive and adverse effects of hydrogen storage. • The most common means of hydrogen transportation are underlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundance and uneven distribution of renewable energy might cause congestion and curtailment in electric power systems. Transmission expansions can potentially alleviate transmission congestion and reduce renewable energy curtailment. On the other hand, with the substantial cost reduction of electrolyzer technology and the continuing rise of hydrogen demand, converting surplus renewable energy to hydrogen provides synergistic benefits to power and hydrogen systems, but consequently requires joint planning of the two systems. To this end, we propose a joint planning approach for power transmission and hydrogen transportation networks to coordinately optimize the investment and operation of power and hydrogen infrastructure. In our proposed model, detailed truck routing, pipeline, and hydrogen storage are formulated to quantify the flexibility of hydrogen transportation system. A robust joint planning approach is also proposed to address various uncertainties from renewable energy, electric load, and hydrogen demand. Our numerical simulations show that the proposed joint planning model can save the total system cost, reduce renewable energy curtailment, and increase the utilization level of transmission lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A methodology of experimental research on hydrogen embrittlement of pipe carbon steels due to the transportation of hydrogen or its mixture with natural gas by a long-term operated gas distribution network is presented. The importance of comparative assessments of the steel in the as-received and operated states basing on the properties that characterize plasticity, resistance to brittle fracture and hydrogen assisted cracking is accentuated. Two main methodological peculiarities are pointed out, (i) testing specimens should be cut out in the transverse direction relative to the pipe axis; (ii) strength and plasticity characteristics should be determined using flat tensile specimens with the smallest possible thickness of the working part. The determination of hydrogen concentration in metal, metallographic and fractographic analyses have been supplemented the study. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology has been illustrated by the example of the steel research after its 52-year operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A methodology of experimental research on hydrogen embrittlement of pipe carbon steels due to the transportation of hydrogen or its mixture with natural gas by a long-term operated gas distribution network is presented. The importance of comparative assessments of the steel in the as-received and operated states basing on the properties that characterize plasticity, resistance to brittle fracture and hydrogen assisted cracking is accentuated. Two main methodological peculiarities are pointed out, (i) testing specimens should be cut out in the transverse direction relative to the pipe axis; (ii) strength and plasticity characteristics should be determined using flat tensile specimens with the smallest possible thickness of the working part. The determination of hydrogen concentration in metal, metallographic and fractographic analyses have been supplemented the study. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology has been illustrated by the example of the steel research after its 52-year operation.

The renewable energy-based hydrogen production can lead to the integrated electric power and hydrogen system (IPHS) and offer a pathway to a sustainable energy utilization. Hydrogen is mainly transported via hydrogen tube trailers (HTs), making the hydrogen energy system (HES) operation quite different from those of other energy technologies. This paper proposes an optimal IPHS operation strategy which utilizes HT for transportation. The proposed strategy coordinates hydrogen generation, transportation, and storage stages considering constrained operations of electric power system (EPS), transportation system, and variable renewable energy. The proposed solution method is based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) in which HES and EPS constraints are managed individually and the respective solutions are coordinated accordingly. The case studies using the modified IEEE-RTS79 have verified the validity of the proposed IPHS model and its solution method and confirmed the necessity of considering HES in enhancing the EPS operation. The synergies between EPS and HES are studied via numerical examples and the impact of the flexibilities in hydrogen generation, transportation and demand are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated hydrogen accumulation behavior of martensite structures with different initial dislocation densities. The hydrogen micro-print technique and microstructure observation revealed that the higher initial dislocation density facilitated hydrogen accumulation around prior austenite grain boundaries during deformation within the apparent elastic strain regime. In contrast, once deformation was applied to the plastic strain regime, hydrogen accumulation behavior did not change with initial dislocation density. Based on the obtained results, we concluded that transportation of hydrogen by dislocation motion played an important role on hydrogen accumulation around prior austenite grain boundaries. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]