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This article presents the results of a study aimed to give new suggestions and strategies for improving the implementation of the flow cytofluorimetry-based method for the detection of homologous blood transfusions in doping control. The method is based on the recognition of the phenotypic mismatch between minority blood group antigens possessed by the donor and the recipient. Two strategies have been followed to reduce the risk of false-negative results: (i) the monitoring of a broader range of erythrocytes surface antigens; and (ii) the application of different surface erythrocyte staining protocols, tailored on the different antigens and the type of antigenic mismatch that had to be detected (whether it is the donor or the recipient who expresses or not the antigen to be detected). Special attention has also been focused on the time factor, to avoid prolonged sample storage, since hemolysis may have a significant impact on the reliability and quality of the results. Our experimental evidence suggests that the risk of false-negative results can be minimized by (i) the expansion of the antigen panel, with the inclusion of four additional targets; (ii) a more accurate selection of the gating area of the red blood cells; (iii) the choice of a better fluorochrome (alexa fluor 488) to be conjugated to the secondary antibody; and (iv) the implementation of different staining protocols depending on the nature of the double population to be detected (donor expressing vs. recipient non-expressing and vice versa). The combination of the above approaches allowed a significant reduction of false-negative results, assessed on samples simulating a homologous blood transfusion between two compatible subjects.

Toxoplasma gondii infects humans through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which elicits humoral immune response with specific antibodies. The expression of the ABO blood group glycoconjugates also occurs in this same system and may influence the human susceptibility of infection by T. gondii. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between ABO blood group phenotypes and the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies. Data - including age, results of serology tests for T. gondii infection and ABO blood group phenotypes - were assembled from the medical records of 1,006 pregnant women attended in the Base Hospital of the Medical School of São José do Rio Preto, Brazil, between 2001 and 2004. The chi-square test was used to compare the results with the level of significance set at 5%. Of the studied cases, 64.1% (645/1006) and 35.9% (391/1006) presented respectively positive and negative serology tests for anti-T. gondii antibodies. The mean age of those who tested positive was higher than those with negative serology tests (p = 0.0004). The frequencies of ABO blood group phenotypes were similar in those with and without anti-T. gondii antibodies (p = 0.35). In conclusion, the ABO blood group system is not associated with the presence or absence of anti-T. gondii antibodies.

Whole-body extracts in methanol were obtained from the starfish Stellaster equestris. The crude toxin was fractionated stepwise using diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose column chromatography. The crude toxin was lethal to male albino mice at a dose of 1.00 mL (containing 531.0 µg/mL protein) when injected intraperitoneally (IP) but the toxicity was abolished in all cases except one upon fractionation. The crude toxin and all the adsorbed fractions exhibited potent hemolytic activity on chicken, goat and human blood. However, group B human erythrocytes were resistant to lysis by all fractions and group O by most of the fractions. Paw edema in mice was caused by the crude toxin and all fractions. Pheniramine maleate and piroxicam blocked the toxicity when administered earlier than, or along with, the crude or fractionated toxins but not when administered after the envenomation. Pretreatment with either of these drugs also blocked edema formation.

Background and Objectives: The ABO blood group is arguably the best known, yet the most functionally mysterious, genetic polymorphism in human. A number of studies have shown the susceptibility to several infectious diseases is related to patient's blood group. Malaria is one of the diseases and Malaria remains the most complex and overwhelming health problem facing humanity especially in the vast majority of tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The resurgence of malaria is a serious public health problem in many parts of the world including India. It is therefore important to identify the factors which contribute to susceptibility of hosts. AIM: In order to study the distribution and correlate the incidence of ABO blood group in healthy individuals and Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients admitted in Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad with Plasmodium falciparum infection. To evaluate the morbidity and mortality associated with Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection. To figure out the correlation between ABO blood group and complications caused by Plasmodium Falciparum infection. To find out the blood group which confer some resistance against the plasmodium falciparum malaria infection. Methods: The study conducted from January 2009 to August-2010 (1year, 8 months) on 62 diagnosed cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients admitted in Civil Hospital, Ahmadabad. Patients who were tested positive for plasmodium falciparum and treated for the same in the indoor wards of Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad were taken for study. Observation and Results: out of 62 cases 21 (33.80) were in blood group A, 19 (30.64) were in blood group B, 7(11.29) were in blood group AB and 15 (24.20) were in blood group O. Out of 660 controls selected 161 (24.39%) were of blood group A, 224 (33.93%) were of blood group B, 68 (10.30%) of blood group AB and 207 (31.36%) belonged to blood group O. Conclusion: So we see through Statistical data that although blood group B is commonest in controls but in patients plasmodium falciparum malaria blood group A (33.80%) followed by blood group B (30.64%), blood group O was at 3rd place and AB was least common in cases. By Statistical data there is high relative risk in blood group A (1.38) followed by blood group AB (1.09). Distribution of blood group in healthy individual shows blood group B is more common in India followed by group O then group A and lastly group AB, whereas falciparum malaria incidence is highest in group A (high relative risk is present) followed by group B, then group O and least in group AB. Incidence of malaria is seen higher among young age group (below 30 years) and in male sex probably due to occupational exposure. Highest morbidity and complications are observed in group A followed by group B. Group O appears to be immune to severe complications of falciparum malaria. Mortality is seen equally in group A and B. Death is not noted in group O. As blood group O reduces plasmodium rosseting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Human blood group A, B, H, Ii, Lea and Leb antigens and their determinants expressed on ovarian cyst glycoproteins have been studied for over five decades. However, little is known about sialyl Lex and sialyl Lea glycotopes, which play essential roles in normal immunity, inflammation, and cancer cell metastasis. Furthermore, Lex and Ley were classified as glycotopes of unknown genes. Identification of these Lewis epitopes was hampered by the lack of specific antibodies. In this study, the occurrence of sialyl Lex , sialyl Lea , Lex and Ley reactivities in cyst glycoproteins was characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The results indicated that most human ovarian cyst glycoproteins carried Lex (8/25) and/or Ley (17/25) glycotopes. The expression (epitopes) of the new genes described in previous reports are Lex and Ley glycotopes; the reactivities of sialyl Lex and sialyl Lea glycotopes in secreted cyst glycoproteins may be affected by the conditions of purification; the relationship between Ley and human blood group ABH was confirmed; recognition profiles of sialyl Lex , sialyl Lea , Lex and Ley present in the carbohydrate chains of water-soluble cyst glycoproteins were illustrated; possible attachments of glycotopes to the internal carbohydrate complex of cyst glycoproteins have been reconstructed; proposed biosynthetic pathways for the formation of sialyl Lea , sialyl Lex , Lex , Ley , ALey and BLey determinant structures on Type I and Type II core structures of human ovarian cyst glycoproteins are also included in this study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background and Objectives DNA typing of the human Rh blood groups generally shows good agreement with serologically defined phenotypes. However, in the present report we describe four individuals who were declared Rh e negative by genotyping although they express the Rh e antigen. Materials and Methods Serotyping was performed using mono- and polyclonal Rh antisera. Fluorescent multiplex sequence-specific polymerase chain reactions (PCR–SSPs) identified RHD exons and the polymorphisms usually associated with the Rh E/e or Rh C/c/Cw antigens. Additional PCR amplification reactions, which were carried out to reveal RHCE- D -CE hybrid genes, analysed exon 5 of the RH genes, the location of the polymorphism (676C→G) coding for the Rh E and Rh e antigens. Results Four individuals were identified who expressed Rh e antigens but were negative by PCR–SSP typing for common Rhe -coding sequences. In one family analysed in detail, an RHCE-D 5 -CE hybrid gene associated with Rh e antigen expression was identified. A concomitant RHcE allele accounted for a seemingly regular typing pattern by conventional RH PCR. Conclusions The presence of RHCE-D 5 -CE hybrid alleles may cause false-negative DNA-typing results for the Rh e antigen that are easily overlooked unless appropriate RH hybrid PCR–SSPs are incorporated into conventional DNA-typing protocols. These and previous data strongly caution against an uncritical interpretation of RH DNA-typing results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a study aimed to give new suggestions and strategies for improving the implementation of the flow cytofluorimetry-based method for the detection of homologous blood transfusions in doping control. The method is based on the recognition of the phenotypic mismatch between minority blood group antigens possessed by the donor and the recipient. Two strategies have been followed to reduce the risk of false-negative results: (i) the monitoring of a broader range of erythrocytes surface antigens; and (ii) the application of different surface erythrocyte staining protocols, tailored on the different antigens and the type of antigenic mismatch that had to be detected (whether it is the donor or the recipient who expresses or not the antigen to be detected). Special attention has also been focused on the time factor, to avoid prolonged sample storage, since hemolysis may have a significant impact on the reliability and quality of the results. Our experimental evidence suggests that the risk of false-negative results can be minimized by (i) the expansion of the antigen panel, with the inclusion of four additional targets; (ii) a more accurate selection of the gating area of the red blood cells; (iii) the choice of a better fluorochrome (alexa fluor 488) to be conjugated to the secondary antibody; and (iv) the implementation of different staining protocols depending on the nature of the double population to be detected (donor expressing vs. recipient non-expressing and vice versa). The combination of the above approaches allowed a significant reduction of false-negative results, assessed on samples simulating a homologous blood transfusion between two compatible subjects., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Donati, de la Torre, Pagliarosi, Pirri, Prevete and Botrè.)

Anti-Kell antibodies have been shown to suppress fetal erythropoiesis, but little is known about their effect on myelopoiesis. We analysed the effect of Kell-related antibodies on granulocyte–macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) growth in semisolid medium using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) from haematologically normal individuals. In addition to its inhibitory effect on erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) growth, anti-Kell antibodies significantly reduced CFU-GM colony formation from Kell-positive individuals but not from Kell-negative donors. Moreover, anti-cellano and anti-Kpb antibodies also inhibited the growth of CFU-GM from antigen-positive MNCs. These data indicate that Kell is not restricted to erythroid blood cells, but is also expressed on myeloid progenitor cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]