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The application of livelihood resilience theory to villages that have been resettled due to coal mining provides insights into the levels and impediments of livelihood resilience under different resettlement models. Such an exploration holds critical significance for enhancing the livelihood resilience of the resettled households and promoting sustainable development in coal mining areas. Grounded in the theoretical framework of livelihood resilience and considering the realities of mining areas, by referring to existing studies, this study devises an evaluative index system. Utilizing the TOPSIS model to calculate the level of livelihood resilience, and we delve into the impediments to livelihood resilience of households that resettled under different models using the obstacle model. The results indicate the following: (1) Overall, the level of livelihood resilience in areas resettled due to coal mining of Huaibei City is low. Significant disparities exist among the households resettled under different models in terms of buffering capacity, self-organizing ability, and learning ability. (2) Factors such as the quantity of labor, policy awareness, and participation in village collective meetings significantly influence households' livelihood resilience, albeit to varying degrees across different resettlement models. (3) Future interventions should address the challenges faced by the four types of resettled households by increasing employment opportunities, intensifying policy advocacy, and augmenting investments in education resources to elevate the livelihood standards of various households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying the livelihood resilience theory to the relocation of coal mining villages, the present study explored the levels and the factors hindering livelihood resilience among farmers under different relocation models. This has important implications for enhancing the livelihood resilience of farmers during coal mining relocation and promoting rural revitalization in coal mining areas. Based on the livelihood resilience framework and the actual conditions of mining areas, we formulated an evaluation index system, employed the stratified mean square deviation method to determine weights, used the comprehensive index method to assess the livelihood resilience level, and investigated the obstacles to livelihood resilience among farmers under different relocation models using the random forest model. The results indicate the following: first, the overall livelihood resilience level in the coal mining relocation area of Huaibei City is low and is not significantly different among the four types, with the ranking being as follows: central village agglomeration type > township-centered village construction type > mining-village combination type > suburban community type. Significant differences exist in the indicators and dispersion levels of the resilience dimensions of buffering capacity, self-organization ability, and learning ability among farmers under different relocation models. Second, factors such as household deposits, labor force quantity, social networks, and participation in village collective meetings significantly affect the livelihood resilience level of farmers. However, the degree of influence varies under different relocation models. Third, improvements such as increasing employment opportunities, investing in education resources, and building social networks are necessary to improve farmers' livelihoods under the four types of relocation models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying the livelihood resilience theory to the relocation of coal mining villages, the present study explored the levels and the factors hindering livelihood resilience among farmers under different relocation models. This has important implications for enhancing the livelihood resilience of farmers during coal mining relocation and promoting rural revitalization in coal mining areas. Based on the livelihood resilience framework and the actual conditions of mining areas, we formulated an evaluation index system, employed the stratified mean square deviation method to determine weights, used the comprehensive index method to assess the livelihood resilience level, and investigated the obstacles to livelihood resilience among farmers under different relocation models using the random forest model. The results indicate the following: first, the overall livelihood resilience level in the coal mining relocation area of Huaibei City is low and is not significantly different among the four types, with the ranking being as follows: central village agglomeration type > township-centered village construction type > mining-village combination type > suburban community type. Significant differences exist in the indicators and dispersion levels of the resilience dimensions of buffering capacity, self-organization ability, and learning ability among farmers under different relocation models. Second, factors such as household deposits, labor force quantity, social networks, and participation in village collective meetings significantly affect the livelihood resilience level of farmers. However, the degree of influence varies under different relocation models. Third, improvements such as increasing employment opportunities, investing in education resources, and building social networks are necessary to improve farmers’ livelihoods under the four types of relocation models.

The application of livelihood resilience theory to villages that have been resettled due to coal mining provides insights into the levels and impediments of livelihood resilience under different resettlement models. Such an exploration holds critical significance for enhancing the livelihood resilience of the resettled households and promoting sustainable development in coal mining areas. Grounded in the theoretical framework of livelihood resilience and considering the realities of mining areas, by referring to existing studies, this study devises an evaluative index system. Utilizing the TOPSIS model to calculate the level of livelihood resilience, and we delve into the impediments to livelihood resilience of households that resettled under different models using the obstacle model. The results indicate the following: (1) Overall, the level of livelihood resilience in areas resettled due to coal mining of Huaibei City is low. Significant disparities exist among the households resettled under different models in terms of buffering capacity, self-organizing ability, and learning ability. (2) Factors such as the quantity of labor, policy awareness, and participation in village collective meetings significantly influence households’ livelihood resilience, albeit to varying degrees across different resettlement models. (3) Future interventions should address the challenges faced by the four types of resettled households by increasing employment opportunities, intensifying policy advocacy, and augmenting investments in education resources to elevate the livelihood standards of various households.

Mining activities have contributed to the growth of the city, but also raised non-negligible eco-geological environmental issues that threaten ecological safety. Ecological security pattern (ESP), as an important grip on the ecological restoration and protection of national land space, helps to balance mining activities and ecological protection in coal resource-based cities. Taking Huaibei City as a study area, we applied the ESP research paradigm: an ecosystem "function-structure" conceptual framework was developed to identify ecological sources, the "coal mining subsidence—economic activities" framework was used to revise ecological resistance surface, and the circuit theory was used to extract ecological corridors. Then, key areas for ecological restoration and protection were identified, including ecological pinch points, barrier points, and fracture points. Finally, the pattern and strategies for ecological restoration and protection were proposed. Study results show that there were 51 ecological sources, covering an area of 152.75 km2; 111 ecological corridors were extracted with 6000 as truncation threshold; 17 pinch points, 75 barrier points, and 117 fracture points were identified. Ecological restoration and protection patterns of "one axis, two shields, four zones, eight belts and multiple corridors", and strategies for key areas were proposed. The results of the study are important for the sustainable development of coal-resource-based cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to quantitatively evaluate and analyze regional water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) and to describe the micro motion between connection number components, a more applicable evaluation model was sought. Firstly, an evaluation index system and grade standards for a regional WRCC were constructed. Then, a method for determining the connection number was proposed, which considered the micro motion between the connection number components in the system structure. Finally, an evaluation model based on set pair analysis (SPA) and partial connection number (PCN) that used subtraction set pair potential (SPP) to identify vulnerability factors was built, and identification results were compared with the total partial connection number (TPCN). The model was applied to Huaibei City, Anhui Province, China. The results showed that: the WRCC grade value was between 2 and 3 which was poor; the support and regulation subsystem grade value was between 2 and 3, and the pressure subsystem grade value was between 1 and 2. SPP identified that the support force and regulation force subsystem were the vulnerable subsystems. Eight indexes, including water resources per capita, rate of ecological water consumption and density of population, were the main indicators causing the poor WRCC, which were in good agreement with the local measured data. In addition, the SPP and TPCN were compared to further verify rationality of the connection number determination method and reliability of the identification results. The model established in this paper has strong applicability and can also be used for the dynamic evaluation of other resources, including the environment and ecological carrying capacity. The results in this study provide a scientific basis for water resources management and decision-making. HIGHLIGHTS Based on partial connection number, a method for calculating the connection number of a regional water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) evaluation sample was proposed.; A dynamic evaluation model of a regional WRCC was constructed based on set pair analysis and partial connection number.; Reasons for poor WRCC in Huaibei City, China are identified and results compared with local measured data.;

Carbon neutrality is a strategic choice for the sustainable development of global cities. Quantitatively assessing the spatio-temporal patterns of urban vegetation carbon sink and the impact of human activities has become an essential basis for adjusting urban carbon balance. We used Huaibei, a typical city with vigorous human coal resource mining activities, as the case study area. We regarded the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) as an indicator parameter of vegetation carbon sink and calculated it based on the improved Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach (CASA). We then revealed the spatial–temporal evolution of vegetation carbon sink through trend analysis, coefficient of variation, and standard direction. Finally, we used geographic detectors to evaluate the impact of human activities on NEP. We found that net primary productivity (NPP) accuracy was good, and the R2 value was 0.755 compared with MODIS NPP products. NEP was characterized by the first decrease and then increase, showing a slow increase overall, with an average trend coefficient of 0.15 gC·m−2·a−1. The average value in 2010 was the lowest at 18.30 gC·m−2·a−1. In terms of spatial characteristics, NEP showed a gradual decrease from north to south. High and severe fluctuations were distributed along the southeast, mainly concentrated in Duji District, Xiangshan District, and Lieshan District. The driving factors with reliable explanatory power for NEP were population density, GDP, and road density, while land use type, soil erosion intensity, and mining and collapse area had weak explanatory power. Meanwhile, factors of cooperative interaction enhanced the explanatory power of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining activities have contributed to the growth of the city, but also raised non-negligible eco-geological environmental issues that threaten ecological safety. Ecological security pattern (ESP), as an important grip on the ecological restoration and protection of national land space, helps to balance mining activities and ecological protection in coal resource-based cities. Taking Huaibei City as a study area, we applied the ESP research paradigm: an ecosystem “function-structure” conceptual framework was developed to identify ecological sources, the “coal mining subsidence—economic activities” framework was used to revise ecological resistance surface, and the circuit theory was used to extract ecological corridors. Then, key areas for ecological restoration and protection were identified, including ecological pinch points, barrier points, and fracture points. Finally, the pattern and strategies for ecological restoration and protection were proposed. Study results show that there were 51 ecological sources, covering an area of 152.75 km2; 111 ecological corridors were extracted with 6000 as truncation threshold; 17 pinch points, 75 barrier points, and 117 fracture points were identified. Ecological restoration and protection patterns of “one axis, two shields, four zones, eight belts and multiple corridors”, and strategies for key areas were proposed. The results of the study are important for the sustainable development of coal-resource-based cities.

Based on the GIS data platform, and taBing the spatial analysis as the main means, this paper explored the impact of reclamation in coal mining subsidence area on urban spatial expansion of Huaibei City. The analysis tooB the time evolution of urban space development as the basis, tooB the sectors, circle rings and sub-district offices as the basic spatial units. From the aspects of urban expansion rate, expansion direction , function and construction intensity, it analyzed the impact of reclamation on the urban spatial expansion. In addition, it analyzed the correlation between the reclamation utilization of the subsidence area and the changes in spatial expansion. Finally, it summarized the characteristics of the impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban growth boundary(s) (UGB(s)) is one of the important technologies and policy tools for urban spatial growth management. Currently, the research on the delineation of UGB(s) of resource-exhausted cities is little, lacking of unified and mature scientific delineation method. The urban ecological suitability assessment of Huaibei city was evaluated in this paper. Based on Standard for Urban Land Use Evaluation (CJJ132-2009) and the principles of system, dominance and operability, natural and human factors were selected according to features of resource-exhausted cities. Based on internal expansion motivation of city, and from the viewpoint of land use change probability, Logistic regression CA model was set up by introducing eight spatial variables. Then, urban growth boundary was defined reasonably by integrating recent construction plans, development direction, and natural and administrative boundaries. The results showed that the land size would be gradually increase under high, medium and low three levels, which were 127.90 km2, 203.77 km2, 590.00 km2, respectively. Based on the cellular automata simulation result, the effective area of urban expanding land would be 203.45 km2, occupying 22.07% of the study area. Eventually, the area in the UGB(s) covered 259.43 km2, accounting for 28.15% of the study area. This method not only clearly delineated the scope of regional ecological resources protection, but also clarified the urban space development direction. It can not only protect the ecological space but also guide the urban space development, which is an important way to achieve urban transformation and smart growth of resource-exhausted cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-city construction is a powerful method which can advance a city from traditional industrial civilisation to ecological civilisation. The city of Huaibei, with 50 years of coal mining history, has been listed as a national resource-exhausted city. The city's sustainable development and ecological restoration work face severe challenges. This study presents a time-space evolution analysis of mining subsidence to show the evolution and the distribution of the subsidence area in Huaibei. Intensive use was made of land evaluation to formulate land use measures. According to this analysis, and based on the popular eco-reconstruction movement, suggestions for land reclamation and eco-reconstruction are proposed for the city of Huaibei. The paper aims to make strategic recommendations to help Huaibei city transform from a resource-exhausted city to an eco-city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]