Search

Socio-political terms exist in all world languages and are directly related to the socio-political structure of each country. The words related to statehood, religion and political system were mentioned in sources associated with the ancient period of Persian and Azerbaijani languages. In the article, among such sources, "The Book of Dede-Gorgud", Orkhon-Yenisei" on Turkic languages, and the samples selected from the work "Shahnameh" on Persian are analyzed by the historical-comparative method. When studying terms related to religion, it should be investigated in more detail whether these terms correctly reflect events in the socio-political life of the country they belong to, as they are subject to purposeful interventions in several cases. Considering Manichaean, Islam, Sufism and other religious directions, which are thought to be related to Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrianism in Iran, this picture is further complicated. In the article, medieval Persian dictionaries were also reviewed among the sources related to the Middle Ages. It was noted that words related to almost all areas of social life are included in them. The social and political situation after the Iranian Islamic Revolution and the terms that were created in connection with this situation is considered in the history of Iran. The article also contains information about using borrowed words in both languages' social and political fields. Then the place of the terms in the form of abbreviations in the speech was analyzed. In the article, the data gives grounds to say that as a result of any historical event, the most profitable sphere is linguistics. So, although the changes in other areas cause stagnation and decline in some instances, linguistics is enriched with new words. Political linguistics is also included, and the rising line of political discourse during World War I can serve as an example.

Willis的《學做工》把文化及行動者主體性重新引入批判教育研究，建立了一個能夠兼顧結構與行動、客觀與主觀因素的分析架構，也超越了當時的再生產理論，觀察到學生並不只是被動地接受學校的洗腦，並指出學校教育與經濟體系的斷裂，單靠學校不足以延續不平等的階級關係。Willis以實證資料證明階級子弟因為抗拒學校的「教學典範」—而非服從學校的教導—而繼承勞動階層的位置；而「小子」們反抗有部分是因為從學校以外場域而來的風格、意義及實踐替「反學校文化」提供了資源。筆者認為，應在Willis的基礎上繼續探討教育與社會再生產的關係。具體的做法包括：一、把階級文化的意義擴大至涵蓋個人層面；二、嚴謹地定義「反抗」及「反學校文化」等關鍵概念；三、利用Willis的洞見對不同學生群體、階級及社會進行比較研究。 Paul Willis’ Learning to Labor is a classic in critical education studies. By bringing agencies and culture back to the discussion in sociology of education, it developed an analytical framework that synthesized structure and action as well as objectivity and subjectivity. Willis also went beyond conventional reproduction theory. He discovered that students were by no means passive recipients of the dominant ideology, that class domination was perpetuated because working-class students resisted-but not acceptedschools’ teaching, and that anti-school culture was formed at least partly by meanings, styles and practices from spheres outside schools. This article encourages scholars to use insights from Learning to Labor to further explore the connections between school education and social reproduction. It also urges that researchers go beyond Willis by extending cultural analysis to the individual level and private domain, adopting more rigorous and theory-guided definitions of “resistance” and “anti-school culture” and employing comparative method to investigate student cultures among different social groups and in diverse social settings.

This paper presents a succinct reconstruction of the segmental phonology of Proto-Maweti-Guarani, the hypothetical protolanguage from which modern Mawe, Aweti and the Tupi-Guarani branches of the Tupi linguistic family have evolved. Based on about 300 cognate sets from the authors' field data (for Mawe and Aweti) and from Mello's reconstruction (2000) for Proto-Tupi-Guarani (with additional information from other works; and with a few changes concerning certain doubtful features, such as the status of stem-final lenis consonants *r and *ß, and the distinction of *c and *č ), the consonants and vowels of Proto-Maweti-Guarani were reconstructed with the help of the traditional historical-comparative method. The development of the reconstructed segments is then traced from the protolanguage to each of the modern branches. A comparison with other claims made about Proto-Maweti-Guarani is given in the conclusion. Resumo: Este artigo apresenta uma reconstrução resumida da fonologia segmental do Proto-Maweti-Guarani, a protolíngua hipotética intermediária, dentro da família linguística Tupi, da qual se desenvolveram o Mawé, o Aweti e as línguas Tupi-Guarani atuais. Baseando-se em cerca de 300 conjuntos de cognatos, provenientes dos dados de campo dos autores (Mawé e Aweti) e dos dados lexicais publicados por Mello (2000, Tupi-Guarani), em informações adicionais de outras fontes publicadas (com algumas modificações relativas a certos aspectos duvidosos das reconstruções atuais do Proto-Tupi-Guarani, como o status das consoantes lenes *r e *ß em fim de palavra, e a distinção entre *c e *č), reconstruímos as consoantes e vogais do Proto-Maweti-Guarani com o auxílio do método histórico-comparativo tradicional. Ao fim do artigo, traça-se o desenvolvimento dos segmentos reconstruídos desde a protolíngua até cada um dos três ramos modernos. Na conclusão, oferecemos uma comparação rápida com outras hipóteses sobre o Proto-Maweti-Guarani.

Исследование проведено руководителем лаборатории «Историческая информатика» Нижнетагильского педагогического института, которая является главным центром осуществления международного проекта «Gedenkbuch: Книга памяти репрессированных российских немцев». Источниками исследования стали электронные базы данных по ИТЛ Тагиллаг, Богословлаг и Бакалстрой — Челябметаллургстрой общим объемом 68 тыс. персоналий, созданные в период 1999—2013 гг. Предварительно, с помощью специально-исторических методов и методов исторической информатики (баз и банков данных, просопографического) проведено изучение истории создания лагерей, условий жизнедеятельности их контингентов, реконструирован социальный портрет трудмобилизованных. В данной статье на основе материалов трех лагерей принудительного труда Урала рассматриваются закономерности и особенности формирования, жизнедеятельности ИТЛ , социального портрета советских немцев-трудармейцев. Путем применения историко-сравнительного метода выявляется типология лагерей принудительного труда, имеющая значение для реконструкции военно-мобилизационной модели экономики. Research is conducted the leader of laboratory the «Historical informatics» of the Nizhnetagil’skogo pedagogical institute, which is the main center of realization of international project «Gedenkbuch: Book of memory of the subjected to repression Russian Germans». Research sources were become by electronic databases on ITL Tagillag, Bogoslovlag and Bakalstroy-Chelyabmetallurgstroy by a general volume 68 thousands of personalias, created in the period of 1999—2013. Preliminary, by special-historical methods and methods of historical informatics (bases and banks of data, prosopograficheskogo) the study of history of creation of camps is conducted, terms of vital functions of their contingents, the social portrait of trudmobilizovannykh is reconstructed. In this article on the basis of materials of three camps of the forced labor of Ural conformities to law and features of forming, vital functions of ITL, social portrait of soviet nemcev-trudarmeycev are examined. Tipologiya of camps of the forced labor, mattering for a reconstruction military-mobilizational model of economy comes to light by application of istoriko-comparative method. Кириллов Виктор Михайлович, доктор исторических наук, профессор кафедры гуманитарных и социально-экономических наук, Нижнетагильский государственный социально-педагогический институт (филиал), Российский государственный профессионально-педагогический университет, автор более 140 научных работ, в том числе 2 авторских и 13 коллективных монографий по истории политических репрессий. E-mail: history_vmk@mail.ru. V. M. Kirillov, Nizhny Tagil State Socio-Pedagogical Institute, Nizhny Tagil, Russian Federation, history_vmk@mail.ru

Tyrimo objektas – vokiškosios Klaipėdos krašto senųjų kapinių epitafijos. Remiantis istoriniu-lyginamuoju metodu vokiški įrašai gretinami su lietuviškais, siekiama atskleisti tekstologinius ir lingvistinius jų ypatumus. Tiriant vokiškųjų antkapių užrašus pastebėta, kad juose dažnesni nei lietuviškuose pažyminiai, nurodantys mirusiojo santykius su artimaisiais. Neretai nurodoma moters mergautinė, kartais ir našlautinė pavardė. Dažniau nei lietuviškose epitafijose pasakoma mirusiojo profesija. Nuo XX a. 3-iojo dešimtmečio išplėstinių priedėlių konstrukcijos retesnės, epitafijos darosi lakoniškesnės. Dažniausiai vartota įžanginė antkapių liturginė formulė – hier ruhet in Gott, kiek retesnė – hier ruhet in Frieden. Apie šių epitafijų ištaką kalbama atskirame tyrime. Lakoniška epitafijų kalbinė raiška ir struktūra riboja jų kalbinę įvairovę ir lingvistinio tyrimo galimybes. Atliekant analizę trumpųjų epitafijų kalba laikyta gyvosios kalbos faktais, o Šv. Rašto ir giesmių citatos kalbiniu aspektu netyrinėtos. Nustatyta keletas tarmybių ir archaizmų, pvz., archajinė veiksmažodžio geben forma es giebt. Aptiktas vokiečių aukštaičių tarmei būdingas reiškinys – balsių redukcija. Šiame straipsnyje neaptartas lietuviškų vardų, pavardžių bei vietovardžių vokietinimo principas ir vokiškų epitafijų pasiskirstymas Klaipėdos krašto vietovėse. Laukiama ir naujų duomenų, galėsiančių papildyti lingvistinį tyrimą The object of the research is German epitaphs in the old cemeteries of Klaipėda Region. German inscriptions are compared to Lithuanian ones on the basis of the historical-comparative method with the aim of disclosing their textological and linguistic characteristics. The analysis of inscriptions on German tombstones showed that, compared to Lithuanian tombstones, the attributes indicating the relationship of the deceased to family members were used more frequently. The profession of the deceased was indicated more often than in Lithuanian epitaphs. Starting with the 20s of the 20th century, the constructions of extended appositions were less frequent, and the epitaphs became more concise. Laconicism of linguistic expression and of the structure of the epitaphs restrained their linguistic diversity and the potential for linguistic research. The analysis considered the brief language of the epitaphs as the facts of the living language, whereas Bible and canticle citations were not studied. A few examples of dialecticisms and archaisms were identified, e.g. an archaic form of the verb geben: es giebt. Vowel reduction, a phenomenon characteristic of the High German dialect, was identified. The present article did not discuss the principle of Germanization of Lithuanian names, surnames, or place names, as well as the distribution of German epitaphs over the localities of Klaipėda Region. New data are expected that may promote linguistic research

This paper presents a succinct reconstruction of the segmental phonology of Proto-Maweti-Guarani, the hypothetical protolanguage from which modern Mawe, Aweti and the Tupi-Guarani branches of the Tupi linguistic family have evolved. Based on about 300 cognate sets from the authors' field data (for Mawe and Aweti) and from Mello's reconstruction (2000) for Proto-Tupi-Guarani (with additional information from other works; and with a few changes concerning certain doubtful features, such as the status of stem-final lenis consonants *r and *ß, and the distinction of *c and *č ), the consonants and vowels of Proto-Maweti-Guarani were reconstructed with the help of the traditional historical-comparative method. The development of the reconstructed segments is then traced from the protolanguage to each of the modern branches. A comparison with other claims made about Proto-Maweti-Guarani is given in the conclusion.