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Malaysian households have exhibited significant improvements in the standard of living and economic opportunities. However, a larger household income does not always translate into an economically comfortable household. Regional variations in income and expenditure levels need to be explored for better understanding on the diversity of experiences among Malaysian households. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the pattern and relationship between household income, household expenditure, and household size among states in Malaysia. Several methods have been used such as the Pearson correlation coefficient, paired t-test, and multiple regression model using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 and Microsoft Excel for the year 2016, 2019 and 2020. Descriptive results showed that despite the significant increase in household median income, households seemed unable to allocate the income increment to their expenses, possibly due to higher living costs requiring adjustments in expenditure. Results also showed that the expenditure growth rate outpaces the income growth rate drastically in a few states such as Negeri Sembilan and Putrajaya. The inferential results have shown that there is a significant difference in the mean monthly household median income and the mean monthly household median expenditure across states in Malaysia between 2016 and 2019. Multiple regression revealed that household median income significantly predicted household median expenditure, while household size is not significant. This study suggests government to regularly review the prices of essential goods and services to ensure they remain affordable for all households. This is crucial for improving the living standards and well-being of Malaysians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the associations between household social, economic, and physical environments and the trajectory of functional limitations over time among middle-aged and older adults in China, and how this relationship differs by gender, age, and residence. Linear growth curve models were applied to a sample of 13,564 respondents aged 45 years and older from four waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS 2011–2018). Living alone, particularly for rural, female, and older respondents, was associated with a faster functional decline when compared to living with a spouse and without children. Improved housing quality was associated with a slower functional decline. Living with young descendants and without adult children for urban residents and a lower expenditure per capita for younger respondents were associated with a faster functional decline. These findings suggest that policies aimed at enhancing living conditions have the potential to improve physical functioning of older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer reactions to COVID-19 pandemic disruptions have been varied, including modifications in spending frequency, amount, product categories and delivery channels. This study analyzes spending data from a sample of 720 U.S. households during the start of deconfinement and early vaccine rollout to understand changes in spending and behavior one year into the pandemic. This paper finds that overall spending is similar to pre-pandemic levels, except for a 28% decline in prepared food spending. More educated and higher income households with children have shifted away from in-person spending, whereas politically conservative respondents are more likely to shop in-person and via pickup.

The asymmetric impact of urbanisation on poverty reduction was examined for South Africa employing data from 1990 to 2022. The study was motivated by the need to establish the effects of positive and negative shocks on poverty reduction. The study used the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model (NARDL). The study is timely as it is conducted at a time when most countries, including South Africa, are trying to recover from the COVID-19 global pandemic, which led to a surge in poverty levels. The study found that positive and negative shocks of urbanisation are only instrumental in poverty reduction in the short run. In the long run, positive and negative shocks of urbanisation have no significant effect whatsoever on poverty reduction. The study also found that the effects of positive shocks were more dominant than negative shocks on poverty reduction. The findings of the study point to the importance of urbanisation in poverty reduction in the short run. Policy implications are discussed.

The paper, based on a primary survey, explores the inequalities in access and household investment on the market-based 'supplemental educational services' (SESs) in post-compulsory school education (i.e. secondary level of education) in Haryana, a northern state in India. We find that around 44% of students access SESs in secondary education in Haryana, and it varies considerably across socioeconomic groups such as class, caste and gender. Results from the two-step Heckman selection model suggest that access to and household investment in SESs is significantly determined by household factors and school characteristics. We also find that SESs in Haryana are not homogenous, vary widely in content delivery and private costs. Nearly 56% of the students (mainly from socio-economically underprivileged groups) attend the low-cost and low-quality private tuition centres, while their better-off counterparts attend the more organised medium- and high-cost tuition services, and this widens the already existing inequality in educational opportunities in the state. The study suggests to stringently regulate the flourishing commercial SESs market to minimise growing educational inequality in the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prominence of emissions mitigating policies call for an understanding of their potential distributional impact. To assess this heterogeneity, we quantify and analyse the consumption emission intensity, defined as carbon emissions per unit of consumption, across households in Spain. With the exception of the poorest households, emission intensity decreases with income and peaks for households whose head is middle-aged (40 years old). Moreover, households whose main earner is less educated and male, and who live in smaller cities and rent their main residence, also emit more per unit of expenditure and thus, may be disproportionably impacted by emissions mitigating policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies on the impacts of non‐tariff measures (NTMs) on economic outcomes are at the macro‐level with limited micro‐level studies. This study uses primary data on 604 commercial farm households in Ghana to examine the relationship between NTMs and household welfare outcomes. The results show that NTMs are positively associated with assets, household expenditure and income but negatively associated with food expenditure, household dietary diversity score (HDDS) and poverty probability index (PPI). We find that the results are not likely to be driven by unobserved heterogeneity. Our results suggest that the potential mechanisms through which NTMs influence welfare outcomes are household income and expenditure. The main implication of the study is that a reduction in the number of customs formalities and the cost of testing and certification can facilitate trade and contribute to the economic development of commercial farm households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuestiones de Sociologia: Revista de Estudios Sociales is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Along with the growing popularity of the small area estimation method, the need to utilize good auxiliary variables also increases. Remote sensing data, such as night light imagery, offers advantages such as time-cost efficiency and global coverage but is easily accessible. This research aims to implement night light intensity as an auxiliary variable for the EBLUP model to estimate per capita consumption expenditure at West Java in 2018. This research employs three scenarios of auxiliary variables usage in EBLUP model construction: official data, night light intensity, and the combination between both data. The results show that night light intensity is an efficient auxiliary variable for estimating per capita consumption expenditure. Furthermore, the EBLUP model with a combination of official data and night light as auxiliary variables gives the best accuracy with coefficient of variation (CV) as evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cost of living has become an economic problem for everyone. Studies on the cost of living often connect income and inflation as the cost of living factors. This study aims to look from a different perspective by analysing the influence of lifestyle on the household cost of living in Malaysia. Lifestyle changes are one effect that arises from changes in household income and living standards. Households' arrangement of upgrading basic needs by consuming more expensive and better-quality goods is defined as lifestyle and it is determined using household income elasticities. This study uses the Malaysian Household Expenditure Survey (HES) 2016 data. Engel's Curve theory is applied to explain the relationship of household expenditure across income groups. Using the OLS regression model, income and expenditure elasticities are estimated. This study discovered that households had an increased rate of expenditure on basic needs more than income increases and we conclude that lifestyle affects the cost of living. Transportation expenditures represent the most significant lifestyle change influencing the cost of living among B40 households. Based on the findings, the researchers suggest that the government encourage a sustainable lifestyle based on specific expenditure groups to control household living costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to ascertain the causal correlation between government expenditure, household consumption, and labor force engagement on the economic advancement of districts/cities in East Java Province during the period from 2014 to 2020. The employed analytical technique is panel data regression utilizing a Fixed Effect methodology. The research reveals that the economic growth of East Java Province is influenced by three independent variables: government expenditure, household expenditure, and labor force participation rate of 98.7%. The high and low values of these variables correspond to the high and low economic growth of the province. Future research recommendations should aim to exert a direct or indirect impact on the economic growth of the city districts in East Java province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how expenditure changes at retirement during an institutionally and economically uncertain period when a series of pension reforms and cuts were implemented. Overall, we fail to confirm that consumption declines at retirement using data from Greece (2008–2018). Any estimated declines come from turbulent years when major pension cuts were applied. Expenditure drops at retirement were due to pension income shocks, especially for those who were particularly dependent on pension income. Further checks support the presence of an income shock mechanism for retirees who are relatively more treated during the crisis sub-period. Given an aging population and the ongoing global turbulence, our results offer valuable insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the latest National Sample Survey (NSS) education round data, we examine the patterns and determinants of demand and cost of private coaching in higher education in India. Two-step Heckman selection equation results find that students with better household resources (rich and educated) are more likely to take private coaching and tend to spend more on it. Results show that not only pro-male gender discrimination is in existence; there is also caste inequality in the demand and cost of private coaching, with a higher marginal effect among poor households. The study establishes that the market of shadow education, which by its very nature, is highly selective and delivers the service largely to the students of socially and economically well-off families. This article provides a rationale to consider the dynamics of inequalities in access to private coaching while devising educational policies, for making higher education egalitarian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing long‐run consumer price indices for England rely on a fixed consumption basket. Here we construct a methodologically improved, chained‐Laspeyres price index for ordinary households based on their changing expenditure patterns between 1260 and 1869. Rather than offering a revisionist perspective on long‐run costs, it confirms the broad accuracy of existing indices for the pre‐industrial period. The dominant dependence of the key items of expenditure on agricultural, particularly arable, prices explains this finding. The industrial period introduced a new dynamic. The shift in household expenditure towards imported groceries and manufactured goods allowed for more substitution in response to relative price and income changes. Adding the current series to those chained‐Laspeyres indices available for later periods provides a CPI for ordinary households in England over nearly eight centuries; from 1260 to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply influenced the economy of all nations, and Mexico is no exception. This effect is distinct for different groups of the population, with variable socio-economic and demographic characteristics, that live in regions of contrasting features. An efficient apparatus for measuring expenditure variations and tendency is the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey performed by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography in accordance with the international standardization established at the Canberra Conference; the latter permits, every two years, for different surveys to be comparable in time and space. Hence, in Mexico, there are three surveys for 2018, 2020, and 2022. The results of the comparison indicate that different groups of the Mexican population have experienced the pandemic with multiple impacts, apparently without large proportional variation regarding expenditure but with greater variation in time-use conditions. Moreover, it became apparent that even though the lower strata of Mexico's population have fewer proportional variations concerning income after the COVID-19 outburst, they must incorporate more family members into working activities to achieve a survival line; the latter results in the abandonment of school from various young household members that will negatively impact the quality of their lives in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines to what extent a rise in inflation expectations stimulates current household expenditure in Japan. Using matched household datasets, we find the following. First, to the extent that the rise in inflation expectations is from about 0% to the 2−10% range, durable goods expenditure is significantly stimulated. Second, total expenditure increases by 1.0% in response to a one percentage point rise in inflation expectations, about 82% of which is explained by the response of durable goods expenditure. Third, storable and non-storable non-durable goods expenditures (especially the latter) do not respond significantly to the inflation expectations. Finally, a temporary rise in inflation expectations immediately stimulates total expenditure, but produces a similar degree of decline over a few quarters, with virtually no long-run impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Household spending is essential in determining the productive success of an economy since changes in household consumption at the micro level will affect the economy as a whole. This study aims to evaluate the consumption expenditure of households in the province of Leyte and identify demographic characteristics that may affect it. Both descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to answer the objectives of this study. Based on the findings, the minimum monthly household consumption expenditure is PHP 2,222 (40.29 USD) and the maximum is PHP 71,792.10 (1,294.72 USD). A bigger portion of the overall spending is spent on food while the least is spent on healthcare. By econometric analysis, marital status, sex of the household head, education and income were positively related to the households' overall household spending. This study suggests that a family must increase their spending on healthcare, family planning must be considered to minimize household expenditures, and proper education must be promoted to ensure financial stability among households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In India, the National Education Policy 2020 recommends ensuring universal access to high-quality early childhood care and education for children aged 3–6 years by 2030. Using the 75th round of National Statistical Office data (2017–2018), this paper analyses the regional and socioeconomic inequalities in access to pre-primary education. Also, we investigate the specific role of households’ economic status and educational attainment in explaining these inequalities. We find considerable regional (rural/urban) and socioeconomic inequalities in access to pre-primary education in India, with girls and children belonging to historically disadvantaged social groups (scheduled castes and scheduled tribes) less likely to attend early childhood education, particularly in rural areas. We find that a substantial portion of the rural–urban gap in access to pre-primary education can be removed by controls for households’ economic condition and household head’s educational status. In addition, we find gender and socioeconomic inequalities in the household investment in early years education. These findings highlight the need to put policy efforts and commitments to reducing barriers to accessing pre-primary education for children in disadvantaged conditions in India.

Exploiting an exogenous variation in inflation expectations driven by randomized information treatments, I examined the extent to which the inflation expectations influence the current household expenditure in Japan. The findings are as follows. First, those who received the information on the latest inflation rate (‒0.6%) revised their inflation expectations downward. Second, a rise in inflation expectations has a positive impact on the current household expenditure. Third, the estimated intertemporal elasticity of substitution is large (about unity), suggesting that the intertemporal substitution played an important role in the current analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data are important components of any research; however, it is often the case that the required data are not readily available. Researchers often fuse multiple datasets to obtain the data required to complete their work. In urban simulation, spatially referencing data is of paramount importance to capture local variations in travel and preferences. Data fusion typically obfuscates the spatial reference by merging records from different locations. Population synthesis is used to match these fused household records to a plausible location based on aggregate sociodemographic statistics. In some cases, researchers must also synthesize the necessary data. This paper outlines a data fusion workflow for a statistically valid synthetic population for use in urban simulation models. We develop the framework for the case of household-level expenditure and individuals' time use patterns. The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) in Canada is used as a testbed. The results of the data fusion and synthesis are validated against statistics from a large-sample travel survey conducted in the GTA, showing a good fit with the validation dataset. Finally, we outline how the framework could be applied in other contexts where a single dataset is unavailable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Excessive alcohol use is associated with non‐communicable diseases and social problems, such as work absence, financial problems and family violence. Expenditure and expenditure shares on alcohol are valuable measures to monitor financial activities on this risk behaviour. The aim of this paper is to report trends in alcohol expenditure in Australia over the last two decades. Methods: Data are from six waves of Australian Household Expenditure Surveys from 1984 to 2015–2016. We explored trends of alcohol expenditure among Australians and in different socio‐demographic groups in the last 30 years. We further examined changes of expenditure on different on‐ and off‐premises beverages over time. Results: Absolute alcohol expenditure has remained the same between the 1980s and 2016, after accounting for inflation. However, a declining trend in relative alcohol expenditure as a proportion of total household expenditure was found across nearly all demographic groups (e.g., sex, age, employment, household income), except for women aged 45–54, who showed an increasing trend of alcohol expenditure after 1998–1999. Discussion and Conclusions: The current study shows declines in relative alcohol expenditure, which may reflect declines in alcohol's relative importance within the elements of the person's lifestyle they need to pay for and/or increased awareness of alcohol's health and social harms. Further longitudinal analysis should explore additional predictors of household expenditure on alcohol. Results suggest that current bi‐annual indexation increases in alcohol tax should account for increases in income to ensure the effectiveness of pricing. Moreover, attention is needed to address drinking among middle‐aged females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the determinants of monthly food consumption expenditures of households in Mali, using a quintile approach. The study is based on survey data from the EMOP, 2020 on household expenditures. This survey was conducted in the same year among 6703 households in the eight regions of Mali and the District of Bamako. The application of the simultaneous quintile regression yields results indicating that total household expenditures are positively correlated with monthly household food consumption expenditures in the 25th, 50th, and 75th quintiles and also in all regions and the District of Bamako. An increase of one unit in the number of motorcycles in good condition owned by the household and in the number of internet connections would significantly reduce household food expenditures in all three quintiles in Mali. The inter-regional analysis, by OLS, indicates that with the exception of the regions of Koulikoro, Ségou and Kidal, the effect of the number of motorcycles in the other regions is negatively significant. It is most evident in Bamako (12018.88 FCFA), Kayes (10061.8 FCFA) and Timbuktu (5695.76 FCFA). Compared to the other regions, the effect of the cell phone would reduce the food consumption of households in Timbuktu more (5922.22 FCFA).

This paper investigates the mean reversion in household consumption expenditure in 38 African countries; the expenditure series used were the percentage of nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP), each spanning 1990 to 2018. Due to a small sample size of time series of household expenditure, with possible structural breaks, we used the Fourier unit root test approach, which enabled us to model both smooth and instantaneous breaks in the expenditure series. The results showed non-mean reversion in the consumption expenditure pattern of Egypt, Madagascar and Tunisia, while mean reversion was detected in the remaining 35 countries. Thus, the majority of African countries are on the verge of recession once shocks that affect the growth of GDP are triggered. Findings in this paper are of relevance to policymakers on poverty alleviation programmes in those selected countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, the National Education Policy 2020 recommends ensuring universal access to high-quality early childhood care and education for children aged 3–6 years by 2030. Using the 75th round of National Statistical Office data (2017–2018), this paper analyses the regional and socioeconomic inequalities in access to pre-primary education. Also, we investigate the specific role of households' economic status and educational attainment in explaining these inequalities. We find considerable regional (rural/urban) and socioeconomic inequalities in access to pre-primary education in India, with girls and children belonging to historically disadvantaged social groups (scheduled castes and scheduled tribes) less likely to attend early childhood education, particularly in rural areas. We find that a substantial portion of the rural–urban gap in access to pre-primary education can be removed by controls for households' economic condition and household head's educational status. In addition, we find gender and socioeconomic inequalities in the household investment in early years education. These findings highlight the need to put policy efforts and commitments to reducing barriers to accessing pre-primary education for children in disadvantaged conditions in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the post-apartheid era in South Africa, global economic hardships and financial shocks have forced most households to endure various mental and psychological stresses.. This has hindered the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG-3)—good health and wellbeing—prompting policymakers and academics to search for remedies to mitigate such stresses. Highlighting resilience as a means of improving wellbeing, this paper focuses on financial resilience and constructs an index using a multidimensional framework to investigate its association with mental health disorders. Using the South Africa National Income Dynamic Study alongside several robust estimation techniques, we uncover a negative association between financial resilience and mental health disorders among South Africans. More specifically, financial resilience is associated with an approximately 37% decrease in the occurrence of mental health disorders. The results also reveal disparities in the correlation between financial resilience and mental health disorders across different subgroups. Non-Whites (especially Blacks), urban dwellers, and male household heads are shown to most strongly experience the depression-reducing effect of financial resilience. This paper also shows that life satisfaction and household expenditure mediate the relationship between financial resilience and mental wellbeing. Toward the end of this paper, we discuss the implications of our results and offer some policy recommendations.

Abstract Background Countries with best practice tobacco control measures have experienced significant reductions in smoking prevalence, but socioeconomic inequalities remain. Spending on tobacco products, particularly by low-income groups can negatively affect expenditure on other goods and services. This study aims to compare the household expenditure of adults who smoke tobacco products and those who formerly smoked across socioeconomic groups. Methods Daily smokers and ex-smokers were compared using the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, over 7 waves. Adults who never smoked were not included. Participants were continuing sample members across waves. Mean number of participants per wave was 2505, 25% were smokers and 75% ex-smokers. The expenditure variables investigated included tobacco products, alcohol, motor vehicle fuel, health practitioners, insurance, education, and meals eaten out. Regression models using the generalized estimating equation technique were employed to compare expenditure data aggregated across the waves by Socioeconomic Index for Areas (SEIFA) quintiles of relative socio-economic advantage/disadvantage while accounting for within-participant autocorrelation. Quintiles are ranked by information such as the income, occupation and access to material and social resources of the residents. Results Smokers from all quintiles spent significantly less per year on meals out, education and insurance than ex-smokers (p

Kamu politikalarının önemli bir bileşeni olan hanehalkı harcamaları, bireysel ve dolayısıyla toplumsal refahın göstergesidir. Hanehalkı tüketim harcamalarını etkileyen faktörleri bilmek kamu politikaları başta olmak üzere birçok açıdan fayda sağlayacaktır. Bu motivasyon kaynağı ile çalışmanın amacı hanehalklarının tüketim harcamaları belirleyicilerini mikroekonometrik bir bakış açısıyla incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmanın veri seti Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi aracılığıyla elde edilmiştir ve veri setinin analizi için bağımlı değişkenin dağılımının birçok noktasında bilgi edinilmesine imkân sunan kantil regresyon kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda hane sorumlusunun cinsiyetinin, yaşının, medeni durumunun, eğitim durumunun, hanehalkı büyüklüğü, gelir başta olmak üzere ekonomik göstergelerin ve sosyal göstergelerin tüketim harcamaları üzerinde etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarını, araştırmacı ve politika yapıcıların yaşam standartlarını ve refahı iyileştirmeyi amaçlayan faaliyetleri başta olmak üzere gelecekteki politikaların formüle edilmesinde faydalı olması beklenmektedir.

Orientation: COVID-19 pandemic inflicted economic damage on an unprecedented scale worldwide, and was expected to have a direct influence on the personal finances of households and individuals. Research purpose: The main objective of the study was to establish the association between COVID-19 and the accompanying lockdown, and household and personal finances in South Africa. Motivation for the study: More information is needed about the actual influence of a sudden economic crisis on household finances, especially financial well-being. Research approach/design and method: This cross-sectional study was exploratory in nature and followed a quantitative non-experimental design within a positivist paradigm. A total of 431 persons participated in the research, which aimed to establish the association between lockdown and income, expenditure, investments, bank balances and savings and outstanding debt. Main findings: Decreases in income were not completely offset by an equal decrease in expenditure. Certain demographic groups were affected more, especially vulnerable groups. They used more of their savings to cover shortfalls and reported a larger increase in outstanding debt. Practical/managerial implications: With regard to personal finance, future efforts during pandemics and other disasters should have a greater focus on vulnerable groups. Support could be in the form of grants supplementing income because not all expenditure is elastic. Assistance is also needed with grocery expenses, as this category of spending saw the greatest increase, placing maximum strain on household finances. Contribution/value-add: This academic study was conducted to examine the overall association between lockdown during the pandemic and household finances in South Africa.

Financial transactions are increasingly used by consumer apps and financial service providers to estimate consumption-based carbon emissions. This approach promises a low-resource, ultra-fast, and highly scalable approach to measuring emissions at different levels of potential policy intervention--spanning the national, subnational, local, and individual level. Despite this potential, there is a lack of research exploring the validity of this approach to carbon profiling. Here we address this oversight in three ways. First, we provide a step-by-step description of our approach toward estimating carbon footprints from micro-level transaction data generated by more than 100,000 customers of a large retail bank in theUnitedKingdom. Second, we quantitatively compare emission estimates obtained from transaction data with those calculated from a more standard data source used in carbon profiling, the largest household expenditure survey in the United Kingdom. Third, we offer a detailed qualitative comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of transactions versus alternative data sources (such as survey data), across key dimensions including data availability, data quality, and data detail. We find that financial transactions offer a credible alternative to survey-based sources and, if made more widely accessible, could provide important advantages for profiling emissions. These include objective, micro-level data on consumption behaviors, larger sample sizes, and longitudinal, frequent data capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Determine the effectiveness of the public policy of labeling Mexican households in foods with high energy content (ACE) during 2016-2020. Methodology. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique is used to calculate the average expenditure on three selected ACE foods. Subsequently, it is deflated to 2019 prices to establish spending comparisons between years. Theoretical and practical findings. There is an increase in spending on ACE foods by the socioeconomic levels analyzed, which shows evidence of the evolution of consumption patterns. Transdisciplinary and sustainable innovation originality. The effectiveness of labeling is analyzed through an economic and social perspective focused on the spending patterns of Mexican households. Conclusions and limitations. Policies have failed to reduce spending on ACE food, but further studies are required to broaden the picture [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zarqa Journal for Research & Studies in Humanities is the property of Zarqa Journal for Research & Studies in Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The environmental, economic, and social effects of climate change are expected to be profound for smallholder farmers, especially in developing countries like Zambia, whose way of life is largely dependent on the natural world. Many underdeveloped countries are finally realizing that agroforestry and other climate-smart farming practices offer solutions to current climate change-related issues. Tree plants are incorporated into farming systems through agroforestry technologies, which provide farmers with fruits and vegetables as well as animal and vegetable fodder, lessen soil erosion, and restore soil fertility. This study looked at how the implementation of agroforestry affected household expenditures and yields of crops among smallholder farmers in Zambia's Nyimba area. The variables motivating smallholder farmers in the research area to embrace agroforestry were also investigated. Data was collected from July to August of 2022 from 325 randomly selected smallholder farmers' households in four villages in the Nyimba district of Zambia. This study utilized a binary logistic regression model to identify the variables affecting smallholder farmers' adoption of agroforestry. The results revealed that smallholder farmers' household head education level, access to extension services, household size, access to credit, farming experience, farmland size, and distance to the nearest market had an influence on agroforestry adoption. The effects of agroforestry adoption on smallholder farmers' household expenditures and crop production were assessed using propensity score matching. The results revealed that smallholder farmers' household adopters had 1,929.040 kilograms of crop yield (Zea mays L.) higher than non-adopters by 817.43 kilograms. Household expenditure for smallholder farmers adopters was ZMW 8,873.47 higher than non-adopters by ZMW 5,617.91 in the study area. Based on the findings, agroforestry should be implemented by smallholder farmer households throughout time to enhance household well-being. The study concluded that initiatives should be coordinated to spread awareness of agroforestry choices and remove obstacles to adoption among smallholder farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the determinants of monthly food consumption expenditures of households in Mali, using a quintile approach. The study is based on survey data from the EMOP, 2020 on household expenditures. This survey was conducted in the same year among 6703 households in the eight regions of Mali and the District of Bamako. The application of the simultaneous quintile regression yields results indicating that total household expenditures are positively correlated with monthly household food consumption expenditures in the 25th, 50th, and 75th quintiles and also in all regions and the District of Bamako. An increase of one unit in the number of motorcycles in good condition owned by the household and in the number of internet connections would significantly reduce household food expenditures in all three quintiles in Mali. The inter-regional analysis, by OLS, indicates that with the exception of the regions of Koulikoro, Ségou and Kidal, the effect of the number of motorcycles in the other regions is negatively significant. It is most evident in Bamako (12018.88 FCFA), Kayes (10061.8 FCFA) and Timbuktu (5695.76 FCFA). Compared to the other regions, the effect of the cell phone would reduce the food consumption of households in Timbuktu more (5922.22 FCFA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply influenced the economy of all nations, and Mexico is no exception. This effect is distinct for different groups of the population, with variable socio-economic and demographic characteristics, that live in regions of contrasting features. An efficient apparatus for measuring expenditure variations and tendency is the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey performed by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography in accordance with the international standardization established at the Canberra Conference; the latter permits, every two years, for different surveys to be comparable in time and space. Hence, in Mexico, there are three surveys for 2018, 2020, and 2022. The results of the comparison indicate that different groups of the Mexican population have experienced the pandemic with multiple impacts, apparently without large proportional variation regarding expenditure but with greater variation in time-use conditions. Moreover, it became apparent that even though the lower strata of Mexico’s population have fewer proportional variations concerning income after the COVID-19 outburst, they must incorporate more family members into working activities to achieve a survival line; the latter results in the abandonment of school from various young household members that will negatively impact the quality of their lives in the long term.

The aim of this article was a one-dimensional and multidimensional assessment as well as a diagnosis of the economic situation of households according to socio-economic groups in Poland in the years 2009-2019. In the first stage of the research, the development of objective indicators reflecting the economic welfare of households was analyzed. The analysis of the economic situation of households included indicators of the income and expenditure situation in equivalent terms, the expenditure structure, measures of housing welfare including access to durable goods in households and average usable floor area of household per 1 person in m. In the second stage of the research, with the help of the classic TOPSIS (the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution) method, a synthetic measure of the economic situation of the studied aggregate units (socio-economic groups) was built. On the basis of the value of the synthetic measure, a linear arrangement of studied aggregate units was performed, considering variables related to the economic situation of households. The analysis was prepared on the basis of data derived from household budget surveys conducted by Statistics Poland (GUS). The research covered data from the 2009-2019 period. The performed analysis, both one-dimensional and multidimensional, proved that in considerably the best economic situation in the studied period were households of self-employed persons and households of white-collar workers. However, in the worst financial situation were households of pensioners, which occupied the lowest positions in the ranking created on the basis of the value of the synthetic measure.

Adequate consumption of protein is indispensable for human growth and health. Nigeria has a high burden of protein deficiency with attendant loss of economic productivity and high health bills due to ill-health. Owing to paucity of information on demand for protein foods among Nigerian youths, the study assessed the demand for protein foods among students of the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The data collected from 300 students through a multi-stage smapling procedure were analysed using descriptive statistics and Quadratic Almost Ideal System model (QUAIDS). The results have shown that some of the price coefficients expectedly had a negative relationship with the expenditures. The youths also spent more on beans and chicken but spent less on groundnut. Furthermore, expenditure elasticities of all protein foods were positive. Moreover, expenditure elasticities for beans, eggs, beef and goat meat showed that they were necessities goods, whereas chicken, turkey, soy milk, pork, groundnut and milk were luxury goods. Both compensated and uncompensated elasticity showed that own-price elasticities for the selected protein food items were inelastic, with the exception of goat meat. Demand for protein foods was influenced by own-prices of the protein foods, prices of other protein foods and being a male student. In order to meet their daily dietary needs within a limited budget, students should substitute expensive protein sources like chicken, goat meat, beef and turkey with cheaper ones like groundnut, soymilk, beans and eggs in their diets.

This study assessed the effects of introducing a technology package consisting of seed priming and microdosing of mineral fertilizer on sorghum and pearl millet yield, cereal production, net value of cereal production, household expenditure, adoption rate of technology and household food security in the millet and sorghum producing areas in Mopti, Segou and Koulikoro regions of Mali. Three different surveys were undertaken to collect the data during the period from 2013 to 2015. The first survey assessed the farmers practices (360 households), the second survey assessed production, household expenditure and food security in the households (54 households) and the third survey assessed the adoption rates of the technologies (108 households). The surplus cereal production was in average 1155 kg/household for adopting households while non-adopting households had a surplus of only 196 kg/household. The monetary surplus increased from 31.2 Euro for non-adopting households to 215.6 Euro for adopting households. Households using the package spent 167.8 Euro on health, children's education, and other necessities while non-adopting households spent only 29.5 Euro. Furthermore, households using the package spent 55.9 Euro on fertilizer against close to zero for non-adopting households. Finally, the number of food insecure months were significantly reduced from 3.57 months for the adopting households to 1.24 months for non-adopting households. The technology package initiated positive development pathways characterized by increased production and income, surplus grain production, investments in livelihood assets and yield-enhancing technologies and improved food security. This link from technology introduction to improved food security is very important from a development perspective, but there is a lack of research that clearly demonstrate this effect in the drylands of West Africa. Future interventions to ensure a more broad-based development should focus on continued investment in yield-enhancing technologies, diversification of production to ensure better access to high quality food, strengthening the role of women, and building institutions to support farmers' livelihood and agency.

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The economic importance of sport has been developing from several methodological origins. Most economic research into the sport economies develops indicators for gross value added (GVA), employment and consumer spending. A further elucidation of the benefits of the sport economy relates to well-being outcomes, either from sport participation or from sport spectating. The added value of this research is that it estimates sport consumer spending in Lithuania into two distinctive strands: active participation (e.g., participating in sport or fitness) and passive participation (e.g., attending sport events). The aim of this research is to link the consumer spending results to the GVA and employment results of the Sport Satellite Account and elucidate the main characteristics of the sport economy and how these are affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Analysis of the scientific literature, a survey sample in Lithuania consisting of 3506 respondents who spent part of their household budget on sports activities (active or passive), and a specific method of analysis were developed and applied in this research. The research results show that consumer expenditure in sport is divided into passive and active with percentage shares of 17% and 83%, correspondingly. Sport consumption overall accounts for 2.2% of total consumption in Lithuania. Most elements of consumer spending in the passive and active categories are associated with welfare effects. The importance of the analytical framework is that we can explicitly differentiate among categories such as tourism for participation and tourism for spectating, which are associated with different well-being effects. The pandemic affected 53.7% of active sport consumption, a smaller percentage than in the case of passive participation (67.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]