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A dual fan-shaped structure covered with Ag films was investigated for generating twin photonic hooks (t-PHs). The t-PH characteristics of this structure are studied using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. The results show that by designing appropriate fan-shaped opening angles and angles of Ag films coverage, the switching between t-PHs, S-shaped t-PHs, and W-shaped t-PHs can be achieved, along with controlling over the bending angles. The maximum first, second, and third bending angles for the obtained W-shaped t-PHs are 51.3°, 36.4°, and 41.8°, respectively, while the Ag films angle is 5°. The investigated tunable morphology t-PHs provide innovative applications in the fields of nanolithography and integrated optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the problem in the existence of gate marks on the surface of a shredder shell plastic part, a hot runner mold with a complex inverted structure and a rear mold feeding mode was designed. The ejection action was completed through designing mechanical hooks. Considering the structural characteristics of the plastic parts with multiple inverted buckles surround them and internal bone positions, a four-sided slider splicing and core-pulling mechanism was designed for demolding on the lateral side of the rear mold. The back mold core was designed with multiple insert structures, which facilitated the processing, prevented the air trapping, improved the molding efficiency and quality. During the mass production, the various mechanisms of the mold operated smoothly, and the quality of the plastic parts was excellent, which could meet the requirements of design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a framework to assess the factual decentralization of blockchain-based financial infrastructure, commonly referred to as 'decentralized finance' (DeFi). It discusses various centralization vectors along the DeFi architecture layers from a technological and legal point of view. Distinguishing between endogenous and inherited centralization, the importance of decentralization assessments for regulators is demonstrated. First, centralization vectors are a strong indication that a DeFi project may have (some) custodial properties warranting regulation. Second, centralization vectors reveal the avenues of control in projects, pointing out appropriate regulatory hooks. The article serves as an interdisciplinary introduction that analyses blockchain-based financial infrastructure and provides policymakers and regulators with a tool to identify the differences between truly independent, neutral infrastructure and fake decentralization. It concludes that the former may have very beneficial properties and can contribute towards a more open and transparent financial system, while the latter is a blockchain-based form of financial intermediation and should be regulated as such. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sling configurations significantly influence the coupled dynamics of the helicopter with slung load system (HSLS), resulting in alterations to handling qualities (HQs) that remain inadequately understood. This study introduces a computer-oriented, generalized method for constructing the HSLS model with various sling configurations. To evaluate the HQs of 1-point, 2-point, and 4-point sling configurations, both the stability and response criteria outlined in ADS-33E and a newly proposed criterion for slung loads towards the updated ADS-33F were employed. Modal analysis was conducted to elucidate the coupled mechanisms of the HSLS under different sling configurations. The findings reveal that the dynamics of the main rotor can attenuate the lateral swing motions of the load in the 4-point sling configuration. While multiple-point sling configurations can enhance the helicopter's bandwidth, they also amplify the magnitude notch in the helicopter's response. Nevertheless, when a larger hook distance is employed, the notch frequency is sufficiently distant from the load swing bandwidth, leading to a reduced degradation in HQs. A 4-point configuration with lateral and longitudinal hook distances equal to twice the width and length of the slung load is recommended in practice to achieve sufficient swing stability and mitigate HQ degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catch‐and‐release (C&R) angling is often used to maintain high catch rates but fish vulnerability to capture may decrease following hooking, thereby decreasing angler catch per unit effort (CPUE) (hyperdepletion). To determine if fish post‐capture response affected recapture probability and population‐level CPUE, individual capture histories of Largemouth Bass in two lakes were compared before and after doubling angling effort in a Before‐After Control‐Impact (BACI) analysis. Previous capture and day‐of‐season both affected recapture probability. Counteracting effects of previous capture and reduced late‐season catch rates caused no hyperdepletion of angler CPUE. Our results highlight the complexity of fish behavioral responses to angling and suggest that hyperdepletion of angling catch rates may not be an issue in C&R fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we study hook lengths of ordinary partitions and t -regular partitions. We establish hook length biases for the ordinary partitions and motivated by them we find a few interesting hook length biases in 2-regular partitions. For a positive integer k , let p (k) (n) denote the number of hooks of length k in all the partitions of n. We prove that p (k) (n) ≥ p (k + 1) (n) for all n ≥ 0 and n ≠ k + 1 ; and p (k) (k + 1) − p (k + 1) (k + 1) = − 1 for k ≥ 2. For integers t ≥ 2 and k ≥ 1 , let b t , k (n) denote the number of hooks of length k in all the t -regular partitions of n. We find generating functions of b t , k (n) for certain values of t and k. Exploring hook length biases for b t , k (n) , we observe that in certain cases biases are opposite to the biases for ordinary partitions. We prove that b 2 , 2 (n) ≥ b 2 , 1 (n) for all n > 4 , whereas b 2 , 2 (n) ≥ b 2 , 3 (n) for all n ≥ 0. We also propose some conjectures on biases among b t , k (n). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of craters with the characteristics varying in the longitudinal and transverse directions at the laser microperforation of dielectric materials faces significant problems. In this work, a method have been proposed for the microstructuring of polystyrene as an example of polymeric materials involving laser photonic hooks and a low-cost cw laser. An optical fiber with an asymmetric conical tip has been used to form a photonic hook. Experiments demonstrate that curved microcraters with a shape depending on the power of laser radiation can be formed in a polymer substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2010, G.-N. Han obtained the generating function for the number of size t hooks among integer partitions. Here we obtain these generating functions for self-conjugate partitions, which are particularly elegant for even t. If n_t(\lambda) is the number of size t hooks in a partition \lambda and \mathcal {SC} denotes the set of self-conjugate partitions, then for even t we have \begin{equation*} \sum _{\lambda \in \mathcal {SC}} x^{n_t(\lambda)} q^{\vert \lambda \vert } = (-q;q^2)_{\infty } \cdot ((1-x^2)q^{2t};q^{2t})_{\infty }^{\frac {t}{2}}. \end{equation*} As a consequence, if a_t^{\star }(n) is the number of such hooks among the self-conjugate partitions of n, then for even t we obtain the simple formula \begin{equation*} a_t^{\star }(n)=t\sum _{j\geq 1} q^{\star }(n-2tj), \end{equation*} where q^{\star }(m) is the number of partitions of m into distinct odd parts. As a corollary, we find that t\mid a_t^{\star }(n), which confirms a conjecture of Ballantine, Burson, Craig, Folsom and Wen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess, in a large population of Adult Spinal Deformity (ASD) patients, the true interest of varying the upper anchors as a protective measure against Proximal Junctional Kyphosis (PJK), by analyzing and comparing 2 groups of patients defined according to their proximal construct. Another objective of the study is to look for any other factors, radiological or clinical, that would affect the occurrence of the proximal failure. Methods: Retrospective review of a prospective ASD database collected from 5 centers. Inclusion criteria were age of at least 18 years, presence of a spinal deformity with instrumentation from T12 or above to the pelvis, with minimum 2 years of follow-up. Demographic data, spinopelvic parameters, functional outcomes and complications were collected. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors that would affect the occurrence of PJK. Results: 254 patients were included. 166 in the group "screws proximally" (SP) and 88 in the group "hooks proximally" (HP). There was no difference between both groups for PJK (p = 0.967). The occurrence of PJK was rather associated with greater age and BMI, higher preoperative kyphosis, worst preoperative SRS22 and SF36 scores, greater postoperative Sagittal Vertical Axis (SVA), coronal malalignment and kyphosis. Conclusion: The use of proximal hooks was not effective to prevent PJK after ASD surgery, when compared to proximal screws. Worse preoperative functional outcomes and worse postoperative sagittal and also coronal malalignment were the main drivers for the occurrence of PJK regardless the type of proximal implant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an overview of two archeological finds of spearheads from Ani (in the form of a trident with a central straight prong and two side curved hooks) and Dvin (long and heavy spearhead, oval in form, flat in section with round socket). Well-known Byzantine, Georgian, Kyivan Rus', and Muslim Near East archeological, pictorial, and figurative sources will be compared to elucidate the purpose, dating, and origin of the above-mentioned spearheads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swietenia macrophylla King in Hook (SM) is known to have several medicinal properties. Chloroform extracts of SM seeds (SMCE) as well as two isolated limonoids swietenine (1) and swietenolide (2) showed significant in vitro anti-CRC activity in human colon carcinoma (HCT116) cell line. 2 (IC50 = 5.6 µM) was found to be two times more potent than 1 (IC50 = 10 µM). Both compounds showed anti-CRC activity through inhibition of the Mouse Double Minute 2 homolog (MDM2) of the MDM2-p53 pathway. The Selectivity Index (S.I.) of isolated compounds 1 and 2 for cancer cells were about 6.6 and 12.8 fold respectively which was significantly better than the S.I. of the extract (S.I. ∼1.5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use Kostant and Kumar's twisted group ring and its dual to formulate and prove a generalization of Nakada's colored hook formula for any Coxeter groups. For dominant minuscule elements of the Weyl group of a Kac-Moody algebra, this provides another short proof of Nakada's colored hook formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hook defects are common in FSW butt–lap joints, resulting in a significant safety hazard for the parts that suffer cyclic load. In this study, a numerical simulation based on the Euler–Lagrange coupling method was conducted to investigate the formation process of hook defect during FSW of AA6005-T6 aluminum alloy. The simulation results were validated with experimental data, showing good agreement. The formation of the hook defect is caused by the threads on the probe promoting material flow in the thickness direction. In order to further study the effect of probe morphology on hook defects, three kinds of probe models with different morphology were established and numerically simulated by the CEL method. The simulation results show that all three kinds of probes can reduce the size of the hook. The welds obtained using the left–left probe (LLP) and the three-plane probe (TPP) both exhibit void defects, while the welds obtained by a right–left probe (RLP) have no internal void defects. The experimental results show the same characteristics as the simulation results, and the size of the hook defect is reduced to 58 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lower hook mechanism is one of the key mechanisms in netting machine. The weft reel diameter of the new generation netting machine has doubled to the original one, resulting in a large route change of lower hook, thus the lower hook mechanism needs to be redesigned. By comparing the fitting results under different methods, the hook tip trajectory with smaller acceleration is determined. By using the closed vector method, the inverse and forward kinematic models of the mechanism is established and solved. By using NSGA-II genetic algorithm, the transmission performance parameters of the mechanism are effectively optimized. The kinematic simulation of the optimized mechanism is completed in Adams to verify the correctness of kinematic models and the effectiveness of optimization results. The comparison result of the simulated and initial fitted trajectory shows that the lower hook mechanism designed in this paper could meet the technical requirements of the position and posture of the lower hook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balasubramanian, A.; Meenakumari, B.; Pravin, P.; Boopendranath, M.R.; Rajani, M., and Erzini, K., 2024. Mesh and hook selectivity of larger carangid Caranx ignobilis (Forsskal, 1775), captured along the Kanyakumari coast of India. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(3), 554–562. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. The larger carangid Caranx ignobilis is one of the key commercial fisheries operated by traditional fishermen on the Kanyakumari coast of Tamil Nadu, India, using larger meshed gillnet and drift hand lines. No selectivity study was conducted for this species in chosen study area; selectivity studies were conducted for C. ignobilis using different larger meshed gillnets having mesh sizes of 13.5, 14.0, 14.5 and 15.0 cm and hooks No. 5,6,7, and 8. Catch data obtained from gillnets and hooks were appropriated into various uninormal models (i.e. normal scale, normal location, log-normal, and gamma model) and a binormal model for finding the best fit that employs the share each length catch total (SELECT) methodology incorporated in Generalised Including Log-Linear N Estimation Technique (GILLNET) software. The estimated parameters of these models were evaluated using the statistical tools (i.e. model deviance, dispersion parameter, residual plots) to determine the best fit of the selectivity data. The binormal model under equal fishing power and fishing power proportional to hook size were found as best fit for the gillnet and hook selection data respectively. For all meshes and hooks tested, mesh size of 14.5 cm and hook No. 5 showed good catching efficiency capturing the respective modal length of fish 63.3 cm and 62.4 cm, which revealed that modal length of fish caught in the experimental mesh size is greater than the gears used by the traditional fishermen. Gillnet catch data appropriately converged into unimode in the selection curve, whereas the hook catch data appeared with bimode under the binormal model. Over dispersion was common phenomena in catch data obtained from gillnet and hooks because of the dispersed nature of population and the abundance of a larger size of fish in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Auxin regulates plant growth and development through downstream signaling pathways, including the best-known SCFTIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA-ARF pathway and several other less characterized "noncanonical" pathways. Recently, one SCFTIR1/AFB-independent noncanonical pathway, mediated by Transmembrane Kinase 1 (TMK1), was discovered through the analyses of its functions in Arabidopsis apical hook development. Asymmetric accumulation of auxin on the concave side of the apical hook triggers DAR1-catalyzed release of the C-terminal of TMK1, which migrates into the nucleus, where it phosphorylates and stabilizes IAA32/34 to inhibit cell elongation, which is essential for full apical hook formation. However, the molecular factors mediating IAA32/34 degradation have not been identified. Here, we show that proteins in the CYTOKININ INDUCED ROOT WAVING 1 (CKRW1)/WAVY GROWTH 3 (WAV3) subfamily act as E3 ubiquitin ligases to target IAA32/34 for ubiquitination and degradation, which is inhibited by TMK1c-mediated phosphorylation. This antagonistic interaction between TMK1c and CKRW1/WAV3 subfamily E3 ubiquitin ligases regulates IAA32/34 levels to control differential cell elongation along opposite sides of the apical hook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new isoquinoline alkaloids, hypecocarpinine (1) and leptocaramine (2) along with five known ones including leptopidine (3), corydamine (4), protopine (5), dihydroprotopine (6) and oxohydrastinine (7), were isolated from Hypecoum leptocarpum Hook. f. et Thoms. Structures of the compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic methods, including UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1 D and 2 D NMR. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were evaluated using MTT assay. The results showed that compounds 2, 4, and 7 have moderate cytotoxicity against human lung cancer (A549) and human gastric carcinoma (MGC-803) cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new flavonoid glycoside, luteolin-3′-O-β-D-6″-acetyl glucopyranoside (1), along with six known flavonoids, were isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora Hook. The structures of the isolated compounds were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses. Compound 6 exhibited potent cytotoxicity and compounds 1 and 7 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 32 cadaveric fingers with bony mallet injuries were fixed using either the hook plate or the pull-out suture technique. The purpose of this study was to assess the immediate postoperative biomechanical responses of the fixation techniques under different load conditions. The fingers were cyclically loaded with a force of 7 N for 3500 cycles and until construct failure. The maximum displacements of the hook plate and pull-out sutures were 0.7 mm and 0.6 mm, respectively (p = 0.556). The stiffnesses of the hook plate and pull-out suture were 1.3 N/mm and 1.1 N/mm, respectively (p = 0.515). The ultimate loads-to-failure for the hook plate and pull-out suture were 64.4 N (interquartile range [IQR] 37.7–77.7) and 44.5 N (IQR 29.7–63.5), respectively (p = 0.094). Both fixation techniques were able to withstand immediate postoperative mobilization without any difference in fracture displacement, construct stiffness or maximum load to failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concealment of rootkits makes them a significant security threat. Kernel-level rootkits can be extremely dangerous as they have high system privileges. A typical type of kernel-level rootkits is to hook system calls which are essential for overall system functionality. This paper presents drootkit, a tool to detect kernel-level rootkits that hook system calls. Additionally, drootkit can recover damaged systems. This tool utilizes eBPF technology, ensuring both flexibility and security. When installing new kernel modules, the virtual address range of the initial kernel code will not be affected. In light of this, drootkit conducts bounds checking on all system calls within the system. In the case of system calls being hooked, drootkit can detect and recover them while issuing warning messages. For testing purposes, this paper also implements a malicious kernel module that can hook system calls and run on the arm64 platform. We have conducted an experiment that confirms drootkit's capability to detect rootkits while also effectively restoring the system. Moreover, drootkit has very low system overhead and does not significantly affect system performance, making it a reliable choice for a backend program that can run for an extended period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the flange properties of different iris hooks. Setting: Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery (VIROS), Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria. Design: Laboratory study. Methods: The flanging properties of 4 different iris hooks made from polypropylene (PP), elastic polymer (EP), and nylon were investigated with different heating distances and both with and without forceps gripping. The maximum diameter of the flanges was measured, and the shape of the flanges was evaluated. Results: Although both nylon and EP iris hooks had too small flange diameters for intrascleral fixation, PP iris hooks had a sufficient flange diameter (>330 mm) and mushroom-like shape. Furthermore, in PP hooks, heating distance was directly proportional to flange diameter. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that only PP iris hooks are suitable for flanged intrascleral fixation, which is off-label, to secure adequate fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of Michelson interferometer (MI) based on a double hook structure is proposed for measurement of liquid level and temperature. The optical fiber MI based on the double‐hook structure is fabricated using a hydroxide flame heating device. Furthermore, the angle and sensing length of the double‐hook structure can be controlled by a rotating platform. The sensor is fixed on a ruler, which is set vertically on the iron support stand employing a beaker clamp, and the position of the beaker clamp is adjusted so that the double hook structure of the sensor overflows the water surface in the beaker. The temperature and liquid level sensitivities of the sensor are 129.8 pm/°C and −186.2 pm/mm, respectively. The novel optical fiber MI based on the double‐hook structure has the advantages of high sensitivity, low cost and easy fabrication, which has a great market prospect in production and life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While dance has captured attention across platforms and media, remuneration is constrained by copyright issues, a devaluation of dance as a product, and racism. Media coverage of economic, labor, and crediting concerns in popular dance is a critical part of the circuit of creation, discourse, and culture-shifts in online dance. Coverage has an important role in an age of online organizing and the exposure economy, while it simultaneously extracts value from the creators being covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taenia hydatigena, an intestinal parasite of domestic and wild canids which can cause medical problems and economic losses in animals. Thirty T. hydatigena recovered from the intestine of stray dogs after T. hydatigena based on morphological characters and morphometric observations involving Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the scoleces were stained by Semichon's acid carmine and viewed on a light microscope. High-quality SEM photographs were shown the blade dimensions of both large and small hooks (83.89 µm and 48.16 µm) respectively, which was close to measurements by a digital camera. The number of hooks around the rostellum were 30 hooks, and both were equal in number (15 hooks), while the average length of the large hooks was 220.11 ±28.07 µm, and was 88.58 ±7.92, and the average length of small hooks was142.37 ±12.52 µm and was 65.73 ±6.94 µm. body surface of Taenia hydatigena presence of characteristic transverse cuticular striations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) measurements are used to manage women classified with a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL). Two point of care testing (POCT) devices that quantify hCG are commercially available. We verified the i-STAT 1 (Abbott) and the AQT 90 FLEX (Radiometer) prior to use in PUL triage. Tests for precision, external quality assurance (EQA), correlation, hook effect and recovery were undertaken alongside a POCT usability assessment during this prospective multi-center verification. Coefficients of variation ranged between 4.0 and 5.1 % for the three i-STAT 1 internal quality control (IQC) solutions and between 6.8 and 7.3 % for the two AQT IQC solutions. Symmetric differences in POCT EQA results when compared with laboratory and EQA stock values ranged between 3.2 and 24.5 % for the i-STAT 1 and between 3.3 and 36.9 % for the AQT. Correlation coefficients (i-STAT 1: 0.96, AQT: 0.99) and goodness of fit curves (i-STAT 1: 0.92, AQT: 0.99) were excellent when using suitable whole blood samples. An hCG hook effect was noted with the i-STAT 1 between 572,194 and 799,089 IU/L, lower than the hook effect noted with the AQT, which was between 799,089 and 1,619,309 IU/L. When hematocrit concentration was considered in sample types validated for use with each device, hCG recovery was 108 % with the i-STAT 1 and 98 % with the AQT. The i-STAT 1 scored lower on usability overall (90/130) than the AQT (121/130, p<0.001, Mann-Whitney). Both hCG POCT devices were verified for use in clinical practice. Practical factors must also be considered when choosing which device to use in each unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial focuses on writing academic articles that appeal to researcher audiences. I offer 10 tips for audience considerations in writing research articles. One tip is to develop a hook. What is a hook and how does one craft it? I help to answer these questions by encouraging authors to move beyond the over-utilized claim that "very little research exists on this topic." That is a challenging claim to substantiate after decades and centuries of existing studies on most topics, and it is unnecessary. More than likely in this contemporary year, there are many studies relevant to the topics of any article. Their lack is probably more a reflection of the author not thoroughly looking than whether they exist. But why make such a challenging claim? There are many other interesting reasons to pay attention to a topic than lack of attention. Be more creative than only "filling a gap." The editorial concludes with attention to the writing process and an affirmation of the inverted triangle for organizing the structure of each section in an article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research essay challenges educators to embrace mutual recognition when interacting with students. Our data are the words of the young people who participated with us in one particular undergraduate class on school discipline at Rutgers University in Newark, New Jersey, in the United States in the fall of 2022. Tahjuan, who had been our student in the 7th grade in 2011, co-taught the class with us. In writing this essay and in teaching the class, we were inspired by a short passage from Ta-Nehisi Coates about the shackling young people of color endure and another, by bell hooks, that proposes mutual recognition as a teaching practice that can loosen those shackles. Most saliently, this essay is inspired by the youth we work with who, without reading either Coates or hooks, embody Coates' experience and hooks' wisdom. Though we invited and compensated these particular youth to join us in the class as co-teachers and participants, we believe they are broadly representative of the adolescent students we have worked with over the last 15 years in Newark. All the young people quoted in this article have reviewed what we have written and approved its publication. Tahjuan has agreed to include his name as a co-author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers bell hooks' thought both in terms of sites of memory and sights of memory, respectively interested in the past and the future, or in antecedence and in posterity, and the extent that both impose meaning on and meaningfulness to black womanhood. What influences hooks' approach to these sites of memory, as well as these sights of memory, is how she conceptualizes black womanhood, which is initiated by and sustained in the anxiety of Toni Morrison's influences on hooks, through hooks' earliest childhood encounters with reading Morrison's The Bluest Eye and Sula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The wear failure of spindle will lead to a decrease in cotton harvesting rate of the cotton picker during field operation and serious wastage. Method: Three types of spindle samples at different installation positions and working areas were obtained through field experiments to explore the wear failure law of spindle hook teeth of cotton picker during field operation. Hardness of hook tooth coating and substrate of spindles were tested, surface and cross-section microstructure of the spindle hook teeth were characterized, and wear area and width of the spindle hook teeth were extracted. Results: Results showed that the hardness of the hook tooth coating is evidently higher than that of the substrate; the average coating hardness of the No. 3 spindle hook teeth reaches the maximum at 1033.6 HV0.1; defects, such as microcracks and micropores, exist in the coating of the three types of spindle hook teeth; and the thickness of the coating is between 70 and 130 μm. The wear area of spindle hook tooth changes exponentially and the wear width changes linearly with the increase of field operation area at the same installation position. The wear area and width of the spindle hook teeth gradually increase with the decrease of the installation height and the wear change of the hook teeth is negatively correlated with the installation height in the same field operation area. Discussion: The wear failure of spindle hook tooth is mainly caused by abrasive, fatigue, and oxidation wear. The results of this study can provide a reference for improving the wear resistance of spindle hook teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the large inertia and strong impact accompanying the free-falling hook process of crawler cranes, it is difficult to meet the demand for flexible and smooth braking control under different weight load conditions. Therefore, this paper takes the free-fall hook system as the research object and combines system operation characteristics and control theory to carry out research on flexible braking control of the free-fall hook system. Firstly, a joint simulation platform of MATLAB (version 2018b) and AMESim (version 2019.1) software is built to theoretically analyze the key components of the free-fall hook system (proportional pressure-reducing valve, winch reducer, and wet clutch). Secondly, a mathematical model of the braking process is established, and the pressure control demand is clarified to analyze the reasons for the existence of dead zones and hysteresis loops in the system. Meanwhile, it is found that the dead zones and hysteresis loops existing in the pressure output of the pressure-reducing valve are the main factors of flexibility with load braking. Then, in this paper, a closed-loop control strategy is formulated based on the automatic adaptation of the braking gear in combination with the fuzzy PID pressure. Finally, the effectiveness of the control strategy proposed in this paper is verified with simulation and experimental testing using the pressure hysteresis loop of the free-fall hook process and the load-braking acceleration as the judging criteria. The results show that the system pressure hysteresis loop is reduced by 50%–60% and the maximum braking acceleration is reduced by 24%–30% under the conditions of 6.44 tonnes and 10.44 tonnes, which improves the accuracy of pressure control and achieves flexible and smooth braking with loads for different tonnages of free-fall hooks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HOOKLESS1 (HLS1) plays an indispensable role in apical hook development by promoting asymmetric auxin distribution in the hook. However, the precise mechanisms by which HLS1 regulates the differential gene expression in the inner and outer sides of the apical hook to promote this asymmetric auxin distribution remains unknown. The inner and outer sides of the cotton apical hook were separated for gene sequencing to search for differently expressed auxin‐related genes. Then, the GhYUCCA8 and GhGH3.17 genes, which are highly expressed in the inner and outer side, respectively, as well as GhHLS1, were silenced by the SSA‐VIGS method to study their interaction and function on auxin asymmetric distribution and hook formation. The hook formation was inhibited in the VIGS‐GhHLS1, VIGS‐GhYUCCA8 and VIGS‐GhGH3.17 seedlings. Silencing GhHLS1 decreased the expression of GhYUCCA8 on the inner side but increased the expression of GhGH3.17 on the outer side of the apical hook, which weakened the auxin asymmetric distribution in the hook. Our results indicated that the high expression of GhHLS1 in the inner side caused high expression of GhYUCCA8 and GhGh3.17 in the inner and outer side of the apical hook, respectively, which caused the gradient of free auxin between the inner and outer side and ultimately promoted apical hook formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brycon orbignyanus exhibits seasonal reproduction where males can be distinguished from females by the roughness present in the anal fin of the specimens that represents a secondary sexual characteristic known as hooks. This study aimed to describe the appearance and morphology of hooks on the anal fin in B. orbignyanus and relate them to the phases of the reproductive cycle of these animals to determine a parameter that can be used for the selection of suitable males for use in induced reproduction. Monthly male specimens of B. orbignyanus of different ages were collected (n = 50 total; n = 10/month) and the specimens were euthanised, biometrically measured, and the testes and anal fins were collected. As sample were processed according to the typical techniques for light microscopy, stereomicroscope, diaphanization and scanning electron microscopy. Except for specimens in the testicular stage of Regenerating, hooks were observed in all other stages of the reproductive cycle in B. orbignyanus males; however, specimens that possess six or more rays with hooks are considered Spawning Capable and can be selected for breeding. No differences were observed in hooks development patterns as related to secondary sexual characteristics among intersex individuals, primary males, or secondary males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe here a new species of Amphictene (Annelida, Polychaeta, Pectinariidae) from a depth of 1160 m off Kushiro, East Hokkaido, Japan. Amphictene hokkaido sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of following characters: a pair of ventral lappets in segment 1; ventro-median lobes in segments 2-4; anterior conical or rounded lappets on ventro-lateral lobe of segment 2; dorso-lateral pads in segments 3 and 4; 17 segments with chaetae on notopodia, 13 segments with uncini on neuropodia; notopodia in segment 21 with notopodial lappets beneath chaetal tuft; neuropodial uncini with 4-5 main teeth and subrostral process on basal prow; 7-9 pairs of scaphal hooks; scaphe with anterior median lobe and four pairs of lateral lobes; anal lobe with an anal cirrus and a row of postero-ventral minute cirri. We provide a diagnostic key to species of the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arresting gear systems play a vital role in carrier-based aircraft landing. In order to accurately understand the process of arresting hook and cable, this study introduces a parameter inversion method to model the arresting cable and applies it to the transient dynamics model of the arresting hook and cable. The feasibility of the arresting cable model and its application to the transient dynamics model of the arresting hook and cable are validated through arresting hook and cable impact tests. The study compares three different models of arresting cables for simulation results and concludes that assuming the arresting cable to be a beam with metal elastic parameters during the modeling process cannot ignore the influence of the cable's torsional and bending stiffness on the modeling. The study also investigates the dynamic response of the arresting hook during the aircraft arrestment and hooking process and concludes that the stress peak of the hook arm is much lower throughout the entire arrestment process than at the moment of hooking the cable. The study further identifies factors that affect the stress on the arresting hook arm, such as the aircraft's yaw angle, deck angle, cruising speed, and the initial position of the arresting hook and cable before engagement. The research results have significant implications for improving the design optimization of the structural strength of the functional components of the naval aircraft arresting system and provide theoretical guidance and technical reserves for subsequent related studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper investigates partitions which have neither parts nor hook lengths divisible by p , referred to as p -core p ′ -partitions. We show that the largest p -core p ′ -partition corresponds to the longest walk on a graph with vertices { 0 , 1 , ... , p - 1 } and labelled edges defined via addition modulo p . We also exhibit an explicit family of large p -core p ′ -partitions, giving a lower bound on the size of the largest such partition which is of the same degree as the upper bound found by McSpirit and Ono. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A well-known representation-theoretic model for the transformed Macdonald polynomial H ~ μ (Z ; t , q) , where μ is an integer partition, is given by the Garsia–Haiman module H μ . We study the n ! k conjecture of Bergeron and Garsia, which concerns the behavior of certain k-tuples of Garsia–Haiman modules under intersection. In the special case that μ has hook shape, we use a basis for H μ due to Adin, Remmel, and Roichman to resolve the n ! 2 conjecture by constructing an explicit basis for the intersection of two Garsia–Haiman modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music education scholarship has long called for a more critical, socially just approach to teacher preparation. These include curricular opportunities to work with students from diverse contexts in practicum settings, social-justice-oriented readings and professional development, and guided reflection opportunities. However, scholars also note that practicing educators often revert to "traditional" methods of teaching once they enter the field, suggesting a disconnect between music teacher education and practice. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine the experiences of three recent alumni of one music teacher education program, paying particular attention to the ways in which these teachers engage or do not engage in socially just practices in their music classrooms. In particular, we focused on how their experiences as music education students impacted their practices as they relate to social justice. We also examined possible barriers that may make socially just engagements challenging. Findings suggest that engaging in both theoretical and contextually applied approaches to critical pedagogy is particularly important. Findings also suggest that practicing educators may face challenges including navigating accountability measures and finding a balance between meeting the needs of students in the classroom while simultaneously challenging oppressive structures. This project has the potential to inform how we can best incorporate a more inclusive and critical pedagogy in ways that are practical for teachers as they enter their first year of teaching and may also result in resources to support critical pedagogy and social justice in music classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bergenia purpurascens (Hook. f. et Thoms.) Engl. is one species of traditional Chinese medicinal plant. This is the first publication of its complete chloroplast (cp) genome. The whole cp genome has 157,246 base pairs in length with 132 annotated genes, of which were 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. According to the phylogenetic study, B. purpurascens and Bergenia scopulosa T. P. Wang. 1974 had a sister relationship. This genomic data and conclusions from B. purpurascens phylogenetic research will provide useful information and throw light on more in-depth investigations of the systematics and evolutionary patterns of Saxifragaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated in part by hook-content formulas for certain restricted partitions in representation theory, we consider the total number of hooks of fixed length in odd versus distinct partitions. We show that there are more hooks of length 2, respectively 3, in all odd partitions of n than in all distinct partitions of n, and make the analogous conjecture for arbitrary hook length t ≥ 2 . We also establish additional bias results on the number of gaps of size 1, respectively 2, in all odd versus distinct partitions of n. We conjecture similar biases and asymptotics, as well as congruences for the number of hooks of fixed length in odd distinct partitions versus self-conjugate partitions. An integral component of the proof of our bias result for hooks of length 3 is a linear inequality involving q(n), the number of distinct partitions of n. In this article we also establish effective linear inequalities for q(n) in great generality, a result which is of independent interest. Our methods are both analytic and combinatorial, and our results and conjectures intersect the areas of representation theory, analytic number theory, partition theory, and q-series. In particular, we use a Rademacher-type exact formula for q(n), Wright's circle method, modularity, q-series transformations, asymptotic methods, and combinatorial arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hook removal devices have been developed to enable rapid release of angled fish, yet little research has evaluated their effectiveness and potential for injury among hook types. We compared the performance of hook removal tools and bare hands with four hook types on freshwater Lepomid sunfish. Dehooking performance was assessed using hook removal time, unhooking difficulty, degree of tissue damage at the hooking location, and immediate reflex impairment. Unhooking difficulty was positively related to hooking depth. Unhooking difficulty was lowest for hemostats and the mechanical dehooking device; however, the mechanical dehooking device caused the largest tearing of mouth tissue. Unhooking difficulty was the main driver for hook removal time, tissue tear length, and overall reflex impairment. Hooks that were harder to remove caused higher reflex impairment. Hook type had little influence on the effectiveness of hook removal tools, although circle hooks were more difficult to remove and caused greater injury when using tools. Although use of hook removal tools can be beneficial for fish that are released, more research is needed on more species targeted by recreational anglers, and more hook removal tools. We suggest that hemostats should be used to remove hooks from fish to reduce unhooking difficulty, tissue tears, long air exposure, and thereby to increase the welfare of the fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we prove a general result saying that under certain hypothesis an embedding of an affine vertex algebra into an affine |$W$| –algebra is conformal if and only if their central charges coincide. This result extends our previous result obtained in the case of minimal affine |$W$| -algebras [ 3 ]. We also find a sufficient condition showing that certain conformal levels are collapsing. This new condition enables us to find some levels |$k$| where |$W_{k}(sl(N), x, f)$| collapses to its affine part when |$f$| is of hook or rectangular type. Our methods can be applied to non-admissible levels. In particular, we prove Creutzig's conjecture [ 18 ] on the conformal embedding in the hook type |$W$| -algebra |$W_{k}(sl(n+m), x, f_{m,n})$| of its affine vertex subalgebra. Quite surprisingly, the problem of showing that certain conformal levels are not collapsing turns out to be very difficult. In the cases when |$k$| is admissible and conformal, we prove that |$W_{k}(sl(n+m), x, f_{m,n})$| is not collapsing. Then, by generalizing the results on semi-simplicity of conformal embeddings from [ 2 ], [ 5 ], we find many cases in which |$W_{k}(sl(n+m), x, f_{m,n})$| is semi-simple as a module for its affine subalgebra at conformal level and we provide explicit decompositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The climbing strategies of lianas and herbaceous vines influence climber competition abilities and survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the climbing strategies of each plant species and observe their organs of origin. Results The results showed that all Taiwan climbers were approximately 555 species, accounting for 11% of the native flora. Among the 555 climbers, the twining stem type was the most common, with a total of 255 species (46%), the remaining climbing methods accounted for 300 species. Approximately twenty one climbing methods, including nine combination types, were exhibited, of which the most common type was the twining stem, followed by simple scrambling and twining tendrils. Most species of Fabaceae and Apocynaceae were twining stems in dextrorse, excluding Wisteriopsis reticulata and Alyxia taiwanensis, which were in sinistrorse. The prehensile branch of Fissistigma genus, Ventilago genus, and Dalbergia benthamii, originated from second-order or modified stems. In the simple scrambling type, some climbers were covered spines and prickles to attach the host, and the others were clinging to the supports or creeping on the ground without speculation. The hooks or grapnels of the genus Uncaria are derived from the branches, and a pair of curved hooks or a spine of Artabotrys hexapetalus are originated from the inflorescence to tightly attach to a host. The Piper genus use adhesive roots to climb their hosts. Among the genus Trichosanthes, only Trichosanthes homophylla exhibits a combination of twining modified shoots and adhesive roots. Gentianales includes four families with seven climbing mechanisms, while Fabales includes only Fabaceae, which presents six climbing methods. Conclusions The twining tendrils had nine organs of origin in Taiwan climber, that these opinions of originated organs might be available to the studies of convergent evolution. The data presented herein provide crucial basic information of the climber habits types and origin structures, which are available for terms standardization to improve field investigation. The terminologies would aid in the establishment of climber habits as commonly taxon-specific and the combination of two climber habits could be a characteristic of taxonomic value.