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This special issue of JMEMS takes up the classical debate on the "shared" and the "individual" through the concepts of "lived religion" on the one hand and "experience" on the other. The collection presents the state‐of‐the‐art within the emerging field of history of "lived religion," exemplifying its differences from earlier notions of "popular religion." The articles take a step forward in the field of lived religion by approaching it from the perspective of experience as an analytical category. The issue considers experience as it occurs in three fundamental stages: (1) ways in which individual people and communities encounter the world; (2) the simultaneous relational, intersubjective process making sense of those encounters; and (3) the social and physical structures born from the repetition of these processes so as to produce knowledge of the "real" world. Approaching the topic in terms of these stages of experience allows the articles to investigate negotiations between individual and communal or shared experience in the field of lived religion within various geographical contexts of medieval and early modern Europe. Such an approach helps to better identify the drivers of historical change across medieval and early modern periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Hydrobiology / Shuisheng Shengwu Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Hydrobiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Tea Science is the property of Journal of Tea Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Today, many social groups face negative stereotypes. Is such negativity a stable feature of society and, if so, what mechanisms maintain stability both within and across group targets? Answering these theoretically and practically important questions requires data on dozens of group stereotypes examined simultaneously over historical and societal scales, which is only possible through recent advances in Natural Language Processing. Across two studies, we use word embeddings from millions of English-language books over 100 years (1900–2000) and extract stereotypes for 58 stigmatized groups. Study 1 examines aggregate, societal-level trends in stereotype negativity by averaging across these groups. Results reveal striking persistence in aggregate negativity (no meaningful slope), suggesting that society maintains a stable level of negative stereotypes. Study 2 introduces and tests a new framework identifying potential mechanisms upholding stereotype negativity over time. We find evidence of two key sources of this aggregate persistence: within-group “reproducibility” (e.g., stereotype negativity can be maintained by using different traits with the same underlying meaning) and across-group “replacement” (e.g., negativity from one group is transferred to other related groups). These findings provide novel historical evidence of mechanisms upholding stigmatization in society and raise new questions regarding the possibility of future stigma change.

Drawing on twenty months of fieldwork conducted with Emberá Dobidá women in the city of Medellín, Colombia, this article aims to examine the detailed components of their recent urbanization. I trace how "weaving beads" in the city affects the ways in which Emberá Dobidá women imagine and live their urban experience. I suggest that specific movements, produced in the weaving practice, generate specific transformations, both desired and uncontrolled. I show how new aspirations have led women to desire "to sit at home" and to rely on weaving to find a certain stillness. Stillness is then active, ideally transformative and transitory, and potentially allows women to build a future outside the house. I also examine how women's aspirations are broken by the reality of the weaving industry in Medellín which effectively makes them stuck. Repetitive, painful, unhalted movements generate disappointing urban experiences and prevent desired transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, many social groups face negative stereotypes. Is such negativity a stable feature of society and, if so, what mechanisms maintain stability both within and across group targets? Answering these theoretically and practically important questions requires data on dozens of group stereotypes examined simultaneously over historical and societal scales, which is only possible through recent advances in Natural Language Processing. Across two studies, we use word embeddings from millions of English-language books over 100 years (1900–2000) and extract stereotypes for 58 stigmatized groups. Study 1 examines aggregate, societal-level trends in stereotype negativity by averaging across these groups. Results reveal striking persistence in aggregate negativity (no meaningful slope), suggesting that society maintains a stable level of negative stereotypes. Study 2 introduces and tests a new framework identifying potential mechanisms upholding stereotype negativity over time. We find evidence of two key sources of this aggregate persistence: within-group "reproducibility" (e.g., stereotype negativity can be maintained by using different traits with the same underlying meaning) and across-group "replacement" (e.g., negativity from one group is transferred to other related groups). These findings provide novel historical evidence of mechanisms upholding stigmatization in society and raise new questions regarding the possibility of future stigma change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diurnal temperature range (DTR), as a core indicator of the Earth system, exhibits obvious temporal and spatial variations, which is not entirely consistent over global. The historical simulation capabilities of 19 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) models for DTR were firstly evaluated against CRU_TS v4.04 data. Future changes under three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5) in DTR were projected using a multi-model ensemble mean (MME), and its interannual variations were seasonally explored through empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The results indicated that CMIP6 models could reflect the decreasing trend of DTR during 1901–2014, with the global spatial correlation coefficient between models and observation ranging from 0.4 to 0.7. MME outperformed individual models in both spatial and temporal variations, indicating higher accuracy and reliability. The future changes of DTR exhibited significantly decrease across the northern hemisphere and increase in the South America, and change magnitude enlarged with time extension and emission intensity, especially by more than 0.4 °C under SSP5-8.5. The decreasing trend of global DTR was kept in SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, while SSP1-2.6 changed increasing trend during 2015–2100. DTR showed seasonal variations and was mainly influenced by colder months. The dominant modes of interannual DTR and their relationship with the 500 hPa geopotential height, the 200 hPa U wind, and the outgoing longwave radiation showed higher features in tropical regions. The highly positive correlation between the first mode of DTR and the Niño3.4 index in December/January/February (DJF) is 0.67, indicating significant influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation on DTR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diachronica is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the “crisis” entry of his Basic Concepts in History, Reinhard Koselleck offers an archaeology of the notion and its uses, from Greek and Roman antiquity to the 20th century. Attentive to the sometimes staggered temporalities of social and linguistic change, Koselleck meticulously analyzes, chronologically, the multiple uses of the notion, the discordances and concordances in its meanings, based on a corpus mainly printed in medicine, lexicons and dictionaries, publicistics and philosophy. Analyzed as a “basic historical concept”, crisis unfolds both in time and in its multiple, competing and contradictory uses.

Generational labels (e.g., Millennials and Baby Boomers) are widely used in daily life to represent the unique characteristics of groups of people. However, the existence of generational differences remains contentious. In their focal paper, Costanza et al. (2023) critically reviewed the literature on generational differences and proposed two future research directions: the social constructionist and lifespan development perspectives. In this commentary, we aimed to extend the proposed directions for future research on generational differences by integrating the two perspectives into one theoretical framework. Future research should investigate how proximal social relationships (e.g., intergenerational relations) and distal social norms (e.g., age norms) change over historical time and whether these historical changes shape individuals' development and aging. The theoretical framework that integrates the two proposed research directions may stimulate research on generational differences to progress beyond the concept of generations.

As a metaphor for political power, participation, and legitimacy, the concept of 'voice' is central to considerations of representative politics during the modern era. Little is known about how political actors themselves understood and referred to their own voices, those of others, and their respective significance for representative politics. This article focuses on the British Parliament, which was since the eighteenth century regarded as a paradigmatic incarnation of political voice and as the pinnacle of modern representative government. Based on a corpus of Hansard debates from 1800 to 2005, we analyse MPs' explicit references to 'voice' in parliamentary debates. We aim to explore the salience of 'voice' for MPs and of different aspects of voice as a vehicle for expressing political will. We also shed light on how metadiscursive references to 'voice' change over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. • A corpus-assisted, longitudinal study of metacommunicative references to 'voice' in British parliamentary debates. • Parliamentarians' references to 'voice' reveal communicative norms and ideals underlying parliamentary discourse. • Over time, normative pressure to raise and hear as many voices as possible increases, as well as the problematisation of lack or absence of voice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first years of retirement have often been seen as a typical time window to take up (or intensify) voluntary work. Due to the changing context of retirement and historical differences in resources, the role of retirement for volunteering may have changed with historical time. We compared individuals aged 60–70 in five cross-sectional waves (1999, 2004, 2009, 2014, 2019) of the German Survey on Volunteering (Deutscher Freiwilligensurvey: FWS) to investigate how the association of retirement status and volunteering has changed. We found a negative association of retirement and volunteering, which was not significant once controlling for age, education, gender and region. While engagement levels seem to have increased with historical time, voluntary work seems to have become less time consuming. There were no historical differences in the association of retirement and volunteering. Our results highlight the role of historical time and contextual factors when investigating volunteering and post-retirement activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various individual resources for successful aging have improved during the last decades. However, a limited number of studies have examined historical changes in how older individuals view their own aging. This study examined cohort differences in aging self-perceptions among Japanese older adults. Using nationally representative data obtained 9 years apart in 1987 and 1996, we compared two cohorts born in the 1920s versus the 1930s. To control for relevant correlates, we identified casematched controls based on age, sex, and education (age range = 60-65 years; n = 499 per cohort). Results indicated that the later-born cohort held more positive self-perceptions of aging than the earlier-born cohort, even after adjusting for relevant correlates. The correlates with self-perceptions of aging did not differ across cohorts. Our findings suggest that selfperceptions of aging have improved over the historical time. We discuss the potential role of societal forces on personal views on aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The academic discussion of charisma takes two major voices as the point of departure: Max Weber and St. Paul. In both areas, sociology and religion, charisma is seen as a quality of persons. My argument is that entire cultures can be suffused by this force, and that social life, education, and modes of expression can be bearers and transmitters of charismatic force. I approach the argument conceptually, drawing on a remarkable passage in Goethe's autobiography Dichtung und Wahrheit. What Goethe calls "the demonic" is charisma conceived as a force that can penetrate, unpredictably, either natural phenomena or persons. To these I add institution, cultures, and structures of government. The charisma of larger structures, like personal charisma, has a life-cycle, charisma in its cultural structuring being as unstable as in its personal embodiment. The idea opens cultural transformations to analysis. Clifford Geertz has provided a model. The sea-changes that transformed western European culture from the twelfth to the thirteenth century show us the end of a life-cycle of charismatic culture, and the transition to intellectual or textual culture. Charisma moved out of the realm of the lived and expressed social forms and into art and artifice, rationalizing philosophy, theology, liturgy and other forms of Christian discourse (sermons). Three voices from the later thirteenth century observe this development closely—the loss of charisma as a political–social–cultural force—and lament the loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social world is carved into a complex variety of groups each associated with unique stereotypes that persist and shift over time. Innovations in natural language processing (word embeddings) enabled this comprehensive study on variability and correlates of change/stability in both manifest and latent stereotypes for 72 diverse groups tracked across 115 years of four English-language text corpora. Results showed, first, that group stereotypes changed by a moderate-to-large degree in manifest content (i.e., top traits associated with groups) but remained relatively more stable in latent structure (i.e., average cosine similarity of top traits' embeddings and vectors of valence, warmth, or competence). This dissociation suggests new insights into how stereotypes and their consequences may endure despite documented changes in other aspects of group representations. Second, results showed substantial variability of change/stability across the 72 groups, with some groups revealing large shifts in manifest and latent content, but others showing near-stability. Third, groups also varied in how consistently they were stereotyped across texts, with some groups showing divergent content, but others showing near-identical representations. Fourth, this variability in change/stability across groups was predicted from a combination of linguistic (e.g., frequency of mentioning the group; consistency of group stereotypes across texts) and social (e.g., the type of group) correlates. Groups that were more frequently mentioned in text changed more than those rarely mentioned; sociodemographic groups changed more than other group types (e.g., body-related stigmas, mental illnesses, occupations), providing the first quantitative evidence of specific group features that may support historical stereotype change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual development and aging are shaped by historical changes in sociocultural contexts. Studies indicate that later-born cohorts experience improvements in well-being in the young–old. However, whether this historical trend holds in the old–old remains unknown. Using longitudinal data of Japanese older adults, we examined birth cohort differences in trajectories of well-being as measured by life satisfaction. Data were derived from a nationally representative study conducted from 1987 to 2012. We compared earlier- and later-born cohorts over 10 years in two age groups: the young–old (n = 1,195 per cohort; age 63–74; years of birth: 1913–1924 and 1925–1936) and the old–old (n = 436 per cohort; age 75–86; years of birth: 1901–1912 and 1913–1924). To control for covariates, we used case-matched cohorts based on age and sex. Growth curve models were employed to estimate age-related changes in life satisfaction by age group. At age 75 years, life satisfaction was higher in the later-born cohort than in the earlier-born cohort across age groups. Cohort differences in the rate of change in life satisfaction were absent among the young–old. Among the old–old, the later-born cohort showed steeper declines than the earlier-born cohort. Socioeconomic, social, and health resources did not fully explain the cohort differences in both age groups. Our results suggest that historical improvements in well-being in the young–old do not persist into the old–old. Societal advancements may enable later-born cohorts to survive with limited resources. Public Significance Statement: Historical changes can influence how individuals develop and grow older. This study examined how age-related changes in positive attitudes toward life differ between birth cohorts. Later-born Japanese people perceived better levels of life satisfaction until the mid-70s but experienced greater declines in their late 70–80s than earlier-born individuals. Later-born cohorts may be more likely to survive in adverse circumstances because of societal advancements, such as medical technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on previous research on names and naming practices, I propose three suggestions to Bao et al. (2021), which investigated historical changes in given names of Han Chinese in China between 1920 and 2005. Their study analyzed a one-shot cross-sectional survey conducted in 2005 and reported that unique names increased from 1920 to 2005. The authors concluded that China became more individualistic over time for the period. However, three questions have remained unanswered in Bao et al. (2021). First, were the samples of older birth cohorts truly representative? Second, did unique names increase only after the 1970s? Third, how are the historical changes in average name length interpreted? Answering these three questions would contribute to a further understanding of the historical changes in given names and their underlying psychological/cultural shifts in China.

Objectives Life-span perspectives have long acknowledged that individual functioning is shaped by historical and sociocultural contexts. Secular increases favoring recent cohorts are widely documented. However, little is known about secular trends in day-to-day activities and whether historical changes have occurred in younger and older adults alike. Methods We compared data from 2 independent cohort samples of the daily diary portion of the Midlife in the United States Study obtained 18 years apart (1995/1996 cohort: n = 1,499 vs 2013/2014 cohort: n = 782) and identified case-matched cohorts (n = 757 per cohort) based on age, gender, education, and race. An activity diversity score was calculated based on 7 common daily activities, using Shannon's entropy method. We additionally examined the roles of age and other sociodemographic and health characteristics in cohort differences in activity diversity. Results Results revealed that the 2013/2014 cohort experienced lower daily activity diversity than the 1995/1996 cohort. Age was positively associated with activity diversity in the 1995/1996 cohort, whereas age was negatively associated with activity diversity in the 2013/2014 cohort. These associations were significant for those who were older than age 55. Cohorts also differed in the types of most dominant activities and average time spent on those activities. Discussion Findings show changes in the lifestyles and daily activities of U.S. adults across 2 decades. Contrasting to the common belief that today's adults may be healthier and more active, they seem engaging in less diverse daily activities, which can be a risk for future health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present a critical analysis of Neo-Gramscianism, a theoretical framework rooted in the works of Antonio Gramsci, especially regarding its understanding of hegemony. This paper use critical theory by Frankfurt School as a foundation in criticizing the concept of hegemony argued by Robert Cox. While Neo-Gramscianism offers valuable insights, this study seeks to unveil its inherent limitations. Departing from the question of, “Do the concepts provided by Neo-Gramscian about Hegemony solve the problem of marginalized communities?” and using Frankfurt School’s critical theory as the analytical framework, the analysis highlights several key flaws. Firstly, the epistemological failure it reflects, the overemphasis on two-way hegemony or by consent has overlooked a significant factor, which is the inevitable resistance of subaltern class. This movement would presumably trigger the elite class to force their power onto the subaltern class, which would engage the two classes in a series of material and ideological struggles, and eventually will result in the persistence of domination. Secondly, this critical analysis also assesses the internal fallacies of Neo-Gramscian with Horkheimer’s criteria on Critical Theory. This paper concludes that the promised two-way hegemony initiated by Robert Cox fails to solve the problem of marginalized communities, since it is inherently not a Critical Theory, by its utilization of power relations, top-down approach, and most importantly, centralization of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline in semi-natural grasslands has resulted from reduced traditional use, leading to a marked decrease in their overall area. Despite being located within Japan's core protected area system, the effectiveness of natural parks in conserving grasslands remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether natural parks successfully prevent the decline in grasslands. By analyzing historical changes in value perceptions toward grasslands in natural parks, natural parks' contribution to grassland conservation and the associated challenges were explored. The study focused on the Sengokuhara grassland in Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park and incorporated previous studies on other grasslands. It revealed that grasslands have been valued for their scenic views and recreational potential since the establishment of the national park. As grassland scarcity increased nationwide, attention shifted toward rare plants found exclusively on grasslands, along with grasslands' value as semi-natural landscapes. Consequently, natural-park-based grasslands have primarily been conserved based on these two values. However, conservation efforts within natural parks have mainly focused on regulating human activities, with limited measures to sustain nature, such as grasslands, through livelihoods. To enhance grassland conservation, it is essential to recognize their cultural value and develop mechanisms that ensure economic benefits are reinvested in conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of historical changes on the input of sports culture communication and the psychological state of the audience, using the theories of cultural change and cultural ecology as a foundation. In several villages, questionnaires were administered to senior citizens. The sample size for this study is 110, and empirical evidence is gathered using Smart PLS 4 and the structural equation model. The research has demonstrated in the literature that historical changes affect sports culture communication. In the meantime, this research has reported in the scholarly literature that historical changes affect the psychological state of the audience. The findings of this study are unquestionably novel to the literature and have advanced the theory about sports culture communication and audience psychological state. Additionally, the research has some practical implications that must be incorporated to implement sports culture effectively. The future directions of this research highlight the limitations of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Economia Política do Desenvolvimento (REPD) is the property of Revista Economia Politica do Desenvolvimento (REPD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ecological systems services or multi-functionality of paddy rice cultivation are critical to the functioning of the Earth's life-support system. We estimated the ecosystem services value (ESV) of paddy rice during 1980–2014 across China. The results indicated that the ESV of the paddy field in China showed an upward trend during this period. The share of ESV on CO2 sequestration was the highest, followed by ESV on temperature cooling and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The yield-scaled ESVs of Zones II (southern rice–upland crops rotation regions) and III (southern double rice production regions) were similar and significantly higher than the ESVs of Zones I (northeastern single rice production regions) and IV (Southwest rice–upland crops rotation regions). Between 1980 and 2014, the ESV of each region increased to varying degrees, except for the ESVs of Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong. Such effects suggest the existence of a significant spatial–temporal variation in the total amount, structure, and density of ESV of paddy fields in China, which can further guide the development of future options for the adaptation of healthy rice production in China.

Viticulture has historically been an important part of the social and economic life in the Mediterranean, while wine is reckoned among the oldest documented trades. The aim of the study is to record, evaluate and analyze spatial data from historical sources in order to gain insights into the dynamics of the viticultural landscape from the beginning of the Ottoman period to the present day. The study was based on (a) three historical maps published in 1885, 1942 and 1969, (b) records from historical surveys—two from the Ottoman period (1572 fiscal survey, 1832/33 property survey) and the British agricultural census of 1931, (c) present-day records from the vineyard survey of 2009 carried out by the Republic of Cyprus. In the beginning of the study period the center of viticulture was well established within the area of the southern and eastern slopes of Troodos massif. The vineyards expanded mainly around the same growing area until WW2 when they gradually began to be relocated in southwest direction to lower altitudes. This long-term trajectory of spatial patterns was driven by external demand for the product but also by the interplay of environmental, topographic and cultural factors, as well as by the state's policy framework which largely reflected long-term Mediterranean-wide patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on previous research on names and naming practices, I propose three suggestions to Bao et al. (2021), which investigated historical changes in given names of Han Chinese in China between 1920 and 2005. Their study analyzed a one-shot cross-sectional survey conducted in 2005 and reported that unique names increased from 1920 to 2005. The authors concluded that China became more individualistic over time for the period. However, three questions have remained unanswered in Bao et al. (2021). First, were the samples of older birth cohorts truly representative? Second, did unique names increase only after the 1970s? Third, how are the historical changes in average name length interpreted? Answering these three questions would contribute to a further understanding of the historical changes in given names and their underlying psychological/cultural shifts in China.

This paper seeks to explore the potential phonological reasons for the historical change of /k/ and /q/ in Najdi Arabic and the influence of these two consonants on the frequency and duration of vowels, such as /i/ sound through the prism of acoustic analysis. The /k/ phoneme transforms into [ts] and /q/ transforms into [ɡ] and [dz] in many Najdi Arabic words. This transformational process is called ‘palatalization’. Although it is a universal phenomenon, palatalization in Najdi Arabic has specific characteristic features. The main reason for this specificity is that the Najdi dialect had not been in contact with any other foreign languages in Najd region (the region of Najdi speakers) to create the affrication. This historical change is thus attributable to phonological reasons motivated by specific phonological features. Data were extracted from two recordings by two native speakers of the Najdi dialect who produced 217 words. They were phonologically transcribed and analyzed by the researcher to understand the motivation for the phonological change of these two consonants. Additionally, Pratt software was used to analyze the data to explore the influence of consonants on the /i/ sound frequency and duration. The results revealed that the palatalization of [ts] and [dz] does not occur in all the Najdi Arabic words, but only in some due to specific phonological features. The phonological patterns of /k/ and /q/ rely on the place of vocalic articulation preceding and following them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History-graded increases in older adults' levels of cognitive performance are well documented, but little is known about historical shifts in within-person change: cognitive decline and onset of decline. We combined harmonized perceptual-motor speed data from independent samples recruited in 1990 and 2010 to obtain 2,008 age-matched longitudinal observations (M = 78 years, 50% women) from 228 participants in the Berlin Aging Study (BASE) and 583 participants in the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II). We used nonlinear growth models that orthogonalized within- and between-person age effects and controlled for retest effects. At age 78, the later-born BASE-II cohort substantially outperformed the earlier-born BASE cohort (d = 1.20; 25 years of age difference). Age trajectories, however, were parallel, and there was no evidence of cohort differences in the amount or rate of decline and the onset of decline. Cognitive functioning has shifted to higher levels, but cognitive decline in old age appears to proceed similarly as it did two decades ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted this study to reveal the historical changes of parents' perception of diagnosis disclosure of childhood cancer to children. Parents having school children were recruited for questionnaire surveys conducted in 1998, 2008 and 2018. They were questioned about their perception of cancer, cancer diagnosis disclosure to children and advantages and disadvantages of the diagnosis disclosure. The historical changes were analyzed by comparing the responses at each survey with a Chi-square test and a residual analysis. Parents perceiving “cancer is incurable” decreased from 40.0% (an adjusted standardized residual [ASR] = 12.002 P

The construction of teachers' ethics is an important link to implement the fundamental task of fostering morality and cultivating people in China' education in the new era. From the perspective of sociology of knowledge, the teachers' ethics has the characteristics of social constructivity and situational dependence, and its meaning also has the characteristics of both historicalness and currentness. In the historical development of our country, the form of teachers' ethics has experienced the transformation from sublime to bottom line, from one-way speech to relational discourse, from individual creed to group virtue, from professional ethics to individual virtue reversion. The construction of teachers' ethics is a long-term and arduous strategic task. Only based on the practice field, dynamically and integrally grasp the development direction of teachers' ethics, construct the constraint mechanism based on endogenous standards, and enhance the influence of the system of teachers爷 ethics construction on teachers' moral cognition and moral emotion, can the construction of teachers爷 ethics achieve long-term development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Protestant clergyman, poet and exile Jacobus Jacobaeus (cca 1591 to 1645) published his historical work entitled Idea mutationum in 1624. In this text, he provided a brief and strongly biased overview of Bohemian history as well as reflections on how he perceived and experienced fundamental social changes after the defeat of the Bohemian Revolt (1618 to 1620). Similarly to Comenius’s dialogue Truchlivý II [Mourning II], Idea mutationum was written in the mid-1620s in the context of an exhausting war and recatholisation policy and is often seen as a manifestation of neo-Stoicism inspired by Justus Lipsius. This study presents Jacobaeus’s text and discusses whether the far-reaching social “crisis” could have triggered a deeper interest in history. The main focus is on the role of experience in interpreting and conceptualizing history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the development of curricula for German study programs in Central Eastern European Countries over the past 70 years, from the post-war period to the present. These are shaped by social framework conditions and historical factors, such as the end of the war in 1945, and the years directly following, membership of the so-called communist Eastern Bloc, and membership in the EU in 2004 and 2007. The political changes of 1989/1990 marked one of the most important milestones; a period began in which western languages including the German language flourished in German departments; only with demographic change has enrolment dropped rapidly since the turn of the millennium. Already in the first decade of reunification, German institutes "lost" their graduates to careers that were not oriented towards the humanities, a phenomenon dominated by international companies with business contacts in German-speaking countries. Today, the majority of universities and German studies institutes are reacting to the pragmatic demands of the labor market and are modifying their range of courses, even if this is at the expense of traditional curricular content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The impact of social origin on educational attainment is conditioned on the social context in which people live. In recent decades, with changes in the Chinese society, how has the impact of social origin on educational inequality changed? Based on an analysis of 70 birth cohorts, this study details the effect of social origin on educational inequality and its trends over the past 70 years. The results of this study also indicate that the historical stages hypothesis (HSH) and model-shift hypothesis (MSH) emphasized in previous studies cannot fully describe the historical changes in educational inequality. In addition to macrosocial processes, there may exist other structural factors that also affect educational inequality but are neglected. The social context and its transformation, which shaped the relationship between social origin and educational inequality, need to be examined in more detail.

Purpose: The intent of this study is to get insight into the different views on Roma health in Poland to improve health, access to healthcare and broaden the understanding of the limitations for the Roma inclusion in the mainstream of organizational behaviour of health and well-being institutions. Design/methodology/approach: The lack of institutional success up to date in the conduct of policies supporting the Roma on the path to an even standard of living, including health, suggests seeking new organizational approaches. To find the answers to these questions “What views do the Roma/Roma experts/Polish society have on Roma health?” qualitative research was done: six semi-structured openended interviews were conducted in the Roma community in Ochotnica Górna village in the Carpathian Mountains (across three generations), one structured and two semi-structured open-ended interviews with experts, observations of the living environments of the Roma interviewees and collection of newspaper articles as well as an analysis of different statistical data. Findings: The main insights that were provided by the views of Roma experts are the differences of approaches to health issues between Roma groups in Poland. The main insights that the newspaper articles give into the views of the society on Roma health are that the denigrating view on the Roma is still present in society, as some statements created a narrative of ‘othering’. This study also shows the change of views in time, as conformation to Romanipen principles is being relaxed among younger generations so their view on health and health care is changing. The policy in Poland that addresses the health issue of Roma is the National Roma Integration Policy 2014–2020, targeted to the whole Polish Roma population, homogeneously, although the target population is rather heterogeneous. This should be changed in the coming years. Research limitations/implications: A serious limitation in the research was the lack of willingness of both of the Roma people and Roma experts to participate in the study, and especially to share their insights on health, the protection of which follows the restrictive tradition of Romanipen. Generally, conducting research only in Ochotnica Gorna narrows the scope of this study to one particular village, even if the organizational solution is similar all over Poland. Originality/value: The value of the obtained results is increased by their uniqueness, as the separate issues of Roma health are not raised in Polish literature.

Viticulture has historically been an important part of the social and economic life in the Mediterranean, while wine is reckoned among the oldest documented trades. The aim of the study is to record, evaluate and analyze spatial data from historical sources in order to gain insights into the dynamics of the viticultural landscape from the beginning of the Ottoman period to the present day. The study was based on (a) three historical maps published in 1885, 1942 and 1969, (b) records from historical surveys—two from the Ottoman period (1572 fiscal survey, 1832/33 property survey) and the British agricultural census of 1931, (c) present-day records from the vineyard survey of 2009 carried out by the Republic of Cyprus. In the beginning of the study period the center of viticulture was well established within the area of the southern and eastern slopes of Troodos massif. The vineyards expanded mainly around the same growing area until WW2 when they gradually began to be relocated in southwest direction to lower altitudes. This long-term trajectory of spatial patterns was driven by external demand for the product but also by the interplay of environmental, topographic and cultural factors, as well as by the state’s policy framework which largely reflected long-term Mediterranean-wide patterns.

Objectives Perceptions of time are shaped by sociohistorical factors. Specifically, economic growth and modernization often engender a sense of acceleration. Research has primarily focused on one time perception dimension (perceived time pressure) in one subpopulation (working-age adults), but it is not clear whether historical changes extend to other dimensions (e.g. perceived speed of time) and other subpopulations, such as older adults who are no longer in the workforce and experience age-related shifts in time perception. We therefore examined sociohistorical and age-related trends in two dimensions of time perception in two cohorts of urban older adults. Method Using propensity score matching for age and education, samples were drawn from the Berlin Aging Study (1990–1993, n = 256, M age = 77.49) and the Berlin Aging Study-II (2009–2014, n = 248, M age = 77.49). Cohort differences in means, variances, covariance, and correlates of perceived speed of time and time pressure were examined using multigroup SEM. Results There were no cohort differences in the perceived speed of time, but later-born cohorts reported more time pressure than earlier-born cohorts. There were no significant age differences, but perceptions of speed of time were more heterogeneous in the 1990s than in the 2010s. Cohorts did not differ in how time perceptions were associated with sociodemographic, health, cognitive, and psychosocial correlates. Discussion These findings document sociohistorical trends toward greater perceived time pressure and reduced heterogeneity in perceived speed of time among later-born urban adults. Conceptualizations of social acceleration should thus consider the whole adult life span. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Society and developmental theory generally assume that there are wide generational differences in personality. Yet evidence showing historical change in the levels of adult Big Five traits is scarce and particularly so for developmental change. We tracked adult trajectories of personality in 4,732 participants (age: M = 52.93 years, SD = 16.69; 53% female) from the Seattle Longitudinal Study (born 1883–1976) across 50 years. Multilevel models revealed evidence for historical change in personality: At age 56, later-born cohorts exhibited lower levels of maturity-related traits (agreeableness and neuroticism) and higher levels of agency-related traits (extraversion and openness) than earlier-born cohorts. Historical changes in agreeableness and neuroticism were more pronounced among young adults, but changes in openness were less pronounced. Cohort differences in change were rare and were observed only for agreeableness; within-person increases were more pronounced among later-born cohorts. Our results yield the first evidence for historical change in the Big Five across adulthood and point to the roles of delayed social-investment and maturity effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bounded rationality and practice theory have both become popular theories of action for major strands of work in constructivist and rationalist International Relations (IR). Based on this observation, I make two arguments. The first is that although they underpin what are generally seen as opposed theoretical camps in IR, bounded rationality and practice theory share two fundamental assumptions. They both accept that how agents process information and make decisions depends on where they are situated in social space, and where they stand in historical time. In turn, these shared assumptions imply that they agree on the existence of a common type of change: change in terms of how groups of people process information and make decisions over time. My second argument is that by studying this type of change, it is possible to shed new light on major transformations of international relations, and that one way of engaging in this type of research is to study international practitioners' education over substantial time periods. With these arguments, this article makes a methodological contribution to the study of change in historical international relations and charts a practical course for pluralist dialogue in IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]