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First-ever measurements of particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, and TSP) along with gaseous pollutants (CO, NO2, and SO2) were performed from June 2019 to April 2020 in Faisalabad, Metropolitan, Pakistan, to assess their seasonal variations; Summer 2019, Autumn 2019, Winter 2019-2020, and Spring 2020. Pollutant measurements were carried out at 30 locations with a 3-km grid distance from the Sitara Chemical Industry in District Faisalabad to Bhianwala, Sargodha Road, Tehsil Lalian, District Chiniot. ArcGIS 10.8 was used to interpolate pollutant concentrations using the inverse distance weightage method. PM2.5, PM10, and TSP concentrations were highest in summer, and lowest in autumn or winter. CO, NO2, and SO2 concentrations were highest in summer or spring and lowest in winter. Seasonal average NO2 and SO2 concentrations exceeded WHO annual air quality guide values. For all 4 seasons, some sites had better air quality than others. Even in these cleaner sites air quality index (AQI) was unhealthy for sensitive groups and the less good sites showed Very critical AQI (> 500). Dust-bound carbon and sulfur contents were higher in spring (64 mg g-1) and summer (1.17 mg g-1) and lower in autumn (55 mg g-1) and winter (1.08 mg g-1). Venous blood analysis of 20 individuals showed cadmium and lead concentrations higher than WHO permissible limits. Those individuals exposed to direct roadside pollution for longer periods because of their occupation tended to show higher Pb and Cd blood concentrations. It is concluded that air quality along the roadside is extremely poor and potentially damaging to the health of exposed workers.

Heat stress exposure in intermittent heat waves and subsequent exposure during war theaters pose a clinical challenge that can lead to multi-organ dysfunction and long-term complications in the elderly. Using an aged mouse model and high-throughput sequencing, this study investigated the molecular dynamics of the liver-brain connection during heat stress exposure. Distinctive gene expression patterns induced by periodic heat stress emerged in both brain and liver tissues. An altered transcriptome profile showed heat stress-induced altered acute phase response pathways, causing neural, hepatic, and systemic inflammation and impaired synaptic plasticity. Results also demonstrated that proinflammatory molecules such as S100B, IL-17, IL-33, and neurological disease signaling pathways were upregulated, while protective pathways like aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling were downregulated. In parallel, Rantes, IRF7, NOD1/2, TREM1, and hepatic injury signaling pathways were upregulated. Furthermore, current research identified Orosomucoid 2 (ORM2) in the liver as one of the mediators of the liver-brain axis due to heat exposure. In conclusion, the transcriptome profiling in elderly heat-stressed mice revealed a coordinated network of liver-brain axis pathways with increased hepatic ORM2 secretion, possibly due to gut inflammation and dysbiosis. The above secretion of ORM2 may impact the brain through a leaky blood-brain barrier, thus emphasizing intricate multi-organ crosstalk.

Electrifying freight trucks will be key to alleviating air pollution burdens on disadvantaged communities and mitigating climate change. The United States plans to pursue this aim by adding vehicle charging infrastructure along specific freight corridors. This study explores the coevolution of the electricity grid and freight trucking landscape using an integrated assessment framework to identify when each interstate and drayage corridor becomes advantageous to electrify from a climate and human health standpoint. Nearly all corridors achieve greenhouse gas emission reductions if electrified now. Most can reduce health impacts from air pollution if electrified by 2040 although some corridors in the Midwest, South, and Mid-Atlantic regions remain unfavorable to electrify from a human health standpoint, absent policy support. Recent policy, namely, the Inflation Reduction Act, accelerates this timeline to 2030 for most corridors and results in net human health benefits on all corridors by 2050, suggesting that near-term investments in truck electrification, particularly drayage corridors, can meaningfully reduce climate and health burdens.

Fermented food has unique properties and high nutritional value, and thus, should constitute a basic element of a balanced and health-promoting diet. However, it can accumulate considerable amount of biogenic amines (BAs), which ingested in excess can lead to adverse health effects. The application of plant-derived additives represents a promising strategy to ensure safety or enhance the functional and organoleptic properties of fermented food. This review summarizes currently available data on the application of plant-origin additives with the aim to reduce BA content in fermented products. The importance of ensuring fermented food safety has been highlighted considering the growing evidence of beneficial effects resulting from the consumption of this type of food, as well as the increasing number of individuals sensitive to BAs. The examined plant-origin additives reduced the BA concentration to varying degrees, and their efficacy depended on the type of additive, matrix, autochthonous, and inoculated microorganisms, as well as the manufacturing conditions. The main mechanisms of action include antimicrobial effects and the inhibition of microbial decarboxylases. Further research on the optimization of bioactive substances extraction, standardization of their chemical composition, and development of detailed procedures for its use in fermented products manufacturing are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals (HMs) contamination significantly threatens plants, animals, aquatic ecosystems, and public health. HMs' accumulation in aquatic environments has become a serious environmental issue due to their high stability, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification properties. These metals enter ecosystems through both natural sources and/or human activities. The toxicity of HMs poses a threat to the aquaculture sector's sustainability by negatively affecting fish growth, reproduction, and overall physiology. Exposure to HMs in various forms can cause environmental damage, which may affect human health through direct poisoning symptoms or other adverse effects. One such effect is the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), crucial metabolites that modulate the functions of pathogenic organisms and lead to oxidative stress. This, in turn, can contribute to the onset and exacerbation of numerous diseases that threaten human health. This review article examines the potential sources of HMs contamination in aquatic organisms, the impact of this contamination on the generation of ROS, and the implications for human health resulting from the consumption of contaminated aquatic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, are increasingly recognized as environmental contaminants with potential health risks. These emerge as breakdown products of larger plastics and are omnipresent in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. They are primarily composed of polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and additives that enhance their performance. MPs also adsorb harmful environmental chemicals like persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals, posing risks to human and environmental health. Human exposure to MPs occurs mainly through ingestion and inhalation, with MPs detected in food products, water, and even the air. MPs have been shown to accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract, disrupting the gut microbiome, and causing dysbiosis-a harmful imbalance between beneficial and harmful bacteria. This disruption has been linked to various health issues, including gastrointestinal disorders, systemic inflammation, and chronic diseases. Furthermore, the gut-brain axis may be affected, with potential neuroinflammatory consequences. As research continues to unravel the health impacts of MP exposure, understanding the mechanisms of accumulation and the broader implications on human health is crucial. This review highlights the effects of MPs on human health, emphasizing their impact on the gut microbiome. We discuss the potential connections between MP exposure and cardiometabolic and inflammatory diseases, and disorders related to the Gut-Brain Axis. By synthesizing the latest research, this work sheds light on the silent yet pervasive threat posed by MPs and underscores the importance of further studies to understand their health impacts fully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can raise human exposure to UVR and adversely affect the environment. Precise measurements of ground-level solar UVR and long-term data series are crucial for evaluating time trends in UVR. This study focuses on spectrally resolved data from a UVR measuring station in Dortmund, Germany (51.5° N, 7.5° E, 130 m a.s.l.). After a strict quality assessment, UV data, such as the daily maximum UV Index (UVImax) and daily erythemal radiant exposure (Her,day) values, were analyzed concerning monthly and annual distribution, frequency, occurrence of highest values and their influencing factors. An advanced linear trend model with a flexible covariance matrix was utilized and applied to monthly mean values. Missing values were estimated by a validated imputation method. Findings were compared to those from a station in Uccle, Belgium (50.8° N, 4.3° E, 100 m a.s.l.). Parameters possibly influencing trends in both UVR and global radiation, such as ozone and sunshine duration, were additionally evaluated. The 1997–2022 trend results show a statistically significant increase in monthly mean of Her,day (4.9% p. decade) and UVImax (3.2% p. decade) in Dortmund and Her,day (7.5% p. decade) and UVImax (5.8% p. decade) in Uccle. Total column ozone shows a slight decrease in the summer months. Global radiation increases similarly to the UV data, and sunshine duration in Dortmund increases about twice as much as global radiation, suggesting a strong influence of change in cloud cover. To address health-related consequences effectively, future adaptation and prevention strategies to climate change must consider the observed trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the nanotechnology sector is rapidly increasing due to their distinct characteristics and vast application potential. Large-scale preparation of these nanostructures is either prohibitive or, in some cases, environmentally unfavorable. Numerous studies have been conducted in this field to develop novel approaches for producing CNTs that are savious and cost-effective. This review briefly describes the synthesis, characterization methods, and uses of CNTs from scrap materials. The utilization of waste materials not only addresses environmental concerns but also contributes to the circular economy by repurposing otherwise discarded resources. This eco-friendly approach has several benefits for human health and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the connection between health and religious beliefs in modern Chinese society and builds a model reimagining the conception of health. The study draws on interviews with 108 patients (52 were women and 56 were men) at Huashan Hospital (Shanghai City, China). The survey ran between May 10 and May 14, 2021. More than 50% of female and male respondents reported having religious beliefs. Most acknowledged the crucial role of faith and religious beliefs in overcoming treatment challenges and alleviating patient suffering. The role of faith and religious beliefs in physical/mental treatment and health maintenance received the highest average percent positive score among female respondents. According to the multiple regression results of demographic parameters (age, ethnicity, gender, education, and urban or rural residence), only gender had a statistically significant effect on the impact of religious beliefs on health care attitudes. The proposed model builds on the Confucian concept of Ren (humanity), which refers to a harmonious relationship between people within a family or society bound by specific rules. The results of this study can help expand awareness about religion and its role in healthcare as a means to support patients' spiritual and physical health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flowering plants are essentially sessile organisms that disperse their genes through pollination, expanding their areas of occurrence through seed dispersal. In orchids, seed dispersal is commonly mediated by air currents. Conversely, members of several genera have evolved seeds adapted to endozoochory. This is the case for Vanilla, the most economically important genus in the orchid family.The role of indehiscent fruits in the attraction and rewarding of Vanilla seed dispersers was investigated based on field observations, analysis of fragrances, reward substances, and investigation of seed viability through the digestive tract.Indehiscent Vanilla fruits are consumed exclusively by herbivores, i.e. agoutis. Besides providing nutritional rewards, the fruits are rich in polyphenols that are unpalatable to omnivores. The most dominant compound in fruits is attractive only to agoutis. This is the first study showing synzoochory in Orchidaceae and specificity of seed dispersal in orchids.Indehiscent fruits may have evolved early in Neotropical Vanilla in response to selection pressures mediated by large herbivores as the genus emerged ca. 34 Mya in South America, concomitantly with megafauna diversification in the Oligocene. Extinction of the megafauna during the Pleistocene has left agoutis as inheritors of seed dispersal in species with large fleshy fruits. Apart from the effects on omnivores, this study shows that indehiscent fruits of V. chamissonis are consumed exclusively by agoutis, providing the first evidence of target mutualism in orchid seed dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change presents the most significant health challenge of the twenty-first century, exerting substantial impacts on human health and food security. The comprehensive examination of the interconnections among human health (HH), climate change (CC), food insecurity (FINS), and the COVID-19 pandemic within the top twenty emitters constitutes an imperative scholarly endeavor that has yet to be undertaken. Understanding these dynamic linkages is imperative to inform policy decisions that could mitigate risks of climate-related health and food crises. This study analyzed the data from 2000 to 2019 for the top twenty emitters by using the Dynamic Panel-Data Two-Step System Generalized Method of Moment Instrumental Variables (Two-Step System GMM-IV) model. The results indicate that (i) HH is affected by CC, particularly regarding deaths caused by communicable diseases, prenatal and maternal health issues, and nutritional conditions. However, the impact is negligible on deaths caused by noncommunicable diseases, such as injuries, cancer, respiratory and cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus; (ii) CO2 emissions (CO2e) are contributing to CC, notably affecting the quantity of rainfall; (iii) CC poses a threat to FINS; and (iv) the COVID-19 pandemic is increasing FINS in the selected countries. Based on the results, policies are recommended for incorporation into global and national planning to reduce weather-related mortality, improve food security and environmental conditions, and promote economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This narrative review describes the settlement of the neonatal microbiome during the perinatal period and its importance on human health in the long term. Delivery methods, maternal diet, antibiotic exposure, feeding practices, and early infant contact significantly shape microbial colonization, influencing the infant's immune system, metabolism, and neurodevelopment. By summarizing two decades of research, this review highlights the microbiome's role in disease predisposition and explores interventions like maternal vaginal seeding and probiotic and prebiotic supplementation that may influence microbiome development. Conclusion: The perinatal period is a pivotal phase for the formation and growth of the neonatal microbiome, profoundly impacting long-term health outcomes. What is Known:: • The perinatal period is a critical phase for the development of the neonatal microbiome, with factors such as mode of delivery, maternal diet, antibiotic exposure, and feeding practices influencing its composition and diversity, which has significant implications for long-term health. • The neonatal microbiome plays a vital role in shaping the immune system, metabolism, and neurodevelopment of infants. What is New: • Recent studies have highlighted the potential of targeted interventions, such as probiotic and prebiotic supplementation, and innovative practices like maternal vaginal seeding, to optimize microbiome development during the perinatal period. • Emerging evidence suggests that specific bacterial genera and species within the neonatal microbiome are associated with reduced risks of developing chronic conditions, indicating new avenues for promoting long-term health starting from early life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ubiquitous presence of micro and nanoplastics (MNPs) in the environment has become a pressing global concern, particularly regarding the potential impacts on human health. This review underscores the urgent need for an integrative research framework that bridges the gap between epidemiological observations and toxicological insights. Human exposure to MNPs occurs predominantly through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact pathways. Epidemiological findings have consistently demonstrated the presence of MNPs in diverse human tissues, signaling a broad exposure and emphasizing the imperative to explore potential health risks. Population surveys have shown that the concentration of MNPs in the feces of people using disposable plastic tableware reaches 24.65 items/g. These results are associated with changes in microbiota composition and metabolite levels relevant to central nervous system disorders, energy metabolism and inflammatory responses. The detectable abundance of MNPs in the nasal mucus of individuals wearing N95 masks was measured to be 10.6 ± 2.3 items/mg. Moreover, population- based studies have linked MNP exposure to adverse health outcomes, suggesting correlation relationships between exposure levels and specific diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and human pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGN). These associations underscore the necessity for in-depth toxicological investigations to elucidate the toxicity mechanisms of MNPs. Meanwhile, laboratory-based toxicological studies have the potential to reveal causative relationships and various in vitro and in vivo models have been used to explore the mechanisms of the toxicity of MNPs in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and cardiovascular system. However, early studies failed to reflect on the complexity of the real environment. To foster interdisciplinary collaborations, this paper aims to reconcile the disparities between exposure risks and human health impacts. By critically reviewing recent advancements in understanding the exposure risks of MNPs, epidemiological observations and organ-specific toxicity, this work furnishes a comprehensive perspective on the health implications of MNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary metabolites made by plants and used through their metabolic routes are today's most reliable and cost-effective way to make pharmaceuticals and improve health. The concept of genetic engineering is used for molecular pharming. As more people use plants as sources of nanotechnology systems, they are adding to this. These systems are made up of viruses-like particles (VLPs) and virus nanoparticles (VNPs). Due to their superior ability to be used as plant virus expression vectors, plant viruses are becoming more popular in pharmaceuticals. This has opened the door for them to be used in research, such as the production of medicinal peptides, antibodies, and other heterologous protein complexes. This is because biotechnological approaches have been linked with new bioinformatics tools. Because of the rise of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, it has become easier to use metagenomic studies to look for plant virus genomes that could be used in pharmaceutical research. A look at how bioinformatics can be used in pharmaceutical research is also covered in this article. It also talks about plant viruses and how new biotechnological tools and procedures have made progress in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this meta‐analysis was to determine the effect of curcumin on a range of health outcomes. PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from inception until September 2023. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that compared the effect of Curcuma longa L. with placebo were considered eligible. The risk of bias and overall certainty of evidence were assessed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE), respectively. We meta‐analyzed the effect sizes across eligible studies using the random‐effects model. In total, 103 RCTs on 42 outcomes were included, incorporating a total population of 7216 participants. Overall, 23 out of 42 (55%) outcomes reported statistically significant effect sizes. The credibility of the evidence was rated as high for fasting blood sugar (FBS), C‐reactive protein (CRP), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), and weight. The remaining outcomes presented moderate (waist circumference [WC], hip circumference [HC], body mass index [BMI], insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance [HOMA‐IR], quantitative insulin‐sensitivity check index [QUICKI], leptin, gamma‐glutamyl transferase [GGT], glutathione [GSH], and superoxide dismutase [SOD]), low (14 outcomes), or very low (14 outcomes) evidence. In conclusion, curcumin supplementation can modify FBS and some glycemic indices, lipid parameters, as well as inflammatory and oxidative parameters. This updated summary of the accumulated evidence may help inform clinicians and future guidelines regarding medical and scientific interest in curcumin. However, due to limitations in the methodological quality of the included studies, well‐designed and long‐term RCTs with large sample sizes are needed. Trial registration: PROSPERO: CRD42021251969 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) are part of particulate matter (PM), which is produced from incomplete combustion of organic matter. Biomarkers mean biological indicators, molecules that indicate a normal or abnormal process in the body and may be a sign of a condition or disease. Studies show that PAHs increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases through processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation and atherosclerosis. The present study focused on the evaluation of health effects PAHs biomarkers on cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this narrative study, data were collected from databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of science and Google Scholar in the period 1975–2023. After screening, duplicate and irrelevant articles were removed. Finally, 68 articles related to the effect of PAHs on CVD were included in the study. In addition to the articles found through the search in databases, another 18 articles from the references of the selected articles were included. According to the finding in during the biotransformation of PAH, a number of metabolites are made, such as phenols, diols, quinones, and epoxides. Phenolic isomers have the highest percentage and biomarkers used for their detection include 2-OHNAP used to trace naphthalene from heating processed food, 3-OHPHEN used to trace phenanthrene from diesel, 2-OHFLU used to trace fluorene and 1-OHPYR used to trace pyrene from cigarette and hookah smoke. According to the result, increasing blood pressure and heart rate and causing atherosclerosis are the main complications due to exposure to PAH metabolite on cardiovascular system. The most important agents that causes this affects including increased homocysteine, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), serum biomarkers of C-reactive protein, and triglycerides. Result this study showed that cardiovascular diseases risk is increased by exposure to PAH biomarkers from smoking, car emissions, occupational exposure, and incinerators. Therefore, strict controls should be implemented for sources of PAH production and exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the complex interactions between agricultural activities, microbial ecology, particulate matter concentrations, and bacterial aerosols, with a focus on their implications for human health and agricultural sustainability. Through extensive field studies, we examined the distribution of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria across different agricultural activities, revealing distinct patterns linked to these practices. Our results show that sowing and fertilization promote the proliferation of Gram-positive bacteria, while weeding favors Gram-negative species. Specifically, during sowing, Gram-positive bacteria made up 75% of the bacterial population, whereas during weeding, Gram-negative bacteria constituted 75%. Irrigation and harvesting displayed balanced microbial compositions, with each bacterial group representing 50% of the population. Additionally, we measured particulate matter concentrations during various agricultural tasks, finding elevated levels of PM1 (48 µg/m3 during weeding), PM2.5 (65 µg/m3 during weeding), PM10 (86 µg/m3 during weeding), CO2 (1027 ppm during irrigation), and formaldehyde (0.013 ppm during harvesting). These results highlight the need for targeted mitigation strategies to protect air quality and human health in agricultural settings. Our analysis of bacterial aerosols revealed significant variations in bioaerosol concentrations, ranging from 30 CFU/ml during weeding to 80 CFU/ml during fertilization. This underscores the importance of implementing effective risk management measures to address potential health impacts. Furthermore, we identified both pathogenic and beneficial bacterial species within agricultural ecosystems, stressing the importance of preventive measures against contamination while leveraging beneficial bacteria to improve crop productivity and soil fertility. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the interplay between agricultural practices, microbial dynamics, and human health, informing more sustainable agricultural management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal pollution is a significant global health concern, posing risks to both the environment and human health. Exposure to heavy metals happens through various channels like contaminated water, food, air, and workplaces, resulting in severe health implications. Heavy metals also disrupt the gut's microbial balance, leading to dysbiosis characterized by a decrease in beneficial microorganisms and proliferation in harmful ones, ultimately exacerbating health problems. Probiotic microorganisms have demonstrated their ability to adsorb and sequester heavy metals, while their exopolysaccharides (EPS) exhibit chelating properties, aiding in mitigating heavy metal toxicity. These beneficial microorganisms aid in restoring gut integrity through processes like biosorption, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation of heavy metals. Incorporating probiotic strains with high affinity for heavy metals into functional foods and supplements presents a practical approach to mitigating heavy metal toxicity while enhancing gut health. Utilizing probiotic microbiota and their exopolysaccharides to address heavy metal toxicity offers a novel method for improving human health through modulation of the gut microbiome. By combining probiotics and exopolysaccharides, a distinctive strategy emerges for mitigating heavy metal toxicity, highlighting promising avenues for therapeutic interventions and health improvements. Further exploration in this domain could lead to groundbreaking therapies and preventive measures, underscoring probiotic microbiota and exopolysaccharides as natural and environmentally friendly solutions to heavy metal toxicity. This, in turn, could enhance public health by safeguarding the gut from environmental contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmosphere's fine articulate Matter (PM2.5) poses various health-related risks. Even though multiple efforts have been made to lower the emissions of these substances, the mortality rate is continuously increasing, requiring immediate inclination of the scientific community towards the design and development of advanced predictive models. Conventional statistical approaches have become dormant due to their limitations in capturing the innate relationships between the pollutants, particularly for predicting PM2.5 concentrations. In contrast, machine and deep learning techniques have shown great potential for forecasting air quality, providing more accuracy than its predecessor techniques. The present study investigates the utilization of hybrid approaches by integrating machine learning models with deep learning models to improve the prediction capabilities of PM2.5 concentration. It uses datasets from the World Air Quality Index (WAQI) and the State of Global Air (SOGA) to analyze the performance of the models on both the daily and annual data, respectively. This ensures the model's effectiveness on a diversified dataset. The present study implements Random Forest (RF), Polynomial Regression (PR), XGBoost, and Extra Tree Regressor (ETR) coupled with Fully Connected Neural Network (FCNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Bi-directional LSTM (Bi-LSTM) for obtaining optimized results. Finally, after a thorough investigation, the hybrid PR model coupled with FCNN (PR-FCNN) is found to be the best model with improved R-squared (R2) values, portraying its potential for predicting PM2.5 concentration accurately. Based on the experimentation, the preset study recommends implementing hybrid approaches, offering better predictive accuracy in forecasting air pollutants, especially PM2.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In Arctic populations, a primary route of exposure to contaminants is through the diet. The health risks associated with these exposures can be characterised by conducting human health risk assessments. However, while there is guidance from many international and national organisations, there are limited examples of human health risk assessment in the Arctic. The 2022 AMAP Human Health Assessment Report was the first AMAP report to describe, in one place, the utility of food-based, dietary intake-based and human tissue-based contaminant data in estimating risk. Here, we present available tools, case studies and challenges associated with conducting human health risk assessments in the Arctic. Future efforts in the Arctic should be able to use this information to best interpret human exposure to contaminants in a risk-based context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard climate economics considers damages of climate change to utility, total factor productivity, and capital. Highlighting that air pollution and climate change affect human health and labor productivity significantly, we complement this literature by including human health in a theoretical climate economic framework. Our macroeconomic approach incorporates a separate health sector and provides closed-form analytical solutions for the main model variables. Economic growth is endogenously driven by innovations, which depend on labor availability and productivity. These aspects of the labor force are directly linked to human health, which is harmed by burning fossil fuels. We calculate growth in the decentralized equilibrium and derive optimal climate policy. Calibrating the model by taking standard parameter values we show the economic growth rate to be higher for the planner solution compared to the market outcome. For an optimal climate policy, we find that 44% of total resource stock should be extracted when considering damages to capital, but only 1% of the stock should be extracted in an "all inclusive" approach where health damages are included. The health perspective requires optimal environmental policies that are much more stringent than those normally advocated in climate economics, since harm to human health has negative effects on economic growth, which makes the overall impact of climate change very large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses an unprecedented challenge to human development. Despite recent efforts by organizations like the IPCC to integrate social perspectives, the article contends that a more substantial contribution from social scientists is essential. This article argues for the integration of social scientific perspectives, particularly within the realm of health, to comprehend climate change as both a consequence and a driver of social change and human behavior. It highlights the necessity of acknowledging the interplay between socioeconomic systems, capitalist expansion, and environmental degradation, particularly emphasizing the impact of climate change on health. By reframing climate change as contingent on social phenomena, new avenues for understanding and addressing the issue emerge. The article proposes a shift from a narrow focus on direct health impacts of extreme weather events to a broader consideration of subtler yet equally detrimental effects on health, such as reduced food and water availability, increased infections, mental health concerns, displacement, and migration. Furthermore, it advocates for embracing an expanded conception of health, integrating planetary health principles that underscore the interconnectedness of ecosystems and human well-being. In addition, the article contends that existing frameworks still lack adequate incorporation of postcolonial perspectives, necessitating a deeper examination of historical legacies of conquest and exploitation. By adopting an assemblage model that acknowledges the complex interplay of historical continuums and global inequalities, this article offers a critical appraisal of current interpretations of climate change and health. It emphasizes the imperative of rehabilitating planetary health as a prerequisite for human well-being while acknowledging and addressing the enduring impacts of colonialism and colonial logics of conquest on land, bodies, and histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human exposure to micro- and nanoplastic particles (MNPs) is inevitable but human health risk assessment remains challenging for several reasons. MNPs are complex mixtures of particles derived from different polymer types, which may contain plenty of additives and/or contaminants. MNPs cover broad size distributions and often have irregular shapes and morphologies. Moreover, several of their properties change over time due to aging/ weathering. Case-by-case assessment of each MNP type does not seem feasible, more straightforward methodologies are needed. However, conceptual approaches for human health risk assessment are rare, reliable methods for exposure and hazard assessment are largely missing, and meaningful data is scarce. Methods: Here we reviewed the state-of-the-art concerning risk assessment of chemicals with a specific focus on polymers as well as on (nano-)particles and fibres. For this purpose, we broadly screened relevant knowledge including guidance documents, standards, scientific publications, publicly available reports. We identified several suitable concepts such as: (i) polymers of low concern (PLC), (ii) poorly soluble low toxicity particles (PSLT) and (iii) fibre pathogenicity paradigm (FPP). We also aimed to identify promising methods, which may serve as a reasonable starting point for a test strategy. Results and conclusion: Here, we propose a state-of-the-art modular risk assessment framework for MNPs, focusing primarily on inhalation as a key exposure route for humans that combines several integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATAs). The framework starts with basic physicochemical characterisation (step 1), followed by assessing the potential for inhalative exposure (step 2) and includes several modules for toxicological assessment (step 3). We provide guidance on how to apply the framework and suggest suitable methods for characterization of physicochemical properties, exposure and hazard assessment. We put special emphasis on new approach methodologies (NAMs) and included grouping, where adequate. The framework has been improved in several iterative cycles by taking into account expert feedback and is currently being tested in several case studies. Overall, it can be regarded as an important step forward to tackle human health risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractFungi and their natural products, like secondary metabolites, have gained a huge demand in the last decade due to their increasing applications in healthcare, environmental cleanup, and biotechnology-based industries. The fungi produce these secondary metabolites (SMs) during the different phases of their growth, which are categorized into terpenoids, alkaloids, polyketides, and non-ribosomal peptides. These SMs exhibit significant biological activity, which contributes to the formulation of novel pharmaceuticals, biopesticides, and environmental bioremediation agents. Nowadays, these fungal-derived SMs are widely used in food and beverages, for fermentation, preservatives, protein sources, and in dairy industries. In healthcare, it is being used as an antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive drug. The usage of modern tools of biotechnology can achieve an increase in demand for these SMs and large-scale production. The present review comprehensively analyses the diversity of fungal SMs along with their emerging applications in healthcare, agriculture, environmental sustainability, and nutraceuticals. Here, the authors have reviewed the recent advancements in genetic engineering, metabolic pathway manipulation, and synthetic biology to improve the production and yield of these SMs. Advancement in fermentation techniques, bioprocessing, and co-cultivation approaches for large-scale production of SMs. Investigators further highlighted the importance of omics technologies in understanding the regulation and biosynthesis of SMs, which offers an understanding of novel applications in drug discovery and sustainable agriculture. Finally, the authors have addressed the potential for genetic manipulation and biotechnological innovations for further exploitation of fungal SMs for commercial and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial discusses the history of human-animal interactions, focusing on the transition from natural to domesticated resources. It explores the impact of domestication on various animal species, particularly dogs and cats, and their roles in human health and therapy. The text also delves into the benefits of Animal Assisted Interventions (AAI) and Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) in improving physical, mental, emotional, and social well-being. Additionally, it highlights the importance of ethical considerations and respect for animal welfare in all interactions. [Extracted from the article]

BACKGROUND: With the extensive development of national fitness activities, nighttime exercise has gradually become a social trend. However, what effects nighttime exercise will have on sleep, the characterization of sleeping changes and the mechanisms of action are not clear. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characterization and mechanisms of nighttime exercise on sleep. METHODS: We searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed database, and Web of Science database with the search terms of “sport, exercise, physical activity, physical exercise, workout, sleep, asleep, daily routine” in Chinese, and “nocturnality, night, nighttime, exercise, sport, physical activity, sleep, slumber, dorm” in English for literature on how nighttime exercise affects sleep and its mechanism of action. Finally, 55 articles were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Sleep consists of two phases: rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement. Sleep regulation relies on the close coordination of neural circuits and molecules in different brain regions, while the homeostatic components of the organism and circadian rhythms are also important factors in the regulation of sleep. The effects of exercise on sleep have evolved from an early focus on the central nervous system to the addition of somatic physiology and now multiple dimensions have been investigated, revealing multifaceted effects of exercise on sleep, including subjective sleep quality, sleep continuity, and sleep quantity and sleep structure. Nighttime exercise-affected sleep is subjected to the constraints of exercise conditions and exercisers and shows certain complexity, but the heterogeneity, time-dependence, and instability characteristics of nighttime exercise-affected sleep can provide some guidance for nighttime exercisers in minimizing the impact on sleep. Mechanisms by which nighttime exercise affects sleep are related to the reduction of melatonin secretion, the increase of core body temperature, and energy expenditure. People with high sensitivity of their own sleep to nighttime exercise should avoid nighttime exercise as much as possible, and those with low sensitivity should also pay attention to the fact that the time of nighttime exercise should have a long interval with sleeping time, and the intensity should not be too high. Some measures can be adopted to safeguard sleep after exercise, such as energy replenishing after exercise, and reduced use of electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra violet (UV) solar energy can cause several negative effects to the skin and eyes in case of overexposure. To protect people from erythemal damage, personal erythemal exposure must be carefully assessed when outdoor activities are carried out. The direct measure with scientific instruments is impracticable to common people, and indirect methods assess the exposure only on the horizontal plane: this work developed a mathematical model to assess erythemal exposure to all the body districts. UVA irradiance and erythemal irradiance were measured on several inclined planes, oriented to the four cardinal directions, in seven environments with multiple sky conditions. The UV erythemal (UVE) ratio between erythemal irradiance on an inclined plane (Iery°) and UVA irradiance on a horizontal plane (IUVAh) was calculated. The results indicate that the UVE = Iery°/IUVAh is variable across the day and depends on the plane orientation, its degree of inclination, and sky conditions. Mathematical models to calculate erythemal exposure in clear, intermediate and overcast sky conditions on planes with different inclinations and orientations were derived from the daily trends of the UVE = Iery°/IUVAh. The application procedure of the mathematical model to the vertical plane oriented to the south is provided as an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated residual levels of carbosulfan and its metabolites in date palm fruit in the UAE using HPLC-MS/MS and QuEChERS method. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 > 0.998), low LOD (0.001–0.04 μg/kg) and LOQ (0.003-0.1 μg/kg), and high recoveries (92-103%) with low RSD values (1–9%). The matrix effect was negligible (-16.43–17.09%), and uncertainty measurements did not exceed the 50% limit. Carbosulfan was present in all samples, exceeding its MRL in 46% of the samples. Carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran exceeded their MRL in 4.87% and 40% of the samples, respectively, while 3-ketocarbofuran levels were below the MRL. Dibutylamine was found in 82% of the samples, with an average concentration of 9.01 µg/kg. The health risk assessment for children and adults showed that all HQ values were below the safety limit of 1.0, indicating that date consumption poses no adverse health risks for either adults or children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The targeted application of cutting-edge high-throughput molecular data technologies provides an enormous opportunity to address key health, economic and environmental issues in the tropics within the One Health framework. The Earth's tropical regions are projected to contain > 50% of the world's population by 2050 coupled with 80% of its biodiversity however these regions are relatively less developed economically, with agricultural productivity substantially lower than temperate zones, a large percentage of its population having limited health care options and much of its biodiversity understudied and undescribed. The generation of high-throughput molecular data and bespoke bioinformatics capability to address these unique challenges offers an enormous opportunity for people living in the tropics. Main: In this review we discuss in depth solutions to challenges to populations living in tropical zones across three critical One Health areas: human health, biodiversity and food production. This review will examine how some of the challenges in the tropics can be addressed through the targeted application of advanced omics and bioinformatics and will discuss how local populations can embrace these technologies through strategic outreach and education ensuring the benefits of the One Health approach is fully realised through local engagement. Conclusion: Within the context of the One Health framework, we will demonstrate how genomic technologies can be utilised to improve the overall quality of life for half the world's population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berries represent an important source of bioactive compounds, among which, (poly)phenols are the main constituents. (Poly)phenols have been shown to have important biological activities and in particular, to take a relevant role in mediating the modulation of gut microbiota and human health. Gut microbiota constitute significant players in the metabolism of ingested (poly)phenols and consequently in their biological effects. However, the evidence regarding the mutual contribution between (poly)phenol intake and gut microbiota activity in humans is still unclear. The aim of the current systematic review was to collect and assess results from randomized clinical trials addressing the role of berries in the modulation of the gut microbiota composition and how this can contribute to the metabolism of berry (poly)phenols. When information was available, the interaction of berry-gut microbiota on human health was evaluated. A total of 16 trials were included and analyzed. Overall, berries and their (poly)phenols could represent a driver for the modulation of intestinal microbes. The gut microbiota catabolize (poly)phenols by producing bioactive metabolites which can positively affect both the composition of commensal microbiota and also the host health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe hazardous nature of heavy metals (HMs) in the ecosystem has drawn global attention due to its emergence as a major environmental and public health concern. As toxic metals are non-degradable, they affect not only animals but also human beings and vegetation. These HMs are long-lasting pollutants that travel vast distances from their site of origin in the environment and bioaccumulate in humans and other organisms through the food chain. These pollutants can cause extensive pollution since they are frequently produced by industrial activities and inappropriate disposal procedures. Biosurfactants’ (BSs) versatility makes them an appealing category that plays an essential role in various biotechnological applications for environmental remediation. BSs have a variety of characteristics, including metal binding, solubilization, and emulsification. They remediate the HMs through processes like complexation, ion exchange, and metal solubilization. Furthermore, owing to their amphiphilic nature, they improve the sorption and solubility of hydrophobic contaminants and reduce the surface area and interfacial tension of immiscible liquids. As a result, BS-based remediation plays an important part in the heavy metal removal process in multiple ways. This review aims to provide information on the function of BSs in eliminating HMs through bioremediation processes for environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: A preliminary investigation of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) wines (red and rosé) produced from Negroamaro grapes—a native Salento (Apulia, Southern Italy) vine that is part of the Salice s.no PDO area—was performed in this work. (2) Methods: 1H-NMR spectroscopy, in combination with multivariate statistical analysis (MVA), was employed to characterize the metabolic profiles of 39 wine samples. Spectrophotometric methods were used to obtain preliminary information on the phenolic composition of wines and the associated antioxidant activity. The HepG2 liver cell line was used to assess the biological activity (effect on cell viability and genotoxicity activity) of wine samples. (3) Results: The NMR spectra analysis revealed the presence of signals ascribable to phenolic compounds such as gallic, hydroxycinnamic, and syringic acids. Relative content of these metabolites has been shown to be higher in red than in rosés wines and related to the wine producers. Interestingly, a similar pattern was observed in biological analyses. Red wines compared to the rosé wines display great variations in antioxidant capacity when evaluated as fresh samples using the DPPH and ORAC methods. Furthermore, all red wines exhibited a concentration-dependent decrease in cellular viability and live cells; this phenomenon is much less pronounced in rosé wines. (4) Conclusions: The resulting findings from this study reveal that winemaking operations could lead to final products with different chemical compositions and related properties. Even when starting from the same crop variety and cultivation region, significant differences were observed in the wine samples NMR-metabolic profiles and in vitro biotoxicological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the levels of 210Po and the annual effective dose in edible crustaceans from the Santa Barbara River, Nembe. The crustaceans analyzed included Crab (Cardisoma crassum), Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), Shrimp (Penaeus notalis), and Crayfish (Decapoda reptania). The concentration of 210Po in the crustaceans was measured using an alpha spectrometric procedure, with 209Po tracer used as a yield monitor after acidified HNO3 digestion. The results indicated trace amounts of 210Po in the different crustaceans, with a concentration of 24.17 Bq kg−1 fresh weight in Crab, 0.01 Bq kg−1 fresh weight in Prawn, 50.89 Bq kg−1 fresh weight in Shrimp, and 40.71 Bq kg−1 fresh weight in Crayfish. The doses of 210Po concentration from the crustaceans were calculated using ingestion dose coefficients of 1.2 μSv Bq−1 for adults, as provided by the regulatory framework that protects humans from exposure to ionizing radiation. The calculated annual effective doses suggested low levels of exposure to crustacean consumers, with values below the recommended limit of 1000 μSv y−1 set by the ICRP for effective dose. The crustaceans with the highest annual committed effective doses of 210Po were Penaeus notalis and Decapoda reptania. However, even small amounts of 210Po in crustaceans can lead to contamination that may be harmful to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor air quality (IAQ) and energy consumption (Q) are well-known building estimators, but they are used separately. Energy consumption is used during the design stage, while IAQ is used during operation. The novelty of our approach is that we propose using both estimators simultaneously during building operations. The purpose of this study was to find an adaptive ventilation strategy that maintained good indoor air quality with minimal energy consumption. The second novelty of our approach consists of IAQ estimation. While the operation of ventilation systems depends only on the indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration at present, our novel approach uses a more global IAQ index that includes four different air pollutants. Physical models are used for the hourly prediction of the two indices: global IAQ and Q. This study presents a comparative analysis of several ventilation operations strategies: fixed versus adaptive. The main findings show that a decrease in the ventilation rate, na, from 3.5 h−1 to 2.0 h−1 leads to a diminishment in energy consumption of 42.9%, maintaining the global IAQ index under the limited health risk value (VRL). Moreover, an adaptive ventilation strategy of na, maintaining the global IAQ index value under VRL, achieves a further reduction in energy consumption of 72.9%, highlighting its efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Microplastics are a concern for maritime nations such as Fiji, which rely heavily on seafood, such as bivalves, which can transfer pollutants through the food chain. The lack of biomonitoring studies in the Pacific region highlights the necessity of researching microplastic pollution in seafood. Aims: This study quantifies microplastics in Anadara antiquata , a commonly consumed shellfish in Fiji, and evaluates its general biochemical responses. As a baseline, this study is not to draw an association between the two endpoints (microplastics and biochemical responses), rather present these as baselines for future studies. Methods: A total of 58 specimens from Ba River Delta, Rakiraki Bay and Vueti Navakavu were examined, where differences in potential sources or pathways for microplastics, including anthropogenic pollutants with the potential to induce stress on marine animals, were considered (rivers, industrial zones, stormwater outlets, sewerage outfalls and mining area). Specific hepatopancreatic enzyme activities associated with detoxification (glutathione-S transferase, GST) and oxidative stress (glutathione peroxidase, GPX, and glutathione reductase, GR) were measured. Key results: Microplastics were extracted, classified by morphology and quantified. The study found that 64% of specimens had microplastics, <1.0 mm being more prevalent. Ba River Delta showed significant biochemical stress (Kruskal–Wallis test; P < 0.05) with GST (χ 2 = 40.28, d.f. = 2, P -value < 0.001), GPX (χ 2 = 38.38, d.f. = 2, P -value < 0.001) and GR χ 2 = 45.14, d.f. = 2, P -value < 0.001) being considered as likely to be responding to pollution. Conclusion: As a baseline, the study underlines the need for biomonitoring as a result of varying and concerning levels of pollution and biochemical stress responses found across the study areas. Integrating biomonitoring methods into risk-assessment protocols in Fiji may support establishment of opportunities or considerations for health guidelines and policy interventions to minimise human exposure to microplastics, and regulate environmental pollution. Implications: These measures are crucial for protecting public health and monitoring pollution impacts. Researchers in Fiji found microplastics in 64% of local edible cockles, with higher levels of microplastics and associated biological stress signs in the edible cockles from more polluted areas. The findings highlighted the need for continuous environmental and biomonitoring of pollution effects in seafood. This scientific contribution will inform and shape future policy on regulating pollution and promoting human-health needs in seafood quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the antioxidant effect of the methanol extract of Psidium guajava L. fruit. Methods: Freshly harvested fruits of Psidium guajava were washed, and pulverized, and then 10 g of milled fruit puree was homogenized with 100 mL of methanol and centrifuged to obtain the supernatant. Catalase (CAT) activity, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined by spectrophotometry. The findings were subjected to correlation and regression analysis. Results: Levels of catalase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde were 0.074 ± 0.0021 U/L, 0.0764 ± 0.0021 mmol/g, protein and 1.0931 ± 0.1573 μmol/L, respectively. Positive correlation was detected between MDA levels and GSH, CAT and GSH, and GSH and MDA levels. Predicted values of MDA were obtained from GSH and CAT activity. Conclusion: Psidium guajava L. exerts antioxidant activity which is linked to changes in MDA levels. It may therefore be considered a promising source for the development of active pharmaceutical ingredients with antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the worst zoonotic illnesses, avian influenza (AI), or commonly referred to as bird flu, is caused by viruses belonging to the genus Influenza viruses, which are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family. The harmful effects of AI illness can affect both human and animal health and cause financial losses. Globally, the AI virus lacks political purpose and is not limited by geographical limits. It has been isolated from poultry, wild birds, and captive birds in Asia, North America, Europe, Australia, and South America. Their virulence is divided into highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) and low pathogenic AI (LPAI). The AI virus can also be diagnosed in a laboratory setting using molecular tests like real-time polymerase chain reaction or serological tests like the hemagglutinin inhibition test, agar gel immunodiffusion, antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and other immunoassays. The type of AI virus and host species determines the clinical manifestations, severity, and fatality rates of AI. Human infection with AI viruses typically results from direct transmission from infected birds to humans. AI outbreaks in domestic and wild birds are uncommon; however, an infection can pose a significant threat to public, veterinary, and medical health. Successful vaccination reduces the probability of AI H5N1 virus infection in meat and other poultry products and prevents systemic infection in chickens. This review will provide information that can be used as a reference for recognizing the dangers of AI and for preventing and controlling the disease, considering its potential to become a serious pandemic outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium (Ca) is a vital nutrient essential for structural development and signal transmission in both plants and animals. In humans, inadequate calcium intake has been correlated with various diseases, including osteoporosis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and cancer. In areas where plants serve as a main dietary source, calcium intake is significantly lower than the recommended adequate intake, notably in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Exploring the connections between calcium consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer has significant implications for public health, given that these two conditions are the primary contributors to global mortality. This study conducted a systematic review of existing literature to assess the evidence regarding calcium intake and its effect on blood pressure control, stroke prevention, and the controversial association with myocardial infarction. Furthermore, the preventive effect of calcium intake on tumor development, particularly in cancer prevention, was discussed. The study explores the potential of agronomic biofortification as a key strategy to enhance plant‐based dietary calcium density and improve human health. By advocating for the incorporation of calcium‐rich plants and plant‐derived products, alongside appropriate calcium supplementation, the study emphasizes the economic and practical benefits of plants as a calcium source. This approach is aligned with global dietary patterns and socioeconomic disparities. The review also highlights the need for further research to better understand the mechanisms through which agronomic biofortification can increase dietary calcium intake and reduce the risks of CVD and cancer associated with calcium deficiency. Ultimately, this study aims to deepen our understanding of the complex relationship between calcium intake and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Amazon rainforest is an important reservoir of biodiversity, offering vast potential for the discovery of new bioactive compounds from plants. In vitro studies allow for the investigation of biological processes and interventions in a controlled manner, making them fundamental for pharmacological and biotechnological research. These approaches are faster and less costly than in vivo studies, providing standardized conditions that enhance the reproducibility and precision of data. However, in vitro methods have limitations, including the inability to fully replicate the complexity of a living organism and the absence of a complete physiological context. Translating results to in vivo models is not always straightforward, due to differences in pharmacokinetics and biological interactions. In this context, the aim of this literature review is to assess the advantages and disadvantages of in vitro approaches in the search for new drugs from the Amazon, identifying the challenges and limitations associated with these methods and comparing them with in vivo testing. Thus, bioprospecting in the Amazon involves evaluating plant extracts through bioassays to investigate pharmacological, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Phenolic compounds and terpenes are frequently identified as the main bioactive agents, exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. Chemical characterization, molecular modifications, and the development of delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, are highlighted to improve therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, the Amazon rainforest offers great potential for the discovery of new drugs; however, significant challenges, such as the standardization of extraction methods and the need for in vivo studies and clinical trials, must be overcome for these compounds to become viable medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between October 2021 and July 2024, radon measurements in air and soil were carried out in the South and East flanks of Etna volcano to check the possible correlation between radon emissions and active faults/eruptive fissures and to obtain preliminary data on any negative impacts on human health. Fifteen continuous indoor radon monitors were installed in homes, some of which are inhabited by patients suffering from Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. In all sites, the limit of 300 Bq/m3 indicated by the Euratom Directive 2013/59 was exceeded, even if slightly and for short periods. The highest values were recorded closest to active fault zones and during winters. Furthermore, 27 discrete indoor radon measurements were carried out using a passive method by means of activated charcoal canisters that were exposed for 48 h. Most of the values (>70%) were <100 Bq/m3; six canisters gave values >100 Bq/m3 and one >200 Bq/m3. Measurements of radon in soils were carried out using a Durridge RAD7 in the gardens of the homes in which the indoor radon measurements were made. The background radon values in soils were <5000 Bq/m3; the highest values (12,500 Bq/m3) were measured near the Aci Catena fault. The role of Etna's faults in draining the deeper radon towards the surface and, therefore, into nearby homes is evident, with a consequent increase in the health risk caused by indoor radon pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquito-borne diseases continue to pose significant threats to human populations, especially in developing and underdeveloped regions, where access to effective preventive measures remains limited. Mosquito repellents represent a cornerstone in the arsenal against these diseases, providing a barrier against mosquito bites. Mosquito repellents come in various formulations, including topical ointments and commercial vaporizers, with varying compositions. Common constituents include deodorized kerosene (DOK) as a solvent, pyrethroids, amides, essential oils for fragrance, and synergists. Despite their widespread use, the toxicological profiles of these repellents remain inadequately understood, raising questions about their safety in prolonged or excessive exposure scenarios. However, while their efficacy in preventing mosquito-borne illnesses is well-established, concerns persist regarding their potential toxicity to humans and the environment. This review critically examines the existing literature on the toxicity of mosquito repellents, focusing on their adverse effects on human health and environmental sustainability. Through an extensive analysis of available research, this review aims to shed light on the potential health risks associated with mosquito repellents, such as dermatological irritation, respiratory complications, and allergic reactions in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]