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Der Datensatz besteht aus 131 XLSX-Tabellen mit über 1.100 Zeitreihen zu verschiedenen Themen für Deutschland in den verschiedenen Grenzen, beginnend frühestens 1834, der Gründung des Zollvereins. Anlass war eine in Zusammenarbeit mit der Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung erstellte Publikation "Deutschland in Daten". Das Projekt beschränkte sich dabei auf die Zusammenstellung publizierter Daten 1. in langer Zeitreihenperspektive und 2. ohne regionale Differenzierung. Ziel des Projektes war es, verstreut vorhandene historische Zeitreihen zu identifizieren und zusammenzustellen und bei vertretbarem Aufwand diese zu ergänzen bzw. zu aktualisieren. Dabei sollten die bestmöglichen bzw. wichtigsten Daten zusammengestellt werden. Es sollten dabei nur solche Zeitreihen aufgenommen werden, für die zumindest theoretisch für den gesamten Zeitraum ab 1834 Werte vorhanden sein können. Wesentlicher Aspekt des Konzeptes war die Kombination der Zusammenstellung der Daten mit einer kritischen Kommentierung und Begleitung des Auswahlprozesses durch ausgewiesene Experten. Die Daten wurden von über 40 Personen an 25 Standorten bearbeitet und zusammengestellt. Insgesamt wurden 24 Themen bearbeitet (in Klammern die verantwortlichen Autoren): 1. Umwelt, Klima und Natur (Paul Erker) 2. Bevölkerung, Haushalte, Familien (Georg Fertig/Franz Rothenbacher) 3. Migration (Jochen Oltmer) 4. Bildung und Wissenschaft (Volker Müller-Benedict) 5. esundheitswesen (Reinhard Spree) 6. Sozialleistungen (Marcel Boldorf) 7. Öffentliche Finanzen und Steuern (Mark Spoerer) 8. Politische Partizipation (Marc Debus) 9. Kriminalität (Dietrich Oberwittler) 10.Erwerbsarbeit, Lebensstandard und Konsum (Toni Pierenkemper) 11.Kultur,Tourismus und Sport (Heike Wolter/Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe) 12.Religion (Thomas Großbölting/Markus Goldbeck) 13.Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen (Thomas Rahlf) 14.Preise (Rainer Metz) 15.Geld und Kredit (Richard Tilly) 16.Verkehr und Kommunikation (Christopher Kopper) 17.Land- und Forstwirtschaft (Michael Kopsidis) 18.Unternehmen, Industrie und Handwerk (Alfred Reckendrees) 19.Bauen und Wohnen (Günther Schulz) 20.Handel (Markus Lampe/Nikolaus Wolf) 21.Zahlungsbilanz (Nikolaus Wolf) 22.Internationale Vergleiche (Herman de Jong/Joerg Baten) 23.Einkommen, Vermögen und ökonomische Ungleichheit (Charlotte Bartels/Jan-Otmar Hesse) 24.Gender (Rainer Fattman / Sibylle Lehmann-Hasemeyer / Mark Spoerer) Dokumentation zur Buch-Publikation: Rahlf, Thomas (Hg.), Deutschland in Daten. Zeitreihen zur Historischen Statistik, Bonn: Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung, 2. Aufl. 2022. ISBN 978-3-8389-7133-9. Die Dokumentation nennt die verwendeten Quellen., The dataset comprises 131 XLSX-tables with a total of more than 1.100 time series of 24 different topics for Germany in its different borders from 1834, the foundation of the Customs Union (Zollverein). The current purpose to compile the data was a publication issued in cooperation with the German Federal Agency for Civic Education (Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung). The project was limited to the compilation of published data, in the perspective of long time series and without regional differentiation within Germany. The aim of the project was to identify and compile scattered existing historical time series, and to complement or update them at reasonable expense. In doing so, the best possible or most important data should be compiled. Time series were only to be included, if data for the entire period was at least theoretically available. An integral aspect of the concept of our project is the combination of data with critical commentaries of the time series by established expert scientists. The following themes are covered (authors in parentheses): 1. Environment, Climate and Nature (Paul Erker) 2. Population, Households, Families (Georg Fertig/Franz Rothenbacher) 3. Migration (Jochen Oltmer) 4. Education and Science (Volker Müller-Benedict) 5. Health Service (Reinhard Spree) 6. Social Policy (Marcel Boldorf) 7. Public Finance and Taxation (Mark Spoerer) 8. Political Participation (Marc Debus) 9. Crime and Justice (Dietrich Oberwittler) 10.Work and Emloyment, Standard of Living and Consumption(Toni Pierenkemper) 11.Culture, Tourism, and Sports (Heike Wolter/Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe) 12.Religion (Thomas Großbölting/Markus Goldbeck) 13.National Accounts (Thomas Rahlf) 14.Prices (Rainer Metz) 15.Money and Credit (Richard Tilly) 16.Transport and Communication (Christopher Kopper) 17.Agriculture (Michael Kopsidis) 18.Business, Industry, and Craft (Alfred Reckendrees) 19.Building and Housing (Günther Schulz) 20.Trade (Markus Lampe/Nikolaus Wolf) 21.Balance of Payments (Nikolaus Wolf) 22.International Comparisons (Herman de Jong/Joerg Baten). 23.Income, Wealth and Economic Inequality (Charlotte Bartels/Jan-Otmar Hesse)). 24.Gender (Rainer Fattman / Sibylle Lehmann-Hasemeyer / Mark Spoerer). Documentation for: Thomas Rahlf, ed. 2022. Deutschland in Daten. Zeitreihen zur Historischen Statistik. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung. 2nd ed. ISBN 978-3-8389-7133-9. The documentation lists all used sources., Historical Social Research, Transition (Online Supplement)

"One of the questions that Norbert Elias tries to resolve in his work -either explicitly or implicitly- is the issue of the relationship between the individual and society. Elias critically assesses two approaches to this issue that sociology offered in his time, namely the Weberian conception of individualism that postulates the human individual as the starting point of sociological thought, and the Durkheimian conception of holism, which considered society as a whole as the starting point, giving regard to holistic, supra-individual social facts. Elias considers both of these solutions one-sided and unsatisfactory, and in his conception tries to supercede them. His strategy is close to that of Georg Simmel before him. It consists in highlighting the "third" that lies between the individual and society, which connects them. Simmel calls this "third" "Wechselwirkung". Elias speaks about "figuration". In this article, we consider how successful Elias' strategy is, its merits and its shortcomings. At the end of the text, the author attempts to formulate his own solution of the discussed problem, which is different from Elias's approach and based on the concept of "homo duplex"." (author's abstract)

The restitution of residential property represented a major conflict in the German unification process, which was also marked by a long history. Notions of property and forms of land registration from the 19th century as well as practices from the GDR played a role in the decision-making process after 1990; they shaped experiences and evaluations of the ›restitution before compensation‹ principle that was introduced in 1990. The underlying property law was modified in the 1990s and increasingly took GDR practices into account. Nevertheless, narratives of loss dominate the public accounts, mainly due to the long period of uncertainty until a decision was finally taken. The municipality of Kleinmachnow was chosen as a case study for the first part of the article. Located at the border to what was formerly West Berlin, it featured prominently in the media in the 1990s. However, its significance for East Germany remained unclear. The second part therefore examines the typical features of this case by using and problematising special sources of transformation history. Since 1990, the social sciences have produced a large amount of qualitative and quantitative data, which is now also available as sources to historians. Before a secondary analysis can be undertaken, they must be classified in terms of the history of knowledge: The social sciences not only observed the transformation process, but also shaped it. An integrative procedure is proposed here in order to combine quantitative and qualitative results for the historical sciences and thus to achieve a better understanding of the complex history of transformation. * * * Die Restitution von Wohneigentum stellte ein großes Konfliktfeld im deutschen Einigungsprozess dar, das zugleich durch eine lange Vorgeschichte geprägt war. Eigentumsideen und -notationsformen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert sowie Praktiken aus der DDR spielten nach 1990 in die Entscheidungen der Ämter zur Regelung offener Vermögensfragen hinein; sie prägten Erfahrungen und Bewertungen des 1990 eingeführten Prinzips »Rückgabe vor Entschädigung«. Das zugrundeliegende Vermögensgesetz wurde in den 1990er-Jahren modifiziert und berücksichtigte vermehrt DDR-Praktiken. Trotzdem dominieren in den öffentlichen Darstellungen Verlust­erzählungen, vor allem aufgrund der langen Zeit der Unsicherheit bis zur endgültigen Entscheidung. Das für den ersten Teil des Aufsatzes gewählte Beispiel Kleinmachnow, das unmittelbar an das frühere West-Berlin angrenzte, stand in den 1990er-Jahren besonders im Medieninteresse. Unklar blieb aber, welche Aussagekraft es für Ostdeutschland hat. Im zweiten Teil wird deshalb nach dem Typischen dieses Falles gefragt. Zugleich wird dafür auf die besonderen Quellen der Transformationsgeschichte eingegangen: Die Sozialwissenschaften produzierten seit 1990 eine Vielzahl qualitativer und quantitativer Daten, die nun auch der Geschichtswissenschaft als Quellen zur Verfügung stehen. Vor einer Sekundäranalyse müssen sie aber wissensgeschichtlich eingeordnet werden: Die Sozialwissenschaften beobachteten den Transformationsprozess nicht nur, sondern gestalteten ihn mit. Vorgeschlagen wird hier ein integratives Verfahren, um quantitative und qualitative Ergebnisse für die Geschichtswissenschaft zu verbinden und somit zu einem besseren Verständnis der komplexen Transformationsgeschichte zu gelangen.

This Supplement of Historical Social Research stems from the contributions on the topic of modelling presented at the workshop “Thinking in Practice”, held at Wahn Manor House in Cologne on January 19-20, 2017. With Digital Humanities as starting point, practical examples of model building from different disciplines are considered, with the aim of contributing to the dialogue on modelling from several perspectives. Combined with theoretical considerations, this collection illustrates how the process of modelling is one of coming to know, in which the purpose of each modelling activity and the form in which models are expressed has to be taken into consideration in tandem. The modelling processes presented in this volume belong to specific traditions of scholarly and practical thinking as well as to specific contexts of production and use of models. The claim that supported the project workshop was indeed that establishing connections between different traditions of and approaches toward modelling is vital, whether these connections are complementary or intersectional. The workshop proceedings address an underpinning goal of the research project itself, namely that of examining the nature of the epistemological questions in the different traditions and how they relate to the nature of the modelled objects and the models being created. This collection is an attempt to move beyond simple representational views on modelling in order to understand modelling processes as scholarly and cultural phenomena as such.

Gerhard Botz outlines his scholarly autobio-graphy in its interrelationship with and against main developments in Austrian politics and historiographic trends. However, he does not want to present a coherent narrative about his career from social and scholarly peripheries to close to the centres of historical and social scientific research. The unfolding of his scientific profile is compounded of different puzzle pieces like memory-based descriptions, historical analyses of contemporary political contexts, and his live story interviews. As an historian the author tries to integrate social science and cultural history methods and theories into his main professional grounding which is focused thematically on Austria's history since the end of the First World War, particularly on the disastrous effects of violence and the Nazi dictatorship. He presents his main findings and the methodical practices along three fields of long term interests and projects: political violence and social conflict during the interwar period in Austria, the functioning and social consequences of national socialist rule on the example of Vienna, and the social composition and motivations of the NSDAP membership. In doing so he allows also insights into every-day work, obstacles and gains of historical research applying a multitude of methods, including quantification and oral history. These insights were gained in close connection with several leading scholars of QUANTUM and the Centre of Historical Social Research in Cologne. These efforts motivated Gerhard Botz to organize the Salzburg Summer Schools on New Methods in History and the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Social Science History (at the University of Vienna until its closure in 2017)., Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung. Supplement No. 28 (2016), 2nd ed. 2017: Contemporary History between Politics, Biography, and Methodology. Violence and National Socialism in Austria, 20th Century. Starting Point and Frequency: Year: 1988, Issues per volume: 1, Volumes per year: 1

Attempts to apply the computer to historical research go back much longer than publicly perceived, a history of them is provided. At the moment the introduction of personal computers has brought the topic into the limelight. While the general interest of historians in the PC as a replacement for the typewriter is enormous, this does, however, not imply that the methodological possibilities inherent in information technology are embraced equally widely. Not the least reason for that is the almost complete lack of knowledge about the huge amount of relevant literature existing already; other reasons, rooted in the organization of historical research, are discussed. If the full potential of information technology for the historical disciplines shall be activated, systematic research in these possibilities and a more intimate type of interdisciplinary work with Computer Science will be needed.

After a summary of earlier arguments for the differences between information handled in contemporary data bases and information in historical information systems, the model previously proposed for that is extended to include the possibilities introduced by digital image processing, notably the processing of digitized manuscripts. From this conceptual model, a blueprint for a data type “extended string” is derived, which proposes to represent historical texts not as arrays, as usual in computer technology, but by a special data type which implies the representation of strings as graphs. Some engineering considerations for the realization of such a graph based handling of strings are given.

To support several ongoing research projects the development of a general purpose system was started in 1978 at the Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte in Göttingen. This paper describes the second version of that system. Controlled by a simple scripting language, its most important features are: (a) a flexible input system combining free field and tag/content representation of data that can be structured in very complex hierarchies, (b) a retrieval system, (c) a system for the interactive coding of historical sources. (d) Various ways of entering codebook like "thesauri" provide a cheap way to recode as often as necessary material of doubtful semantics. (e) A system for nominative record linkage is provided which supports name comparisons by two classes of algorithms. Base algorithms can be adapted to suit the dialects of a particular area by a simple set of algorithm defining directives.

When discussing standardization and secondary analysis in computer driven historical research, we should clearly distinguish between different approaches towards the usage of computers. The properties of four of them – statistical analysis, structured data bases, full text systems and annotation systems – are discussed and compared in some detail. Standards which want to convince users, that they should follow just one of these approaches will not succeed. What we need is a discussion of the communalities between the underlying information models and the identification of properties, for which clear conceptual models can be devised. Such clear conceptual models are a prerequisite for technical solutions, which ultimately can enable the exchange of data across the different approaches. Such conceptual models, therefore, are what we need as standards.