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RESUMO Aspidosperma australe e Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon são muito utilizadas na arborização do Campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Contudo, a infestação por insetos galhadores compromete sensivelmente apenas o vigor de mudas recém-plantadas e de espécimes já adultos de A. australe. O estudo anatômico, histoquímico e a análise do perfil cromatográfico das folhas de A. australe e A. cylindrocarpon teve por objetivo avaliar caracteres morfológicos e químicos que possam constituir mecanismos de defesa, afetando a aceitabilidade e/ou a resistência dessas espécies a infestação pelo inseto galhador (Pseudophacopteron sp.). A análise estrutural permitiu caracterizá-las como espécies vegetais anatomicamente distintas, com diferenças relevantes observadas nos sistemas de revestimento e fundamental. As diferenças químicas relacionadas à produção de derivados fenólicos nas duas espécies sugerem estratégias de proteção contra a infestação pelo inseto galhador e por outros possíveis herbívoros em A. cylindrocarpon. Em A. australe, tanto as características anatômicas quanto as químicas denotam maior susceptibilidade ao ataque pelo Pseudophacopteron sp. e por todos os demais componentes da teia alimentar envolvidos nesta galha.

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Background and aims: Butia yatay and Syagrus romanzoffiana are the most popular ornamental palms trees (Arecaceae) cultivated in many cities of Argentina. During the summer both species produce large quantities of fruits that are arranged in pendulous clusters, very striking due to their organoleptic characteristics: intense color and sweet aroma; however, they are underestimated by the urban population to be used as an alternative source of food. This study aimed to characterize these fruits morphoanatomy, histochemical and nutritional composition in order to encourage their consumption. M&M: The fruits were collected and fixed for standard anatomical examination or used fresh for histochemical study. The proximal composition, total phenolic, and fatty acids were determined. Results: The pulps presented large idioblasts containing tannins, mucilage and calcium oxalate raphides. The presence of groups of fibers of different sizes and vascular bundles surrounded by highly developed sclerenchyma sheaths, scattered throughout the mesocarp, was observed. Both fruits were rich in carbohydrate content (B. yatay 11,4 mg g-1 and S. romanzoffiana 37,3 mg g-1) and proved to be a good source of dietary fiber and linoleic and linolenic acids, indispensable for human nutrition since they are parent fatty acids of de omega 6 and omega 3 family. Conclusions: The anatomical and histochemical study of the fruits of B. yatay and S. romanzoffiana allowed us to establish correlations between the observed characters and their proximal and nutritional composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., conhecida popularmente como batata-doce; é considerada um alimento rico em nutrientes, tem suas folhas usadas em diversas finalidades, inclusive como alternativa a outros alimentos folhosos. Além disso, a folha é utilizada na medicina tradicional para redução do colesterol, inflamação de garganta, dor de dente, fadiga, gengiva inflamada, gonorreia e como antidiabética. Apesar do uso tradicional e da importância econômica da batata, ainda são poucos os estudos na literatura que descrevam a anatomia, bem como a histoquímica e fitoquímica de I. batatas. Devido a isso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar a caracterização anatômica, histoquímica e fitoquímica da espécie Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. No estudo realizado, foram utilizados métodos usuais em anatomia vegetal na preparação das análises em microscópio de luz e polarização de lâminas semipermanentes contendo secções transversais da raiz, caule, pecíolo e lâmina foliar e paradérmicos da lâmina foliar de I. batatas. Foi realizado também testes histoquímicos a fim de localizar os metabólitos na lâmina foliar através de secções transversais e prospecção fitoquímica de extratos etanólico das folhas através da Cromatografia em Camada Delgada. Através da anatomia foi possível observar características que diferenciam I. batatas das demais espécies do gênero, como quantidades de camada e localização dos tecidos dos órgãos vegetativos (raiz, caule e folha), presença de tricomas glandulares no pecíolo e na lâmina foliar e presença de canais secretores no caule, pecíolo e lâmina foliar. Nos testes histoquímicos foi possível observar a presença de compostos fenólicos, compostos lipofílicos, grãos de amido, lignina e triterpenos e esteroide na lâmina foliar da espécie; e através da fitoquímica foram identificados flavonoides, mono e sesquiterpenos, triterpenos e esteroides, derivados cinâmicos e açúcares redutores, confirmando o observado na histoquímica. Os resultados apresentados no estudo demonstram a importância da caracterização anatômica, histoquímica e fitoquímica para o controle de qualidade da droga vegetal e padronização farmacobotânica de I. batatas.

Introducción y objetivos: Butia yatay y Syagrus romanzoffiana son las especies de Palmeras (Arecaceae) más cultivadas en Argentina con fines ornamentales. Ambas especies producen en verano grandes cantidades de frutos que se disponen en racimos péndulos, llamativos por sus características organolépticas: colores intensos y aroma dulce; sin embargo son subestimados por la población urbana para ser utilizados como una fuente alternativa de alimento. En el presente trabajo se realizó la caracterización morfológica, anatómica, histoquímica y de composición nutricional de dichos frutos con el fin de alentar su consumo. MyM: Los frutos recolectados fueron fijados para los métodos estándares de micrografía, o fueron utilizados frescos para los estudios histoquímicos. Se determinó la composición proximal, el contenido de ácidos grasos y de polifenoles totales. Resultados: Las pulpas de ambos frutos presentaron idioblastos conteniendo taninos, mucílagos y rafidios de oxalato de calcio. Se observó la presencia de grupos de fibras de distintos tamaños y haces vasculares rodeados de vainas esclerenquimáticas muy desarrolladas, en el mesocarpio. La pulpa presentó un alto contenido de hidratos de carbono (B. yatay 11,4mg g-1, S. romanzoffiana 37,3 mg g-1; a su vez demostraron ser una excelente fuente de fibra dietaria, de ácidos linoléico y linolénico, ambos esenciales en la dieta humana debido a que son precursores en la síntesis de la serie omega 3 y omega 6. Conclusiones: Las características anatómicas e histoquímicas de los frutos de B. yatay y S. romanzoffiana se relacionan con la composición proximal y química obtenida para los mismos.

A criptococose é uma doença fúngica causada por duas espécies de Cryptococcus, C. neoformans e C. gattii. Afeta diversas espécies animais, sendo os gatos considerados mais propensos. A doença no gato geralmente afeta o sistema respiratório, particularmente cavidades nasais. Envolvimento do sistema nervoso central é menos frequente, comparado ao cão. Manifestação em outros locais, como cavidade abdominal, é considerada rara. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar um caso de criptococose abdominal em um gato, encaminhado para exame necroscópico. O animal apresentava progressiva perda de peso, com acentuado aumento de volume abdominal, sendo suspeito de peritonite infecciosa felina. À necropsia, observou-se intensa deposição de material brancacento gelatinoso no abdômen. A histopatologia revelou inflamação e a presença de estruturas leveduriformes nos tecidos, evidenciadas pelas colorações de azul de Alcian e ácido periódico de Schiff, confirmando o diagnóstico de criptococose. Conclui-se que manifestações de alterações abdominais devem ser profundamente investigadas, a fim de permitir diagnóstico precoce e possibilitar tentativas de tratamento.

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Background and aims: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts with plant roots, and they colonize the surrounding soil and leaf litter. A unique clarification technique has been used for studying AMF in decomposing leaves, but it is not optimal for all types. This study aimed to evaluate and adjust three clearing techniques on leaf litter of diverse plant species for the detection of AMF structures. M&M: We collected leaf litter of Quercus robur, Tipuana tipu, Ulmus minor, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Platanus acerifolia, Laurus nobilis, Populus alba and Melia azedarach from soil surface of two parks in Buenos Aires (Argentina). Also, we inoculated leaf litter of F. pennsylvanica with Rhizoglomus intraradices in a pot culture under semicontrolled conditions. Three clarification techniques were tested: the "5-5-5 staining technique" by Arambarri (2018), the root clarification technique by Phillips & Hayman (1970), and Peterson et al. (2008). The time and temperature to reagent exposure were adjusted according to each decomposing leaf. Results: The clarification technique of Peterson et al. (2008) was the most appropriate for all the tested leaf litters. An effective clarification, conservation of leaf structure and visualization of extraradical spores and mycelia of AMF was achieved. Conclusions: The selection of the appropriate technique greatly depends on the quality and composition of leaf litter. By the optimization of Peterson et al. (2008) technique, we were able to detect structures of AMF on decomposing leaves of F. pennsylvanica and T. tipu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El aluminio (Al) es el tercer elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre. Su forma química depende de los valores de pH del suelo. En suelos ácidos, el Al se libera y solubiliza principalmente en la forma iónica de Al3+, que es tóxica para la mayoría de las plantas. Los principales efectos tóxicos del Al se observan en el ápice de la raíz, inhibiendo la división y elongación celular, lo que provoca una raíz deficiente en la absorción de agua y nutrientes, lo que resulta en una inhibición del crecimiento y, por ende, una disminución de la productividad de la planta. En la actualidad, el Al está disponible en suelos que no son naturalmente ácidos y se utilizan como tierras de cultivo, lo que ha generado una línea de investigación en relación con el efecto del Al en diferentes especies de plantas, por ejemplo, sitios de acumulación y concentración en las diferentes plantas. órganos En este contexto, El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es brindar una guía para seleccionar la técnica más adecuada que permita localizar y cuantificar Al en los diferentes órganos de plantas que crecen en suelos ácidos. Para ello, en primer lugar se describen los fundamentos de las diferentes técnicas para localizar y cuantificar Al en órganos y/o tejidos vegetales, y se integra esta información proporcionando una guía recomendando la técnica más adecuada en función de algunas características de la especie a ser analizado. Además, profundizar en el estudio de los sitios de acumulación de Al y las concentraciones que pueden absorber las plantas debería permitir seleccionar cultivos tolerantes que puedan ser utilizados para la producción agrícola o estudios de fitorremediación. primero se describen los fundamentos de las diferentes técnicas para localizar y cuantificar Al en órganos y/o tejidos vegetales, y se integra esta información proporcionando una guía recomendando la técnica más adecuada en función de algunas características de la especie a analizar. Además, profundizar en el estudio de los sitios de acumulación de Al y las concentraciones que pueden absorber las plantas debería permitir seleccionar cultivos tolerantes que puedan ser utilizados para la producción agrícola o estudios de fitorremediación. primero se describen los fundamentos de las diferentes técnicas para localizar y cuantificar Al en órganos y/o tejidos vegetales, y se integra esta información proporcionando una guía recomendando la técnica más adecuada en función de algunas características de la especie a analizar. Además, profundizar en el estudio de los sitios de acumulación de Al y las concentraciones que pueden absorber las plantas debería permitir seleccionar cultivos tolerantes que puedan ser utilizados para la producción agrícola o estudios de fitorremediación.

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Mirabilis jalapa L., popularly known as “Maravilha”, belonging to the family Nyctaginaceae Juss., is used in folk medicine to treat leukorrhea, itching, swelling, among other diseases. The study aimed to describe anatomical characteristics of root, stem and leaf; identify the sites of accumulation of metabolites in the leaves and perform phytochemical prospecting of the leaves of M. jalapa. In the study, the usual methods in plant anatomy were used in the preparation of the analyses of semi-permanent slides containing cross-sections of the root, stem, petiole and leaf blade and paradermal leaf blade of M. jalapa. Histochemical tests were also performed in order to locate the metabolites in the leaf blade through cross-sections and phytochemical prospection of methanolic extracts of the leaves, by means of Thin Layer Chromatography. For the root, layers of periderm and pheloderm were observed; on the stem the presence of phloem both near the xylem and the sclerenchyma; in the leaf blade, raffide-type crystals were observed only in the mesophyll region, and presenting amphistomatic leaf blade. For histochemistry it was observed that the crystals are calcium oxalate, in addition to observing phenolic compounds, alkaloids, steroids, lipophilic compounds and lignin. In the phytochemistry was identified mono and sesquiterpenes, triterpenes and steroids, flavonoids, cinnamic derivatives and reducing sugars. The results presented are fundamental for the quality control of the plant drug and the pharmacobotanical standardization of the studied species.

Introducción y objetivos: Los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) forman asociaciones simbióticas mutualistas con las raíces de las plantas y se desarrollan en el suelo y hojarasca. Hasta el momento, se ha empleado una única técnica de clarificación en hojarasca para el estudio de los HMA, pero dada la gran variabilidad anatómica y bioquímica de las hojas, es necesario analizar otras metodologías. En este trabajo se evaluaron y ajustaron tres técnicas de clarificación en hojarasca de distintas especies arbóreas para la detección de HMA. M&M: Se recolectó hojarasca de Quercus robur, Tipuana tipu, Ulmus minor, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Platanus acerifolia, Laurus nobilis, Populus alba and Melia azedarach de la superficie del suelo en dos parques de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Además, se inoculó hojarasca de F. pennsylvanica con Rhizoglomus intraradices en un cultivo bajo condiciones semicontroladas. Fueron evaluadas tres técnicas de clarificación: “5 – 5 – 5” de Arambarri (2018), Phillips & Hayman (1970) y Peterson et al. (2008), y se ajustaron modificando la duración y condiciones de exposición a los reactivos. Resultados: La técnica de clarificación propuesta por Peterson et al. (2008) fue la más apropiada para todas las hojarascas evaluadas, dado que se obtuvo una eficaz clarificación, conservación de la estructura foliar y la visualización de esporas e hifas de HMA. Conclusión: La selección adecuada de la técnica depende de la calidad de la hojarasca. La optimización del método de Peterson et al. (2008) permitió detectar estructuras de HMA en la hojarasca delicada de F. pennsylvanica y T. tipu.

Ipomoea hederifolia L. is a herbaceous vine native to the tropical Americas with important medicinal properties. Was realized a pharmacobotanical study of the leaves and stems of this species, performing macroscopic and microscopic morphodiagnoses and histochemical tests. Anatomical characteristics typical of the family Convolvulaceae were found. However, the epidermis and its appendages (e.g. striated cuticle and peltate trichomes) and the anatomy of the petiole and the stem presented relevant characters for the taxonomic recognition of the species. Histochemical tests evidenced the presence of lignin and cutin and positive reactions for starch, phenolic compounds, and proteins. The anatomy and the histochemical tests indicated a set of characteristics relevant to the pharmacobotanical characterization of I. hederifolia, expanding our knowledge of the species and providing subsidies for the quality control of its vegetal products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgramma vacciniifolia, an epiphyte fern, hosts of two stem galls. One is induced by Tortrimosaica polypodivora (Lepidoptera), which can also induce galls in M. squamulosa and M. mortoniana. The alterations induced by T. polypodivora on M. vacciniifolia stem were compared to non-galled organs to evaluate the anatomical potentials of host ferns in response to a galling Lepidoptera. Histochemical and histometrical comparisons between galled and non-galled stems were performed to assess the processes leading to gall formation. M. vacciinifolia and M. squamulosa galls were anatomically similar, although their sizes differ, reflecting the growth potential of each host species. Simple structural alterations, such as hyperplasia of cortical and pericycle cells, occur during gall formation, while cell hypertrophy, common in more complex galls, was only detected on the pericycle. Meristele size remained unaltered in galls, but the pericycle appeared hyperplasic. The protective scales were broader in galls. A nutritive tissue with lipids, typical to Lepidoptera galls, was observed around the larval chamber, with small cells and meristematic activity. Starch, proteins, and reducing sugars accumulated in nutritive cells are uncommonly found in Lepidoptera galls. Despite simple structural alterations, T. polypodivora induced a gradient of primary metabolites, similar to angiosperm galls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Tridax procumbens L., popularmente conhecida como erva de touro ou picão branco é amplamente utilizada pela população de diversos países, é uma espécie nativa da Caatinga e considerada uma erva daninha no Brasil. A espécie é utilizada popularmente para o tratamento de hipertensão, inflamações, depurativo e curativo de feridas. Vale enfatizar que T. procumbens apresenta similaridades taxonômicas com outras espécies tanto do gênero Tridax quanto de outros gêneros de Asteraceae, a exemplo espécies do gênero Bidens. Frente a isso, o objetivo do estudo foi realizar a caracterização anatômica e histoquímica de T. procumbens. No estudo realizado, foram utilizados métodos usuais em anatomia vegetal na preparação de lâminas semipermanentes contendo secções transversais da raiz, caule, pecíolo e lâmina foliar e paradérmicos da lâmina foliar de T. procumbens para análises em microscopia de luz. Também realizou-se testes histoquímicos utilizando reagentes específicos afim de localizar os metabólitos na lâmina foliar fresca através de secções transversais. Os principais caracteres úteis na identificação da espécie foram: presença de canais secretores desde o caule até à lâmina foliar da espécie; tricomas tectores que foram identificados em todos os órgãos vegetativos; assim como a observação dos estômatos anisocíticos, tetracíticos e anomocíticos na face adaxial e estômatos paraciticos, anisociticos e tetracíticos na face abaxial. O estudo histoquímico evidenciou a presença de compostos fenólicos, compostos lipofílicos e lignina nos tecidos vegetativos. Os resultados apresentados são fundamentais para o controle de qualidade da droga vegetal e padronização farmacobotânica da espécie estudada.

Introduction: The digestive tract of Neotropical cichlids has not been deeply studied, and it is a fundamental topic for understanding fish physiology, nutrition, trophic associations, and evolution. Objective: To describe anatomically and histologically the digestive tract of the Neotropical cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus and to immunolocalize the orexigenic peptide (Npy) along the intestine. Methods: We euthanized 14 adult individuals and fixed the organs in Bouin’s solution; we stained 7 μm thick paraffin sections for general description and with Alcian Blue (pH = 2.5, AB) and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) to identify acid or neutral glycoconjugates, respectively. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemistry for Npy in 3 adult individuals. We manually counted PAS- and AB-positive cells, and Npy-immunoreactive cells per fold. Results: There is a short oesophagus, a sac-like stomach, and a tubular intestine with two loops. The oesophagus has a stratified epithelium with a high density of PAS- and AB-positive goblet cells and striated muscle fibers in the tunica muscularis. The stomach mucosa is formed by simple columnar epithelium. The intestine has a simple columnar epithelium, with brush border and interspersed PAS- and AB-positive goblet cells, and Npyimmunoreactive cells. There is an ileorectal valve in the transition between the posterior intestine and the rectum. This last gut portion has goblet cells and a thicker tunica muscularis. Conclusions: C. dimerus shares features with other Neotropical cichlids, but the goblet cells and gastric glands distribution seems to be unique for the species. To our understanding, this is the first work to describe Npyimmunoreactive cells distribution in the intestine of a Neotropical cichlid fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Croton floribundus, Euphorbiaceae, popularly known as "capixingui" is a native tree of the Atlantic Forest. In folk medicine, the tea of C. floribundus stem bark is used for the treatment of leukemia, tumors, and syphilis. The aim of this work was to describe the morphological and anatomical characteristics of C. floribundus stem bark and to establish parameters for its quality control. Accordingly, different analyses were performed, including organoleptic, morphological, anatomical, and histochemical analysis of the samples, plus the characterization of druse crystals by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The sample showed menthol and camphor odor, and bitter taste. The main macroscopic characteristic was the presence of a thin periderm with striations. The main distinctive microscopic features of the species were: dense gelatinous fibers, phenolic idioblasts, sclereids, numerous crystalline idioblasts with druses located in the cortex and abundantly in the parenchymal rays of the phloem, and absence of laticifers in the mature stem bark. These analyses made possible to describe the morpho-anatomy of that species, contributing to phytochemical and pharmacognostic future studies of C. floribundus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Rice is one species that present dormancy after harvest and can be prolonged during seed storage. This work aimed to determine whether gibberellic acid (GA3) is an efficient promoter of dormancy-breaking in rice seeds and evaluate changes in biological structures via histochemistry. The cultivar used was SCS122 Miura submitted to 0 mg L-1, 500 mg L-1, and 1000 mg L-1 of GA3. Germination, viability, root, shoot and seedling length, starch optical microscopy, and quantification of total soluble sugars were performed. The use of 500 mg L-1 and 1000 mg L-1 of GA3 was efficient in dormancy-breaking rice seeds, reducing the percentage of dormant seeds to 4% and 1%, respectively. Despite lowering the dormancy percentage, the presence of GA3 causes an increase in the percentage of abnormal seedlings. Therefore, it cannot be recommended as a method of dormancy-breaking rice seeds at the concentrations used. Optical microscopy is efficient to verify that with the dormancy-breaking, the degradation of starch granules occurs, increasing the availability of total soluble sugars for the growth and development of seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Despite the fact that T. cacao is an important species worldwide for cocoa production, little is known about the micromorphology and structure of anthers and pollen grains. Objectives: To describe and analyze the structure and micromorphology of the anthers and pollen grains of 10 elite genotypes of this important tropical species. Methods: More than 30 anthers of flowers in anthesis were taken of the 10 elite genotypes of T. cacao from the ex situ germplasm bank of the Suiza-Agrosavia Research Center (Rionegro, Santander-Colombia). The anthers with the pollen grains were fixated and processed according to the standard protocols for embedding and sectioning in paraffin. Sections obtained (3 μm thick) were stained with SafraninAlcian blue to discriminate structures with primary and secondary walls and total polyphenols. Additionally, the samples were also stained with the PAS-Amidoblack technique was used to differentiate between structural and reserve polysaccharides as well as proteins. Toluidine blue staining was used for the determination of sporopollenin and polyphenols and finally Alcian blue-PAS-Hematoxylin staining was applied for additional descriptions. Observations were made using photonic microscopy and epifluorescence microscopy. For observation with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the anthers with the pollen grains were fixed and dehydrated in 2.2 Dimethoxypropane, then desiccated to critical point and finally coated with gold. Results: the anthers are dithecal and supported by a long filament made up of an epidermal stratum, parenchymal tissue, and a vascular bundle. The dehiscence occurs longitudinally through the stomium. The anther wall is made up of a monostratified epidermal layer, followed by a layer of endothecial cells with lignified fibrillar thickenings, cellular remnants of tapetum and abundant orbicules can be seen covering the cavity of the microsporangia. The epidermal and parenchymal tissues of the anthers are abundant in polyphenols. Orbicules are generally spherical, psilated, and these exhibit the same staining and fluorescence reactions as exine from pollen grains. The pollen grains are monades, isopolar, small (16-19µm) with circular amb, spheroidal, tricolpate with medium or short colpi (5-10µm) with sculptured membrane, semitectate, reticulated, heterobrochate, sculptured or non- sculptured walls, with microgranules of different size or scabrate. The statistical analyzes showed that there are significant differences in the size of the pollen grains (P ˂ 0.05). It is observed that the smallest pollen grains are those of the TCS 19 genotype (16.890 µm) and are different from the other genotypes, and among these there are no significant differences. Only two genotypes (SCC 19 and SCA 6) showed pollenkit and only one has perforated walls (SCA 6). Conclusions: The structure and micromorphology of the anthers of T. cacao are similar to those described for other Malvaceae. Likewise, the pollen grains showed variations in size, ornamentation of the sporoderm and the lumen of the reticulum and the presence of pollenkitt. However, no relationship was observed between the micromorphological characters analyzed in the pollen grains and the pollen compatibility models reported for these genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ornamental Angel fish (Pterophyllum scalare) is one of the main commercialized species from South America, with an important number of national and international dealers. Objective: To make a histological and morphometric description of P. scalare digestive tract. Methods: Nineteen adult individuals were used. Intestinal coefficient values were obtained, and a macroscopic and microscopic description of esophagus, stomach, and intestine (anterior, middle and posterior) was carried out. Samples were processed for paraffin embedding, and 5 µm sections were stained with H&E and P.A.S. Positive P.A.S. cells were counted. Lumen area and tissue area were measured in representative digitalized sections from each region. Results: P. scalare exhibited a short esophagus, followed by a blind bag shaped, scarcely muscular stomach, and a short intestine (intestinal coefficient 1.66 +/- 0.52). Four constitutive tissue layers were identified: mucosa, submucosa, muscular and in some areas also a serosa layer. Esophagus exhibit abundant globet P.A.S. + cells and shows the larger tisular area was observed. Luminal area and perimeter are larger in anterior intestinal region. Conclusions: the intestinal coefficient value (1.66 +/- 0.52), and the histological and morphometric characteristics of the evaluated organs, suggest that P. scalare is omnivorous with soft prey preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMO Copaifera sabulicola é uma espécie endêmica da região centro-oeste da Bahia e extremo norte de Minas Gerais e ainda possui lacunas nas informações botânicas. O presente trabalho caracterizou anatomicamente o folíolo e peciólulo de C. sabulicola, com ênfase nas estruturas secretoras e histolocalizar as substâncias biologicamente ativas. Amostras de folhas foram fixadas em FNT, desidratadas em série etílica e incluídas em metacrilato. Os cortes histológicos foram corados com azul de toluidina e montados em lâmina permanente. Foram realizados testes histoquímicos e fitoquímicos, dissociação e diafanização da lâmina foliolar. Cavidades secretoras foram encontradas ao longo do mesofilo, nervura central e peciólulo. Foram observados feixes vasculares circundados por bainha fibrosa e cutícula ornamentada na nervura central e no bordo foliolar. Nos testes histoquímicos foram detectados compostos fenólicos, alcaloides, proteínas e lipídios estruturais, e na análise fitoquímica, taninos catéquicos, flavonas, flavonois, xantonas, esteroides e terpenois. Tais caracteres auxiliam na correta identificação da espécie.

Antecedentes: Algunos investigadores estudiaron las características morfológicas e histoquímicas durante el desarrollo, histogénesis y maduración de las glándulas palatinas, en tanto que no se conocen observaciones sobre el patrón de glicosilación de sus proteínas y la distribución de glicoproteínas con uniones N y 0-glucosídicas y sus posibles implicancias funcionales. Objetivos: En base a estos antecedentes nos propusimos investigar con histoquímica básica y lectinhistoquímica las glándulas palatinas humanas de diferentes grupos etanos para determinar el inicio de la secreción de mucinas y la presencia de glicoproteínas con uniones Ny 0-glucosídicas durante la diferenciación y maduración glandular. Materiales y métodos: Glándulas palatinas humanas de embriones y fetos, recién nacidos, jóvenes y adultos fueron estudiadas con métodos histoquímicos (PAS, Dane, Alejan blue a pl-I 2,5 y 1,0. Azul de toluidina) y lectinhistoquímica. Resultados: Las variaciones observadas en los glicoconjugados durante el desarrollo y maduración de las glándulas palatinas humanas demuestran que su secreción comienza en etapas tempranas del desarrollo prenatal y está compuesta por una variedad de azúcares que cumplirían un papel fundamental en los periodos prenatales y postnatales. Conclusiones: El estudio de las modificaciones de los residuos azúcares en las glándulas palatinas humanas durante la embriogénesis, diferenciación y maduración, nos permite obtener una mayor información sobre su histofisiología y sobre los potenciales cambios durante el envejecimiento y procesos patológicos de las glándulas salivales maduras.

Evolution between animals causes many changes so that it can adapt to its environments. Each species has unique features that help them survive and can consume different types of food. Sheep and rabbits are economically important animals and used in many aspects of veterinary medicine.This study aimed to compare the histomorphometric and histochemical features of the esophagus of twenty sheep (n=10) and rabbit (n=10) adult males. The samples were collected from slaughterhouse and market Misan and were used for histological studies of two types of stains, hematoxylin and eosin, and special stains (Periodic acid Schiff stains). Histological study showed differences in the type epithelium of mucosa lining the esophagus between sheep and rabbits. The epithelium lining was composed of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in sheep while in rabbit was composed of a non-keratinized stratified squamous. In both animals, the submucosa layer does not possess glands. The muscular layer of both was composed of striated muscle in the cervical, thoracic, and abdomen parts of the esophagus. Both animals contained an outer layer of loose connective tissue called the adventitia. All layers in sheep showed more thickness than in rabbits. The histochemical study showed that the reaction to Periodic acid Schiff stain was similar between the animals and in different places. Only stratum corneum cells of the sheep mucosa and squamous cells of the rabbit mucosa demonstrated a strong reaction to this stain. In contrast, the rest of the cells of the mucosa and muscular layers were moderate reactions with Periodic acid Schiff stain in all regions sheep and rabbit esophagus. Submucosa and adventitia showed weakly reaction with Periodic acid Schiff's stain in both animals. In conclusion, this study showed that sheep and rabbits have similarities and differences in the esophagus; that is, the layers of this organ has different thicknesses and respond differently to Periodic acid Schiff stain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There are few studies concerning the morpho-anatomical and histochemical alterations caused by powdery mildew in H. macrophylla leaves in the scientific literature. Objective: To describe and analyze anatomical and histochemical aspects of this pathosystem. Methods: More than 90 leaves of H. macrophylla (both healthy and infected leaves by powdery mildew) were collected in the nursery El Jardín del Eden, Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia. To carry out the identification of the mycopathogen, sections were stained with Lactophenol Blue, and contrasted with specialized taxonomic keys. Transverse fragments 1 cm thick were fixed in a mixture of formalin, alcohol, and acetic acid. These were subsequently dehydrated using an ethanol series, clarified in Xylene, and finally embedded in Paraplast plus® to obtain 5 µm sections. Schiff's periodic acid reaction (PAS) was used to detect structural and reserve polysaccharides, Ruthenium Red for pectins, Ponseau S and Lacmoid for callose, ferric chloride for polyphenols, Sudan Black for lipids and Uvitex 2B-Hematoxylin for chitin. The sections were observed using a Nikon 80i eclipse® photon microscope, with Uvitex 2B-Hematoxylin-stained sections examined by epifluorescence using a UV-2A filter. For the observation and description of the samples by scanning electron microscopy, healthy and infected leaves were fixed and dehydrated in 100 % methanol, critical point dried, and coated with gold. Results: H. macrophylla leaves are isobilateral and homobaric, with adaxial and abaxial epidermis of a single cellular layer. The palisade parenchyma consists of a layer of short cells, while the spongy parenchyma forms 6 to 7 cellular layers. All vascular bundles in the leaf blade are closed collaterals. Abundant idioblasts with raphides may be observed in the mesophyll, and starch is the main reserve carbohydrate present in the tissues. The leaves are hypostomatic and exhibit a paracytic pattern of superficial stomata which possess large substomatal cavities. The morphological data observed indicate that the mycopathogen is related to the genus Erysiphe. The epidermal cells affected by the pathogen exhibit thickened walls, granular cytoplasm, and papillae or cell wall appositions in the outer periclinal walls. With the deterioration of the epidermis, the underlying tissues are affected and become necrotic. Histochemical test indicate that infected plants thicken and reinforce their epidermal cell walls with primary wall materials; primarily cutin, pectins, and callose. When stained with Sudan Black, the presence of dark-colored agglomerates in the cytoplasm of epidermal cells may be related to plant defense mechanisms; and those observed in mesophilic cells to the disorganization of membrane systems. Polyphenols accumulate in the cytoplasm of infected epidermal cells. The fungal material present in epidermal tissues was clearly differentiated when stained with fluorochrome to detect chitin. Conclusions: Species of the genus Erysiphe are causative agents of powdery mildew in H. macrophylla. Necrosis of the epidermal cells is observed in response to the mycopathogen, possibly due to hypersensitive response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the histological structure of the gallbladder of Alburnus tarichi (Güldenstädt, 1814) was investigated. Hematoxylin and eosin were used to stain the histological sections for routine examinations, in addition to using periodic acid Schiff (PAS) for the neutral mucins, aldehyde fuchsin (AF) for the sulphated mucins, and Alcian blue (AB; pH: 2.5) for the acidic mucins. In addition, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immune-staining was performed for the detection of dividing cells among the epithelium. The gallbladder of A. tarichi was composed of mucosa, muscularis, and serosa or adventitia layers. The mucosa covering the wavy pleomorphic folds was made up of tall columnar epithelium and a lamina propria. The apical surface of the epithelial cells was lined by continuous short microvilli. On the epithelium, the luminal surface was remarkably stained with PAS, AF, and AB. Slight to moderate staining was observed on the epithelial cells in the apical zone with PAS. The cytoplasm of epithelial cells were stained in a slight manner with AF. No goblet cells were observed among the epithelium. According to the PCNA immune-staining, some epithelial cells were observed to proliferate. The lamina propria consisted of loose connective tissue that contained fibrocytes, collagen and elastic fibers, capillaries, and small blood vessels. The muscularis layer displayed muscle fibers that were circular, smooth, and surrounded by collagen fibers. The subserosal and serosal or adventitial layers had typical morphology to those of other fish and vertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The postmortem interval (IPM) is an important challenge to be solved in forensic pathology, and it consists in determine the time elapsed since death until the autopsy. Given the low reliability of some methods due to the great influence of external factors, Histochemistry (HQ) and Immunohistochemistry (IHQ), among others, have received considerable attention for their levels of objectivity in forensic investigation. A scoping review of experimental studies that apply HQs and IHQs methods to estimate the MPI on human cadaveric material is presented. We identified 1053 articles, of which 12 met the criteria; we added 4 articles through a manual search (n = 16 articles). Germany was the most productive country, with 8 articles. HQ techniques of AgNORs, TRAP and PAS were used in 5 studies (on sweat glands, skin, liver, bone marrow and labial mucosa), while IHQs techniques were used with different antigenic groups in 12 studies (on pancreas, brain, lung, thyroid, liver, pituitary glands, sweat glands and gingival mucosa). IPM estimates were possible with margins between 2-3 hours up to 20 days depending on the technique. The analysis of oral tissues ensures a non-invasive route, easily accessible and under natural protection to the influence of environmental factors. Although there is no single method that reliably allows these estimates, the introduction of new techniques would prevent the production of errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción y objetivos: Moringa oleifera, es un árbol cultivado en regiones tropicales y subtropicales. Valorado por sus múltiples usos ornamentales, alimenticios, forrajeros, medicinales e industriales, ha sido recientemente incluido en el Código Alimentario Argentino. El objetivo fue estudiar la anatomía e histoquímica foliar y caulinar de ejemplares de M. oleifera, cultivados en Tucumán, Argentina y señalar caracteres de valor diagnóstico para su identificación. M&M: Las muestras fueron procesadas mediante técnicas estándares para microscopía óptica y electrónica. Resultados: M. oleifera presenta hojas compuestas, pinnadas con folíolos de venación pinnada, camptódroma-broquidódroma. Lámina foliar con ceras epicuticulares, tricomas eglandulares, estomas actinocíticos y anomocíticos, mesofilo dorsiventral con proteínas y lípidos, y haces colaterales. Campos glandulares formados por nectarios extraflorales estipitados, tricomas glandulares y eglandulares. Peciólulo, raquis y pecíolo presentan contorno circular a sub-circular, con un haz o un anillo de haces colaterales, delimitados por esclerénquima. Médula del pecíolo con 1-2 conductos secretores, conteniendo proteínas, alcaloides, mucílagos y lípidos. Tallo con médula parenquimática con 1-2 conductos secretores e idioblastos cristalíferos (cristales solitarios de oxalato de calcio). Idioblastos con fenoles, taninos, saponinas, triterpenos, polisacáridos y proteínas, en foliólulo, peciólulo, raquis, pecíolo y tallo. Se describe por primera vez para M. oleifera, su arquitectura foliolar, la presencia de campos glandulares e histología del nectario y del pecíolo; así como, la histoquímica de sus órganos vegetativos aéreos. Los caracteres de valor diagnóstico para M. oleifera son: tricomas, presencia de campos glandulares, nectarios extraflorales, idioblastos y conductos secretores.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar doce especies de plantas trepadoras aten- diendo los rasgos anatómicos y compuestos químicos de las hojas, que faciliten la identificación de los taxones en muestras enteras o fragmentadas de las mismas. Se analizó material fresco recolectado en el área de estudio y ejemplares de los herbarios (LP, LPAG). Para las preparaciones anatómicas se procedió con técnicas usuales para microscopía óptica. Se realizaron reacciones histoquímicas para identificar almidón, mucílagos, lípidos y taninos. Los principales rasgos micrográficos diferenciales fue- ron: tipo, distribución y posición de estomas e índice estomático; tipo y densidad de tricomas; forma de las caras de la vena media en corte transversal; tipo de haz vascular; tipo de mesofilo; estructuras secretoras; tipo de cristales y características del pecíolo en corte transversal. Sobre la base de los datos logrados se generaron ta- blas comparativas y una clave dicotómica para la determinación de las especies que constituyen una herramienta de valor en el control de calidad botánica.

Background and aims: Moringa oleifera, is a tree grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Valorized for its multiple uses as ornamental, food, fodder, medicinal and industrial plant, it has been recently included in the Argentinean Food Code. The objective was to study the foliar and caulinar anatomy and histochemistry of M. oleifera specimens cultivated in Tucumán, Argentina in order to indicate diagnostic value characters for their identification. M&M: The samples were analyzed under standard techniques for optical and electronic microscopy. Results: M. oleifera presents pinnately compound leaves. Leaflets with pinnate, camptodromous-brochidodromous venation. Epicuticular waxes, eglandular trichomes; actinocytic and anomocytic stomata; dorsiventral mesophyll with collateral vascular bundles. Glandular fields formed by stipitate extrafloral nectaries, glandular trichomes and unicellular non-glandular trichomes. Petiolule, rachis and petiole with circular to sub-circular shape, vascular system formed by a solitary vascular bundle or a ring of collateral vascular bundles, surrounded by sclerenchyma. Stem and petiole medulla with secretory ducts containing proteins, alkaloids, mucilages and lipids. Stem cortex with crystalline idioblasts (solitary calcium oxalate crystals). Idioblasts with phenols, tannins, saponins, triterpenes, polysaccharides and proteins were observed in leaflet, petiolule, petiole, rachis and stem. Conclusions: The foliolar architecture, the presence of glandular fields, the histology of the nectaries, and the petiole; as well as the histochemistry of its aerial vegetative organs is described for the first time for M. oleifera. The characters of diagnostic value are: trichomes, glandular fields, extrafloral nectaries, idioblasts and secretory ducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was planned to determine the histochemical alterations of the submandibular gland by implantation of long-term GnRH (deslorelin 4.7 mg). Eighteen Wistar albino rats were used in the study. Alcian blue (AB; pH: 2.5), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was performed to determine the microscopic structure and histochemical structure of the GI submandibular gland. The Avidin-Biotin Complex (ABC) method was used to determine the immunohistochemical reactivity of lectin. After GnRH implantation, the organs were examined and atrophies were observed in organs. In the group in which the implants were removed, it was determined that there was no atrophy; organ structures and microscopic examination were similar to the control group. At the end of the study, submandibular gland was fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde. In three groups, PAS and AB histochemical staining revealed similar reactions. Immunohistochemically, lectin activity was found to react positively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivos induzir a formação de embriões somáticos in vitro no híbrido Phalaenopsis Classic Spotted Pink, utilizando diferentes meios nutritivos e avaliar a morfologia interna desses embriões através de análises histológicas e histoquímicas. Folhas jovens de plantas cultivadas in vitro foram utilizadas como explantes e dessas folhas foram retiradas as bordas, ficando segmentos de aproximadamente 1cm². Para indução foram utilizados meios nutritivos contendo ANA (0,1 mg L-1) e BAP (1 mg L-1), acrescido de phytagel e com pH 5,8 (meio TM 07) e ANA (0,1 mg L-1) e TDZ (3 mg L-1) acrescido de gelrite e com pH 5,2 (meio TC06-1). Embriões somáticos primários foram obtidos aos 90 dias de cultivo no meio TC06-1 e foram transferidos para o mesmo meio para obtenção de embriogênese secundária. Os embriões somáticos obtidos foram transferidos para meio MS com metade da força iônica, sem regulador de crescimento e cultivados em fotoperíodo de 16 horas, o qual estimulou a produção de clorofila tanto nos embriões primários como secundários, promovendo o desenvolvimento desses em protocormos e posteriormente em plantas. As análises histológicas permitiram confirmar o caráter embrionário das estruturas formadas in vitro, demonstrando que os embriões somáticos foram formados diretamente das camadas epidérmicas dos explantes, sem passar pela fase de calo, caracterizando embriogênese somática direta. Os métodos histoquímicos utilizados, possibilitaram evidenciar a deposição de compostos orgânicos nas células embriogênicas em decorrência de mecanismos fisiológicos, permitindo o desenvolvimento dos embriões primários e secundários em plantas.

Trichogonia cinerea is endemic to Brazil and occurs in areas of cerrado and campo rupestre. In this study, we characterized the glandular and non-glandular trichomes on the aerial parts of this species, determined the principal events in the development of the former, and identified the main constituents of the volatile oil produced in its aerial organs. Fully expanded leaves, internodes, florets, involucral bracts, and stem apices were used for the characterization of trichomes. Leaves, internodes, florets, and involucral bracts were examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, whereas stem apices were examined only by light microscopy. Branches in the reproductive phase were used for the extraction and determination of the composition of the volatile oil. The species has three types of glandular trichomes, biseriate vesicular, biseriate pedunculate, and multicellular uniseriate, which secrete volatile oils and phenolic compounds. The major components identified in the volatile oil were 3,5-muuroladiene (39.56%) and butylated hydroxytoluene (13.07%).

Perrotta, Vanesa G.; Marcelo P. Hernández; Ana M. Arambarri. 2017. “Anatomía de los órganos subterráneos de cuatro Dicotiledóneas medicinales rioplatenses (Argentina). II. Plantas palustres”. Lilloa 54 (2). Este artículo presenta los resultados del estudio morfo-anatómico e histoquímico de los órganos subterráneos de cuatro especies de Dicotiledóneas palustres usados en la medicina popular rioplatense. Las especies estudia- das son: Alternanthera philoxeroides, Eryngium pandanifolium, Ludwigia peploides y Senecio bonariensis. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las raíces y rizomas por sus atributos histológico-estructurales e identificar compuestos químicos que faciliten la diferenciación de los taxones a partir de muestras enteras o fragmentadas. Se analizó material fresco recolectado en el área de estudio, se incorporaron ejemplares al herbario (LPAG), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Material de rizomas y raíces fue fijado en líquido conservador. Se realizaron cortes y preparaciones histológicas, las que fueron estudiadas con microscopio óptico. Mediante técnicas histoquímicas se identificaron almidón, mucílagos, sustancias lipofílicas y taninos. Los caracteres diagnósticos estructurales fueron: el tipo de parénquima cortical; desarrollo secundario de la estructura vascular; presencia de tejidos secretores y tipos de cristales. Se generó una tabla comparativa de los compuestos histoquímicos hallados y una clave dicotómica con los caracteres de rizomas y raíces, datos que constituyen una herramienta de valor en el control de calidad botánica.

ABSTRACT Garcinia madruno (Kunth) Hammel is a neotropical tree that naturally occurs in terra firme forests and is important as a source of income and medicine for Amazonian populations. This study describes and compares the morphoanatomical responses of plants under conditions of stress and normoxia. Young plants of Garcinia madruno were subjected to two water regimes: daily controlled irrigation and waterlogged for 84 days. Hypertrophic lenticels, adventitious roots and anatomical characteristics of the roots and leaves were evaluated on days 0, 21, 42, 63 and 84. There were no changes in leaf structure, but cracks and hypertrophic lenticels appeared on the stems, there was an increase in blackness of the roots and the plants formed adventitious roots to adapt to the flooded environment. The anatomical changes in the roots of the flooded plants were thickening of the exodermis in the main root and of the pericycle in the lateral roots, and a large increase in the amount of aerenchyma. Histochemical tests detected starch in the midrib, mesophyll, stem and root of flooded plants, and in the petiole of control plants. In the waterlogged plants, phenolic compounds were found in the petiole and alkaloids were found in the midrib, petiole and root.

Background: to the best of our knowledge, the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli on goblet cells and intestinal mucin secretion of weaned pigs has not been reported, and it is unknown whether these effects could trigger enteritis. Objective: to determine the effect of E. coli LPS on intestinal mucin secretion in weaning piglets. Methods: fifty-two piglets weaned at 21 days of age were fed a basal diet supplemented with four LPS levels (0.0, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 μg/mg) during 10 days. Piglets were slaughtered on days 1, 5, 7, and 10 post-weaning and samples of small and large intestine were taken for histochemical staining to determine goblet cell population and type of mucins produced (acidic, sulphated, non-sulphated, or neutral). Results: acidic mucin was reduced on day 5 post-weaning independently of the dietary LPS level supplied to piglets. Recovery of acidic mucins was observed during days 7 and 10 post-weaning. Neutral mucins increased on day 5 and decreased on days 7 and 10 post-weaning. High LPS levels decreased goblet cells population and secretion of all types of mucins. This effect was remarkably high for diet two (D2: 0.5 mg LPS/mg food). Conclusions: early weaning (21 d) and LPS addition to the diet affect mucin secretion and intestinal epithelium integrity by modifying goblet cell populations and their balance between acidic and neutral mucin secretion. These findings explain some abnormalities related with post-weaning diarrhea syndrome and help to explain its pathophysiology.

Abstract A 4-year-old female captive-bred snake of the genus Bothrops showed swelling on the left side of the oral cavity, suggesting the development of neoplasia. The mass was removed surgically and sent for pathological examination. Two months later a new increase in volume in the same site was observed, suggesting recurrence. The lesion was completely removed and sent for pathological analysis. Histologically, the two-samples consisted of a mass with highly-cell density composed of spindle-shaped anaplastic cells arranged in interwoven bundles, distributed throughout the tissue extension and, occasionally, polygonal cells arranged in irregular fascicles. The Masson trichrome staining showed modest amount of collagen supporting the neoplastic cells. PAS-positive content was not observed in the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells. Histological and histochemical findings indicated that it was a spindle cell neoplasm, but the classification was not possible. Immunohistochemistry was requested and performed using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method. The markers used were anti-vimentin, anti-PCNA, anti-EMA, anti-melan A and anti-melanosome, anti-desmin, anti-actin, anti-CD68 and anti- S100protein. The neoplastic cells were immunoreactive for vimentin and PCNA and negative for the other antibodies. The morphology characterization, histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of neoplastic cells allowed the definitive diagnosis of oral fibrosarcoma.

A pimenta dedo-de-moça (Capsicum baccatum L.) é uma espécie utilizada no mundo inteiro pelo seu sabor picante e por possuir inúmeras atividades medicinais. Essas atividades farmacológicas são proporcionadas por um grupo de substâncias presentes, os capsaicinoides, além de taninos, flavonoides, vitamina C, entre outros. Dos capsaicinoides presentes, a capsaicina possui especial importância. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a presença da capsaicina nos extratos dos frutos verdes e maduros de Capsicum baccatum L. pelas metodologias de cromatografia em camada delgada e histoquímica. Os extratos foram preparados com acetona. A cromatografia foi realizada com placas de sílica gel G4, eluída com hexano:acetato de etila (60:40) e reveladas com reagente de Dragendorff. A capsaicina pode ser detectada somente no estágio imaturo (verde) dos frutos de Capsicum baccatum L. pela metodologia de cromatografia em camada delgada e pelo teste histoquímico.

Piper L. (Piperaceae) é monofilético, com espécies de difícil distinção taxonômica, sendo necessários ferramentas que auxiliem a identificação interespecífica. Os objetivos do trabalho foram descrever os macropadrões e caracterizar in situ a composição química dos cristais caulinares e foliares de Piper arboreum Aubl. var. arboreum, P. callosum Ruiz & Pav. e P. tuberculatum Jacq., visando avaliar o uso dos cristais para a separação interespecífica. Para tanto, amostras foram submetidas à análise em microscopias de luz e eletrônica de varredura, microanálises espectroscópicas de raios-X por dispersão de energia e testes histoquímicos. Foram observados cristais prismáticos cuneiformes, tabulares, cúbicos e bipiramidais; ráfides; estiloides; drusas de cristais em bloco; rosetas cristalinas de estiloides e concrescências cristalinas. Foram descritos 15 macropadrões cristalinos reunidos em três categorias. Os cristais foram classificados quimicamente como: puros de oxalato de cálcio e misturas entre oxalatos e sulfatos e entre oxalatos, sulfatos e sílica. Rosetas cristalinas, concrescências cristalinas silicificadas e 14 dos 15 macropadrões cristalinos descritos são registros inéditos para inclusões biominerais de Piper e Piperaceae. Os macropadrões cristalinos caulinares e foliares observados são constitutivos e úteis à separação interespecífica das espécies estudadas. Ademais, os cristais desempenham funções relevantes para a autoecologia dos taxa de Piper analisados.

Fabry disease (EF) is an inborn error of catabolism of glycosphingolipids, X-linked due to the deficiency in the activity of a - galactosidase A lysosomal1, leading to accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (GL3) in plasma and in the lysosomes of vascular endothelial2, resulting in an endotheliopathy with a significant systemic manifestations. Patients with Classical Fabry disease have multifactorial physical hypoactivity that can lead to a decrease in skeletal muscle development. Objective: To know what is the effect of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with agalsidase B on the biochemical, histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of skeletal muscle in patients with classic Fabry disease. Methods: A self-controlled clinical trial of two patients with classic Fabry disease, who were took sample of skeletal muscle for electron microscopy and histochemical and biochemical study, before and after 6 months of ERT with agalsidase B. Results: Muscle fibers were observed type IIA, prior to the start of ERT, with conservation of the structure of the sarcomere, with thick Z lines and straight folds of the sarcolemma, slightly extended intermyofibrillar spaces with dense electron mitochondria, extracted lipid droplets and triads with terminal cisternae edematous. In both patients, we observed abundant glycogen. After 6 months of ERT, the observed changes showed little variations; however the patient with a better clinical condition, showed higher percentage of type I and IIA fibers and a decrease on type IIx fibers; the patient receiving dialysis shows highest number of IIx fibers. Conclusions: The FD can generate skeletal muscle hypotrophy, probably as a consequence of mitochondrial commitment and a probably condition of chronic muscle hypoxia, unmodified by the therapy with agalsidase B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pharmacological development of hormonal contraceptives has been undergoing changes in estrogen and progesterone doses, based on the fact that lower doses are associated with a lower incidence of metabolic changes and adverse effects, such as impairment of morphology and function of the aortic artery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of contraceptives on the morphofunctional properties of the aortic artery, using the histochemical method, demonstrating its usefulness in histopathological analyzes. Methods: For this purpose, 15 rats were divided into 3 groups; Control group (GC), whose animals did not receive hormonal treatment; Group 2 (G2), where the animals received a daily treatment of 15 µg of ethinylestradiol + 60 µg of gestodene; and Group 3 (G3), whose animals received 30 µg of ethinylestradiol + 75 µg of gestodene. After treatment, the animals were sacrificed and the arteries removed for histologic analysis. Results: The values found, with HE measurements and Alcian Blue histochemical staining, showed that in G3, treated with a higher hormone dosage, there are 8% of the rats with a relevant increase in the thickness of their arteries, that is, higher than that of G2, which received lower dosage of hormone and that of GC, which received no treatment. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that there are relations between the thickening of the arteries of rats submitted to dosages of ethinylestradiol and gestodene with the great amount of mucopolysaccharides deposited between the tunics of the arteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira is the property of Colegio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal - CBPA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)