104 results on '"host fish"'
Search Results
2. Freshwater mussel glochidia infesting anadromous Gaspereau below a hydroelectric generating station: implications for mussel conservation.
- Author
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Dobbs, K. D. R., Lynn, T. J., Bruce, M. R., Reyes-Prieto, A., Samways, K. M., Curry, R. A., and Duffy, M. S.
- Subjects
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FRESHWATER mussels , *REGULATION of rivers , *BRANCHIAL arch , *FISH larvae , *FISHWAYS , *MYTILUS galloprovincialis - Abstract
The Wolastoq | Saint John River (W|SJR) in New Brunswick, Canada, is regulated by hydroelectric dams with the largest and furthest downstream being the Mactaquac Generating Station (MQGS). River regulation can disrupt ecosystem connectivity by restricting access to upstream habitat for fishes and parasitic mussel larvae dependent on fishes for dispersal. Following installation of the MQGS, the number of Gaspereau (Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus [Wilson, 1811]) and Blueback herring, Alosa aestivalis [Mitchill, 1814]) that spawn in that region of theW|SJR has increased dramatically. We assessed ectoparasitic freshwater mussel glochidia on Gaspereau captured at the MQGS and found 100% infested with an average of 43.2 glochidia per fish. Glochidia infested gill rakers, with increasing intensities from the first to fourth gill arch (P < 0.001). At least one million Gaspereau are passed above the MQGS annually, suggesting that millions of glochidia are simultaneously passed upstream each year with their hosts. We sequenced mitochondrial markers (ND1, COI) to ascertain mussel species and confirm both Alewife and Blueback herring as hosts for Alewife Floater (Utterbackiana implicata [Say, 1829]). This study provides critical baseline data on symbiotic interactions tightly interwoven in this river ecosystem and demonstrate that river regulation and fish passage considerations are more complex than most management plans account for currently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Fish and Bivalve Therapeutants in Freshwater Mussel Captive Breeding—A First Summary of Practical Experiences in European Facilities.
- Author
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Denic, Marco, Nakamura, Keiko, Varela-Dopico, Catarina, Strachan, Ben, Daill, Daniel, Gaehrken, Jakob, Taylor, John, and Grunicke, Felix
- Subjects
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FRESHWATER mussels , *FISH breeding , *BIVALVES , *LIFE cycles (Biology) , *SEXUAL cycle , *MYCOSES , *BROWN trout , *MUSSELS - Abstract
A significant part of freshwater mussel populations has strongly declined and many species are severely threatened nowadays. Captive breeding programs often form a central part of conservation strategies. As the life cycles of many mussel species include an obligate parasitic phase, host fish health is a crucial component of successful mussel breeding efforts. However, information about the safe application of fish therapeutants in mussel captive breeding is scarce. This article summarizes information about practical experiences in Europe. In total, eight different therapeutants were used to treat infestations of eight pathogens. Treatment success varied depending on pathogen and prevalence when treatments were initiated. Mussels did not seem to be affected by treatments, especially as long as they remained encysted. In a second step, Virkon S was applied to treat a fungal infection in tanks with brown trout (Salmo trutta) carrying encysted freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) glochidia and to disinfect juvenile mussel rearing containers. In both cases, mussels were not harmed and treated fish fully recovered. Results indicate that certain therapeutants can be used safely and successfully at different stages of breeding cycles. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of standard protocols, which would improve efficiency and the safety of treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Reproductive phenology and the influence of temperature in two sympatric New Zealand freshwater mussel species.
- Author
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Melchior, Michele, Clearwater, Susan J., Collier, Kevin J., and Joy, Michael
- Abstract
Context. Phenology plays a key role in shaping population dynamics, community structure and evolutionary adaptations. For freshwater mussels that rely on a parasitic larval (glochidia) phase on fish, shifts in reproductive phenology driven by environmental conditions may result in mismatches between glochidia release and host fish availability. Aims. We investigated intra- and interspecific reproductive timing variations in sympatric Echyridella aucklandica and E. menziesii, and identified thermal cues (accumulated degree days, ADD) associated with brooding and glochidia maturation. Methods. Brooding activity and glochidia maturation were assessed fortnightly-monthly over 1 year within four New Zealand streams. Results. The previously unknown phenology of E. aucklandica showed earlier brooding (May-July) and longer gravidity (9-11 months) than for E. menziesii (August; 6-7 months). Both species exhibited peak brooding in late austral spring-summer (November-December). ADD played a key role in regulating the timing of brooding onset in both species, as evidenced by the narrow ADD range observed across sites, and the relationship between ADD and brooding onset in both species. Conclusion. The demonstrated link between ADD and reproductive phenology has broad implications in the context of climate change. Specifically, it raises concerns about potential timing mismatches in glochidia release and host-fish availability, which could affect the survival and reproductive success of freshwater mussels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
5. Discovery of a host fish species for the threatened New Zealand freshwater mussel Echyridella aucklandica (Bivalvia: Unionida: Hyriidae).
- Author
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Melchior, Michele, Squires, Nicole J., Clearwater, Susan J., and Collier, Kevin J.
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FRESHWATER mussels , *ENDANGERED species , *RARE fishes , *BIVALVES , *FISH communities - Abstract
Larvae (glochidia) of Unionida mussels form obligate symbiotic associations with host fish to complete their life-cycle. To identify previously unknown host fish associations for the threatened New Zealand Echyridella aucklandica, glochidia infestation on fish by two mussel species was quantified in four Waikato streams. A host for E. aucklandica was identified for the first time, with glochidia found to attach and encyst on the common smelt Retropinna retropinna but not on other fish species caught. In contrast, E. menziesii was found on a range of fish species but not on the two R. retropinna caught. Encysted E. aucklandica glochidia showed evidence of growth on the gills of host fish. These preliminary results provide critical knowledge of host–glochidia interactions in sympatric New Zealand unionid species to support integrated conservation management targeting both unionid communities and host fish populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Fish and Bivalve Therapeutants in Freshwater Mussel Captive Breeding—A First Summary of Practical Experiences in European Facilities
- Author
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Marco Denic, Keiko Nakamura, Catarina Varela-Dopico, Ben Strachan, Daniel Daill, Jakob Gaehrken, John Taylor, and Felix Grunicke
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pathogen ,host fish ,freshwater mussel ,excystment ,fish health ,juvenile mussels ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
A significant part of freshwater mussel populations has strongly declined and many species are severely threatened nowadays. Captive breeding programs often form a central part of conservation strategies. As the life cycles of many mussel species include an obligate parasitic phase, host fish health is a crucial component of successful mussel breeding efforts. However, information about the safe application of fish therapeutants in mussel captive breeding is scarce. This article summarizes information about practical experiences in Europe. In total, eight different therapeutants were used to treat infestations of eight pathogens. Treatment success varied depending on pathogen and prevalence when treatments were initiated. Mussels did not seem to be affected by treatments, especially as long as they remained encysted. In a second step, Virkon S was applied to treat a fungal infection in tanks with brown trout (Salmo trutta) carrying encysted freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) glochidia and to disinfect juvenile mussel rearing containers. In both cases, mussels were not harmed and treated fish fully recovered. Results indicate that certain therapeutants can be used safely and successfully at different stages of breeding cycles. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of standard protocols, which would improve efficiency and the safety of treatments.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Host Fish Suitability for Freshwater Bivalve Anodonta woodiana Breeding Programs.
- Author
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Chen, Xiubao, Duan, Guochao, Yan, Mingjun, Liu, Hongbo, Jiang, Tao, and Yang, Jian
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FRESHWATER fishes , *BIGHEAD carp , *FLATHEAD catfish , *CRUCIAN carp , *CATFISHES , *BIVALVES ,FISH weight - Abstract
The freshwater bivalve Anodonta woodiana is native to China and widely distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America. However, natural populations of A. woodiana in China have dramatically declined recently. Several fish species have been used as potential hosts in breeding programs; nonetheless, the optimal host species is yet to be identified. In this study, we examined the suitability of five potential host fish species (bighead carp, common carp, crucian carp, yellow catfish, and tilapia) for A. woodiana under laboratory conditions. No significant difference was found in the number of glochidia attached to the five fish species; however, tilapia hosted more transformed juveniles than bighead carp, common carp, or yellow catfish (p < 0.05), with bighead carp hosting the least (p < 0.05). Yellow catfish had the highest host capacity index (the number of successfully transformed juveniles/the weight of the host fish × the survival rate of the host fish), 133 times higher than bighead carp and 1.3–2.9 times higher than the other species. The shell length and height of freshly transformed juveniles from yellow catfish were significantly larger than those of other host fish (p < 0.05). The juvenile index (shell length × shell height) of yellow catfish was significantly higher than that of other fish species (p < 0.05). In conclusion, yellow catfish appears to be the most suitable host fish out of the five species tested here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Freshwater mussels and host fish gut microbe community composition shifts after agricultural contaminant exposure.
- Author
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Gill, Stephanie P., Learman, Deric R., Annis, Mandy L., and Woolnough, Daelyn A.
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FRESHWATER mussels , *COMMUNITIES , *PATHOGENIC microorganisms , *GUT microbiome , *LARGEMOUTH bass - Abstract
Aims: We examined the effects of a mixture of contaminants found in agricultural watersheds on the gut microbiota and physiology of both the freshwater mussel Lampsilis cardium, and L. cardium host fish Micropterus salmoides. Methods and results: Lampsilis cardium and M. salmoides were exposed to three concentrations of agricultural contaminants for 60 days (observing behaviour daily) before being sampled for gut microbiota analyses. DNA was extracted from the gut samples, amplified via PCR, and sequenced using the Illumina Mi‐Seq platform. Only L. cardium guts had differing microbiota across treatments, with an increase in potentially pathogenic Aeromonas. We also provide novel evidence of a core microbiota within L. cardium and M. salmoides. In terms of physiology, female L. cardium exhibited a decrease in movement and marsupial gill display in contaminant exposures. Conclusions: Exposure to contaminants from agricultural watersheds may affect population recruitment within freshwater mussel communities over time. Specifically, increased pathogenic micro‐organisms and altered behaviour can reduce the likelihood of glochidia dispersal. Significance and impact of the study: This study supports emerging research that contaminants found in agricultural watersheds may be a factor in freshwater mussel population declines. It also provides novel evidence that unionids have a core gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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9. Host Selection of Potomida semirugata (Unionidae: Bivalvia) in Reproduction Strategy
- Author
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Hülya Şereflişan
- Subjects
freshwater bivalve ,host fish ,p. semirugata ,glochidia ,unionidae ,Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,SH1-691 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Potomida semirugata, which belongs to the Unionidae family, require a host fish to complete their life cycle. In this study, the host fish preference of this species was investigated. Besides, mussel species and hence the attachment state of larvae on the host fish were also investigated. Five dif-ferentfishspeciesnamelyCyprinuscarpio,Oreochromisniloticus,Clariasgariepinus,Anguillaanguilla, and Carasobarbus luteus were used as host candidates. In this study, five glass aquaria each containing 140 liters of water without any substrate were used and 3 mussels and 10 fish were placed in each aquarium. The aquaria were monitored for 120 days and the glochidia release on thefishwasdeterminedbyexamininggilltissue,dorsalandcaudalfinsbyusingastereomicro-scope.ResultsindicatedthatC.carpioandO.niloticusweremorepreferableintermsofmus-sel-host fish relationship. The best host fish was determined as C. carpio in terms of gill-fullness andjuvenilemusseltransformationatthegroundoftheaquarium.Theseobservationsprovidesignificant insight and information regarding the effective culture of freshwater mussels.
- Published
- 2021
10. Population status and host fishes of the freshwater pearl mussel in the eastern part of the Onega Peninsula, Northern European Russia.
- Author
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Konopleva, Ekaterina S., Vikhrev, Ilya V., Chelpanovskaya, Olesya A., Dvoryankin, Gennady A., Futoran, Pavel A., Gofarov, Mikhail Yu., Kondakov, Alexander V., and Bolotov, Ivan N.
- Subjects
FRESHWATER mussels ,FISH populations ,FRESHWATER fishes ,WATERSHEDS ,ENDANGERED species ,PEARLS - Abstract
Four populations of freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera were studied at lower sections of three river basins of the eastern part of the Onega Peninsula, Northern European Russia: the Bol'shaya Syarta, the Ust'-Yaren'ga and the Lopshen'ga (including Kamenny Stream). One of the populations from the Lopshen'ga River was discovered for the first time. Here we present preliminary data on the population status of M. margaritifera , its host fishes and glochidia infestation in the studied river basins. Living juvenile mussels and fishes infested by glochidia were recorded only in two waterbodies, i.e., the Bol'shaya Syarta and Ust'-Yaren'ga rivers. The pearl mussel population from the Bol'shaya Syarta River seems to represent the most prosperous among studied ones. The average density of visible mussels was small in the lower section of the river, but the proportion of young mussels was rather high (33.1 %) and intensity of glochidia infection reached 865 glochidia per fish. The highest average density was recorded in the pearl mussel population from the Kamenny Stream, Lopshen'ga River basin. However, only one juvenile mussel and none of host fishes infested by glochidia were recorded in this watercourse that may indicate the population aging and decrease of reproduction. Morphological analyses revealed significant differences between four studied populations of M. margaritifera towards the shell convexity index (SCI) and shell elongation index (SEI). In all studied basins, salmonid fishes were also infested by other parasites, mainly flatworms and their cysts. This factor may negatively impact the salmonid host fish populations that require monitoring of the current situation. The data obtained and future studies will allow to develop a system for protecting and monitoring of populations of a rare species such as the freshwater pearl mussel M. margaritifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Host Fish Suitability for Freshwater Bivalve Anodonta woodiana Breeding Programs
- Author
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Xiubao Chen, Guochao Duan, Mingjun Yan, Hongbo Liu, Tao Jiang, and Jian Yang
- Subjects
Anodonta woodiana ,host fish ,host capacity ,morphometry ,breeding technology ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
The freshwater bivalve Anodonta woodiana is native to China and widely distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America. However, natural populations of A. woodiana in China have dramatically declined recently. Several fish species have been used as potential hosts in breeding programs; nonetheless, the optimal host species is yet to be identified. In this study, we examined the suitability of five potential host fish species (bighead carp, common carp, crucian carp, yellow catfish, and tilapia) for A. woodiana under laboratory conditions. No significant difference was found in the number of glochidia attached to the five fish species; however, tilapia hosted more transformed juveniles than bighead carp, common carp, or yellow catfish (p < 0.05), with bighead carp hosting the least (p < 0.05). Yellow catfish had the highest host capacity index (the number of successfully transformed juveniles/the weight of the host fish × the survival rate of the host fish), 133 times higher than bighead carp and 1.3–2.9 times higher than the other species. The shell length and height of freshly transformed juveniles from yellow catfish were significantly larger than those of other host fish (p < 0.05). The juvenile index (shell length × shell height) of yellow catfish was significantly higher than that of other fish species (p < 0.05). In conclusion, yellow catfish appears to be the most suitable host fish out of the five species tested here.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Zoogeography, ecology, and conservation status of the large freshwater mussels in Sweden.
- Author
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von Proschwitz, Ted and Wengström, Niklas
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- *
FRESHWATER mussels , *ZOOGEOGRAPHY , *INTRODUCED species , *UNIONIDAE , *SPECIES , *FISH ecology - Abstract
The Swedish fauna of native Unionids contains one Margaritiferidae species, six Unionidae species and four non-native species, one Unionidae, two Dreissenidae and one Mactridae. This is the first attempt to describe the Swedish freshwater mussel species in detail and put them in context with zoogeography, ecology, and conservation status. Detailed distribution maps for all species, based on all available material in museum collections, databases and literature are presented. Details in the distributions, and possible causes for the different geographical patterns exhibited, especially the so called limes norrlandicus—an important biogeographical transition zone in Central Sweden—are discussed. Information on the ecology, especially host fish species, and conservation status and projects are also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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13. First record of complex release strategies and morphometry of glochidia in sympatric Echyridella species (Bivalvia: Unionida: Hyriidae).
- Author
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Melchior, Michele, Collier, Kevin J., and Clearwater, Susan J.
- Subjects
- *
BIVALVES , *MORPHOMETRICS , *FRESHWATER mussels , *SPECIES , *MINIATURE craft - Abstract
Larvae (glochidia) of the freshwater mussel order Unionida undergo a brief parasitic phase by attaching to and metamorphosing on suitable host fish. Here, novel observations of complex glochidia release strategies and glochidia morphometry are reported and compared in two sympatric New Zealand hyriid species, Echyridella menziesii (Gray, 1843) and Echyridella aucklandica (Gray, 1843). Echyridella menziesii produced glochidia averaging 277 ± 0.7 (SE) µm in diameter which were broadcast individually and bound to mucus threads into the water column. In contrast, the sympatric E. aucklandica produced miniature glochidia (99 ± 0.3 µm SE) embedded in functional conglutinates, thought to facilitate host fish attraction. To our knowledge, this is the first Unionida species, outside of North America, reported to be using functional conglutinates to mimic host diet as an infection strategy. The production of miniature glochidia that were morphologically distinguishable from those of E. menziesii, coupled with contrasting release strategies, highlights the potential for partitioning of host resources through contrasting attachment strategies and infection times. Additionally, these findings provide the basis for distinguishing glochidia of the two Echyridella species in field studies of host fish infection and highlight the need to develop novel methods for captive propagation of E. aucklandica to support restoration of declining populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. The influence of environmental factors on Clinostomum sp. (Digenea) infection in the fish Cichlasoma paranaense (Kullander, 1983) in Central Brazil
- Author
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YASMIM R.R. SILVA, ANGÉLICA B. LOURENÇO, WERTHER P. RAMALHO, MAXWELL B. CAIXETA, THIAGO L. ROCHA, JESSICA Y. DE SOUZA, MAYRA I. GRANO-MALDONADO, and LUCIANA D. SILVA
- Subjects
Digenean ,host fish ,host-parasite relationship ,limnological variables ,metacercariae ,Science - Abstract
Abstract This study analyzed the parasitism by Clinostomum sp. metacercariae of the neotropical fish Cichlasoma paranaense (Kullander 1983) and environmental variables’ influence on their host-parasite relationship in Central Brazil. Fish were collected in five impoundments (I) from three towns: Itauçú (n = 2), Inhumas (n = 1), and Goiânia (n = 2), Goiás State, Brazil. Ninety-five fish were analyzed, weighted and length measured. Afterward, the presence of metacercariae in the gills, muscles, fins, and body cavities was investigated. The metacercariae were fixed in AFA solution, kept in 70% alcohol, and stained with carmine. The infection prevalence revealed that 0.64, 0.56 and 0.91% of fish was infected. The abundance was 4.14, 3.22 and 5.88, with a mean intensity of 6.44, 5.80 and 6.42 per impoundment (I 13, I 15 and I 16), respectively. The frequency of metacercariae was higher in fish collected in Goiânia. High frequency of parasites was observed in the gills, muscles, and fins. The limnological variables did not present direct interference in the parasitism. The fish’ standard length influenced the number of metacercariae positively but did not differ to the relative condition coefficient.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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15. Prevalence of nematode parasite, Contracaecum, in Nile tilapia, African catfish and Barbus species in Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia.
- Author
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Tesfaye, Zinabu, Ferede, Beshatu, Pavanasam, Natarajan, and Workagegn, Kassaye Balkew
- Subjects
- *
NILE tilapia , *CLARIAS gariepinus , *PARASITE life cycles , *FISH parasites , *VETERINARY parasitology , *CATFISHES , *PARASITES - Abstract
A cross‐sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to March 2018 at Lake Hawassa to determine the prevalence of larval Contracaecum infestation in Nile tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus), African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Barbus species (Barbus intermedius). Fifty‐two point six per cent (52.6%) previous prevalence and 5% precision were used to estimate the sample size. Accordingly, a total of 383 randomly sampled fish species comprising of 163 (42.6%) C. gariepinus, 159 (41.5%) O. niloticus and 61(15.9%) B. intermedius were examined. The length and weight of each sampled fish were recorded. All the sampled fish were examined for the evidence of Contracaecum parasites in Hawassa University Veterinary Parasitology and Pathology Laboratory. Chi‐square values and comparison of proportions were used to analyse the data. The overall prevalence of Contracaecum parasites of fish population was 31.6%. The distribution of parasite was significantly affected by fish species (p =.000), sexes (p =.018), length (p =.003) and weight classes of fish (p =.026). As a hygienic problem and gutting activity conducted at the sides of the Lake Hawassa and distribution of discarded fish wastes for surrounding piscivorous birds by butchers and other people, the life cycle of Contracaecum parasite was perpetuated. Thus, the parasite is of zoonotic significance. Therefore, awareness creation activities for societies and control of fish parasites should be conducted in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Co-varying patterns of genetic diversity and structure with life-history traits of freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia:Unionidae) in the Poyang Lake drainage, China.
- Author
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Liu, Xiongjun, Wang, Weikai, Wu, Yanli, Wu, Ruiwen, Sun, Weiwei, Zhou, Chunhua, Ouyang, Shan, Zanatta, David T., and Wu, Xiaoping
- Subjects
- *
FRESHWATER mussels , *CYTOCHROME oxidase , *SPECIES diversity , *SPECIES , *DRAINAGE , *FRESHWATER fishes - Abstract
Freshwater mussels are one of the most diverse groups of freshwater organisms as well as one of the most endangered groups of organisms on Earth. Freshwater mussels have a life history that greatly influences their geographical distribution, genetic structure, and demographic characteristics. Here, we describe and compare the spatial genetic structure and diversity of 5 freshwater mussel species with different brooding periods and uses of larval parasitism. These 5 species co-occur in tributaries in Poyang Lake in south central China, and we studied their populations in the Gan and Fuhe Rivers, which are both large tributaries of Poyang Lake. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit-I (COI) haplotype richness and diversity of species with a spring or summer glochidia brooding period (Lamprotula caveata , Nodularia douglasiae , and Solenaia oleivora) were greater than richness and diversity in species with a winter brooding period (Anemina arcaeformis , S. carinata). In addition, the COI haplotype richness and diversity of A. arcaeformis , which does not have a parasitic portion of its life cycle, was lower than 3 species that require a host fish to complete their life cycles (L. caveata , N. douglasiae , and S. oleivora) and was higher than S. carinata. We also used the COI sequences and microsatellite datasets to determine whether the populations of each of the 5 species in the Gan and Fuhe Rivers are admixed or genetically distinct. Genetic differentiation was evident among collection populations of L. caveata , N. douglasiae , and S. carinata and largely absent in A. arcaeformis and S. oleivora. We conclude that differences in genetic diversity and patterns of genetic structure in these sympatric species could result from the different life-history attributes of these species, particularly timing and length of the brooding period, nonparasitic vs parasitic life cycles, and different host fish requirements. Therefore, we suggest increased emphasis on life history and reproductive biology research and urge managers to consider that these traits differ among freshwater mussels when making management decisions for the conservation of genetic and species diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. A weight‐of‐evidence approach for defining thermal sensitivity in a federally endangered species.
- Author
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Galbraith, Heather S., Blakeslee, Carrie J., Spooner, Daniel E., and Lellis, William A.
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ENDANGERED species ,WILDLIFE conservation ,STATISTICAL significance - Abstract
Managing for threatened and endangered species under changing environmental conditions is a challenge faced by resource managers worldwide. Lack of basic knowledge of the biology and habitat requirements of these species can contribute to this difficulty but is exacerbated by the limitations of working with rare species (i.e. few individuals) or unrefined and non‐lethal methods for evaluating stress.A weight‐of‐evidence approach was used to evaluate the thermal biology of the federally endangered dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon), using cumulative results from multiple experimental assessments, co‐occurring species, and their host fish to begin defining the thermal limits and optimal conditions for the species.Results suggest that dwarf wedgemussel and its host fish are thermally sensitive species compared with other Atlantic‐slope mussels, with a lower critical thermal maximum (CTM) and the selection of reduced temperatures during choice experiments.Physiological studies resulted in a lack of statistical significance, primarily owing to low power, which was a function of sample size – an unavoidable problem when studying rare species. Given these limitations, thermal choice and CTM may be more useful end points than physiological processes such as clearance and respiration rates when dealing with sample‐size limitations.These results suggest that management strategies that avoid exposing dwarf wedgemussel and its thermally sensitive host fish to extreme temperatures could be important for species conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Long-Term Monitoring Reveals Differential Responses of Mussel and Host Fish Communities in a Biodiversity Hotspot
- Author
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Irene Sanchez Gonzalez, Garrett W. Hopper, Jamie Bucholz, and Carla L. Atkinson
- Subjects
Unionidae ,life history strategies ,community dynamics ,host fish ,stressors ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Biodiversity hotspots can serve as protected areas that aid in species conservation. Long-term monitoring of multiple taxonomic groups within biodiversity hotspots can offer insight into factors influencing their dynamics. Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) and fish are highly diverse and imperiled groups of organisms with contrasting life histories that should influence their response to ecological factors associated with local and global change. Here we use historical and contemporary fish and mussel survey data to assess fish and mussel community changes over a 33 year period (1986–2019) and relationships between mussel abundance and their host fish abundance in Bogue Chitto Creek, a tributary of the Alabama River and a biodiversity hotspot. Mussel abundance declined by ~80% and community composition shifted, with eight species previously recorded not found in 2019, and a single individual of the endangered Pleurobema decisum. Fish abundances increased and life history strategies in the community appeared stable and there was no apparent relationship between mussel declines and abundance of host fish. Temporal variation in the proportion of life history traits composing mussel assemblages was also indicative of the disturbances specifically affecting the mussel community. However, changes and declines in mussel assemblages in Bogue Chitto Creek cannot be firmly attributed to any specific factor or events because of gaps in historical environmental and biological data. We believe that mobility differences contributed to differential responses of fish and mussel communities to stressors including habitat degradation, recent droughts and invasive species. Overall, our work indicates that monitoring biodiversity hotspots using hydrological measurements, standardized survey methods and monitoring invasive species abundance would better identify the effects of multiple and interactive stressors that impact disparate taxonomic groups in freshwater ecosystems.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. An unexpected host for the endangered giant freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera auricularia (Spengler, 1793) as a conservation tool.
- Author
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Soler, Joaquín, Boisneau, Catherine, Jugé, Philippe, Richard, Nina, Guerez, Yann, Morisseau, Laure, Wantzen, Karl Matthias, and Araujo, Rafael
- Subjects
FRESHWATER mussels ,THREESPINE stickleback ,NATIVE fishes ,SEA lamprey ,ANGUILLA anguilla ,PERNA ,CLARIAS gariepinus - Abstract
The giant freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera auricularia (GFPM) is one of the most endangered bivalve species in the world. Originally occurring in many European rivers, the GFPM is a relict now restricted to a few ageing populations in France and Spain in which natural reproduction is almost absent.Like most unionoid mussels, the GFPM needs host fish for the development of their parasitic larvae (glochidia). The European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), the only known native host fish of the GFPM in France, is essentially extinct. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify other hosts that could be responsible for the few cases of recent recruitment.Natural infestation of wild fishes in three French rivers was assessed to identify potential hosts of M. auricularia, while artificial infestation experiments were conducted on the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and the wels catfish (Silurus glanis) to determine their compatibility as hosts.Among the 29 fish species assessed for natural infestation, only the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) carried M. auricularia glochidia. In the artificial infestation experiments, living juvenile mussels were collected from both P. marinus and S. glanis. The number of juveniles collected from a single P. marinus specimen (13,827) suggests that this species is a highly efficient host. As with previously known hosts, newly identified ones also appear to have a relationship with marine environments.The present findings suggest that P. marinus has played a key role in preventing the total extinction of M. auricularia in France, and indicate the potential use of P. marinus in conservation strategies aimed at reintroducing or stabilizing populations of this rare mollusc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Tiltaksanalyse for elvemusling og habitattiltak for laksefisk i Lerangsbekken
- Author
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Magerøy, Jon H., Holthe, Espen, and Holthe, Jarle
- Subjects
elvemusling ,oppvekstområder/skjul for ungfisk ,tiltaksanalyse ,gyteområder/gytegrus ,Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ,redokspotensial ,vannkvalitet/vannkjemi ,water quality/water chemistry ,vertsfisk ,laks (Salmo salar) ,habitat improvement ,habitattiltak ,management plan ,redox potential ,brown/sea trout (Salmo trutta) ,Margaritifera margaritifera ,ørret (Salmo trutta) ,host fish ,the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) ,rearing habitat/cover for juvenile fish ,spawning habitat/spawning gravel - Abstract
Magerøy, J.H., Holthe, E. & Lunde, J. 2023. Tiltaksanalyse for elvemusling og habitattiltak for laksefisk i Lerangsbekken. NINA Rapport 2178. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. Elvemuslingbestanden i Lerangsbekken ble sist undersøkt i 2018 og 2019. Det ble funnet muslinger fra Lerangsvatnet opp til Brekketjørna, i tillegg til noen få muslinger mellom Gåsavatnet og Erlandsdalsvatnet. Tetthetene nedenfor Fossbakken var relativt høye, og bekken inneholder en relativt stor bestand av musling. Dessverre har rekrutteringen i bekken vært dårlig, og det ble bare funnet én musling mindre enn 50 mm. Både vannkjemiundersøkelser og redoksmålinger tyder på at eutrofiering og partikkeltilførsel er et problem for elvemusling i Lerangsbekken. Vannkjemien viser også at forsuring er et problem i bekken. Resultatene fra undersøkelsene tilsier at både tilførselen av partikler og surt vann er størst fra nærområdene langs bekken, heller enn via innsjøene oppstrøms. Dette kan skyldes periodevis hogst i området og opparbeiding av et jorde langs bekken, som har ført til økt avrenning av partikler fra sur myrjord. For å redusere eutrofieringen og partikkeltilførselen, er det viktig å opprettholde gode kantsoner langs Lerangsbekken, både mot jorder og i forbindelse med hogst. Der kantsonene er forsvunnet bør de reetableres. I tillegg kan det være aktuelt å plugge igjen grøfter i myrområdene i nedbørfeltet, for å restaurere myr og redusere avrenningen til bekken. Slike tiltak kan gjennomføres ved å innføre incentivordninger for grunneiere. For å redusere forsuringen av Lerangsbekken, både for å bedre forholdene for elvemusling og laksefisk, er det nødvendig med kalkingstiltak i nedbørfeltet. Det er sannsynlig at områdekalking av myrområdene langs bekken vil gi den beste effekten, men utlegging av skjellsand i bekken og innsjøkalking av Gåsavatnet er alternative tiltak. Undersøkelser av tetthet av ungfisk av ørret tyder på at mangel på vertsfisk er et problem for elvemusling i Lerangsbekken. Tetthetene var lavere enn det som er nødvendig for å opprettholde en muslingbestand i begge undersøkelsesårene. Årsakene til de lave tetthetene kan være redu-sert oppgang av sjøørret og/eller mangel på gytehabitat og skjul for ungfisken i bekken. For å øke oppgangen av sjøørret i Lerangsbekken, er flere tiltak aktuelle. Det bør gjøres tiltak for å lette oppgangen av anadrom fisk forbi fossen ved utløpet i sjøen, demningen ved utløpet av Lerangsvatnet bør holdes åpen og garnfiske i vannet bør unngås. For å øke gytehabitatet og skjul for ungfisk av ørret i Lerangsbekken, er det aktuelt med utlegging av gytegrus og stein i bekken. Når slike tiltak skal gjennomføres i et vassdrag med elvemusling er det viktig å ta hensyn til arten, både får å hindre at muslinger blir skadet under gjennomføring av tiltaket og for at habitatet blir egnet for muslinger i etterkant. I Lerangsbekken ble det gjennomført utlegging av gytegrus og stein i tre tiltaksområder i 2022. I disse områdene ble muslingene flyttet før utleggingen. Det ble også inkludert noe mer stein og finere grus i utleggingene, for å bedre habitatforholdene for muslingen. I 2023 er det planlagt utlegging i ytterligere to områder. Ett av disse er det viktigste kjente rekrutteringsområdet for muslingen i bekken. Derfor er det planlagt å legge ut gytegrus oppstrøms, for at naturlige prosesser kan føre grusen ned i området på en mer skånsom måte for muslingen. Ett år etter utlegging av grusen, bør det gjøres en vurdering av om grusen er stabil nok til å tilbakeføre musling. De andre anbefalte tiltakene bør også gjennomføres i Lerangsbekken.
- Published
- 2023
21. In Search of a Foundation for an Open Society
- Author
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Yamagishi, Toshio and Yamagishi, Toshio
- Published
- 2011
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22. An investigation of salmonid host utilization by the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) in north‐west Scotland.
- Author
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Clements, Elizabeth A., Thomas, Rhian, and Adams, Colin E.
- Subjects
MARGARITIFERA margaritifera ,FRESHWATER fishes ,SALMON farming ,SALMONIDAE ,GLOCHIDION ,RARE fishes ,ATLANTIC salmon - Abstract
Abstract: The complex life cycle of the globally threatened Margaritifera margaritifera includes a parasitic stage, where glochidia attach to the gills of fishes of the genus Salmo; however, the species of Salmo used appears to vary across its range. In previous literature the reported primary host in Scotland, home to a high proportion of the world's remaining M. margaritifera populations, is the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, and in its absence the brown trout Salmo trutta. In this study, the prevalence of infection in putative Salmo hosts in eight rivers in north‐west Scotland was determined. At a selected site on each river, where both S. trutta and S. salar were collected in abundance, S. trutta was the preferred host. At sites where S. salar were abundant but S. trutta were at low density, however, S. salar showed a high prevalence of infection (with the exception of one river where neither S. salar nor S. trutta were infected). Thus, the primary host appears to be very site‐specific in the rivers sampled. We speculate that this may be because M. margaritifera have population‐specific responses to cues for attachment to a host. Alternatively, it may be that host population‐specific immune responses mediate infections by glochidia. In addition, larger fish were less likely to be infected than smaller fish, and gills 1 and 5 were less heavily infected than gills 2–4. One consequence of this finding, for both national and international conservation management of this globally endangered species, is that any current or future management activity must take into account local population host preferences, otherwise conservation efforts may be in vain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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23. Local adaptation studies and conservation: Parasite-host interactions between the endangered freshwater mussel Unio crassus and its host fish.
- Author
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Schneider, Lea D., Anders Nilsson, P., Höjesjö, Johan, and Martin Österling, E.
- Subjects
INTRODUCED species ,PARASITES ,HOSTS (Biology) ,FRESHWATER mussels ,FRESHWATER animals ,FRESHWATER fishes - Abstract
1. Parasite-host interactions can involve strong reciprocal selection pressure, and may lead to locally adapted specializations. The highly threatened unionoid mussels are temporary parasites on fish, but local adaptation has not yet been investigated for many species. 2. Patterns of local adaptation of one of Europe0s most threatened unionoids, the thick-shelled river mussel (Unio crassus) were investigated. Eurasian minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) from two rivers (separate drainage areas) were cross-infested in the laboratory with sympatric and allopatric mussel larvae, while bullheads (Cottus gobio), inhabiting only one of the rivers, were infested with sympatric or allopatric mussel larvae. Larval encystment, juvenile mussel excystment and survival were measured. 3. For one river, but not the other, juvenile excystment from P. phoxinus was highest when infested with sympatric mussels. The opposite pattern was found for C. gobio in this river, where juvenile excystment and post-parasitic juvenile survival from allopatric C. gobio were highest. The results thus cannot confirm local adaptation of U. crassus to P. phoxinus in the study rivers, as excystment was not consistently higher in all sympatric mussel-host combinations, whereas there were potential maladaptive signs of U. crassus in relation to C. gobio. There was no loss of encysted larvae 3 days after infestation until juvenile excystment. Most juveniles were excysted between 17 and 29 days after infestation, and the numbers of excysted juveniles increased with fish size. 4. The results have implications for parasite-host ecology and conservation management with regard to unionoid propagation and re-introduction. This includes the need to (1) test suitability and adaptation patterns between U. crassus and multiple host fish species, (2) evaluate the suitability of certain unionoids and host fish strains after more than 3 days, and (3) determine whether large fish produce more juvenile mussels than smaller fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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24. Life-History Data on the Virtually Unknown Margaritifera auricularia
- Author
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Araujo, Rafael, Ramos, Maria Angeles, Caldwell, M. M., editor, Heldmaier, G., editor, Lange, O. L., editor, Mooney, H. A., editor, Schulze, E.-D., editor, Sommer, U., editor, Bauer, Gerhard, editor, and Wächtler, Klaus, editor
- Published
- 2001
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25. Characterizing the early life history of an imperiled freshwater mussel (Ptychobranchus jonesi) with host-fish determination and fecundity estimation.
- Author
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McLeod, John M., Jelks, Howard L., Pursifull, Sandra, and Johnson, Nathan A.
- Subjects
- *
FRESHWATER mussels , *WILDLIFE conservation , *ECTOPARASITES , *ENDANGERED species , *METAMORPHOSIS - Abstract
Conservation of imperiled species is frequently challenged by insufficient knowledge of life history and environmental factors that affect various life stages. The larvae (glochidia) of most freshwater mussels in the family Unionidae are obligate ectoparasites of fishes. We described the early life history of the federally endangered Southern Kidneyshell Ptychobranchus jonesi and compared methods for estimating fecundity and conducting host trials on this conglutinate-producing mussel species. Glochidial inoculation baths and direct feeding of conglutinates to Percina nigrofasciata, Etheostoma edwini, and Etheostoma fusiforme resulted in successful metamorphosis to the juvenile life stage. Ptychobranchus jonesi glochidia did not metamorphose on 25 other species of fishes tested representing 11 families. Three juveniles were recovered from Gambusia holbrooki resulting in a metamorphosis rate <1%. We characterize P. jonesi as a host-fish specialist that fractionally releases conglutinates from late January to early June. Intact P. jonesi conglutinates resemble simuliid fly larvae attached to an egg-like structure, but most conglutinates were released as segments representing separate egg or larva mimics. Viability of glochidia encased within a conglutinate was >90% for =5 d. Feeding conglutinates directly to fishes allowed us to estimate seminatural infestation rates and calculate average numbers of juveniles produced per conglutinate, unlike the traditional approach of infesting fish hosts in an inoculation bath. Regressions based on the physical dimensions of each conglutinate or conglutinate segment were the most practical method used to estimate fecundity. Species distribution information, early life-history description, and methods developed for determining fecundity and conducting host trials may assist in the conservation of P. jonesi during recovery options that include captive propagation, augmentation, and reestablishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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26. An alien fish threatens an endangered parasitic bivalve: the relationship between brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) and freshwater pearl mussel ( Margaritifera margaritifera) in northern Europe.
- Author
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Salonen, Jouni K., Marjomäki, Timo J., and Taskinen, Jouni
- Subjects
BROOK trout ,MARGARITIFERA margaritifera ,ENDANGERED species ,INTRODUCED species ,SALMONIDAE ,WILDLIFE conservation ,ECOLOGY - Abstract
Host-parasite interactions may play a significant role in biological invasions: for example, an invader may benefit from lower infectivity by native parasites in competition against the native hosts ('enemy release hypothesis')., The invasive North American brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) is replacing the native salmonid hosts of the freshwater pearl mussel (FPM, Margaritifera margaritifera) in northern Europe, but the suitability of brook trout as a host for FPM is poorly known. In this study its suitability was investigated using an array of laboratory and field experiments, and several FPM populations from a catchment in northern Finland. The occurrence of brook trout in FPM rivers in the area was also studied., There were differences with respect to numbers and size of FPM larvae among the fish exposed to FPM, but generally brook trout was an unsuitable host or was clearly a poorer host for FPM than the native European salmonids, brown trout ( Salmo trutta) or Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). However, in one river a few FPM glochidia remained encysted in wild brook trout for at least 9 months, suggesting successful development - the first observation of its kind in Europe., A tendency was found for higher occurrence of brook trout in brown trout rivers with FPM than in brown trout rivers without FPM, being consistent with the enemy release hypothesis: as FPM infection is costly to the host, a higher glochidial load in brown trout may offer a competitive advantage to brook trout in FPM rivers., Generally, these results indicate that northern European FPM populations cannot typically use brook trout as their host fish. Therefore, the invasion and dispersal of brook trout, potentially leading to the disappearance of native salmonids, should also be considered as a potential threat to the endangered FPM populations., Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
27. Status og tiltaksutredning for elvemusling i Oldvassdraget (Ørland kommune), Trøndelag
- Author
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Larsen, Bjørn Mejdell, Magerøy, Jon H., Gosselin, Marie-Pierre, and Fossøy, Frode
- Subjects
elvemusling ,status (utbredelse, tetthet og lengdefordeling) ,host fish ,tiltaksplan ,freshwater pearl mussel ,vertsfisk ,management plan ,status (distribution, density, and shell length) - Abstract
Larsen, B.M., Magerøy, J.H., Gosselin, M.-P. & Fossøy, F. 2022. Status og tiltaksutredning for elvemusling i Oldvassdraget (Ørland kommune), Trøndelag. NINA Rapport 2103. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. Elvemuslingen i Oldvassdraget finnes på hele den 1,8 km lange elvestrekningen nedenfor Hyllfossen. I tillegg er det, basert på miljøDNA-prøver, sannsynliggjort at det også skal finnes elvemusling i Melvasselva, Sandtjønnelva og Tomasvasselva. Ved vadesøk ble det påvist to levende elvemuslinger i Melvasselva, men også én musling i Nyvassdalselva. Elvemusling har hatt en mye større utbredelse i Oldvassdraget tidligere, og funn av skall i Kvennavasselva, Blåvasselva, Sandtjønnelva, Melvasselva og Nyvassdalselva (hele anadrom strekning ovenfor Hyllfossen) har bekreftet dette. Bestanden nedenfor Hyllfossen er fortsatt relativt stor (estimert til mer enn hundre tusen individer), men rekrutteringen er for lav til å opprettholde bestanden på lang sikt (få muslinger mindre enn 90 mm). De voksne muslingene reproduserer som normalt, men de små muslingene, som kan leve nedgravd i grusen i de første 6-10 årene, har for dårlige oppvekstforhold i substratet (jfr. resultatet av redoksmålingene). Andelen muslinger mindre enn henholdsvis 20 og 50 mm utgjorde bare 0,2 og 2,2 % av alle muslinger som ble undersøkt. Selv om laks er dominerende fiskeart i Oldelva, ble det ikke funnet muslinglarver verken på ett- eller toårige laksunger i 2018 og 2020, og bestanden av elvemusling betegnes derfor som en ren «ørretmusling». Endringer i nedbørfeltet til Oldvassdraget i form av grøfting av myrer, hogst, nydyrking, jorderosjon og næringstilførsel har vært med på å endre vannkvaliteten og habitatkvaliteten så mye at bestanden av elvemusling kan stå i fare for å bli ytterligere redusert og forsvinne helt om ikke tiltak settes inn. Sagbruk og kverndrift, reguleringer og vannuttak (drikkevann og fiskeoppdrett) har også spilt inn. I en periode på 80 år (fram til 1960-tallet) har tømmerfløting og tilhørende damanlegg på utløpet av alle de større innsjøene, også gitt utfordringer både for fisk og muslinger. For Oldelva må forholdene forbedres slik at de voksne muslingene kan overleve og at den naturlige rekrutteringen kan ta seg opp igjen. Tiltak må derfor settes i verk for å bedre vannkvaliteten. Dette innebærer at tilførslene av næringssalter (fosfor og nitrogen) må holdes stabilt lave og mengden av finpartikulært materiale må reduseres samtidig som kalsium-innholdet og pH må heves. I tillegg må bestanden av sjøørret/ørret styrkes. Tiltak for å gjenskape gode oppvekstsvilkår for elvemusling, som beskrives i rapporten, kan være: • Innsamling av vannprøver for å gi et bedre datagrunnlag om vannkvaliteten • Reduksjon i mengden suspenderte partikler (turbiditet) • Myrrestaurering og plugging av grøfter • Utrede kalkingstiltak • Redusere avrenning og forurensning fra spredte avløp og holde stabil lav næringstilførsel • Inngjerding av beitedyr og opprettholde brede kantsoner langs elva • Sanere søppelfyllinger som ligger nær vassdraget • Styrke ørretbestanden • Oppdrett og utsetting av muslinger • Økt hensyn til elvemusling • Informasjon • Oppfølging og tiltakskontroll
- Published
- 2022
28. The influence of environmental factors on Clinostomum sp. (Digenea) infection in the fish Cichlasoma paranaense (Kullander, 1983) in Central Brazil
- Author
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YASMIM R.R. SILVA, ANGÉLICA B. LOURENÇO, WERTHER P. RAMALHO, MAXWELL B. CAIXETA, THIAGO L. ROCHA, JESSICA Y. DE SOUZA, MAYRA I. GRANO-MALDONADO, and LUCIANA D. SILVA
- Subjects
host-parasite relationship ,Fish Diseases ,Multidisciplinary ,host fish ,Digenean ,limnological variables ,Animals ,metacercariae ,Metacercariae ,Cichlids ,Trematoda ,Trematode Infections ,Brazil - Abstract
This study analyzed the parasitism by Clinostomum sp. metacercariae of the neotropical fish Cichlasoma paranaense (Kullander 1983) and environmental variables’ influence on their host-parasite relationship in Central Brazil. Fish were collected in five impoundments (I) from three towns: Itauçú (n = 2), Inhumas (n = 1), and Goiânia (n = 2), Goiás State, Brazil. Ninety-five fish were analyzed, weighted and length measured. Afterward, the presence of metacercariae in the gills, muscles, fins, and body cavities was investigated. The metacercariae were fixed in AFA solution, kept in 70% alcohol, and stained with carmine. The infection prevalence revealed that 0.64, 0.56 and 0.91% of fish was infected. The abundance was 4.14, 3.22 and 5.88, with a mean intensity of 6.44, 5.80 and 6.42 per impoundment (I 13, I 15 and I 16), respectively. The frequency of metacercariae was higher in fish collected in Goiânia. High frequency of parasites was observed in the gills, muscles, and fins. The limnological variables did not present direct interference in the parasitism. The fish’ standard length influenced the number of metacercariae positively but did not differ to the relative condition coefficient.
- Published
- 2022
29. Påverkan av habitatsammansättning i vattendrag och omgivande land på flodpärlmusslans rekrytering
- Author
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Brändén, Anneli and Brändén, Anneli
- Abstract
Flodpärlmusslan (Margaritana margaritifera) är en starkt hotad mussla som är beroende av öring (Salmo trutta) för sin larvutveckling. Musslan är negativt påverkad av dagens användning av vattendrag och omgivande mark då de har höga krav på sin omgivning. Denna undersökning tittar på hur bottensubstrat, tillgång till värdfiskars habitat och kantzonernas sammansättning påverkar musslornas rekrytering. För detta användes biotopkarteringar, vilka relaterades till musslans rekrytering. Resultatet visade att hög förekomst av ståndplatser för värdfisken, strömmande vatten och buskskiktet på land var positivt för rekryteringen av flodpärlmusslan. Det visade sig däremot att det inte var någon skillnad i bottensubstratets sammansättning eller i antalet diken mellan vattendrag med och utan rekrytering. Slutsatsen för denna undersökning är att det behövs fördjupade studier på mindre skala och i akvarieexperiment med fokus på hur värdfiskens habitat, hydrologin och kantzonens utseende påverkar musslans rekrytering., The freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritana margaritifera) is a highly endangered mussel that depends on trout (Salmo trutta) for its larval development. The mussels are negatively affected by the current use of watercourses and surrounding land as they have high demands on their surroundings. This study looks at how bottom substrates, access to host fish habitats and the composition of ecotone affect mussel recruitment. For this biotope mapping was used, which was related to the mussel's recruitment. The results showed that the high prevalence of sites for host fish, flowing water and the shrub layer on land was positive for the recruitment of freshwater pearl mussels. It turned out, however, that there was no difference in the composition of the bottom substrate or in the number of ditches between watercourses with and without recruitment. The conclusion of this study is that in-depth studies on a smaller scale and in aquarium experiments are needed with a focus on how the host fish's habitat, hydrology and the appearance of the edge zone affect the mussel's recruitment.
- Published
- 2021
30. Long-Term Monitoring Reveals Differential Responses Mussel and Host Fish Communities in a Biodiversity Hotspot
- Author
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Jamie R. Bucholz, Irene Sanchez Gonzalez, Carla L. Atkinson, and Garrett W. Hopper
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Unionidae ,animal structures ,Endangered species ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Freshwater ecosystem ,host fish ,Abundance (ecology) ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,Ecology ,biology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Ecological Modeling ,fungi ,Mussel ,biology.organism_classification ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Biodiversity hotspot ,Habitat destruction ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,life history strategies ,community dynamics ,Pleurobema ,stressors - Abstract
Biodiversity hotspots can serve as protected areas that aid in species conservation. Long-term monitoring of multiple taxonomic groups within biodiversity hotspots can offer insight into factors influencing their dynamics. Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) and fish are highly diverse and imperiled groups of organisms with contrasting life histories that should influence their response to ecological factors associated with local and global change. Here we use historical and contemporary fish and mussel survey data to assess fish and mussel community changes over a 33 year period (1986–2019) and relationships between mussel abundance and their host fish abundance in Bogue Chitto Creek, a tributary of the Alabama River and a biodiversity hotspot. Mussel abundance declined by ~80% and community composition shifted, with eight species previously recorded not found in 2019, and a single individual of the endangered Pleurobema decisum. Fish abundances increased and life history strategies in the community appeared stable and there was no apparent relationship between mussel declines and abundance of host fish. Temporal variation in the proportion of life history traits composing mussel assemblages was also indicative of the disturbances specifically affecting the mussel community. However, changes and declines in mussel assemblages in Bogue Chitto Creek cannot be firmly attributed to any specific factor or events because of gaps in historical environmental and biological data. We believe that mobility differences contributed to differential responses of fish and mussel communities to stressors including habitat degradation, recent droughts and invasive species. Overall, our work indicates that monitoring biodiversity hotspots using hydrological measurements, standardized survey methods and monitoring invasive species abundance would better identify the effects of multiple and interactive stressors that impact disparate taxonomic groups in freshwater ecosystems.
- Published
- 2021
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31. Dispersal abilities of riverine freshwater mussels influence metacommunity structure.
- Author
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Schwalb, Astrid N., Morris, Todd J., and Cottenie, Karl
- Subjects
- *
FRESHWATER mussels , *DISPERSAL (Ecology) , *BIOTIC communities , *PARASITES , *HOSTS (Biology) , *HABITATS - Abstract
Historically, the importance of dispersal ability for the distribution of organisms has often been ignored, partly because of the difficulty of measuring it. Many unionid mussels, which have larvae that are obligate parasites (usually on fish), are endangered and the conservation and management of these mussels depend on knowledge of the main drivers of their distribution., Metacommunity theory predicts that limited dispersal should weaken the association of community composition with environmental factors. We tested this prediction by comparing the strength of association with environmental factors of (i) mussels with different dispersal abilities based on mobility of known host fish and (ii) mussels with different host infection strategies targeting fish with different mobility., Mussels with more mobile host fish showed a significantly stronger association with host fish presence and catchment (as a proximate measure for large-scale differences in environmental conditions or as a spatial component) compared to mussels with less mobile host fish. Our results thus indicate that mussel distribution is more closely linked to host fish for high-dispersal mussels, which suggests the potential for species sorting. Mussel species with weak dispersal capabilities show the opposite pattern and are therefore less able to colonise all suitable sites (species sorting with limited dispersal). Thus, the absence of mussels does not necessarily indicate unsuitable environmental conditions, but can also be caused by dispersal limitation., The impact of different host infection strategies was less clear, and differences in responses could be driven by differences in host fish or even habitat specialisation in addition to potential differences in dispersal abilities., A better knowledge of the dispersal via host fish of unionid mussels and their host infection strategies will be crucial to understanding their metacommunity dynamics, a necessary precursor for effective conservation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Impact of habitat composition in watercourses and surrounding land on recruitment of freshwater pearl mussels
- Author
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Brändén, Anneli
- Subjects
Margaritana margaritifera ,recruitment ,host fish ,Flodpärlmussla ,Bottensubstrat ,Öringhabitat ,Freshwater pearl mussel ,strömmande vatten ,Biologiska vetenskaper ,substrate ,Biological Sciences ,Rekrytering ,flowing water - Abstract
Flodpärlmusslan (Margaritana margaritifera) är en starkt hotad mussla som är beroende av öring (Salmo trutta) för sin larvutveckling. Musslan är negativt påverkad av dagens användning av vattendrag och omgivande mark då de har höga krav på sin omgivning. Denna undersökning tittar på hur bottensubstrat, tillgång till värdfiskars habitat och kantzonernas sammansättning påverkar musslornas rekrytering. För detta användes biotopkarteringar, vilka relaterades till musslans rekrytering. Resultatet visade att hög förekomst av ståndplatser för värdfisken, strömmande vatten och buskskiktet på land var positivt för rekryteringen av flodpärlmusslan. Det visade sig däremot att det inte var någon skillnad i bottensubstratets sammansättning eller i antalet diken mellan vattendrag med och utan rekrytering. Slutsatsen för denna undersökning är att det behövs fördjupade studier på mindre skala och i akvarieexperiment med fokus på hur värdfiskens habitat, hydrologin och kantzonens utseende påverkar musslans rekrytering. The freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritana margaritifera) is a highly endangered mussel that depends on trout (Salmo trutta) for its larval development. The mussels are negatively affected by the current use of watercourses and surrounding land as they have high demands on their surroundings. This study looks at how bottom substrates, access to host fish habitats and the composition of ecotone affect mussel recruitment. For this biotope mapping was used, which was related to the mussel's recruitment. The results showed that the high prevalence of sites for host fish, flowing water and the shrub layer on land was positive for the recruitment of freshwater pearl mussels. It turned out, however, that there was no difference in the composition of the bottom substrate or in the number of ditches between watercourses with and without recruitment. The conclusion of this study is that in-depth studies on a smaller scale and in aquarium experiments are needed with a focus on how the host fish's habitat, hydrology and the appearance of the edge zone affect the mussel's recruitment.
- Published
- 2021
33. Elvemusling i Lerangsbekken og Leirangsbekken. Status i to vassdrag i Strand, Rogaland
- Author
-
Magerøy, Jon H., Wacker, Sebastian, and Karlsson, Sten
- Subjects
salmon and trout mussel ,Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ,redokspotensial ,rekruttering ,vannkvalitet/vannkjemi ,water quality/water chemistry ,vertsfisk ,laks (Salmo salar) ,overvåking ,The freshwater pearl mussel ,genetic analyses (DNA) ,Elvemusling ,brown/sea trout (Salmo trutta) ,redox potential ,kartlegging ,monitoring ,Margaritifera margaritifera ,ørret (Salmo trutta) ,recruitment ,host fish ,surveying ,status ,genetiske analyser (DNA) ,laksemusling og ørretmusling - Abstract
Magerøy, J.H., Wacker, S. & Karlsson, S. 2021. Elvemusling i Lerangsbekken og Leirangsbekken. Status i to vassdrag i Strand, Rogaland. NINA Rapport 1717b. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. Lerangsbekken og Leirangsbekken i Strand kommune (tidligere i Forsand kommune) i Rogaland ble undersøkt fra 2018 til 2020 med henblikk på elvemusling, dens status i bekkene, og trusler mot og mulige tiltak for å forbedre forholdene for muslingen. Det ble ikke funnet elvemusling i Leirangsbekken. De grundige undersøkelsene tyder på at det ikke finnes en bestand i bekken. I Lerangsbekken ble det, derimot, funnet elvemusling fra Lerangsvatnet opp til Fossbakken. I tillegg til dette kjente utbredelsesområdet, ble det funnet muslinger mellom Fossbakken og Brekketjørna og mellom Gåsavatnet og Erlandsdalsvatnet. Til sammen utgjør dette et utbredelsesområde på 1,7 km, innsjøer ekskludert. Tetthetene nedenfor Fossbakken er relativt høye, og bekken inneholder en relativt god bestand av elvemusling. Det ble bare funnet én elvemusling som var mindre enn 50 mm i Lerangsbekken, og denne var sannsynligvis åtte år gammel. Muslinger som var 10 år eller yngre, utgjorde bare 0,9 % av bestanden. Funnet av rekruttering er positivt, men den er alt for lav til å opprettholde bestanden over tid. Andelen tomme skall tyder på at dødeligheten av voksne muslinger er noe høy, men dette er ikke overraskende i en bestand med gamle individer og liten rekruttering. Statusen til elvemuslingbestanden i Lerangsbekken blir satt til «sannsynlig levedyktig, men tiltak bør utredes/gjennomføres», hvis man bruker den klassifiseringsmetoden som vanligvis har blitt brukt i Norge. Imidlertid blir statusen satt til «ikke livskraftig» hvis man bruker naturindeks eller klassifisering av økologisk tilstand. De to siste klassifiseringsmetodene vektlegger rekruttering høyere enn den første. Siden rekruttering er nødvendig for å opprettholde bestander av elvemusling og rekrutteringen er svært lav i bekken, tilsier dette at naturindeks og klassifisering av økologisk tilstand gir den beste evalueringen av statusen til bestanden over tid. Vannkjemiundersøkelsene tyder på at forsuring kan være et problem for elvemusling i Lerangsbekken. Antallet prøver er likevel fåtallig, og det bør gjennomføres videre undersøkelser i bekken. Hvis de bekrefter at forsuring er et problem i bekken, bør kalking i vassdraget vurderes. Redoksmålingene tyder på at eutrofiering og partikkeltilførsel ikke er et problem for elvemusling i Lerangsbekken, selv om vannkjemiundersøkelsene tyder på at partikkeltilførsel kan være det. Det bør gjennomføres videre undersøkelser av både redokspotensial og vannkjemi for å evaluere funnene. Uansett er det viktig å opprettholde gode buffersoner i forbindelse med hogst langs bekken, for å forhindre at vann- og substratkvaliteten forverres. Genetiske analyser viser at ørret med svært høy sannsynlighet er vertsfisk for elvemusling i Lerangsbekken. Dette bekrefter funnene fra undersøkelser av infestering av muslinglarver på ungfisk av laksefisk. Undersøkelsene av tetthet av ungfisk tyder på at mangel på ørret kan være et problem for muslingen. Tettheten kan imidlertid variere sterkt mellom år, og videre undersøkelser bør gjennomføres for å evaluere dette. Hvis disse bekrefter at vertsfisktilgang er et problem i bekken, bør tiltak gjennomføres for å øke denne. Slike tiltak bør rettes mot sjøørret, fordi den sannsynligvis er mer egnet som vert for muslingen i bekken og økt oppgang av sjøørret vil føre til en høyere produksjon av ungfisk, sammenlignet med brunørret. Undersøkelsene tyder på at forsuring, vertstilgang og, muligens, partikkeltilførsel kan forklare lav rekruttering av elvemusling i Lerangsbekken, men nye undersøkelser trengs for å bekrefte dette. Magerøy, J.H., Wacker, S. & Karlsson, S. 2021. The freshwater pearl mussel in Lerangsbekken and Leirangsbekken Streams. Status in two watercourses in Strand Municipality, Rogaland County, Norway. NINA Report 1717b. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. The Lerangsbekken and Leirangsbekken Streams in Strand Municipality (previously in Forsand Municipality) in Rogaland County were studied from 2018 to 2020 with respect to the freshwater pearl mussel, its status, and threats against and conservation actions to protect the mussel. No mussels were found in Leirangsbekken. The thorough surveys indicate that there is no population in the stream. However, in Lerangsbekken pearl mussels were found from Lake Lerangsvatnet up to Fossbakken. In addition to this known distribution, mussels were found between Fossbakken and Brekketjørna and between Gåsavatnet and Erlandsdalsvatnet Lakes. Overall, this makes up a distribution area of 1.7 km, lakes excluded. The densities below Fossbakken are relatively high and the stream contains quite a large population of the mussel. Only one pearl mussel less than 50 mm was found in Lerangsbekken and this mussel was likely eight years old. Mussels 10 years old or younger only made up 0.9 % of the population. Finding recruitment is positive, but it is too low to maintain the population over time. The percentage of empty shells suggest that the mortality among adult mussels is somewhat high, but this is not surprising in a population with old individuals and limited recruitment. The pearl mussel population in Lerangsbekken is classified as «likely viable, but conservation actions should be considered/completed», if one applies the most commonly used classification method in Norway. However, it is classified as «not viable» using the Norwegian nature index or methodology for classifying ecological status in waterbodies. The latter classification methods puts more emphasis on recruitment. Since recruitment is necessary to maintain mussel populations and it is very limited in the stream, this suggests that the nature index and ecological clas-sification methodology give the best evaluation of the status of the population over time. The water chemistry analyses indicate that acidification could be a problem for the pearl mussel population in Lerangsbekken. However, few samples were taken and further analyses should be undertaken. If they confirm that acidification is a problem, liming should be considered. The redox potential indicates that eutrophication and particle input is not a problem for the pearl mussel in Lerangsbekken, although the water chemistry indicates that particle input could be. Further investigation into both redox potential and water chemistry should be completed, to evaluate these findings. However, it is important to maintain good buffer zones along the stream, when the surrounding area is logged, to prevent deterioration of the water and substrate quality. Genetic analyses show that brown/sea trout is very likely the host fish for the pearl mussel in Lerangsbekken. This confirms the findings from investigations into the infestation of mussel larvae on juvenile salmonids. The density estimates for juvenile fish indicate that lack of trout could be a problem for the mussel. However, the density can vary greatly between years and further investigation is necessary to evaluate the findings. If it is confirmed that host fish availability is a problem, actions should be taken to increase it. Such actions should focus on sea trout, since it is likely a more suitable host for the mussel in the stream and increased spawning of sea trout would lead to higher production of juveniles, compared to brown trout. The study indicates that acidification, host availability and, possibly, particle input can explain low recruitment of pearl mussels in Lerangsbekken, but new studies are needed to confirm this.
- Published
- 2021
34. The characteristics of the infection of juvenile Atlantic salmon with glochidia of the freshwater pearl mussel in rivers of Northwest Russia
- Author
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Ieshko E.P., Geist J., Murzina S.A., Veselov A.E., Lebedeva D.I., and Ziuganov V.V.
- Subjects
Margaritifera margaritifera ,Salmo salar ,glochidial infestation ,host fish ,Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,SH1-691 - Abstract
The decline of freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.) populations is globally well documented, but there is a lack of knowledge concerning the status of the species and its interaction with host fishes in the rivers of the White and Baltic Seas. This study aimed to identify the host fish of pearl mussel in four rivers of Karelia (Northwest Russia), to analyse the duration of the parasitic phase, and the susceptibility of fish hosts to the infestation. Juvenile sea-migrating and land-locked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were identified as the most important hosts. In the Keret’ River, reduced numbers of juvenile Atlantic salmon are likely to result in a decline of pearl mussel. This problem does not appear to be present for the other three studied rivers. Pearl mussel glochidia were mostly found in yearlings (0+), whereas older fish were infected less, suggesting a more complex pattern of host use than commonly expected. The remote location of Karelian pearl mussel rivers, the high number of pearl mussels in them, and their rather pristine state all suggest that these rivers have a high conservation priority. The importance of Atlantic salmon as a host fish and the emerging declines of Atlantic salmon populations, e.g., in the Keret’ River, suggest that the sustaining of this host species should have a high conservation priority.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Elvemusling i Lerangsbekken og Leirangsbekken. Status i to vassdrag i Forsand, Rogaland
- Author
-
Magerøy, Jon Hamner, Wacker, Sebastian, and Karlsson, Sten
- Subjects
salmon and trout mussel ,Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ,redokspotensial ,rekruttering ,Elvemusling (Margaritifera margaritifera) ,vertsfisk ,laks (Salmo salar) ,overvåking ,genetic analyses (DNA) ,laksemusling ,water quality ,brown/sea trout (Salmo trutta) ,redox potential ,kartlegging ,monitoring ,ørret (Salmo trutta) ,recruitment ,host fish ,ørretmusling ,surveying ,vannkvalitet ,status ,The freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) ,genetiske analyser (DNA) - Abstract
Magerøy, J.H., Wacker, S. & Karlsson, S. 2020. Elvemusling i Lerangsbekken og Leirangsbekken. Status i to vassdrag i Forsand, Rogaland. NINA Rapport 1717. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. Lerangsbekken og Leirangsbekken i Forsand kommune (nå Strand kommune) i Rogaland ble undersøkt i 2018 og 2019 med henblikk på elvemusling, dens status i bekkene og miljøfaktorers mulige påvirkning på muslingen. Det ble ikke funnet elvemusling i Leirangsbekken. I Lerangsbekken, derimot, ble det bekreftet at det finnes elvemusling fra Lerangsvatnet opp til Fossbakken, nedenfor Brekketjørna. I tillegg til dette kjente utbredelsesområdet, ble det funnet muslinger mellom Fossbakken og Brekketjørna og mellom Gåsavatnet og Erlandsdalsvatnet. Til sammen utgjør dette et utbredelsesområde på 1,7 km, innsjøer ekskludert. Tetthetene nedenfor Fossbakken er relativt høye sammenlignet med andre bestander i Norge, og bekken inneholder en relativt god bestand av elvemusling. Det ble bare funnet en elvemusling som var mindre enn 50 mm i Lerangsbekken, og denne var sannsynligvis åtte år gammel. Muslinger som var 10 år eller yngre utgjorde bare 0,9 % av bestanden. Funnet av rekruttering er positivt, men den er alt for lav til å opprettholde be-standen over tid. Andelen tomme skall tyder på at dødeligheten av voksne muslinger er noe høy, men dette er ikke overraskende i en bestand med gamle individer og liten rekruttering. Statusen til elvemuslingbestanden i Lerangsbekken blir satt til «sannsynlig levedyktig, men tiltak bør utredes/gjennomføres» hvis man bruker den klassifiseringsmetoden som vanligvis har blitt brukt i Norge, men statusen blir satt til «ikke livskraftig» hvis man bruker naturindeks eller klassifisering av økologisk tilstand. De to siste klassifiseringsmetodene vektlegger rekruttering høyere enn den første. Siden rekruttering er nødvendig for å opprettholde bestander av elvemusling og rekrutteringen er svært lav i bekken, tilsier dette at naturindeks og klassifisering av økologisk tilstand gir den beste evalueringen av statusen til bestanden over tid. Både vannkjemi- og redoksundersøkelsene som ble gjennomført i Lerangsbekken tyder på at bekken ikke sliter med forsuring eller forhøyet tilførsel av næringsstoffer og/eller partikler. Dermed er tiltak sannsynligvis ikke nødvendige for å forbedre vann- og/eller substratkvaliteten i bekken. Likevel er det viktig å opprettholde gode buffersoner langs bekken, for å forhindre at vann- og substratkvaliteten forverres. Dette gjelder først og fremst i forbindelse med hogst, siden det er lite jordbruk i nedbørfeltet. Genetiske analyser viser at ørret med svært høy sannsynlighet er vertsfisk for elvemuslingen i Lerangsbekken. De genetiske analysene bekrefter dermed funnene fra tidligere undersøkelser, der ørret som ble fanget var infestert med muslinglarver. Det er ingen åpenbare årsaker til den dårlige rekrutteringen av juvenil elvemusling i Lerangsbekken. Det er likevel mulig at mangel på egnet ungfisk av ørret kan være en årsak til dette. Flere studier har vist at sjøørret er bedre egnet som vertsfisk for elvemusling enn brunørret, og sjøørret produserer større antall ungfisk enn brunørret. Spesielt hvis tetthetene av ungfisk av ørret er lave i bekken, bør det gjennomføres tiltak for å øke oppgangen av sjøørret. Et eksempel på tiltak er å redusere vandringshindrene i bekken. Magerøy, J.H., Wacker, S. & Karlsson, S. 2020. The freshwater pearl mussel in Lerangsbekken and Leirangsbekken Streams. Status in two watercourses in Forsand Municipality, Rogaland County, Norway. NINA Report 1717. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. The Lerangsbekken and Leirangsbekken Streams in Forsand municipality (now Strand municipality) in Rogaland County were studied in 2018 and 2019 with respect to the freshwater pearl mussel, its status in the streams and possible environmental impacts on the mussel. No mussels were found in Leirangsbekken. However, in Lerangsbekken it was confirmed that there are pearl mussels from Lake Lerangsvatnet up to the waterfall at Fossbakken, below Lake Brekketjørna. In addition to this known distribution, mussels were found between Fossbakken and Brekketjørna and between Gåsavatnet and Erlandsdalsvatnet Lakes. Overall, this makes up a distribution area of 1.7 km, lakes excluded. The densities below Fossbakken are relatively high compared to other populations in Norway and the stream contains a relatively large population of the mussel. Only one pearl mussel less than 50 mm was found in Lerangsbekken and this mussel was likely eight years old. Mussels 10 years old or younger only made up 0.9 % of the population. Finding recruitment is positive, but it is too low to maintain the population over time. The percentage of empty shells suggest that the mortality among adult mussels is somewhat high, but this is not surprising in a population with old individuals and limited recruitment. The status of the pearl mussel population in Lerangsbekken is classified as «likely viable, but conservation actions should be considered/completed» if one applies the classification method most commonly used in Norway, but the status is classified as «not viable» if using the Norwegian nature index or the Norwegian methodology for classifying ecological status in waterbodies. The two latter classification methods emphasizes recruitment more than the first. Since recruitment is necessary to maintain populations of the mussel and the recruitment is very limited in the stream, this suggests that the nature index and the methodology for classifying ecological status give the best evaluation of the status of the population over time. Both water chemistry and redox potential from Lerangsbekken indicate that the stream does not suffer from acidification or increased nutrient and/or particle input. Thus, conservation actions are likely not necessary to improve the water and/or substrate quality in the stream. However, it is important to maintain good buffer zones along the stream, to prevent deterioration of the water and substrate quality. This primarily applies to logging, as there is little farming in the watershed. Genetic analyses show that brown/sea trout is very likely the host fish for the pearl mussel in Lerangsbekken. Therefore, the genetic analyses confirm previous findings from juvenile fish surveys that showed that trout were infested with mussel larvae. There are no obvious causes of the poor recruitment of juvenile pearl mussel in Lerangsbekken. However, it is possible that the lack of suitable juvenile trout may be the cause. Several studies have shown that sea trout is better suited as a host for the pearl mussel than brown trout and sea trout also produce greater numbers of juvenile fish than brown trout. Especially if the densities of juvenile trout are low in the stream, actions should be taken to improve the sea trout run. For example, one could reduce the migration barriers within the stream.
- Published
- 2020
36. Elvemusling i Varhaugselvene. Kartlegging og tiltaksanalyse
- Author
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Magerøy, Jon H.
- Subjects
utbredelse ,Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ,beitemark ,vertsfisk ,laks (Salmo salar) ,conservation action plan ,tetthet ,kartlegging ,acidification ,ørret (Salmo trutta) ,host fish ,brown trout (Salmo trutta) ,distribution ,grazing ,surveying ,status ,The freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) ,density ,tiltaksanalyse ,rekruttering ,eutrofiering ,Elvemusling (Margaritifera margaritifera) ,eutrophication ,recruitment ,forsuring - Abstract
Magerøy, J.H. 2020. Elvemusling i Varhaugselvene. Kartlegging og tiltaksanalyse. NINA Rapport 1879. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. Elvemuslingen er kjent tilbake til 1700-tallet i Varhaugselvene, og i 1995 ble det bekreftet at det fremdeles fantes elvemusling i Ualandsåna (øvre del av Brattlandsåna) i S. Varhaugselv. I 2018 og 2020 ble det gjennomført nye kartleggingsrunder for muslingen i både N. og S. Varhaugselv. I tillegg ble det gjennomført en tiltaksanalyse for den kjente elvemuslingbestanden i Ualandsåna. Det ble funnet elvemusling i området ved den kjente elvemuslinglokaliteten i Ualandsåna (S. Varhaugselv). Det ble ikke funnet elvemusling i Reistadbekken (S. Varhaugselv) eller Tvihaugåna (N. Varhaugselv). Rongjabekken (N. Varhaugselv) ble bare befart. I Ualandsåna ble det funnet elvemusling i et utbredelsesområde på ca. 2600 m elvestreng, i fra noe nedstrøms Romavatnet til noe oppstrøms Ualand. Totalt ble det funnet 78 muslinger, og den totale bestanden ble estimert til et par hundre individer. Tettheten innenfor utbredelsesområdet var 0,41 muslinger pr. minutt (dette tilsvarer en tetthet på 0,16 muslinger pr. m2). I 2018 ble det funnet én yngre musling, som var 56,4 mm lang og ca. 12 år gammel. Tomme skall utgjorde 4,9 % av det totale antallet muslinger (både levende og skall) som ble funnet. Selv om det ble funnet én yngre musling er rekrutteringen i Ualandsåna for lav til å opprettholde bestanden. I tillegg tyder prosentandelen tomme skall på at det er noe overdødelighet i bestanden. Den økologiske tilstanden i Ualandsåna ble klassifisert som «dårlig» basert på elvemusling som en terskelindikator, og muslingbestanden ble kategorisert som «utdøende». Siden det er svært vanskelig å finne små muslinger i en så tynn bestand, er det mulig at den økologiske tilstanden i realiteten er «moderat». Likevel tyder alle data på at muslingbestanden vil dø ut på sikt. Dermed er det viktig å identifisere nødvendige tiltak for å ta vare på bestanden. Eutrofiering er en sannsynlig årsak til den lave rekruttering til elvemuslingbestanden i Ualandsåna. For å bekrefte om dette er tilfellet, bør redoksmålinger gjennomføres innenfor utbredelsesområdet til muslingen. I tillegg kan vannkjemiske studier også bidra til å avklare om dette er tilfellet. Hvis det viser seg at eutrofiering er et problem for muslingen, bør det innføres gjødsel- og beitefrie soner langs åna. Forsuring er en annen potensiell årsak til den lave rekrutteringen i Ualandsåna. Vannkjemiprøver viser at vannet som kommer fra Romavatnet er for surt til å opprettholde bestanden av musling, men det er usikkert om vannkjemien endrer seg til det bedre før åna når utbredelsesområdet til muslingen. For å undersøke om forsuring er et problem for muslingen, bør det gjennomføres vannkjemiske studier innen utbredelsesområdet. Hvis det viser seg at forsuring er et problem for muslingen, bør det gjennomføres kalking i Romavatnet og/eller beiteområdene langs åna. Mangel på vertsfisk kan også være en årsak til den lave rekrutteringen i Ualandsåna. Nedstrøms utbredelsesområdet til muslingen finnes det et vandringshinder som hindrer oppvandring av mindre fisk og kan forsinke oppvandringen av gytefisk. Dermed kan den forårsake redusert pro-duksjon av ungfisk innenfor utbredelsesområdet til muslingen, spesielt for laks. For å undersøke om tilgang på vertsfisk er et problem for muslingen, må det bestemmes om vertsfisken til mus-lingen i åna er laks eller ørret. Dette kan gjøres ved genetiske studier eller ved å se på infestering av muslinglarver på gjellene til fisken. Deretter bør tettheten av ungfisk undersøkes. Hvis det er laks som er verten for muslingen, må vandringshinderet utbedres. Gitt det lave antallet muslinger, den lave rekrutteringen og overdødeligheten i Ualandsåna, er det viktig at de nødvendige tiltakene gjennomføres snarest mulig. Magerøy, J.H. 2020. The freshwater pearl mussel in the Varhaugselvene Rivers. Surveying and conservation action planning. NINA Report 1879. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. The freshwater pearl mussel is known from the 1700s in the Varhaugselvene Rivers. In 1995 it was confirmed that the mussel still was present in the Ualandsåna River in S. Varhaugselv River. In 2018 and 2020 new surveys were undertaken in both N. and S. Varhaugselv Rivers. In addition, a conservation action analysis was completed for the mussel population in Ualandsåna. Mussels were found in the area of the known population in Ualandsåna River (S. Varhaugselv). No mussels were found in Reistadbekken Stream (S. Varhaugselv) or Tvihaugåna River (N. Varhaugselv). Rongjabekken Stream (N. Varhaugselv) was inspected, but not surveyed. In Ualandsåna, the mussels were distributed along ca. 2600 river meters, from downriver Lake Romavatnet to upriver Ualand. In total, 78 mussels were found and the population estimate was a couple hundred specimens. The density within the distribution area was 0.41 mussels pr. minute (equivalent to 0.16 mussels pr. m2). In 2018, one younger mussel was found, which was 56.4 mm long and ca. 12 years old. Empty shells made up 4.9 % of the total number of mussels (both live and shells) found. Even though one younger mussel was found, the recruitment in Ualandsåna is insufficient to maintain the population. In addition, the percentage of empty shells suggest that the mortality rate in the population is somewhat higher than normal. The ecological status of Ualandsåna was classified as «poor» using the freshwater pearl mussel as a threshold indicator, while the mussel population was classified as «going extinct». Since it is very difficult to find juveniles in a sparse population, it is possible that the ecological status in reality is «moderate». Even so, the data suggest that the population will go extinct in the not too distant future. Thus, it is important to identify the management actions that are needed to maintain the population. Eutrophication is a likely cause of the low recruitment in the mussel population in Ualandsåna. To confirm whether this is the case, redox measurements should be taken within the distribution area. In addition, water chemistry studies would also contribute to determine if this is the case. If it is shown that eutrophication is a problem for the mussel, fertilizer and grazing free zones should be implemented along the river. Acidification is another potential cause of the low recruitment in Ualandsåna. Water chemistry analyzes show that the water from Romavatnet is too acidic to maintain the mussel population. However, it is uncertain whether the water quality improves before the river reaches the mussel beds. To examine if acidification is a problem for the mussel, water chemistry studies should be undertaken within the distribution area. If it is shown that acidification is a problem for the mussel, liming should be undertaken in Romavatnet and/or the grasslands along the river. A lack of host fish could also be a cause of the low recruitment in Ualandsåna. Downriver from the distribution area, there is a migration barrier that prevents the upward movement of small fish and could slow the upward movement of spawners. Thus, it could cause reduced production of juvenile fish within the distribution area. To examine if lack of hos fish is a problem for the mussel, it must be determined whether salmon or trout is the host fish species for the mussel in this river. This can be accomplished through genetic studies or through studying infestation of mussel larvae on the fish gills. Subsequently, the density of juvenile fish should be determined. If salmon is the host fish, the migration barrier needs to be modified. Given the low number of mussels, the low recruitment and the high mortality in Ualandsåna, it is important that the necessary actions are taken, to improve the conditions for the mussel, soon.
- Published
- 2020
37. The effects of salinity exposure on multiple life stages of a common freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata.
- Author
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Blakeslee, Carrie J., Galbraith, Heather S., Robertson, Laura S., and St. John White, Barbara
- Subjects
- *
SALINITY , *FRESHWATER mussels , *SALINIZATION , *ELLIPTIO complanatus , *CHEMICAL reactions , *GEOLOGICAL surveys - Abstract
There is growing concern over the effects of increased salinization on freshwater organisms, which are largely unknown for unionid mussels. Adult and larval Elliptio complanata were exposed to low-level salt concentrations to determine the effects on mussel survival, physiology, and reproduction. Adults were exposed to salt concentrations of 0 parts per thousand (ppt), 2 ppt, 4 ppt, and 6 ppt NaCl and monitored over 7 d for mortality. Treatment groups exposed to 6 ppt and 4 ppt experienced 50% mortality at day 3 and day 4, respectively, with complete mortality by day 7. No mortality was observed in the other treatments. Adults were also exposed to sublethal salinity levels of 1 ppt and 2 ppt NaCl for 4 wk to determine physiological consequences of prolonged salinity exposure. Mussels exposed to 1 ppt and 2 ppt experienced reduced metabolic rates within the first 24 h of exposure that recovered to control levels in the 1-ppt treatment within 7 d. Metabolic recovery did not occur in the 2-ppt treatment by the end of 28 d. Glochidia exposed to 3-ppt NaCl during attachment to their host fish suffered a reduction in attachment success and metamorphosis, resulting in a 10-fold reduction in the number of juveniles produced per host fish. The present study demonstrates that low levels of salt can have a dramatic effect on the reproduction, physiology, and survival of freshwater mussels. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2849-2854. © 2013 SETAC. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Newly Documented Host Fishes for the Eastern Elliptio Mussel Elliptio complanata.
- Author
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Lellis, William A., White, Barbara St. John, Cole, Jeffrey C., Johnson, Connie S., Devers, Julie L., Gray, Ellen van Snik, and Galbraith, Heather S.
- Subjects
LAKE trout ,AMERICAN eel ,BIOLOGICAL classification ,MUSSELS ,FRESHWATER mussels ,BROOK trout ,YELLOW perch - Abstract
The eastern elliptio Elliptio complanata is a common, abundant, and ecologically important freshwater mussel that occurs throughout the Atlantic Slope drainage in the United States and Canada. Previous research has shown E. complanata glochidia to be host fish generalists, parasitizing yellow perch Perca flavescens, banded killifish Fundulus diaphanus, banded sculpin Cottus carolinae, and seven centrarchid species. Past laboratory studies have been conducted in the Midwest; however, glochidia used in these studies were obtained from adult mussels in the Great Lakes or St. Lawrence River basins, or glochidia sources were not reported. The objective of this study was to identify host fishes for E. complanata from streams in the Mid-Atlantic region. We used artificial laboratory infections to test host suitability of 38 fish and 2 amphibian species with E. complanata glochidia from the Chesapeake Bay drainage. Glochidia successfully metamorphosed into juvenile mussels on five fish species: American eel Anguilla rostrata, brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, mottled sculpin Cottus bairdii, and slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus. American eel was the most effective host, yielding the highest overall metamorphosis success (percentage of attached glochidia that transformed into juvenile mussels; ≥0.90) and producing 13.2 juveniles per fish overall. No juvenile E. complanata metamorphosed on other fish or amphibian species tested, including many previously identified host fishes that appear in the literature. Reasons for discrepancies in published host fish could include geographic variation in host use across the species' range, differences in host use between lentic and lotic populations, or poorly resolved taxonomy within the genus Elliptio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. The status of host fish populations and fish species richness in European freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) streams.
- Author
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Geist, Juergen, Porkka, Markku, and Kuehn, Ralph
- Subjects
FISH populations ,FRESHWATER fishes ,MUSSELS ,MARGARITIFERA margaritifera ,SALMO ,BROWN trout ,ELECTRIC fishing ,BIOMASS ,COOKING - Abstract
1. The status of host fish populations and fish species richness was investigated at 36 sites of 20 extant freshwater pearl mussel populations, including the drainages of the Elbe, Danube, Rhine, Weser, Aulne, Kemijoki and Tuuloma in Germany, the Czech Republic, France and Finland, by carrying out comparative electrofishings. 2. Brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) were found to be the available host fish for pearl mussels in all except one of the streams investigated with mean densities of 2861 ha
-1 (range 0–8710 ha-1 ) and a mean biomass of 119 kg ha-1 (range 0–478 kg ha-1 ). Streams that had been frequently stocked with brown trout had higher trout biomass and densities of host fish than natural populations, but trout stocking had no positive effect in two of the streams investigated. 3. Fish species richness ranged from 2 to 16 species per stream and showed a negative correlation with host fish biomass and host fish densities. Undisturbed oligotrophic pearl mussel headwater streams usually only yielded a low number of fish species. Habitat degradation can reduce competitiveness of specialized trout and result in an increased abundance of ubiquitous or atypical species. 4. A link between the lack of juvenile pearl mussels and a lack of suitable host fish was only rarely observed. Functional pearl mussel populations with relatively high numbers of juveniles had significantly lower densities and biomass of host fish than pearl mussel populations without recent recruitment. 5. This study suggests that 0+ host fish are not necessarily required to sustain functional pearl mussel populations. Low densities of host fish can be compensated by the higher glochidia carrying capacity of older host fish with limited previous contact with pearl mussel glochidia, by the long reproductive period of mussels, and by low mortality rates of juvenile mussels during their post-parasitic phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. An unexpected host for the endangered giant freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera auricularia (Spengler, 1793) as a conservation tool
- Author
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Nina Richard, Karl M. Wantzen, Joaquín Soler, Laure Morisseau, Philippe Jugé, Yann Guerez, Catherine Boisneau, Rafael Araujo, Cités, Territoires, Environnement et Sociétés (CITERES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours (UT), CETU (Centres d'Expertise et de Transfert de l'Université) ELMIS Ingénieries, Université Francois Rabelais [Tours], Université de Tours (UT), Universidade Federal do Maranhão [São Luis] (UFMA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours, and Université de Tours
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Margaritifera auricularia ,Host fish ,Ecology ,biology ,Lamprey ,Host (biology) ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Endangered species ,Zoology ,Conservation ,Aquatic Science ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Petromyzon ,Freshwater mussels ,Freshwater pearl mussel ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,14. Life underwater ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
The giant freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera auricularia (GFPM) is one of the most endangered bivalve species in the world. Originally occurring in many European rivers, the GFPM is a relict now restricted to a few ageing populations in France and Spain in which natural reproduction is almost absent. Like most unionoid mussels, the GFPM needs host fish for the development of their parasitic larvae (glochidia). The European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), the only known native host fish of the GFPM in France, is essentially extinct. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify other hosts that could be responsible for the few cases of recent recruitment. Natural infestation of wild fishes in three French rivers was assessed to identify potential hosts of M. auricularia, while artificial infestation experiments were conducted on the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and the wels catfish (Silurus glanis) to determine their compatibility as hosts. Among the 29 fish species assessed for natural infestation, only the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) carried M. auricularia glochidia. In the artificial infestation experiments, living juvenile mussels were collected from both P. marinus and S. glanis. The number of juveniles collected from a single P. marinus specimen (13,827) suggests that this species is a highly efficient host. As with previously known hosts, newly identified ones also appear to have a relationship with marine environments. The present findings suggest that P. marinus has played a key role in preventing the total extinction of M. auricularia in France, and indicate the potential use of P. marinus in conservation strategies aimed at reintroducing or stabilizing populations of this rare mollusc.
- Published
- 2019
41. An alien fish threatens an endangered parasitic bivalve : the relationship between brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) in northern Europe
- Subjects
enemy release hypothesis ,Margaritifera margaritifera ,host fish ,Salvelinus fontinalis ,ta1181 ,biological invasion ,glochidium parasitism ,bivalve - Published
- 2016
42. Overvåking av elvemusling i Ogna, Rogaland. Tiltaksovervåking kalking 2017–2018
- Author
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Larsen, Bjørn Mejdell
- Subjects
elvemusling ,density ,utbredelse ,muslinglarver ,vertsfisk ,overvåking ,tetthet ,length ,monitoring ,host fish ,mussel larvae ,freshwater pearl mussel ,distribution ,lengde - Abstract
Larsen, B.M. 2018. Overvåking av elvemusling i Ogna, Rogaland. Tiltaksovervåking kalking 2017–2018. NINA Rapport 1582. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. Elvemusling har forsvunnet fra mange av de store laksevassdragene på Sør-Vestlandet, og det var også antatt at elvemuslingen i Ogna var utdødd på 1980-tallet på grunn av forsuring. Senere ble den imidlertid gjenfunnet, og etter en kartlegging av restbestanden i 1997–1999 har bestanden blitt overvåket hvert tredje år fram til 2011, og på nytt igjen i 2017–2018. Laksestammen i Ogna var også truet, og det var årlig meldinger om fiskedød på 1980-tallet. Fra 1991 er vassdraget derfor kalket med en kombinasjon av innsjøkalking og dosererkalking. Det har uten tvil vært en positiv utvikling i bestanden av elvemusling i Ogna i forbindelse med disse kalkingstiltakene i vassdraget. Det har vært en reetablering av muslinger i løpet av perioden 1991–2018 på hele strekningen mellom Ualand og Rabalia der det tidligere bare var store og gamle muslinger. I tillegg har det kommet tilbake muslinger både ovenfor og nedenfor kraftstasjonen ved Hetland. I 2008 ble det for første gang påvist vellykket rekruttering ovenfor Øvrabøvatnet, og i 2011 også helt ned mot Hylland bru. Muslinger spres til nye lokaliteter i Ogna hovedsakelig festet til gjellene på laksunger i vassdraget. Det ble i 2018 observert laksunger med muslinglarver på gjellene nedenfor utløpet av Krågevatn i et område der det foreløpig ikke er påvist levende muslinger. Det er i dag påvist elvemusling i Ogna fra utløpet av Krågevatnet til Hylland bru nedstrøms Hetland kraftstasjon. Dette utgjør en strekning på om lag 7,0 km når vi utelater Øvrabøvatnet. Historiske opplysninger tyder imidlertid på at elvemusling var utbredt i hele den lakseførende strekningen i vassdraget tidligere – en strekning på mer enn 30 km. På stasjoner med elvemusling varierte antallet mellom 0,02 og 1,57 individ pr. minutt observasjonstid på fritellingene i 2018. Det var en reduksjon i antall muslinger på en av stasjonene fra 2011 til 2018, men en kraftig økning i antall muslinger på en annen stasjon bidro til at den gjennomsnittlige tettheten på fritellingene likevel ble opprettholdt. Det har vært en økning fra 0,10 individ pr. minutt i 1999 til 0,55 individ pr. minutt i 2018. Som i 2011 ble det også funnet levende elvemusling på alle de fem transektene som undersøkes i Ogna. Det har vært en økning i gjennomsnittlig tetthet fra 0,09 individ pr. m² i 1999 til 0,14–0,16 individ pr. m² i 2005–2018 for de fem transektene. Skallengden til levende elvemusling varierte fra 36 til 159 mm i juni 2018. De fleste muslingene var mellom 105 og 125 mm lange, men det var i tillegg en høy andel muslinger i lengdegruppen 55–70 mm. Da muslingene vokser godt i Ogna, er det antatt at 10 og 20 år gamle har en skallengde på henholdsvis 60 og 100 mm. I 2018 var om lag 8 % av individene 10 år eller yngre. Andelen unge muslinger som har kommet opp i reproduktiv alder har økt de siste årene, og det er vist at graviditetsfrekvensen var høyere hos de unge muslingene sammenlignet med de eldre individene. Laks er eneste vertsfisk for elvemuslingens larver i Ogna («laksemusling»). Selv om antall muslinglarver på laksungene vil variere mellom år, er det nå en større andel av laksungene som er infestert med et stadig høyere antall muslinglarver enn tidligere. En god laksebestand er derfor en forutsetning for å opprettholde en god muslingbestand i elva. Gjennomsnittlig tetthet av årsyngel (0+) og ettårige eller eldre laksunger (≥1+) har vært henholdsvis 40–90 og 10–30 individ pr. 100 m² om høsten i de fleste av årene etter kalking. Mangel på vertsfisk er derfor ikke lenger begrensende for en vellykket rekruttering hos elvemusling i Ogna. Varierende årsklassestyrke hos elvemusling kan være forårsaket av mange faktorer, bl.a. forskjeller i påslag av muslinglarver på laksungenes gjeller og overlevelse av de unge muslingene i de første leveårene. Forsuring og eutrofiering er viktig i denne sammenhengen og dårlig vannkvalitet har antagelig vært den viktigste årsaken til tap av musling i Ogna. Manglende kunnskap om elvemuslingens tålegrenser for ulike vannkjemiske parametere og hvordan disse virker i kombinasjon, gjør at det er usikkert hva som vil være det beste vannkvalitetsmålet for elvemusling i Ogna. Inntil videre er det foreslått å heve pH slik at pH ikke i noen del av året skal være lavere enn 6,4. Samtidig må mengden labilt aluminium reduseres slik at verdiene ikke overstiger 10 μg/l og konsentrasjonen av kalsium kan med fordel være opp mot 2,5 mg/l.
- Published
- 2018
43. Long-Term Monitoring Reveals Differential Responses of Mussel and Host Fish Communities in a Biodiversity Hotspot.
- Author
-
Sanchez Gonzalez, Irene, Hopper, Garrett W., Bucholz, Jamie, Atkinson, Carla L., Minton, Russell, and Blanchet, Simon
- Subjects
- *
FRESHWATER biodiversity , *FISH communities , *FISHING villages , *MUSSELS , *WILDLIFE conservation , *BIODIVERSITY monitoring - Abstract
Biodiversity hotspots can serve as protected areas that aid in species conservation. Long-term monitoring of multiple taxonomic groups within biodiversity hotspots can offer insight into factors influencing their dynamics. Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) and fish are highly diverse and imperiled groups of organisms with contrasting life histories that should influence their response to ecological factors associated with local and global change. Here we use historical and contemporary fish and mussel survey data to assess fish and mussel community changes over a 33 year period (1986–2019) and relationships between mussel abundance and their host fish abundance in Bogue Chitto Creek, a tributary of the Alabama River and a biodiversity hotspot. Mussel abundance declined by ~80% and community composition shifted, with eight species previously recorded not found in 2019, and a single individual of the endangered Pleurobema decisum. Fish abundances increased and life history strategies in the community appeared stable and there was no apparent relationship between mussel declines and abundance of host fish. Temporal variation in the proportion of life history traits composing mussel assemblages was also indicative of the disturbances specifically affecting the mussel community. However, changes and declines in mussel assemblages in Bogue Chitto Creek cannot be firmly attributed to any specific factor or events because of gaps in historical environmental and biological data. We believe that mobility differences contributed to differential responses of fish and mussel communities to stressors including habitat degradation, recent droughts and invasive species. Overall, our work indicates that monitoring biodiversity hotspots using hydrological measurements, standardized survey methods and monitoring invasive species abundance would better identify the effects of multiple and interactive stressors that impact disparate taxonomic groups in freshwater ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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44. Effect of the Anesthetic Agent MS-222 on the Attachment Performance and Metamorphosis Success of Glochidial Larvae in Anodonta Japonica (Unionidae:Anodontinae)
- Author
-
Akiyama, Yoshihiro B., Mizuno, Maki, Shirai, Masaki, and Natuhara, Yoshihiro
- Subjects
glochidal viability ,parasitic rate ,host fish ,MS-222 ,Gymnogobius urotaenia - Abstract
We examined the effects of the anesthetic agcnt MS-222 on glochidial viability in Anodonta japonica, the parasitization rate of thc glochidia on thc host fish Gymnogobius urotaenia and the metamorphosis rate into juveniles in vitro. Snap frequency of the glochidial valves decreased with an incrcase in MS-222 concentration. Likewise, parasitization success of the larvae on thc gills of G. urotaenia was reduced when thc host fish was exposed to an MS- 222 solution (150 mg^-1L) for five minutes prior to introducing the glochidia to the fish. Metamorphosis succcss (juveniles/free-living larvae ratio) was reduced by 50% when the host fish was anesthetized with MS-222, though thc effect of the anesthetic agent was not detectable statistically. These suggest that glochidial viability and parasitization rate data obtained from previous studies using MS-222 may have contained an artifact.Therefore, future studies on the parasite-host relationship between unionid glochidia and host flshes when MS-222 is used should consider the effect of the anesthetic agent on unionid glochidia.
- Published
- 2014
45. Elvemusling i Fusta, Nordland – konsekvenser av rotenonbehandling i vassdraget og tiltak for å sikre bestanden av musling
- Author
-
Larsen, Bjørn Mejdell
- Subjects
elvemusling ,density ,utbredelse ,rotenon ,vertsfisk ,overvåking ,tetthet ,length ,water quality ,remedial action ,NINA Rapport ,rotenone ,monitoring ,host fish ,River Fusta, Nordland county ,freshwater pearl mussel ,distribution ,lengde ,avbøtende tiltak ,Fusta, Nordland ,vannkvalitet - Abstract
Larsen, B.M. 2015. Elvemusling i Fusta, Nordland – konsekvenser av rotenonbehandling i vassdraget og tiltak for å sikre bestanden av muslinger. – NINA Rapport 1189. 49 s. Rotenonbehandlinger i elv gir en kortvarig og begrenset skade på elvemusling, og ingen dødelighet er påvist hverken i Fusta eller andre vassdrag som er undersøkt. Rotenonbehandling av de store innsjøene i Fusta derimot ga en akutt dødelighet av elvemusling i hele Fusta, opptil åtte kilometer nedenfor utløpet av Fustvatnet. Status for elvemuslingen i Fusta er at vi nå (2015) har 1) 124 voksne muslinger av opprinnelig Fusta-stamme fordelt på to gode oppvekstområder i elva (forutsatt at alle muslingene har overlevd etter tilbakeføringen fra Herringelva og Baåga i 2014), 2) et ukjent antall ett år gamle muslinger som var et resultat av at ca. 8700 laksunger med muslinglarver på gjellene ble satt ut i Fusta i april 2014, 3) et ukjent antall voksne muslinger i Herringelva og 4) et ukjent antall ensomrige muslinger som kan være et resultat av vellykket reproduksjon og infeksjon av laksunger (naturlig produsert eller resultat av rognplanting eller utsetting) høsten 2014 i Fusta. Denne og tidligere undersøkelser har ikke påvist dødelighet eller forflytning av muslinger i for-bindelse med rotenonbehandlinger i elv på grunn av den relativt korte eksponeringstiden og de lave dosene som er benyttet. Det direkte tapet av muslinger i Fusta begrenset seg til to årsklas-ser av muslinglarver som enten ikke hadde vertsfisk tilgjengelig høsten 2011 og 2012 eller at reproduksjonen ble avbrutt da denne sammenfalt i tid med rotenonbehandlingen (abortering av melke og ubefruktede egg). Det ble observert at muslingene trakk seg sammen og lukket seg når «rotenonskyen» passerte. I Fusta var muslingene negativt påvirket i en periode på opptil 10 timer, og mer enn halvparten av muslingene var helt lukket i en periode på 8,5 timer. Ved rotenonbehandling av innsjøene i Fustavassdraget (Ømmervatnet, Mjåvatnet og Fustvatnet) ble virkningen av giften langvarig, og kontinuerlig tilførsel av rotenonholdig vann til Fusta gjen-nom hele høsten og vinteren 2012/2013 medførte total dødelighet for de gjenværende musling-ene i Fusta. Eksponeringsforsøk viste at muslingene i Fusta overlevde minst en og en halv må-ned etter innsjøbehandlingen, men at de i april 2013 ble gjenfunnet døde. Når elvemusling først har forsvunnet fra en lokalitet finnes det normalt ingen refugier i vassdraget der de har overlevd og som kan gi grunnlag for en reetablering. Tiltak for å bevare muslingene må derfor settes i verk i god tid før en innsjøbehandling kan iverksettes. I Fusta ble det forsøkt å samle inn flest mulig muslinger for omplassering til to sideelver ovenfor innsjøene. Totalt 381 muslinger ble flyttet til Herringelva og Baåga i august/oktober 2012. Fra Baåga kunne det tilbakeføres 102 levende muslinger. I Herringelva ble bare 22 muslinger tilba-keført. En kraftig flom i desember 2013 gravde opp og forflyttet alle utsatte muslinger sammen med store mengder stein, steinblokker og grus, og var en katastrofe for denne delen av tiltaket. Det er fortsatt 89 % av muslingene som ble omplassert til Herringelva som vi ikke kan gjøre rede for. Noen av disse har sannsynligvis overlevd, og kan fortsatt finnes i elva, men på ukjent sted. Et tiltak som imidlertid ble vellykket, var overføring av gravide muslinger til Leirfjord kultiveringsan-legg høsten 2013. De ble satt sammen med laksunger som skulle tilbakeføres til Fusta våren 2014. Dette resulterte i at tilnærmet alle laksungene ble infisert med muslinglarver i løpet av høsten. I mai 2014 var fortsatt mer enn 90 % av laksungene infisert med et gjennomsnitt på 14,5 muslinglarver på hver laksunge. Om lag 8700 laksunger ble satt ut i Fusta 7. mai 2014, og basert på gjennom-snittlig antall muslinglarver på laksungene ble det samtidig satt ut 117.450 muslinglarver med laksungene. Når laks er primærvert for larvene til elvemuslingen blir den særlig sårbar i vassdrag med Gyro-dactylus salaris. Parasitten gir høy dødelighet av laksunger, og har indirekte ført til en reduksjon i rekrutteringen av elvemusling i Fusta. Siden parasitten ble oppdaget i 1980, har bestanden av laks blitt kraftig redusert. Mangel på egnet vertsfisk har i mer enn 30 år redusert rekrutteringen til bestanden av elvemusling som i utgangspunktet var svært liten. Elvemuslingen har imidlertid en lang reproduktiv periode slik at bestanden kan ta seg opp igjen bare tiltak settes inn som øker antall laksunger i Fusta. Når oppvekstforholdene generelt er tilfredsstillende slik som i Fusta, vil de nyetablerte småmuslingene ha en stor mulighet til å overleve og gi opphav til sterke årsklas-ser som er med på å bygge opp igjen bestanden av elvemusling på lang sikt. Elvemusling har sin egen handlingsplan, har status som norsk ansvarsart, er angitt som sårbar på den norske rødlista over truede dyrearter i Norge, er totalfredet mot all fangst og er foreslått av Miljødirektoratet som prioritert art etter Naturmangfoldloven. Dette bør komme tydeligere til ut-trykk under planleggingen av framtidige rotenonbehandlinger eller andre forstyrrelser og inngrep i vassdrag med elvemusling. I Fusta kom arbeidet med kartlegging av bestanden og planlegging av bevaring og reetableringstiltak for sent i gang, og arbeidet ble i noen grad preget av haste-løsninger. I handlingsplanen for elvemusling er målet for arbeidet med forvaltning av elvemusling i et lang-siktig perspektiv at den skal finnes i livskraftige populasjoner i hele Norge. Alle nåværende na-turlige populasjoner skal opprettholdes eller forbedres. Ut fra en slik målsetting er det nødvendig å gjennomføre ytterligere tiltak i Fusta for å øke rekrutteringen, og tiltak som kan bygge opp igjen bestanden av elvemusling. Utplanting av rogn og utsetting av laksyngel vil være ett viktig virke-middel. Om noen av laksungene systematisk ble infisert med muslinglarver om høsten før de ble satt ut i Fusta sent på høsten eller neste vår som ettårige laksunger, kunne det bidra ytterligere til raskere reetablering. På sikt (etter friskmelding av Fusta) kan det også være aktuelt å overføre stammuslinger til oppdrettsanlegget for elvemusling på Austevoll. Det vil gjøre det mulig å pro-dusere et stort antall ettårige eller eldre muslinger for utsetting i Fustavassdraget. © Norsk institutt for naturforskning. Publikasjonen kan siteres fritt med kildeangivelse.
- Published
- 2016
46. The role of salmonid fishes in conservation of the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera)
- Author
-
Salonen, Jouni
- Subjects
animal structures ,Salvelinus fontinalis ,Salmo salar ,lohikalat ,puronieriä ,lohi ,parasitismi ,glochidium parasitism ,isäntälajit ,simpukat ,eläimistön suojelu ,atlantinlohi ,invasive species ,jokihelmisimpukka ,toukat ,taimen ,purotaimen ,host fish ,populaatiot ,freshwater pearl mussel ,virtavedet ,Salmo trutta ,vieraslajit ,suojelu - Abstract
The abundance of freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera) has declined widely during the past century, and new conservation initiatives are needed. This thesis focused on the relationship between M. margaritifera and its salmonid host required for reproduction of this species. First, by exposing fish experimentally to glochidium larvae of M. margaritifera, different M. margaritifera populations were shown to demonstrate strong differences in their ability to parasitize different salmonid species. Atlantic salmon was clearly a better host for mussels in large river channels, whereas in small headwater tributaries brown trout was the best, or the only suitable, host. These findings provide a previously unrecognised explanation for the collapse and the lack of recruitment especially of the salmon-specific M. margaritifera populations; a high proportion of large salmon rivers were dammed for hydropower production in the 1960s, which prevented the migration of salmon and thus left M. margaritifera without the appropriate host in these rivers. Furthermore, an invasive salmonid, brook trout, was widely introduced to small tributaries above the dams in the past, but in this study was shown to be an unsuitable host for M. margaritifera. Thus, and due to the tendency of brook trout to replace native brown trout, the spread of brook trout is an additional threat to M. margaritifera. An indication of local adaptation of M. margaritifera, i.e. higher infectivity in sympatric salmonid host strain than in allopatric populations of the same species, was also detected. Finally, a new, non- destructive approach to search for M. margaritifera populations, involving electrofishing and quick visual examination of the gills of captured salmonids, revealed the occurrence of 3 previously unknown populations. The results of this thesis highlight the importance of taking into account the roles of salmonid fish in future efforts to search, protect and restore freshwater pearl mussel populations.
- Published
- 2016
47. The characteristics of the infection of juvenile Atlantic salmon with glochidia of the freshwater pearl mussel in rivers of Northwest Russia
- Author
-
A.E. Veselov, Svetlana A. Murzina, Juergen Geist, V.V. Ziuganov, E. P. Ieshko, and Lebedeva Di
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,animal structures ,Salmo salar ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Aquatic Science ,engineering.material ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,lcsh:Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,host fish ,Juvenile ,Salmo ,Margaritifera ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,Water Science and Technology ,lcsh:SH1-691 ,Ecology ,biology ,Host (biology) ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,fungi ,Mussel ,biology.organism_classification ,eye diseases ,glochidial infestation ,Fishery ,Margaritifera margaritifera ,Interaction with host ,Freshwater pearl mussel ,engineering ,Pearl - Abstract
The decline of freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.) populations is globally well documented, but there is a lack of knowledge concerning the status of the species and its interaction with host fishes in the rivers of the White and Baltic Seas. This study aimed to identify the host fish of pearl mussel in four rivers of Karelia (Northwest Russia), to analyse the duration of the parasitic phase, and the susceptibility of fish hosts to the infestation. Juvenile sea-migrating and land-locked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were identified as the most important hosts. In the Keret’ River, reduced numbers of juvenile Atlantic salmon are likely to result in a decline of pearl mussel. This problem does not appear to be present for the other three studied rivers. Pearl mussel glochidia were mostly found in yearlings (0+), whereas older fish were infected less, suggesting a more complex pattern of host use than commonly expected. The remote location of Karelian pearl mussel rivers, the high number of pearl mussels in them, and their rather pristine state all suggest that these rivers have a high conservation priority. The importance of Atlantic salmon as a host fish and the emerging declines of Atlantic salmon populations, e.g., in the Keret’ River, suggest that the sustaining of this host species should have a high conservation priority.
- Published
- 2016
48. Bioecology and conservation of Duck Mussel Species (Anodonta anatina L., 1758) in Northeastern Portugal
- Author
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Inssi, Hanane, Teixeira, Amílcar, and Bernay, Nadia
- Subjects
Host fish ,Ecological integrity ,Anodonta anatina ,Invertebrates - Abstract
Freshwater mussel (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Unionoida) populations are one of the most endangered faunistic groups. Mussels play an important role in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, because they are responsible for the filtration and purification of water. They have a complex life cycle, with a parasitic larvae and usually limited host fish species. The real status of these populations is still poorly understood worldwide. The objectives of the present work were the study of bioecology of duck mussel (Anodonta anatina L.) populations of Tua Basin (NE Portugal). It was made the characterization of the ecological status of Rabaçal, Tuela and Tua Rivers, selecting 15 sampling sites, equally distributed by the three rivers. Samplings were made in the winter of 2016, and several physico-chemical water parameters measured and two habitat quality indexes calculated (GQC and QBR indexes). Benthic macroinvertebrate communities were sampled based on the protocols established by the Water Framework Directive. Host fish populations for duck mussel were determined in laboratorial conditions, testing several native and exotic fish species. The results showed that several water quality variables (e.g. dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, and nutrients) can be used for the classification of river typology. Other responsive metrics were also determined to identify environmental degradation. For instances, hydromorphological conditions (GQC and QBR indexes) and biota related metrics (e.g. composition, distribution, abundance, diversity of invertebrate communities) contributed to the evaluation of the ecological integrity. The upper zones of Rabaçal and Tuela rivers were classified with excellent and good ecological integrity, while less quality was found in downstream zones. The host fish tests showed that only native species are effective hosts, essential for the conservation purposes of this mussel species. Threats, like pollution, sedimentation and river regularization (3 big dams are in construction or in filling phase), are the main cause of habitat loss for native mussel and fish populations in the future. Rehabilitation and mitigation measures are essential for these lotic ecosystems in order to preserve the prioritary habitats and the native species heavily threatened. As populações de mexilhão de água doce (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Unionoida) são um dos grupos faunísticos mais ameaçadas. Desempenham um papel importante no funcionamento dos ecossistemas aquáticos, sendo responsáveis pela filtração e purificação de água. Têm também um ciclo de vida complexo, com larvas que parasitam obrigatoriamente um conjunto limitado de espécies piscícolas hospedeiras. O estado real destas populações é ainda pouco conhecido em todo o mundo. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram o estudo da bioecologia das populações de Anodonta anatina (L.) na bacia do rio Tua (NE Portugal). Foi feita a caracterização do estado ecológico dos rios Rabaçal, Tuela e Tua, selecionando 15 locais de amostragem. As amostragens, feitas no inverno de 2016 permitiram avaliar a qualidade físico-química da água e dos habitats. As comunidades de invertebrados foram amostradas com base nos protocolos estabelecidos pela Directiva-Quadro da Água. Os peixes hospedeiros de A. anatina foram determinados em condições laboratoriais, testando várias espécies de peixes nativas e exóticas. Os resultados mostraram que há variáveis de qualidade da água (e.g., oxigénio dissolvido, condutividade, pH, sólidos dissolvidos totais e nutrientes) que podem ser usados para a classificação de tipologia dos rios. Foram ainda determinadas outras métricas responsivas para identificar a degradação ambiental. Por exemplo, as condições hidromorfológicas (índices GQC e QBR) e as métricas relacionadas com o biota (e.g. composição, abundância, diversidade de invertebrados) permitiram avaliar a integridade ecológica. As zonas superiores dos rios Rabaçal e Tuela foram classificados com excelente integridade ecológica, enquanto qualidade foi menos boa nas zonas de jusante. Dos peixes testados, apenas as espécies nativas são hospedeiros eficazes, essenciais para efeitos de conservação desta espécie. As principais ameaças para a A. anatina no NE de Portugal são a poluição, sedimentação e regularização fluvial (3 grandes barragens estão em construção ou em fase de enchimento), responsáveis pela substancial perda de habitat. Neste sentido, é essencial a definição de medidas de reabilitação e mitigação para a conservação dos habitats prioritários e das espécies nativas fortemente ameaçadas.
- Published
- 2016
49. Preliminary Report on Sex Differentiation in Germ Cells of Normal and Transplanted Gonads in the Fish, Oryzias latipes
- Author
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Satoh, N., Egami, N., and Schröder, Johannes Horst, editor
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Hosts
- Author
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Strayer, David L., author
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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