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Background: Oral traditional knowledge disseminates the use of young leaves of Vernonanthura tweediana (Asteraceae) as poultice in feverish cases among family farmers in Santa Catarina, Brazil, but there is a lack of phytochemistry and pharmacological studies on this species, especially those related to volatile organic compounds. Methods: In the present study, the dry leaves of V. tweediana were subjected to hydrodistillation for the extraction of essential oil. Sample characterization was conducted using GC-FID and GC-MS. To evaluate anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, the air pouch method was used, and with the exudate obtained, total and differential leukocyte counts were performed, as well as the quantification of total proteins, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Results: The essential oil yield extraction was 0.13%, and sesquiterpenes were the main constituents: α-copaene (5.1%), β-caryophyllene (27.77%), α-caryophyllene (15.1%), germacrene D (14.0%), and bicyclogermacrene (13.3%). A sample was subjected to biological tests, with a reduction in leukocyte migration to the inflammatory focus. The immunomodulatory activity was also pronounced, as the oil modulated all cytokine secretions measured when compared to the control. The high concentration of caryophyllenes might explain these findings. Conclusions: Future studies will consider the fractionation of the essential oil to establish the degree of synergism between the constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melissa officinalis L. is a plant with different medicinal and culinary uses, which is considered one of the essential oils with the highest market value, mainly because of its low yield. The use of technologies that improve the extraction of this essential oil is justified. The study evaluated the use of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) obtained from Pleorotus djamor to extract essential oil of Melissa officinalis L.. For the optimization of the enzymatic pre-treatment, the independent variables time and CWDE/H 2 O ratio were evaluated through central composite rotational design (CCRD). The essential oil extraction was carried out by hydrodistillation after pre-treatment. The results showed that the pre-treatment was able to increase the essential oil yield by 71 % and reduced energy consumption and CO2 emissions by 42 %, when applied for 60 minutes and CWDE/H 2 O ratio (25/450 mL.mL−1). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to evaluate the essential oil composition. The majority of compounds were citral (Neral +Geranial). In addition, the increase of this compound was observed at about 24 %. The lemon balm plant cell wall was degraded. Considering the production and energy costs and increase yield as well as the quality of lemon balm essential oil, the application of CWDE was efficient. [Display omitted] • Multienzyme extract was extracted from the solid-state fermentation of P. djmour. • Association of enzymes with hydrostillation was considered an eco-friendly process. • Lignocellulosic enzymes acted on the cell wall of the trichomes. • Pretreatment on M. officinalis leaves increase of the essential oil yield by 71 %. • The concentration of Citral in the essential oil of Melissa officinalis increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinopodium mexicanum (CM) has been used by the population as a home remedy for inducing sleep, and as a sedative and analgesic. This study presents the first evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the essential oil (EO) obtained through hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of CM. NaCl, CaCl2, and Tween 20 were used as additives and the yield, chemical composition, and toxicity of the EO were evaluated. The findings revealed that the highest yield of EO was obtained through hydrodistillation without additives, and the additives significantly influenced the antioxidant activity of the EO. The main components of the EO were found to be pulegone and menthone. The toxicity of the EO was determined using the brine shrimp assay, with an LD50 of 32 mg/L. Based on these results, the authors suggest that the Clinopodium mexicanum EO has the potential to serve as a natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng has been used as an ingredient in medicinal formulations. Several studies have reported on the potential of M. koenigii leaves to enhance learning and memory functions in animal models. This study aimed to identify the chemical constituents and evaluate the anti-cholinesterase activity of the essential oil extracted from M. koenigii leaves. The essential oil extracted via hydrodistillation was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 41 constituents were identified, with β-phellandrene (35.42%), β-caryophyllene (16.79%) and α-pinene (17.75%) predominating in the essential oil. Using Ellman's colorimetric method, the M. koenigii essential oil demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with an IC50 value of 36.89 μg/mL. Interestingly, a mixture of the three major constituents (β-phellandrene, β-caryophyllene, and α-pinene) was more effective than the individual constituents (β-caryophyllene and α-pinene). In conclusion, the study on the neuroprotective effects of M. koenigii essential oil has yielded promising results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant-pathogenic fungi cause great losses to agricultural crops and thus threaten food resources all over the world. These pathogens cause numerous diseases in fruits, vegetables, cereals and other important crops. Currently, a vast number of chemical and biological methods are used to control these diseases. Biological control in a combination of several modes of action is effective in controlling the diseases. Four most frequently used ethnomedicinal plants of family Zingiberaceae were selected for estimation of essential oils (EOs) and antifungal evaluation. The hydrodistillation method, using Clevenger's apparatus was used for extraction of the volatile constituents/essential oil. Further, the oil per cent (%) yield extracted from Curcuma longa was 0.73%, 0.89% from Zingiber officinale, 1.93% from Alpinia galanga, whereas it was highest in case of Elettaria cardamomum (3.66%). Furthermore, all EOs were investigated for their antifungal activity against four pathogenic fungi named as F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, A. niger and A. flavus by using Disc Diffusion method. Inhibitions of fungal growth were measured in form of zone of Inhibition. The efficacy of the oil of C. longa showed the highest zone of inhibition against A. niger (18.8±1.27). The efficacy of the oil of Z. officinale recorded highest zone of inhibition at pure concentration against F. proliferatum (16.7±0.62). A. galanga showed the highest zone of inhibition F. oxysporum (18.7±1.00). E. cardamomum found effective against A. niger (16.8±0.05). The present finding shows the better potency against all tested fungal pathogens; therefore, antifungal drugs could be developed through these plants essential oils in future after detailed in-vivo and in-silico investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The flavor, nutritional, and medicinal value of rosemary are well known. Hydrodistilled (HD) essential oil was prepared in the present study as a standard. Olive oil maceration (OM) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) technology were separately applied to extract the essential oil of rosemary. The three obtained products, HD, OM, and SC-CO2, were compared concerning their main constituents using GC‒MS. Their antimicrobial properties were evaluated against eight microbes by the disc diffusion assay. Interestingly, both 1,8-cineol and camphor were the major compounds in the three oils. α-Pinene was also detected in large amounts in both HD and OM. Additionally, borneol was the third major component in SC-CO2. The antimicrobial results revealed differential effects against six microbes. However, HD oil also exhibited antifungal activity. Maceration is a green extraction procedure that is easy to perform in households, and attention must be paid to olive oil maceration as a complementary medicine that originated in pharaohs.

Lemon contains essential oil compounds found in the peel, namely the flavedo. This section can produce essential oils by various methods, including the distillation method. Differences in distillation methods can affect the quality of essential oils. In the essential oil production process, paying attention to the distillation method and the samples of raw materials used is necessary. This study compares the process of extracting lemon peel oil using hydrodistillation and hydro-steam distillation methods.This research has enormous benefits for obtaining the best essential oils using a method that has stable quality and at a not too high cost. The process conditions are carried out by applying the influence factors of temperature, distillation time, and the ratio of raw materials to yield and aroma characteristics. The heating temperature is 100 oC, the distillation time is 4 hours, the raw material ratio is 1:5, as well as the pretreatment process of raw materials. The resulting steam is condensed, and the distillate, a mixture of oil and water, is separated using a separatory funnel. The oil is purified with anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) to separate the oil from the remaining water. The best results were obtained from the research results in the hydrodistillation method with a heating temperature of 100 oC, a distillation time of 4 hours, and a raw material size of 1 cm with a % yield of 0.99%. As well as, the aroma produced is not too strong to get a value of 1 for the hydrodistillation method, and the aroma characteristics are quite strong with a scale of 3 produced by the hydro-steam distillation method. As well as the % yield value generated is 0.495%.

Galbanum essential oil (EO) and its components have a wide industrial use based on constituents. In this regard, developing a feasible method for obtaining fractions containing different compositions with specific properties can be more beneficial than using the raw EO. Here, galbanum EO was extracted using hydrodistillation method which yielded 21.52%, containing α-pinene (3.26%), β-pinene (72.79%), β-myrcene (2.37%), α-phellandrene (0.87%), copaene (0.92%), and azulene (0.85%) detected using GC-MS and GC-FID. The influence of three operational parameters including distillation periods, reflux ratio, and reboiler heat on the purity of the resultant fractions was explored. Firstly, time-dependent fractional distillation of the extracted EO was conducted and fractions with different contents of each component were collected. The maximum mass fractions of aforementioned components were 9.18%, 89.12%, 3.14%, 1.18%, 1.45%, and 2.73% (wt.%), respectively. Secondly, utilization of the reflux ratio (5:1) had no substantial effect on the purity of the components whereas it resulted in additional time and energy consumption. Finally, decreasing the heat of the reboiler to 75% of its baseline value and subsequently enhancing the contact time of the phases along the column significantly boosted the purity of α-pinene and β-pinene, achieving 24.52% (wt.%) and 92.38% (wt.%), respectively. There was no evidence of thermal degradation in any of the experiments, notwithstanding considerable thermal sensitivity of the EO. These findings indicate that fractional distillation can be an effective approach in achieving fractions that are richer in desired components in galbanum EO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of techniques have been developed to extract hemp phytochemicals for research and consumption. Some of the most common processes in the industry include supercritical CO2 extraction, hydrodistillation, and solvent-based (ethanol) extractions. Each of these processes has the potential to differentially extract various phytochemicals, which would impact their efficacy, tolerability, and safety. However, despite these differences, there has been no direct comparison of the methods and the resulting phytochemical composition. This work aimed to compare cannabinoid and terpene profiles using the three primary commercial procedures, using hemp inflorescence from a CBD/CBG dominant Cannabis sativa L. cultivar. Extracts were then evaluated for their terpene and cannabinoid content using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Hydrodistilled extracts contained the most variety and abundance of terpenes with β-caryophyllene to be the most concentrated terpene (25–42 mg/g). Supercritical CO2 extracts displayed a minimal variety of terpenes, but the most variety and abundance of cannabinoids with CBD ranging from 12.8–20.6 mg/g. Ethanol extracts contained the most acidic cannabinoids with 3.2–4.1 mg/g of CBDA along with minor terpene levels. The resulting extracts demonstrated substantially different chemical profiles and highlight how the process used to extract hemp can play a large role in product composition and potential biological effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trend in the reduction on use of synthetic pesticides is continuously growing. Their substitution with natural substances is well studied because of the environmental vantages. Consumers require safe foods. Their risk perception concerns the presence of synthetic pesticides and marketing is oriented toward food with lower and lower residue levels. Essential oils (EOs) could be a reliable alternative. Their components are in a variable range of concentrations determining, in some cases, for the chemotypes. Lots of rosemary, oregano, and clove oil were purchased on the market and their main components were analyzed. Four EOs formulations were prepared to test their effectiveness against zucchini powdery mildew. Moreover, rosemary leaves were collected from the CREA-DC garden (Rome) and rosemary essential oil, distilled in-house, in combination with oregano essential oil were also tested. Metrafenone and penconazole were synthetic fungicides used for reference treatments. Two trials were carried out in a greenhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is devoted to evaluate in vitro the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of essential oils (Eo) extracted by hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave (MW) from the plant peels of Citrus sinensis. The extraction provided yields of 0.26% and 0.02%, respectively. The essential oils were analyzed by GC–MS whose major component is limonene that has a remarkable percentage (78.192% and 58.6%, respectively) for the essential oil extracted by HD and MW. The results of the antioxidant potential were noticeable in each of the essential oils with a higher priority to that extracted by hydrodistillation. The evaluation of the antioxidant power by the free radical scavenging method (DPPH) showed that the essential oils studied have good antioxidant activity, especially for the oil extracted by HD having presented an IC50 of (13.07 ± 0.169) mg/ml, while BHT and ascorbic acid showed very potent and effective anti-free radical activity with IC50 of the order of (19.54 ± 0.32) µg/ml and (1.17 ± 0.05) µg/ml respectively. According to the β-carotene/linoleic acid test, the oxidation of β-carotene was effectively inhibited by the two essential oils of Citrus sinensis peels with a percentage of inhibition of (56.46 ± 0.76) % and (31.39 ± 1.49) % respectively for HD and MW. Eo extracted by HD is more active than ascorbic acid (15.43%). In the antibacterial test, the activity was evaluated by the disc-diffusion method, the two types of sweet orange essential oils inhibited the growth of five bacterial strains out of six: The best activity was obtained against E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Agrobacterium with a diameter of the zone of inhibition between 70 and 84 mm, with the exception of the strain of Bacillus subtilis, there is no zone of inhibition has been observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of Porophyllum are characterized by the presence of essential oils, with reports of the occurrence of thiophenes. Essential oils have most often been obtained by hydrodistillation while thiophenes are isolated from nonpolar extracts and also by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). In this study, essential oils from P. ruderale, P. lanceolatum, P. angustissimum and P. curticeps were obtained by hydrodistillation. Porophyllum lanceolatum, collected in greater quantity, was subjected to SFE under different pressures (90–250 bar). Except for P. lanceolatum, which showed high levels of aldehydes such as decanal (60.24%) and dodecadienal (12.14%), all species were rich in hydrocarbon monoterpenes. The fraction obtained by SFE at 90 bar, when analyzed by GC/MS, presented monoterpenes, with limonene as the main component (22.58%) while decanal constituted only 3% of the sample. All the fractions obtained by supercritical extraction contained compounds with chromatographic profile of thiophenes. The compounds, distinguished by intense fluorescence, were isolated by planar circular chromatography and subjected to 1H NMR analyses. The spectra exhibited the characteristic signals of thiophenes. The mass spectra also presented the fragments expected for these compounds. The present data confirm this genus as a producer of potentially active molecules that deserve deeper studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to compare the extraction yields, chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and volatile extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction extraction (SFE) from oregano (Origanum onites), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), sage (Salvia officinalis), anise (Pimpinella anisum) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum). Essential oil compounds (EOCs) of the obtained materials from both techniques (HD and SFE) were determined by GC-MS/FID. Agar well diffusion method was used for the determination of antimicrobial activities on five different foodborne microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae). According to the results; extraction yields of SFE were found to be higher than HD for all tested aromatic plants. Active ingredient ratios (carvacrol, camphor, anethole, eugenole and linalol) varied depending on the extraction methods. SFE extracts were higher antimicrobial activity than HD essential oils, except clove extract on E. faecalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, essential oils were extracted from rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) from the eastern region of Morocco using hydrodistillation (Hd) and steam distillation (Sd). The yield, chemical composition, thermal stability, and antioxidant activity of the essential oils obtained by the two methods were compared. Determining the chemical composition of rosemary essential oil, with GC-MS, showed a significant qualitative and quantitative difference in certain components. The Sd method improved the extraction of sesquiterpene compounds with high molecular weight and low vapour pressure. The findings reveal that sesquiterpene and oxygenated monoterpenes in essential oils improved the antioxidant activity and thermal stability. Determining antioxidant activity using DPPH and the β-carotene bleaching assay showed that the Sd and Hd oils presented good radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 4960 μg/mL for Hd oil and 4570 μg/mL for Sd oil), capable of delaying β-carotene discolouration with 16.3 and 9.71% inhibition for Sd and Hd respectively. Thermal stability analysis of the oil products was performed using TGA/DTG analysis, and the results showed that the decomposition points of Hd oil and Sd oil were 362 and 368 K respectively. Furthermore, to identify intermolecular interactions and develop better knowledge of phenomena occurring during the extraction of the family of sesquiterpene compounds by water, quantum chemical calculation and molecular simulation by molecular dynamics (MD) were performed. The results suggested the relative stability of caryophyllene-water and the development of intermolecular bonding interactions of van der Walls and steric effect, improving extraction of the substance studied under steam distillation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the demand for oregano oil in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, in this work for the first time an attempt was made to investigate innovative methods for extracting essential oil from oregano in order to reduce energy consumption and ensure high-quality product. Three different methods of distillation, conventional hydrodistillation (CH) and hydrodistillation with ultrasound application (UH) and with ultrasound pretreatment (UPH) were examined using a frequency of 20 kHz and an intensity ranging from 65 to 120 W. For each method, various parameters (amplitude level, pulse duration/pulse interval ratio, and treatment time) were examined for their effect on oil yield. The optimum distillation method and operating conditions were determined. The obtained oils were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and characterized for their total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. In all treatments, the oil was collected at various time intervals and two mathematical approaches were selected for the kinetic modelling, namely, the first order kinetic model and the Peleg's model. Ultrasounds led to an increase in oil yield of 8% for UPH and 17% for UH, as compared to the conventional method, shorter distillation time, and slightly higher energy consumption that can be ignored taking into account the high price of the oil. The composition of oils distilled by ultrasounds was not differed from that of oil produced with the classic method. The use of ultrasounds increased the total phenolic content of the oils, whereas their antioxidant activity did not differ from that of the conventional product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass residues from the aromatic and medicinal oil extraction industries were used as fuel to produce steam necessary for the extraction of essential oils (EO) by hydrodistillation from a plant around the Mediterranean, Daucus carota L. The results obtained in terms of yield and extraction time were compared to those obtained by the classical method of hydrodistillation (HD) using electric heating. Several advantages with hydrodistillation in the presence of biomass as an energy source (BEHD) have been observed: faster kinetics and higher efficiency with similar yields: 1.03% and an extraction time of 30 min against 180 min for classic hydrodistillation. The antimicrobial activity and the antioxidant activity of the EO extracted by HD and BEHD were evaluated. The results showed that the oil extracted by BEHD has a better antioxidant activity and it is much more active than that isolated by HD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spiny coriander (Eryngium foetidum L.) is a food flavouring herb with strong coriander-like odour. The leaves are traditionally used for flavouring the curries, boiled items, soups in Indian subcontinent and added during the final stage of cooking. The current study aimed to validate this traditional culinary knowledge on the addition of spiny coriander leaves and provide a scientific insight into this practice. To pursue the objective, fresh leaves were subjected to simulated open and close-vessel cooking conditions in Clevenger-type apparatus and pressure cooker, respectively. An extensive loss (∼43 %) in volatile flavours occurred after 30 min of open-vessel boiling and similarly for close-vessel process (∼39 %). However, the volatile composition, exclusively dominated by fatty aldehydes, especially trans -2-dodecenal (>70 %) remained practically unaltered throughout this process; rejecting the possibility of considerable transformation or degradation. Thus, boiling process during cooking promoted the loss of aromatic flavours through evaporation and justified the late-stage addition of spiny coriander to preserve its key flavours. [Display omitted] • Early addition of culantro in cooking diminishes flavour: a traditional knowledge. • Current study: validation and scientific insight into this culinary practice. • Simulated open and close-vessel cooking to test the fate of aromatic flavours. • Cooking condition greatly facilitated the evaporation, hence loss of volatiles. • No flavour transformation or degradation was found due to cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study investigates the biological activities of Lavandula pinnata essential oil (LPEO), an endemic lavender species from the Canary Islands, traditionally used in treating various ailments. Methods: LPEO was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC-MS. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity assays. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion, MIC, MBC, and MFC determination against bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungal (Candida glabrata, Rhodotorula glutinis, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum) strains. Antidiabetic and anti-gout potential were investigated through α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and xanthine oxidase inhibition assays. Antityrosinase activity was determined using a modified dopachrome method. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay against breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-468), liver (HepG2), colon (HCT-15) cancer cells, and normal cells (PBMCs). Results and discussion: LPEO exhibits potent antiradical activity (IC50 = 148.33 ± 2.48 μg/mL) and significant antioxidant capacity (TAC = 171.56 ± 2.34 μg AA/mg of EO). It demonstrates notable antibacterial activity against four strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) with inhibition zones ranging from 18.70 ± 0.30mm to 29.20 ± 0.30 mm, along with relatively low MIC and MBC values. LPEO displays significant antifungal activity against four strains (Candida glabrata, Rhodotorula glutinis, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium digitatum) with a fungicidal effect at 1 mg/mL, surpassing the positive control (cycloheximide), and MIC and MFC values indicating a fungicidal effect. It exhibits substantial inhibition of xanthine oxidase enzyme (IC50 = 26.48 ± 0.90 μg/mL), comparable to allopurinol, and marked inhibitory effects on α-amylase (IC50 = 31.56 ± 0.46 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 58.47 ± 2.35 μg/mL) enzymes.The enzyme tyrosinase is inhibited by LPEO (IC50 = 29.11 ± 0.08 mg/mL). LPEO displays moderate cytotoxic activity against breast, liver, and colon cancer cells, with low toxicity towards normal cells (PBMC). LPEO exhibits greater selectivity than cisplatin for breast (MCF-7) and colon (HCT-15) cancer cells but lower selectivity for liver (HepG2) and metastatic breast (MDA-MB-468) cancer cells. These findings suggest the potential of LPEO as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, antigout, antidiabetic, and anticancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The root rot complex of geranium plants caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina is a major threat, and control of these pathogens predominantly relies on chemicals. This study explored multifaceted applications of Bacillus velezensis (strain B63) and chitosan, assessing their biocontrol efficacy against root rot, and their subsequent effects on rhizosphere communities. Strain B63 was antagonistic to R. solani and M. phaseolina. Under field conditions, greatest efficacy was obtained with strain B63 (36% and 33% disease reductions in, respectively, two growing seasons), chitosan soaking + foliar spray 0.2% (CSF 0.2%) (33 and 27% reductions), and 0.1% chitosan soaking + foliar spray (CSF 0.1%) (33 and 26% reductions). These treatments also changed rhizosphere microbiota, as shown by numbers of colony-forming units (CFU) and 16S rRNA gene microbiome analyses. Concomitant with rhizosphere shifts, essential oil yields and composition were positively affected, as shown by gas chromatography analyses. Chitosan soaking + foliar spray 0.2% increased concentrations of citronellol (1.36-fold), geraniol (1.37-fold), citronellyl formate (1.54-fold), and geranyl formate (1.94-fold) in geranium essential oil, compared with the experimental controls. Strain B63 also increased these essential oils by 1.04- to 1.27-fold. B63 also enhanced eugenol levels by 1.35-fold. Treatments with B63 were more effective than chitosan in improving the geranium plant morphological parameters (plant height, numbers of branches, biomass). These results show that B. velezensis strain B63 treatments have potential for enhancing yields and product quality from geranium plant under root rot infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of methods of isolation of essential oils depends mainly on the yield and chemical composition. However, other factors such as cost and use of the essential oil may influence the choice of isolation method. Hydrodistillation and steam distillation are conventional methods used for the isolation of essential oils. These methods are cheap. However, they have limitations such as low yield of the essential oil, loss of volatile components, long isolation time and degradation of some constituents. Recent literature shows that these two methods are the primary methods of choice when it comes to the isolation of essential oils despite their limitations. This paper aims at reviewing these two methods to establish why they are still used, though there are new and improved methods of isolation for volatile oils. It gives an overview on the importance of SD and HD, their effect on the yield and quality of essential oils as well as how these methods compare to the contemporary isolation techniques. Recent literature proves that hydrodistillation and steam distillation are primary methods of choice when it comes to isolation of essential oils; The yield and chemical composition of essential oils isolated by SD and HD are comparable to the volatile oils isolated by other new and improved methods; This information offers the scientific community further validation to the use of conventional isolation methods as techniques of choice in the isolation of volatile oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, spearmint hydrodistillation by-products (residual water and residual leaves material) were studied regarding their antioxidant potentials. Extraction of rosmarinic acid from the leaves to the residual water reached its maximum (7.04 g·l-1) at a distillation time of 150 min. The extracts obtained from residual water and residual leaves material were examined with several in vitro antioxidant activity-related assays including β-carotene bleaching activity, forced oxidation test and radical-scavenging activity to determine the antioxidative activities of extracts. Only residual water displayed dose-dependent antioxidative effects on β-carotene linoleate system with activity of 66 % at 1 g·l-1. The extracts added to the flaxseed and sunflower oils at the level of 1 g·l-1 exerted pro-oxidative effects on the oils in an accelerated test at 70 °C, whereas residual water had no observable positive or negative effects on the oxidation status of the oils. The results indicated that residual water and residual leaves material might be a candidate for enrichment and/or recovering of rosmarinic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a chemical study of Ligularia macrophylla (Ledeb.) DC. The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus and microwave extraction using a NEOS installation. Using mass spectrometry, 52 components were identified in the essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation; 63 components were identified in the essential oil isolated by microwave extraction. The main components of the essential oil are Δ3-carene, β-bisabolene, β-myrcene. It was revealed that the substance obtained from the essential oil of Ligularia macrophylla (Ledeb.) DC. has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. For the first time, the optimal technological parameters for alcohol extraction of Ligularia macrophylla (Ledeb.) DC roots were determined using the method of mathematical modeling, providing a quantitative yield of the sesquiterpene lactone furanoeremophilan-14β,6α-olide, which has anti-inflammatory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of lime essential oil as a substitute for synthetic preservatives in beef sausage, considering consumer demand for healthy meat products produced with natural ingredients. Lime peel essential oil (LEO) was obtained by hydrodistillation and subjected to an evaluation of antibacterial activity by the disc diffusion and microdilution method. Its chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Three sausage formulations were developed in this study: the first without preservatives (LC), the second with synthetic preservatives (L1), and the third containing 0.5% lime essential oil (L2). Physicochemical and microbiological analyses indicated that all treatments followed current legislation, although the moisture content exceeded the maximum limit. The pH and color varied significantly during refrigerated and frozen storage, reaching stability after 20 days. lime essential oil, with D-limonene as the majority component, proved to be effective in inhibiting microbial growth at a concentration of 0.5%, preserving the physicochemical composition of the sausage. Furthermore, there is a tendency for the color to stabilize during frozen storage. Therefore, 0.5% lime essential oil is a viable and natural alternative for application in meat sausages, such as fresh sausage, and adds a different flavor and aroma to this product.

Lavender and lavender oils have been used as traditional herbal medicines for centuries. Nowadays, lavender and its essential oil are valuable materials used in many industries, e.g., food, cosmetics, perfume, sanitary products, and pharmaceuticals. Since the components of valuable oil differ depending on the growing region, these components must be identified to ascertain the oil's quality and potential uses. The essential oil composition was obtained from the stemmed fresh flowers of Kastamonu, Türkiye cultivars of lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia var. Super) via a Clevenger-type hydrodistillation apparatus. Then, the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 14 components were identified. Linalool and linalyl acetate were the main components, with 28.44% and 17.12%, respectively. In this study, we aimed to evaluate our results by comparing them with Pharmacopoeia Europaea and ISO standards to determine the quality of the essential oil and its possible areas of use. The findings of this study showed that lavandin essential oil is a high-quality essential oil as it contains high levels of linalool and is free of camphor. In addition, while the linalool, terpinen-4-ol, and camphor contents of the variety complied with the lavender oil standards set by ISO 3515:2002, the linalyl acetate content was found below this. Due to its high linalool content and lack of camphor, the extracted lavandin oil can be predicted to be suitable for use in the food, beverage, aroma, pharmaceutical, perfume and aromatherapy industries.

The present study aimed to determine the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial potential for the first time of essential oils (EOs) from six cultivars (Druzhba, Raya, Hebar, Hemus, Yubileina, Sevtapolis) of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) cultivated in Türkiye (Tekirdağ) against a panel of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. The chemical composition of EOs, analysed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), revealed 34 different components in the six cultivars. The results indicate that the main major constituents of all EOs were monoterpenoid linalool (47.60-64.13%) and linalyl acetate (12.92-26.08%). Based on principal component analysis (PCA) cvs. Druzhba, Raya and Hebar were situated in the centre right quadrant of the plot and were characterised by linalool and linalyl acetate in subgroup one. The results of antimicrobial assays revealed that lavender EOs were active against all strains of bacteria tested. For bacteria, the strongest activity of cv. Hemus was observed against Enterococcus faecalis (IZ = 19 ± 0.10 mm, MIC = MMC = 6.25 (µg/mL), while the weakest potency was seen against the gram-negative Salmonella enterica (IZ = 21 ± 1.00 mm, MIC = MMC = 31.25 (µg/mL). Based on PCA, the first subgroup of cvs. Hebar and Raya was characterised by Lactobacillus rhamnosus, E. faecalis and Lactobacillus pentosus and was situated in the bottom right quadrant of the plot.

Background: Oral traditional knowledge disseminates the use of young leaves of Vernonanthura tweediana (Asteraceae) as poultice in feverish cases among family farmers in Santa Catarina, Brazil, but there is a lack of phytochemistry and pharmacological studies on this species, especially those related to volatile organic compounds. Methods: In the present study, the dry leaves of V. tweediana were subjected to hydrodistillation for the extraction of essential oil. Sample characterization was conducted using GC-FID and GC-MS. To evaluate anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, the air pouch method was used, and with the exudate obtained, total and differential leukocyte counts were performed, as well as the quantification of total proteins, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Results: The essential oil yield extraction was 0.13%, and sesquiterpenes were the main constituents: α-copaene (5.1%), β-caryophyllene (27.77%), α-caryophyllene (15.1%), germacrene D (14.0%), and bicyclogermacrene (13.3%). A sample was subjected to biological tests, with a reduction in leukocyte migration to the inflammatory focus. The immunomodulatory activity was also pronounced, as the oil modulated all cytokine secretions measured when compared to the control. The high concentration of caryophyllenes might explain these findings. Conclusions: Future studies will consider the fractionation of the essential oil to establish the degree of synergism between the constituents.

The aim of this study was to provide a chemical profile and determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil (EO) and lipid extracts of Thymus serpyllum L. herbal dust obtained via conventional (hydrodistillation (HD) and Soxhlet extraction (SOX)) and novel extraction techniques (supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)). In addition, a comparative analysis of the chemical profiles of the obtained EO and extracts was carried out, as well as the determination of antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity of the lipid extracts. According to the aforementioned antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and the monoterpene yield and selectivity, SFE provided significant advantages compared to the traditional techniques. In addition, SFE extracts could be considered to have great potential in terms of their utilization in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as well as appropriate replacements for synthetic additives in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of plasma treatment on Lavandin Grosso flowers and its influence on the extraction of essential oils (EOs) via hydrodistillation. Short plasma treatment times enhance the yield of EO extraction from 3.19% in untreated samples to 3.44%, corresponding to 1 min of plasma treatment, while longer treatment times (10 min) show diminishing returns to 3.07% of yield extraction. Chemical characterization (GC/MS and ATR-FTIR) indicates that plasma treatments do not significantly alter the chemical composition of the extracted EOs, preserving their aromatic qualities. Investigations into plasma–surface interactions reveal changes at the nanometer level, with XPS confirming alterations in the surface chemistry of Lavandin Grosso flowers by reducing surface carbon and increasing oxygen content, ultimately resulting in an increased presence of hydrophilic groups. The presence of hydrophilic groups enhances the interaction between the surface membrane of the glandular trichomes on Lavandin Grosso flowers and water vapor, consequently increasing the extraction of EOs. Furthermore, microscopic SEM examinations demonstrate that plasma treatments do not affect the morphology of glandular trichomes, emphasizing that surface modifications primarily occur at the nanoscale. This study underscores the potential of plasma technology as a tool to enhance EO yields from botanical sources while maintaining their chemical integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to characterize the composition and certain bioactivities of the essential oil of Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Eighty organic compounds were identified in the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation and microwave-assisted isolation. Germacrene D was the main component in both oils. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation exerted antibacterial activity against two S. aureus strains, with MIC values of 0.015% for the methicillin-susceptible strain and 0.25% for the methicillin-resistant strain. In the biofilm formation assay, a dose-dependent inhibition was observed in case of the K. pneumoniae ATCC 600,703. In the ethidium bromide accumulation assay, a dose-dependent inhibition activity was observed against the bacterial efflux pump of the Gram-negative bacteria E. coli ATCC 25,922. The essential oil displayed strong in vitro cytotoxicity against the multidrug-resistant (MDR) Colo 320 cancer cell line with an IC50 value of 0.0103%. The essential oil showed strong inhibition on the proliferation of the doxorubicin-sensitive Colo 205 cells (IC50 values of 0.054%) and in the case of MDR Colo 320 colonic adenocarcinoma cells (IC50 values of 0.008%). This is the first report of the cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities of the essential oil from these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils are of great interest due to their potent pharmaceutical and biological activities. In this study, essential oils extracted from Origanum compactum and Thymus zygis originating from the Middle Atlas of Morocco were investigated. Their chemical compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, while the assessment of the trapping power of the radical (DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and the reducing antioxidant potential of ferric ions (FRAP: Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) were performed in order to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Their antibacterial potency was tested against six bacterial strains through the disk diffusion method. The chromatography analyses of the extracted essential oils highlighted the presence of two main components, namely carvacrol at 75.70% in O. compactum and thymol at 40.67% in T. zygis. The antioxidant activity tests showed that both essential oils demonstrated a significant antioxidant activity comparable to the positive control (e.g., ascorbic acid). The antibacterial activity results showed a strong antimicrobial effect for both essential oils, compared to synthetic antibiotics. This study affirms the presence of bioactive components with interesting antioxidant and antibacterial activities in the essential oils extracted from Origanum compactum and Thymus zygis, which could find several applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries through the substitution of synthetic antioxidants and antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to determine the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial potential for the first time of essential oils (EOs) from six cultivars (Druzhba, Raya, Hebar, Hemus, Yubileina, Sevtapolis) of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) cultivated in Türkiye (Tekirdag) against a panel of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. The chemical composition of EOs, analysed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), revealed 34 different components in the six cultivars. The results indicate that the main major constituents of all EOs were monoterpenoid linalool (47.60-64.13%) and linalyl acetate (12.92-26.08%). Based on principal component analysis (PCA) cvs. Druzhba, Raya and Hebar were situated in the centre right quadrant of the plot and were characterised by linalool and linalyl acetate in subgroup one. The results of antimicrobial assays revealed that lavender EOs were active against all strains of bacteria tested. For bacteria, the strongest activity of cv. Hemus was observed against Enterococcus faecalis (IZ = 19 ± 0.10 mm, MIC = MMC = 6.25 (µg/mL), while the weakest potency was seen against the gram-negative Salmonella enterica (IZ = 21 ± 1.00 mm, MIC = MMC = 31.25 (µg/mL). Based on PCA, the first subgroup of cvs. Hebar and Raya was characterised by Lactobacillus rhamnosus, E. faecalis and Lactobacillus pentosus and was situated in the bottom right quadrant of the plot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Larch oleoresin has been described regarding several biological activities and medicinal applications, such as wound healing and treatment of ulcers, but little is known about its chemical composition. Material and methods: Eight oleoresins from Larix decidua Mill. obtained from four companies and one adulterated control were therefore investigated to determine their content of essential oils and to verify possible differences in their composition in relation to the harvest and manufacturing processes. Essential oils (EOs) were isolated by distillation and the yield was analysed. Results and discussion: The yield of EO varied among all samples. The yield of the pure larch samples covered a range of 7.8% to 15.5%. A higher yield (19.0%) was observed for adulterated control, which contained oleoresins from different Pinaceae trees. Age of samples had no impact on yield. However, there was a significant statistical variation (p<0.05) in the yields of the mid-summer oleoresins (>10%) compared to early or late summer (<10%), emphasising the importance of the time of collection. Samples were subsequently analysed by GC-MS. EO samples confirmed the presence of various chemical classes, such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes. α-pinene was the compound with the highest concentrations (>50%), followed by β-pinene (>6%), D-limonene (>2.5%), α-terpineol (>0.9%), β-myrcene (>0.2%), and 3-carene (>0.05%). Samples were grouped using multivariate data analysis (MVDA) with respect to the chemical variation between the oleoresins' EOs. The resulting four clusters were named low (low yield obtained for the samples), mixed (mixed oleoresin from different Pinaceae species, adulteration control), old (old oleoresin kept in the institute), and normal (other oleoresins) samples, each presenting distinct chemical biomarkers. There were considerable differences between site and time of collection. Essential oil yield did not always meet requirements as defined by the German Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia. In addition, adulterated or aged samples could be identified as compared to pure and fresh larch oleoresins. Conclusion: We conclude that larch oleoresin used for pharmaceutical applications has to be carefully analysed and standardised to guarantee reproducible product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Harran Journal of Agricultural & Food Science is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hydrodistillation is traditionally a green technology for the manufacturing of natural products that are volatile. As well as acknowledged process intensification methods such as microwave support for energy efficiency to move towards climate neutral operation, digital twins combined with process analytical technology for advanced process control enables reliable operation of an optimal operation point regarding lowest cost of goods, as well as lowest global warming potential equivalent. A novel process control enabled by digital twin technology has shown to reduce the ecological footprint of the extraction by up to 46.5%, while reducing the cost of extraction by 22.4%. Additionally, skilled operator time is reduced, and the sustainable plant material is utilized most efficiently. The approach is ready to apply, but broad industrialization seems to be held back by unclear business cases and lack of comprehension of decision makers. This is in drastic contrast to the political demand for climate neutrality goals and the cost pressure by worldwide completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a chemical study of Ligularia macrophylla (Ledeb.) DC. The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus and microwave extraction using a NEOS installation. Using mass spectrometry, 52 components were identified in the essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation; 63 components were identified in the essential oil isolated by microwave extraction. The main components of the essential oil are Δ3-carene, β-bisabolene, β-myrcene. It was revealed that the substance obtained from the essential oil of Ligularia macrophylla (Ledeb.) DC. has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. For the first time, the optimal technological parameters for alcohol extraction of Ligularia macrophylla (Ledeb.) DC roots were determined using the method of mathematical modeling, providing a quantitative yield of the sesquiterpene lactone furanoeremophilan-14β,6α-olide, which has anti-inflammatory activity.

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation on the extraction of essential oil from Allium schoenoprasum L. (AS) bulbs collected in Quang Tri province, Vietnam. Effects of extracting conditions on the quantity of extracted essential oil were investigated, followed by the evaluation of physicochemical characteristics, chemical composition and biological activities. The hydro-distillation process under suitable extracting conditions (extraction time of 3 h, NaCl concentration of 5 %, material-to-NaCl solution ratio of 1:2) allowed obtaining the highest essential oil yield of 0.290 ± 0.003 %. Chemical composition analysis (Quadrupole GC/MS) of the AS bulb essential oil in xylene indicated that disulfide and trisulfide compounds, as major components, accounted for 97.53 % of the identified compounds. The obtained AS bulb essential oil exhibited high antioxidant activity, which is significantly higher than that of ascorbic acid, in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical test. Moreover, it provided strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, methicillin−resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and moderate inhibition activity against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

A variety of techniques have been developed to extract hemp phytochemicals for research and consumption. Some of the most common processes in the industry include supercritical CO2 extraction, hydrodistillation, and solvent-based (ethanol) extractions. Each of these processes has the potential to differentially extract various phytochemicals, which would impact their efficacy, tolerability, and safety. However, despite these differences, there has been no direct comparison of the methods and the resulting phytochemical composition. This work aimed to compare cannabinoid and terpene profiles using the three primary commercial procedures, using hemp inflorescence from a CBD/CBG dominant Cannabis sativa L. cultivar. Extracts were then evaluated for their terpene and cannabinoid content using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Hydrodistilled extracts contained the most variety and abundance of terpenes with β-caryophyllene to be the most concentrated terpene (25–42 mg/g). Supercritical CO2 extracts displayed a minimal variety of terpenes, but the most variety and abundance of cannabinoids with CBD ranging from 12.8–20.6 mg/g. Ethanol extracts contained the most acidic cannabinoids with 3.2–4.1 mg/g of CBDA along with minor terpene levels. The resulting extracts demonstrated substantially different chemical profiles and highlight how the process used to extract hemp can play a large role in product composition and potential biological effects.

This study examines the impact of irrigation water quality on the synthesis of secondary metabolites and the chemical composition of Mentha piperita essential oil (MPEO). Three essential oils from Mentha piperita plants, irrigated with different water sources commonly used for mint irrigation in Morocco’s Oriental region, were analyzed. The water sources were characterized based on various parameters, such as nitrites, nitrates, orthophosphates, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), pH, and electrical conductivity. The essential oils were extracted using hydrodistillation, and their chemical composition was determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), revealing notable variations among the compositions of the three essential oils. In this study, in silico tests using the Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) algorithm; the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) model; and Pro-Tox II were conducted to evaluate the drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic properties, expected safety profile upon ingestion, and potential pharmacological activity of the identified compounds in MPEO. The antioxidant activity of the MPEOs was assessed through a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the total antioxidant activity (TAC) method. Additionally, the antimicrobial effectiveness of the essential oils was tested against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and four fungal strains (Candida glabrata, Rhodotorula glutinis, Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus niger), demonstrating moderate to strong activities against the tested strains. This study concludes that regulating irrigation water quality can enhance the production of specific metabolites, making them potentially valuable as antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.

Clove essential oil (CEO) is recognized for its variety of bioactivities and is widely used in the fields of food and pharmaceuticals. Eugenol is the main component that causes the oil's effectiveness. This study included a bibliometric analysis to demonstrate the novelty of the CEO extraction method. A combination of ultrasound and microwave techniques was utilized to enhance the efficiency of hydrodistillation (HD) extraction of essential oil from clove bud in terms of extraction yield, extraction rate, and eugenol composition, which is a strong antioxidant agent. Meanwhile, the effects of ultrasonic extraction temperature and time, microwave distillation power and time, and the ratio of clove to water were also investigated. The optimum conditions were as follows: ultrasonic extraction was at 40 °C for 45 min, microwave distillation power was 400 W for 45 min, and the clove to water ratio was 1:20 (g/mL). The ultrasound pretreatment prior to microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (U-MHD) method obtained the CEO, which had a significantly higher extraction yield (16.80 ± 0.26 %) and a greater amount of eugenol (78.49 %) than the CEOs obtained by traditional HD and MHD methods. Corresponding to the antioxidant activity of CEO from U-MHD, it possessed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 2.79 ± 0.05 μg/mL, and it was comparable to the activity of eugenol. This is the first occurrence of CEO extraction employing the U-MHD procedure. This process could be used to enhance the bioactivity of CEO as well as its extraction efficiency, easy operation, rapid extraction, and eco-friendly technique. In terms of cost-analysis, MHD stands out as the most economically viable extraction method, boasting the lowest cost per 100 g product. The obtained results serve as fundamental data for implementing the scaling up of extraction processes to an industrial level.

IntroductionLarch oleoresin has been described regarding several biological activities and medicinal applications, such as wound healing and treatment of ulcers, but little is known about its chemical composition.Material and methodsEight oleoresins from Larix decidua Mill. obtained from four companies and one adulterated control were therefore investigated to determine their content of essential oils and to verify possible differences in their composition in relation to the harvest and manufacturing processes. Essential oils (EOs) were isolated by distillation and the yield was analysed.Results and discussionThe yield of EO varied among all samples. The yield of the pure larch samples covered a range of 7.8% to 15.5%. A higher yield (19.0%) was observed for adulterated control, which contained oleoresins from different Pinaceae trees. Age of samples had no impact on yield. However, there was a significant statistical variation (p10%) compared to early or late summer (50%), followed by β-pinene (>6%), D-limonene (>2.5%), α-terpineol (>0.9%), β-myrcene (>0.2%), and 3-carene (>0.05%). Samples were grouped using multivariate data analysis (MVDA) with respect to the chemical variation between the oleoresins’ EOs. The resulting four clusters were named low (low yield obtained for the samples), mixed (mixed oleoresin from different Pinaceae species, adulteration control), old (old oleoresin kept in the institute), and normal (other oleoresins) samples, each presenting distinct chemical biomarkers. There were considerable differences between site and time of collection. Essential oil yield did not always meet requirements as defined by the German Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia. In addition, adulterated or aged samples could be identified as compared to pure and fresh larch oleoresins.ConclusionWe conclude that larch oleoresin used for pharmaceutical applications has to be carefully analysed and standardised to guarantee reproducible product quality.

Fresh cones of Pinus halepensis Mill., collected from Constantine (sample 1) and Jijel provinces (sample 2) in northeastern Algeria, were extracted by conventional hydrodistillation (HD) and by solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME). GC and GC/MS analyses showed that the HD essential oils of the two samples were characterized by the presence of respective higher contents of β-pinene (40.3%, 28.2%,), β-pinene (4.5%, 2.5%), β-myrcene (16.8%, 31.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.2%, 7.0%) than the SFME essential oils in respective percentages of β-pinene (27.4%, 12.1%), β-pinene (2.6%, 1.0%), β-myrcene (16.4%, 14.8%) and caryophyllene oxide (0.6%, 2.2.2). (E)-Caryophyllene (35.5%, 51.2%) and α-humulene (6.4%, 10.7%) were found in higher percentages in SFME than in HD essential oils where they occurred with the respective percentages of 18.1%, 20.1%, and 3.5%, 4.2%. Exclusively, HD and SFME essential oils of sample 1 were characterized by the main presence of limonene (5.3%, 2.6%, respectively). These oils were tested against acetyl- and butyrylcholisterase, a-amylase and urease. HD essential oil exhibited a higher acetylcholinesterase (97.46 ± 2.04%) and butyrylcholinesterase (85.39 ± 4.01%) inhibition than the SFME essential oil (77.24 ± 0.90% and 68.01 ± 5.04%, respectively) at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. Moreover, the inhibition of α-amylase by both HD and SFME essential oils (32.63 ± 2.75 and 33.76 ± 0.34%, respectively) at a concentration of 2000 μg/mL, was nearly close to Acarbose (37.21 ± 3.44%), used as a standard. However, HD and SFME essential oils showed a weak urease inhibition (17.78 ± 1.79 and 45.73 ± 0.04%, respectively), at a concentration of 400 mg/mL, compared to the standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils of three plants were isolated by hydrodistillation and their constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection (GC/MS-FID) method. 29 compounds representing 99.00% of the total oil of inflorescences of Zingiber pellitum were identified, consisting mainly of α-pinene (5.34%), β-caryophyllene (39.13%) and α-humulene (36.69%). For Basilicum polystachyon, 41 and 37 components were identified in the leaf and flower oils, accounting for 91.32% and 92.44% of the total oils, respectively. Germacrene D (16.33% and 16.32%), germacrene B (14.95% and 16.23%), α-cubebene (13.38% and 19,04%), α-copaene (5.81% and 5.77%), δ-cadinene (4.78% and 4.18%), β-cis-elemene (4.34% and 4.66%), and γ-elemene (4.31% and 4.72%) were the major constituents in both oils. For the leaves of Litsea bavienes, 40 components were identified, representing 91.73% of the total oil contents, in which hepten-3-one (70.46%) was the most abundant compound in this oil. The chemical constituents of essential oils from Z. pellitum (inflorescences), B. polystachyon (leaves and flowers) and L. baviensis (leaves) were being reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aniba canelilla (Kunth) Mez essential oil has many biological activities due to its main compound 1-nitro-2-phenylethane (1N2F), followed by methyleugenol, a carcinogenic agent. This study analyzed the influence of seasonality on yields, antioxidant capacity, and 1N2F content of A. canelilla leaf and twig essential oils. Essential oils (EOs) were extracted with hydrodistillation and analyzed with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and a flame ionization detector. Antioxidant capacity was measured using the free radical scavenging method (DPPH). Chemometric analyses were carried out to verify the influence of climatic factors on the production and composition of EOs. 1-Nitro-2-phenylethane was the major constituent in A. canelilla EOs throughout the seasonal period (68.0–89.9%); methyleugenol was not detected. Essential oil yields and the 1N2F average did not show a statistically significant difference between the dry and rainy seasons in leaves and twigs. Moderate and significant correlations between major compounds and climate factor were observed. The twig oils (36.0 ± 5.9%) a showed greater antioxidant capacity than the leaf oils (20.4 ± 5.0%). The PCA and HCA analyses showed no statistical differences between the oil samples from the dry and rainy seasons. The absence of methyleugenolin in all months of study, described for the first time, makes this specimen a reliable source of 1N2F. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil (EO) of Artemisia plants contains a large number of bioactive compounds that are widely used. The aim of this study was to analyse the chemical composition of EOs of six Artemisia plants collected in Croatia and to test their cholinesterase inhibitory potential. GC–MS analysis of the EO of A. absinthium showed that the dominant compounds are cis-sabinyl acetate and cis-epoxy-ocimene; in EO of A. abrotanum, it is borneol; in the EO of A. annua, they are artemisia ketone, camphor and 1,8-cineole; in the EO of A. arborescens, they are camphor and chamazulene; in the EO of A. verlotiorum, they are cis-thujone, 1,8-cineole and trans-thujone; and in the EO of A. vulgaris, they are trans-thujone and trans-epoxy-ocimene. The EO of the five studied Artemisia species from Croatia is rich in monoterpenoid compounds (1,8-cineole, artemisia ketone, cis-thujone, trans-thujone, cis-epoxy-ocimene, camphor, borneol and cis-sabinyl acetate). The EO of A. arborescens is also rich in chamazulene. The results also showed that the tested EOs have moderate cholinesterase inhibition potential, especially the EOs of A. annua, A. vulgaris and A. abrotanum. This is the first analysis of the chemical composition of the EOs of four Artemisia plants and the first analysis of cholinesterase potential for plants collected in Croatia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbopogon flexuosus is a highly valued botanical species with significant applications in the food and food supplement industries, medicine, and cosmetics. The effects of four extraction techniques, supercritical CO2, microwave–ultrasonic, steam distillation, and hydrodistillation techniques, on the yield, phytochemical constituents, and antifungal activity against nine fungal species of Cymbopogon flexuosus aromatic oil (AO) were explored in this investigation. Gas chromatography connected with a mass spectrometry apparatus was employed for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the investigated plant AOs. In addition, using the broth microdilution method, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were calculated for several fungi species. The supercritical CO2 method gave the highest yield of AO (11.62 ± 0.03 (w/w)) followed by the microwave–ultrasonic method (1.55 ± 0.05% (w/w)) and the steam distillation method (1.24 ± 0.04% (w/w)), while the hydrodistillation methods gave the lowest yield (1.17 ± 0.01 (w/w)). In addition, eighteen molecules were specified in the AOs obtained with the supercritical CO2, microwave–ultrasonic, steam distillation, and hydrodistillation techniques, which constituted 99.36, 98.6, 98.21, and 98.31% (v/v) of the total oils, respectively. Additionally, linalyl acetate was the trending molecule in the microwave–ultrasonic and steam distillation methods, representing 24.61 and 24.34% (v/v), respectively, while geranial was the dominant molecule in the AOs extracted with the hydrodistillation and supercritical CO2 extraction techniques (27.01 and 25.6% (v/v), respectively). The antifungal screening results revealed that the tested C. flexuosus AOs have potential antifungal effects against all the screened fungi species. The antifungal effect of the AOs extracted with the steam distillation and microwave–ultrasonic methods was remarkable compared with that of the commercial antifungal drug Fluconazole. However, the AOs extracted with these two methods have a more potent antifungal effect against Candida parapsilosis than that of Fluconazole with MICs of 3.13 ± 0.01, 3.13 ± 0.01, and 6.25 ± 0.91 µg/mL, respectively. The same effects were also observed against Trichophyton rubrum with MICs of 6.25 ± 0.91 µg/mL, respectively. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the steam distillation and microwave–ultrasonic methods are promising processes for the extraction of C. flexuosus AO with a potent antifungal effect. This may be an advantage for the utilization of C. flexuosus AO over some antifungal synthetic agents commonly utilized as medicines, preservatives, food additives, cosmetics, and nutrient supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study focuses on the chemical composition and biological properties of the hydro-distilled essential oil from Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves, including its antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Three distinct drying techniques (sun drying, shade drying, and oven drying) were used to dry the plant leaves. The yield of essential oils from E. camaldulensis leaves (ELEOs) ranged from 1.0% (shade-dried sample) to 2.25% (sun-dried sample). The strongest antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis was seen in the essential oil from shade-dried leaves, which also had notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. The shade-dried variant, which was followed by the sun-dried and oven-dried variants, had the highest total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and DPPH scavenging potential. These values were 54.07, 38.95, 16.86 (GAE mg/100g for TPC), 66.43, 29.09, 3.76 (CE mg/100g for TFC), and 66.58, 54.56, 24. 25 (IC50 μg/mL for DPPH scavenging). The shade-dried ELEOs, among others, with paw diameters of 0.739, 1.133, and 1.143 mm at 0, 30, and 60 min, respectively, showed the strongest inhibition of anti-inflammatory activity. According to GC-MS analysis, 1,8-cineole (28.08-42.70%), terpinol (11.19-19.28%), terpen-4-ol (9.74-12.33%), and β-pinene (7.89-9.51%) were the prominent components found in the evaluated ELEOs, followed by p-cymene (4.96-5.92%). The volatile profile and biological activity of ELEOs show wide variations in this study depending on the drying technique. Overall, these findings encourage peel samples to be dried at room temperature in order to gain maximal nutritional and nutraceutical benefits of this under-utilized agro-waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]