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Walkability is one part of realizing sustainable and livable city planning and design. The education area is one of the areas in urban areas that has a complex and dynamic level of problems. The attraction of the educational function in an area causes a high movement of people and goods so that in its development various commercial functions grow in it. The M.A Turungku road corridor is part of the education area in Buol City. In the corridor there are various educational functions starting from the elementary, secondary, to upper levels. The pull of the existence of the educational function in the M.A Turungku road corridor has resulted in the growth of commercial functions followed by its impact on the decline in environmental quality. The decline in the quality of the physical environment that occurs in the M.A Turungku road corridor has an impact on the comfort of walking activities, especially for students in the corridor. Therefore, in this study, the improvement of walkability in the M.A Turungku road corridor will be studied through a human-scale approach based on student activities. The research approach uses a rationalistic approach with data collection techniques through systematic observation. The results of this study show that the comfort level of human sensing when walking on the M.A Turungku road corridor gets an uncomfortable value. Meanwhile, in the results of the analysis of pedestrian movements and behavior, during the day in segment 2 of the M.A Turungku road corridor, outdoor activities occur very dynamically where main activities, additional activities, and follow-up activities of pedestrians are formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban vibrancy emerges from the complex interplay between individuals and public spaces. Recognizing the importance of capturing people’s experience and perception of streetscape and network configurations, this study investigates the relationship between human-scale street design and urban vibrancy in four Chinese metropolises: Nanjing, Wuhan, Xi’an, and Shenyang. Using a bottom-up metric framework with street view images and spatial design network analysis, this study assesses human-scale street design across five dimensions: reachability, betweenness, detours, aesthetics, and disorder. Multiscale geographically weighted regression is employed to examine how these design metrics spatially affect urban vibrancy during daytime and nighttime. The findings reveal the efficacy of enhancing street closeness and optimizing green spaces in promoting urban vibrancy. It further identifies mitigating strategies for reversing declines in urban vibrancy, such as addressing physical disorder and reducing street network severance. Additional analysis using a geographical detector explores the interactive effects of these elements, emphasizing the necessity of a comprehensive approach to urban planning. The comparative analysis across multiple cities amplifies the generalizability of the findings, offering actionable insights for adaptable, vibrancy-oriented urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Selçuk University Journal of Faculty of Letters is the property of Selcuk Universitesi Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Space design is a research field with a broad framework that interacts with different disciplines. Scale, one of the most important components of this field, is used to increase the cinematic effect in the configuration of f ilm spaces. While literature has several studies on cinema and space, little research has been conducted on animation and human size. Because of the use of two distinct human scales and the association of houses with these, this work differs from similar researches. This study aims to reveal the impact of the human scale on the production of the spatial configuration by using the experimental aspect of the cinema. The objective is to evaluate data that effectively informs the audience about scale differences. In this study, the qualitative research method was used through descriptive analysis. The study was conducted by coding, analyzing, and following the findings through scenes in the example of the film The Secret World of Arrietty. As a result of coding, f ive main themes were obtained. The themes with the highest frequency value were human scale and space. In the conclusion we state that the use of the combination of codes in cinema and perception changes with the change in human size allowing audiences to transfer the meaning.

Exposure to green spaces (GSs) has been perceived as a natural and sustainable solution to urban challenges, playing a vital role in rapid urbanization. Previous studies, due to their lack of direct spatial alignment and attention to a human-scale perspective, struggled to comprehensively measure urban GS exposure. To address this gap, our study introduces a novel GS exposure assessment framework, employing machine learning and street view images. We conducted a large-scale, fine-grained empirical study focused on downtown Shanghai. Our findings indicate a pronounced hierarchical structure in the distribution of GS exposure, which initially increases and subsequently decreases as one moves outward from the city center. Further, from both the micro and macro perspectives, we employed structural equation modeling and Geodetector to investigate the impact of the urban built environment on GS exposure. Our results highlight that maintaining an appropriate level of architectural density, enhancing the combination of sidewalks with GSs, emphasizing the diversity of regional characteristics, and avoiding excessive concentration of functions are effective approaches for increasing urban GS exposure and promoting human wellbeing. Our study offers scientific insights for urban planners and administrators, holding significant implications for achieving sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Etkileşim: Academic Journal of Uskudar University Faculty of Communication is the property of Etkilesim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Zagreb, the capital and the largest city of Croatia, addressed the frequent flooding from the Sava River to the south by 'jumping over' it to build a new part of the city, named New Zagreb, which is protected from floods with embankments. For several decades, urbanists and architects have proposed various solutions for the Sava River, and from time to time, political elites have implemented some proposals or elements of these. Nonetheless, Zagreb has never integrated the river into its urban fabric. At the same time, along the river, there are illegal rubbish dumps in the only protected natural area, and the institutions and local authorities ignore their existence and take no legal actions against the offenders. This paper presents a case study of the 'Zagreb on the Sava' project that used the most important determinants of sustainability as the criteria for the project review, with emphasis on sustainable urban planning and the sociocultural dimensions of sustainability through the prism of experts, ie planners and civil actors (UNDSD 2000). The results show, among other things, that the demands of civic actors (citizens and non-governmental organisations [NGOs]) and the everyday needs and practices of the local residents run counter to political decisions of the mayor and the rest of the local government. Both experts and citizens are powerless. This paper concludes that the unused and unacknowledged potential of the Sava River is important for the realisation of a sustainable city on a human scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South Architecture / Nanfang Jianzhu is the property of South Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent work in children's geographies and geographies of education has presented the argument that when conceptualising the various roles that adults occupy in children's lives, it is equally important to conceptualise adultism. In this paper we argue that this existing work critiques adultism's logics but does not adequately conceptualise adultism's structural and scalar spatialities. We reconceptualise adultism as a structural and scalar phenomenon by examining our case study of a community music programme designed to reconnect children with their 'learning identities'. We borrow the spatial metaphor of 'chains' from human geography's postcapitalist literature to highlight how adultism structurally pervades this space of resistance, underscoring the more broadly applicable point that practices of resistance that fail to address adultism's co-creative relationships with other structures of domination can end-up reasserting adultist relations. However, towards the end of the paper we argue that this reconceptualisation of adultism does not mean community music (or other critical pedagogies) should be abandoned, rather illustrating how the organisation in our case study innovate in order to address adultism's structural and scalar facets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to green spaces (GSs) has been perceived as a natural and sustainable solution to urban challenges, playing a vital role in rapid urbanization. Previous studies, due to their lack of direct spatial alignment and attention to a human-scale perspective, struggled to comprehensively measure urban GS exposure. To address this gap, our study introduces a novel GS exposure assessment framework, employing machine learning and street view images. We conducted a large-scale, fine-grained empirical study focused on downtown Shanghai. Our findings indicate a pronounced hierarchical structure in the distribution of GS exposure, which initially increases and subsequently decreases as one moves outward from the city center. Further, from both the micro and macro perspectives, we employed structural equation modeling and Geodetector to investigate the impact of the urban built environment on GS exposure. Our results highlight that maintaining an appropriate level of architectural density, enhancing the combination of sidewalks with GSs, emphasizing the diversity of regional characteristics, and avoiding excessive concentration of functions are effective approaches for increasing urban GS exposure and promoting human wellbeing. Our study offers scientific insights for urban planners and administrators, holding significant implications for achieving sustainable urban development.

The proportion and scale of humans in the building are one of the invoices in shaping the beauty and effectiveness of the function of the building. In architecture, there is a golden ratio as a reference for calculating the proportions of a shape. While in Indonesia, especially in Java and Bali, there is a traditional measurement method for developing a building, using body anatomy measurements. This study uses the Golden Ratio and Traditional Measurement methods to analyze the dimensions of the prayer room at the Great Mosque in East Java with case studies of the Lamongan Great Mosque, Tuban Great Mosque, and Gresik Jamee Mosque. The results obtained from this study for the dimensions of the existing prayer room with the largest percentage approaching the golden ratio are the prayer room of the Great Mosque of Lamongan (82%) and the smallest is the Jami Gresik Mosque (61.8%). While the dimensions of the prayer room need adjustments to be more effective in meeting the human scale in performing prayers, traditional measurement methods that approach modern measurements use "kilan" and "hasta." From these results, it is hoped that in the future, mosque planning can pay attention to the proportions and dimensions of the human scale, both with modern and traditional measurements, which are the local wisdom of the local culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ancient times, courtyards have played a vital role in architecture, particularly in domestic architecture. Over time, the existence of vernacular architecture has made beauty and harmony; these have always been important components of traditional Libyan architecture. Studying traditional vernacular architecture is key to maintaining vernacular architecture knowledge; this is because these principles, such as modular design, geometry, and proportions, are detectable characteristics of the tradition. Architecturally, proportion is an aspiration of the implementation of design grammar that encloses shapes of structure. A good impression upon the beholders builds in relation to different elements of space, such as a scale of geometric shapes, patterns, organisation, and the hierarchy of space relationships, to achieve aesthetic dimensions, in part and as a whole. In this article, the study searches for a modular, or proportion, that rules the geometric design of traditional houses in Libya. This is conducted through examining the geometry of typical traditional houses and the golden section method to find if a certain proportional relationship existed. From this perspective, the vision relied on studying the form suitability; in addition, it involved an analysis of the elevation as well as the interior courtyard proportion in relation to the building area. The outcome of this research is to find the aesthetic values that could generate a good design of domestic architecture; and to prove whether they are a perfect match with the proportion system and modular design used in traditional houses. The study employs the quantitative method, which includes archival documents, direct observation, and on-site documentation. The study involved an in-depth examination of the proportioning and geometrical principles used in traditional houses and courtyards. Their respective roles in creating harmony and beauty are discussed in this paper.

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The orientation of these halls with appropriate direction from north to east and taking into account the good design of them well must take into account to obtain a greater use of the internal space and achieve the space required to be available for each student, which allows the space to work and take into account the movement, provided that it is approximately equivalent to 20% of the total areas of the hall. When thinking about designing drawing halls , consideration must be given to the type of studio required in terms of being an open or closed studio , as the open studio is an open area that can be divided into moving partitions to suit different working positions , This type of drawing is characterized by creating a comfortable physical medium due to the flexibility that provided by these halls , as for the closed studio , it is a small confined space in which there is no optical or physical communication between it and other areas of the ceremonies and halls . These ceremonies are characterized by the ability to reduce noise, sound and good control.The researcher put forward a set of design ideas that illustrate the internal treatment methods for the drawing halls of the Al Shorouk Academy in order to benefit from its design lines and apply them to the drawing rooms in various places in the academies and colleges of art in Egypt, which contributes mainly to the drawing up of all stages of design from proposing the initial ideas of the project - to the hall To make models, workshops, an exhibition and a seminar to discuss projects ..........

Problem statement: The question of ideology has occupied the minds of most urbanologists from the past to the present during modernity. The present study is a geographical-philosophical introduction to the role of this concept in the public spaces of cities. The discussion of ideology is one of the cases that has not been widely studied in explaining the physical, social, and psychological affairs of public spaces in Iran. From this point of view, it is necessary to pay attention to this issue in urbanological analysis. Based on this, this research seeks to answer the following questions: What can be done to create successful cities in the 21st century? How can the role of face-to-face presence in creating public spaces of cities be explained from the philosophical and scientific perspectives? What is ideology? And what effects does it have on the physical, social, and psychological spaces of cities? How does the relationship between socialist and neoliberal ideology and the public spaces of the city create a space? Research objective: This study attempts to shed light on the concept of ideology and show its relationship with urban public spaces from a geographical perspective to achieve urban spaces on a human scale. Research method: This study employed a textual analysis. To find the answer, we first tried to explain the characteristics of a good city, the role of face-to-face presence in human interactions, the formation of social affairs as well as the concept of public rights and collective interests. Then we explored the use of different socialist and neoliberal ideologies as a case study. Conclusion: The results show that limiting and expanding the concept of public space in cities based on various ideologies changes its spatial, social, and psychological form and create an active, vibrant, and democratic civil society in which the concept of the right to the city can find its true form, creating the possibility and opportunity for purposeful social interaction and exchange, is one of the requirements for the creation of this matter and also the factor of the success of cities in the past and will be in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ancient times, courtyards have played a vital role in architecture, particularly in domestic architecture. Over time, the existence of vernacular architecture has made beauty and harmony; these have always been important components of traditional Libyan architecture. Studying traditional vernacular architecture is key to maintaining vernacular architecture knowledge; this is because these principles, such as modular design, geometry, and proportions, are detectable characteristics of the tradition. Architecturally, proportion is an aspiration of the implementation of design grammar that encloses shapes of structure. A good impression upon the beholders builds in relation to different elements of space, such as a scale of geometric shapes, patterns, organisation, and the hierarchy of space relationships, to achieve aesthetic dimensions, in part and as a whole. In this article, the study searches for a modular, or proportion, that rules the geometric design of traditional houses in Libya. This is conducted through examining the geometry of typical traditional houses and the golden section method to find if a certain proportional relationship existed. From this perspective, the vision relied on studying the form suitability; in addition, it involved an analysis of the elevation as well as the interior courtyard proportion in relation to the building area. The outcome of this research is to find the aesthetic values that could generate a good design of domestic architecture; and to prove whether they are a perfect match with the proportion system and modular design used in traditional houses. The study employs the quantitative method, which includes archival documents, direct observation, and on-site documentation. The study involved an in-depth examination of the proportioning and geometrical principles used in traditional houses and courtyards. Their respective roles in creating harmony and beauty are discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In examining the associations between urban morphology and urban vitality, it is essential to focus on a scale that is directly observable, tangible, and appreciable in an individual's daily life. Past studies, however, have primarily concentrated on regional and urban scales. The complexities of human-environment interactions necessitate a more fine-grained measure of urban morphology beyond two-dimensional spaces. This study delves into the intricacies of horizontal and vertical urban surfaces within community life circles. It examines human-scale landscapes using a bottom-up metric system that includes eye-level quality, road network design, buildings and functions, and neighborhood location. The methods of deep learning and street view images are utilized to evaluate the eye-level morphology. The study then analyzes the heterogeneous impacts and interaction effects of morphological variables on urban vitality at the community life circle level through multiscale geographic weighted regression and geographical detector model. The findings reveal a core-periphery structure and strong spatial autocorrelations between the morphological variables and urban vitality. Furthermore, the determinants of urban vitality exhibit a blend of global, regional, and local spatial contexts. The human-observed greenery, sky openness, and public bus accessibility demonstrate significant spatial heterogeneity linked to local vitality, whereas street betweenness and commercial facilities exhibit limited effects. The interaction effects between morphological variables can either enhance or weaken their individual impacts, highlighting the need for community life circle planning that considers the combined effects of these variables. This study provides new insights into urban design approaches for promoting revitalization and micro-renewal at the human scale. • We examine associations between urban morphology and urban vitality on the human scale. • A bottom-up metric system is developed to capture three-dimensional urban morphology. • Deep learning and street view images are utilized to evaluate eye-level morphology. • Heterogeneous impacts and interaction effect of morphological variables are revealed. • The spatial patterns and driving mechanisms are robust across multiple life circles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is there a demographic dividend in scientific research akin to economic development? Can an increasing number of researchers gain recognition in the international academic community? By integrating social network theory and social identity theory, we propose three constructs, namely academic participation, government support and international reputation, to analyze the relationship between S&T human scale and international academic recognition. Based on the panel data of universities directly under the Ministry of Education in China, we use the natural logarithm of the ratio between the number of scholars sent by universities and the number actually received by foreign universities to measure the international academic recognition. The results showed that: (1) Currently, Chinese universities cannot gain recognition from the international academic community by virtue of the size advantage of their S&T personnel. (2) The key to gaining international academic recognition is to encourage R&D personnel to actively participate in international academic activities and produce high-quality research results, while S&T service personnel mainly play a supporting role. (3) The government needs to formulate more precise support policies for international cooperation as well as guide researchers and S&T service personnel to play their roles in different categories, which may enhance the international recognition of Chinese scholars. (4) Chinese scholars should actively cooperate with internationally renowned scholars to produce high-level research results, and thus improve the international visibility of Chinese scholars. This can not only largely weaken the negative relationship between S&T human scale and international academic recognition, but also conduce to realizing the scale advantage of Chinese S&T personnel. Our conclusions further expand the boundary of legitimacy in institutional theory, and clarify the potential inapplicability of scale advantage in scientific research, which can provide an important reference for policy makers and university administrators to improve human resource policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TThis article tried to redefine the human scale to measure its hidden dimensions in the success of implemented urban projects along with other criteria of success. The purpose of this article was to better promote urban plans in the historical contexts of the country with the correct definition and focus on the dominant and common criteria of success. Therefore, restoration projects (improvement and renovation) implemented in the 1380s SH in the 12th district of Tehran have been considered for this work as a case study. The research method here was qualitative and quantitative, using coding concepts to redefine, Delphi technique to select designs, then ranking them through analytic hierarchy process. The qualitative interpretation of the concept of human scale in urban design literature, the degree of compliance in selected projects with other criteria and the degree of the overall success of each project is compared. That is, it can be mentioned as a common and complete limit in successful designs and spaces of the city. The share or percentage provided by this criterion, by the definition of this research, in each project, represents an acceptable ratio of the total success criteria of a project. Also, with the same relative conditions, among the internal concepts of the human scale, the role of popular participation, i.e. the non-physical dimension, is the highest in the success of space and body

Community safety and crime prevention in the context of the livable city have a tight connection with the practice of human scale. Trans Semarang Bus Rapid Transit as a safe transportation mode is becoming the heart of urban activities that connects various social activities. The ideal condition could be achieved when there is an application of the human scale at the bus stop, without external interference in the process of mobility. As grounded evidence, there are 4 crimes cases that reported on Trans Semarang, not including unreported cases. Indicators in this research cover: the time using BRT, the waiting time at the bus stop, and the changing of human behaviour. Hence, a great human scale characteristic will determine the capability of urban transportation society services. Otherwise, bad human scale characteristics might increase the crime rate. The research will focus on identification of the impact on the human scale variables to the crime rate in Trans Semarang bus stop. It will take place in Semarang Central Business District: Pandanaran, Pemuda and Gajahmada as the center of urban activities served by Trans Semarang. It will conduct a quantitative descriptive research method with the cross-tabulation test. The result is human scale indeed has a positive connection with the crime rate.

Does the growth of S&T human scale has demographic dividends analogous to that of economic growth? Inspired by the resource-based theory and able to use the panel data of Chinese key universities, we find that relying solely on the number of S&T personnel may not significantly boost the innovation effect in scientific research. Even though more S&T personnel can greatly raise the number of scientific research achievements (SRA), it's more deeply relying on the increment of S&T service personnel rather than R&D personnel. Meanwhile, more S&T personnel and R&D personnel cannot enhance the quality of SRA, and basic research intensity does not play a mediating role between them. Moreover, no matter what type of S&T human scale cannot improve economic performance, and also, basic research intensity does not play a mediating role between them. The growing S&T human scale can heighten the social performance, while the increasing number of neither R&D personnel nor S&T service personnel in a single dimension will make social performance better, and basic research intensity does not play a mediating role between them as well. Finally, there's significant heterogeneity on the relationship among diverse types, titles and positions of S&T personnel with different levels and types of performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New vertical housing developments in Guadalajara (Mexico) are reaching the city center as a response for redensification after many years of expansion of the urban area characterized by a suburban, low density and fragmented pattern. This horizontal growth, dominated by use of the automobile as prevailing mode of transport, has proven to be unsustainable not only from an environmental point of view, but also from a social perspective where the “human scale” of the city has been affected, same as the daily life of its inhabitants. On the other hand, vertical housing proposals are by their very nature associated with concepts of redensification, compact city and collective living; the aim of this article is to analyze some new housing developments in Guadalajara downtown in order to evaluate to what extent the new buildings embody a more sustainable, livable and collective dwelling, to discuss findings, successes and failures and thus be able to contribute some conclusions and open a broader reflection about contemporary housing, urban density and downtown redevelopment in Latin America cities through collective and sustainable dwelling.

This paper explores a crucial dilemma behind the failure of climate politics: the "dehumanization" of the concept of climate, i.e., the emergence of a predominance of global perspectives, conceptions, and knowledge of climate, which do not translate into local knowledge, experience, and political action. On the one hand, twentieth-century climate science improved understanding of global climate change tremendously. On the other hand, it focused on reductionist quantification and modeling and emphasis on large spatial and temporal scales. This research direction produced large- and global-scale knowledge and can aptly be described as knowledge from above. Climatology in its original Humboldtian conception, in contrast, focused on detailed local information. The human dimension—the support of human affairs—was at the core of it. This understanding of climatology involved priority of local-scale knowledge and can be regarded a version of knowledge from below, which still predominated in the first half of the twentieth century. In my paper, I will explore the question how the understanding of climate was "dehumanized" by globalizing research approaches and scientific conceptions through the twentieth century. Scientific and political interests pushed a globalizing agenda and produced a conceptual and discursive detachment of climate knowledge from human scales. The paper argues that it is important to understand the historical and ideological foundation of knowledge from above and its epistemic and social authority, if we aim at re-establishing recognition of knowledge from below and the lost links between both types of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Hojas y Hablas is the property of Fundacion Universitaria Monserrate - Unimonserrate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Climate change affects many large cities and the phenomenon is amplified by the densification of urban centers and the reduction of green spaces. The impermeable infrastructures create urban heat islands, which deteriorate the urban living conditions even further. The importance of re-introducing nature is undeniable and many designers and architects are searching for innovative solutions. Vertical forest and green roofs are some of the promising trends that have gained global interest. However, considerably less attention is being paid to the role of water in the urban place, water fountains, storm water management, and the design of more sustainable infrastructures. This article takes a closer look at the impact of water on urban life, focusing on its ability to attract people and animate public spaces. Two popular water structures--one in London, UK, the other in Montreal, Canada--have been studied in terms of their integration into the urban landscape, their relationship to the surrounding architecture, human interactions, and multi-sensory user experience. Jan Gehl's work helped assess the key findings and guide the subsequent design process, which aimed at designing innovative urban artefacts capable of enriching urban living conditions. The design research involved studying the evolution of water structures, analyzing existing solutions, and observing user interactions. The gained insight would allow designers to understand the challenges and develop more sustainable design concepts that promote the use of ecofriendly materials. The research-driven approach led to innovative design proposals that have the potential to address the problems, improve the quality of life, and foster sociability in the public place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human scale and proportion have an important role in building design as they provide and create aesthetics and sense of place. In architecture, the human scale and proportion are based on the dimensions and proportions of the human body. The mosque is an important institution of Islam and is considered as a symbol of Islamic architecture. Also, it is a place of spiritual connection with God. This study aimed at addressing whether the human scale and proportionality have been used in masques in the past and present. The objective of this research is to show if mosques in Erbil city built in different periods were concentrated on human scale and proportion to achieve aesthetic and comfort inside its prayer halls. To achieve it, three cases (the Great Mosque of Erbil Citadel, Rashad Mufty Mosque, and Madina Mnawara Mosque] were selected. The golden ratio was used as a technique method to measure and to see if the human scale and proportion were applied. From the three selected masques, results show that none of them used the golden ratio completely in their designs. The highest value of golden ratio was achieved in the prayer hall of Rashad Mufty mosque with (82%] and the Great Mosque of Erbil citadel with (74%] consequently, while only 61% of the golden ratio was achieved in Madina Mnawara mosque. This study prompts the new generation of architects in Erbil city to consider human scale and proportionality through the application of a certain method, such as the golden ratio in the design of buildings in general and mosque buildings in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Architectus is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wroclawskiej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)