Search

This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective effects of Vanillin (VA) against Diclofenac sodium (DFNa)-induced liver toxicity and enteropathy. A total of sixty male rats were divided into six groups; a control group received only saline, a DFNa-group received DFNa (9 mg/kg), 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups received DFNa along with escalated doses of VA (50, 100, 200 mg/kg). After five days of treatment, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis. According to our findings, administration of DFNa led to a substantial decrease in the final body weight and a considerable deterioration of hematologic parameters. Regarding biochemically, DFNa-induced a significant elevation in liver enzyme activities with a significant decrease in total protein and albumin levels, indicating liver intoxication. VA maintained normalized body weight and prevented DFNainduced adverse effects on hematologic and liver parameters. Additionally, histopathological examinations revealed that DFNa showed perivascular inflammation and cellular infiltration, along with congestion and dilation of the central vein and induction of both types of cell death (necrosis and apoptosis). In the intestinal sections, DFNa resulted in necrotic enteritis, desquamation, and sloughing of the mucosa, as well as considerable congestion and dilation of the blood vessels with prominent submucosal edema. It is intriguing to note that the VA-treated animals demonstrated a significant protective effect against the deleterious effects of the DFNa on the liver and intestine. As a result of our study, VA could be used as an adjuvant agent as part of various regimens containing DFNa.

Background and Objective: Along with the steady growth of the population, the widespread use of systemic fungicides, which leads to increased productivity and higher yield of food products, has been given a lot of attention. Therefore, considering the cytotoxic effects of systemic fungicides tricyclazole and thiophanate methyl, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the neurotoxicity caused by the use of fungicides tricyclazole (TCZ) and thiophanate methyl (TM) in Wistar rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 including: control group, groups receiving pesticide mixtures orally at doses of (A) TM 664 + TCZ 25, (B) TM 498 + TCZ 19 and (C) TM 332 + TCZ 13 (mg/kg body weight) and brain tissue sampling was done after 28 days. Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin staining were used for qualitative assessment of pathological lesions and quantitative counting of brain cells. Findings: In the histopathological examinations of the groups that received toxins, it was observed that the neurons became necrotic, and the increase of microglia cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was also observed. The results of cell counting indicated the lowest number of neurons in group A in the cerebral cortex (171.40±4.88), CA1 (152.80±5.99), CA2,3 (127.90±8.36) and CA4 (59.20±3.86), which showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is multifarious group of disorders distinguished with hyperglycemia. Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes frequently occurs animal model in the medical researches. Hence, amelioration of hyperglycemia associated with diabetes is a cardinal target for therapeutics. Therefore, this work aimed to assesses the possible ameliorative characteristic of Aloe vera and Amaryl in STZ-induced diabetes. In this study, forty male Wistar rats within average weight 130±20 gm and age 6-7 weeks were used. The animals were evenly divided; 10 rats of each as follow. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 only received STZ. Group 3 received STZ + Aloe vera extract. Group 4 received STZ + Amaryl. Venous blood samples collected for biochemical assay using colorimetric methods. Besides this, specimens from pancreas were excised for the histological findings. Biochemically, STZ induced diabetic rats led to significant elevation in mean levels of blood glucose, total bilirubin and malondialdehyde (MDA) when compared with control. Contrary, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly decreased in STZ induced group in comparison with control. In contrast, the administrations of Aloe vera and amaryl to STZ diabetic rats showed an improvement in the mean values of the altered parameters. Histopathology, diabetic group revealed vacuolation of the pancreatic B-cells, besides inflammatory edema. Aloe vera and amaryl treated groups exhibited apparently normal pancreatic tissues. Depending on theses evidence, we could say that Aloe vera followed by amaryl could have contributed for an improvement of the pathophysiological alterations promoted by STZ induced diabetes.

The use of fish as bioindicators of the effect of contaminants in the aquatic environment is usual. However, detritivorous species are less used for environmental monitoring. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Ancistrus brevipinnis as a potential bioindicator of water quality of the Ilha River, RS (southern Brazil) and compared to the result obtained for a routine species (Bryconamericus iheringii). For this purpose, the condition factor (CF), the presence of morphological changes in the gills and the quantification of metals in different tissues of the specimens collected in three sites of the Ilha River were evaluated. A homogeneity in the distribution of data was observed in the CF for the species B. iheringii, whereas the specimens of A. brevipinnis showed an oscillation in the distribution of data of the CF. Histological analysis showed greater sensitivity of B. iheringii in reproducing characteristics of the environment in its gill lamellae, which was not observed in A. brevipinnis. Conversely, Cr quantification was higher in the intestine samples of A. brevipinnis at all sites and in all collections due to its feeding behavior. The data reinforce the use of water column species as Bryconamericus iheringii for environmental monitoring, even if they do not reflect the whole aquatic ecosystem. Further studies evaluating other tissues and biomarkers, such as the gastrointestinal tract, may assist in describing the use of species more related to sediment.

Abstract Widespread use of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in pharmaceutical and cosmetics demand for its toxicological assessment. The current study describes the influence of exposure to kumquat, Fortunella margarita (FM) synthesized AgNPs in albino rats. Animals (n=60) were randomly distributed into four groups. Group, I served as control while groups II-IV were exposed to FM-AgNPs by the single intraperitoneal dose of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Animals were sacrificed at two-week intervals up to 5 weeks. Hematology, tissue (liver and spleen) oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD, CAT, and MDA), and histopathological examination were performed. Significant elevation in hemoglobin (Hb), Erythrocyte count (RBC), hematocrits (HCT), and hematological indices and depletion in total leukocytes count (TLC) was recorded at different time points. Similarly, a significant increase in SOD, CAT, and MDA activity was observed in both liver and spleen. But changes (p ≤ 0.005) in the spleen was recorded more consistently. Exposures to the high dose of FM-AgNPs lead to significant alterations in microanatomy of the liver and spleen. In liver vacuolization, enucleation, necrosis, congestion, and reduction in the size of cell, nucleus, portal vein, and elevation in cell density per unit area were recorded. In the spleen, except for enlargement in splenic sinuses, no other alterations could be recorded. It is concluded that FM-AgNPs leaves time and dose-dependent toxicity in rats but variations are more evident at high doses.

1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT) is a pan-specific, mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP P450 enzymes, often used as co-treatment to investigate the metabolism-dependent toxicity of drugs or chemicals. To assess the confounding effects of ABT in such kind of mechanistic studies, a repeated dose toxicity study with ABT following 7 days oral administration at 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day was performed in Wistar rats (5 rats/sex/group). Wistar rat is selected as a model being one of the well characterized rodent species, widely used for toxicity and toxicokinetics studies. The standard parameters of general toxicity study viz. clinical signs, body weight, feed consumption, clinical, gross and histopathology were evaluated. The ABT was tolerated up to the highest tested dose of 100 mg/kg/day. No clinical signs, mortality or effect on feed consumption at any dose. Slight increase in body weight gain was noted in ABT treated females. Increased reticulocyte, and decreased triglycerides, BUN, A/G ratio and plasma potassium; increased weight of liver, kidneys, adrenals and thyroid was noted in ABT treated animals. Microscopically, hypertrophic findings were noted in liver, thyroid, adrenal glands, pituitary and uterus. Some of these changes were observed at as low as 25 mg/kg/day, therefore, NOEL could not be established. Based on this study, it is concluded that ABT is tolerable up to 100 mg/kg/day with some variations in clinical pathology, organ weight and histopathology; these changes should be considered during the assessment of any mechanistic study with ABT. Findings of this manuscript were presented at 58th meeting of the Society of Toxicology, Baltimore, 11 March 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to describe the clinicopathologic features of lip lesions for early diagnosis and suitable treatment of patients. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study on158 patients with lip lesions whose information was recorded in the Department of Pathology of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital from 2008-2012. Then the data were analyzed bySPSS software ver. 16, Chi- Square and Fisher’s Exact Test. In this study p-value was considered significant (P

Dalia A Hamza,1 Reham M Abd-Elsalam,2 Sara M Nader,1 Mahmoud Elhariri,3 Rehab Elhelw,3 Heba S El-Mahallawy4 1Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; 2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; 3Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; 4Department of Animal Hygiene, Zoonoses and Animal Behaviour and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, EgyptCorrespondence: Dalia A HamzaDepartment of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, EgyptTel +20 1 009701262Fax +20 2 35725240Email daliahamza@cu.edu.egBackground: Staphylococcus aureus is considered one of the major threats regarding food safety worldwide. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains in livestock, companion animals, and wild animals continue to be a potential risk to people working with them.Aim: The current research aims to investigate the potential pathways of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) strains in the body after oral infection using the experimental mouse model.Methods: Seven groups of SPF male mice were purchased and housed. On day 1, six groups of mice were infected orally by the sterile gastric probe using 100 μL/mice of LA-MRSA bacterial suspension (1 × 108 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL). The remaining group was kept as negative controls. Over 15 days, these animals have been monitored. Fresh fecal samples were screened for LA-MRSA at day 0, day 7 and day 14 following oral administration of MRSA strains. All animals were sacrificed at day 15, and internal organs (liver, lung, kidney, and intestine) were harvested aseptically and divided into two sections. The first part was histopathologically investigated, while the other half has been tested for LA-MRSA re-isolation.Result: The oral challenge of mice by MRSA strains showed that MRSA was re-isolated from feces and intestines of all inoculated mice groups and from internal organs (liver, lung, kidney and intestine) of most mice. Results were confirmed by the detection of the bacteria in gram-stained tissue sections and changes in H&E-stained histopathological tissue sections from these organs.Conclusion: Data from the present study indicate the possible colonization of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in internal organs following oral infection and thus posing a risk for food-borne infection of MRSA. Infected animals could pass LA-MRSA through feces again, resulting in increased dispersion and environmental contamination.Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, animal model, mice, oral challenge, PCR, histopathology

Tubercular appendicitis is the appendicular infection with tubercular bacillus, which develops as an extension of ileocecal infection. Tuberculosis is either primary or secondary. Primary tuberculosis of the appendix is uncommon. Diagnosis is made by histopathological examination of the resected appendix. We report a rare case of tubercular appendicitis diagnosed on histopathology. Primary Tuberculosis of the appendix is a clinical rarity. Hence, it is being reported. The case report in this study emphasizes the importance of submitting all appendectomy specimens for histopathological examination and the occurrence of primary tuberculosis at a rare site, such as the appendix.(NCI-2019-0069.R2)

Background: Application of cytology in evaluation of endometrial lesions is emerging and is a valuable diagnostic tool which includes endometrial aspiration cytology and imprint cytology. This study was conducted to analyze the morphological patterns of endometrium in abnormal uterine bleeding by endometrium aspiration cytology and to compare its diagnostic efficacy of with histopathology. Material and method: This was a prospective analytical study which included 127 cases with abnormal uterine bleeding. Aspiration was done using nasogastric tube. This was followed by dilatation and curettage, material obtained and serial imprints were taken. The endometrial biopsy was then sent for histopathological examination. The aspirates and biopsy were stained appropriately. Cytomorphology was studied and subsequently correlated with histopathological features. Results: Mean age was 41.57 ± 8.42 years and menorrhagia was the most common pattern of bleeding. The most common endometrial pattern observed was of cyclic endometrium by both the techniques. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of endometrial aspiration cytology in diagnosing malignancy was 66.67%, 100%, 100% and 99.07% respectively. Conclusion: Endometrial cytology is a simple, rapid, safe and cost-effective tool in evaluating abnormal uterine bleeding in identification of specific pathology. Pathologist must be aware of the cytomorphology and potential pitfalls especially in distinction of atypical hyperplasia and grade 1 adenocarcinomas to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Broiler chicks were segregated into three groups. Group 1 fed on a basal diet and served as a control, group 2 was given Imidacloprid (IM) at a dose of 50 mg/kg diet and group 3 was dietary supplemented with 0.5 % Glycine (GLY) and IM (50 mg/kg diet) for 4 weeks. Blood and tissue samples were collected on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days. The obtained findings revealed that IM residues were beyond the maximum residue limit (MRL) (0.02 ppm) and were significantly higher in muscles ranging from 0.042±0.0039 to 0.073±0.0026 ppm and in liver tissues ranging from 0.466±0.033 to 0.790±0.017 ppm) throughout the experimental time interval in IM- treated chicks. IM induced a significant decline in the total erythrocytic count (TEC), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total leucocytic counts (TLC) and lymphocyte percent. IM- treated chicks exhibited a significant reduction in the levels of serum acetylcholinesterase (AchE). Besides, the hepatic antioxidants activities [(superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH)] were significantly decreased. A significant increase in the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), uric acid, creatinine, hepatic lipid peroxide malondialdehyde (MDA), heterophils and monocyte percent were observed in IM-treated chicks. Furthermore, IM induced a significant histopathological lesions in the liver, kidney and muscles. Conclusively, GLY supplementation inhibited IM accumulation. Therefore, IM residues were not detected in muscles, while ranging from (0.250±0.029 to 0.553±0.023) ppm in liver tissues of GLY and IM- treated chicks. Dietary GLY improved liver and kidney function and ameliorated hematological alterations, neurotoxicity, oxidative stress and histopathological lesions induced by IM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a common tumour of the minor salivary gland, rarely seen in other anatomical locations. In particular, AdCC of the breast accounts for < 0.1% of patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Here we report our institutional experience with three cases of breast AdCC diagnosed between 2009 and 2017. Mean age of women included in the report was 53 (range from 41 to 62). One case was of no special subtype, two were solid variants and one presented with a component of invasive ductal carcinoma. At diagnosis in all cases neither lymph node involvement nor distal metastases were detected. All patients underwent surgical resection of the tumour – mastectomy or lumpectomy, followed by either adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy (one case), chemotherapy without radiotherapy (one case) or no treatment (one case). Two patients were reported to develop metastatic disease. No deaths were recorded. In contrast to other anatomical locations AdCC of the breast is regarded as a rare tumour with low malignant potential. However, as shown in our case series, it can present as an aggressive disease with distal metastases, which calls for deep awareness among both pathologists and clinicians involved in the process of diagnosis and therapy.

Context: Approximately 2 million sheep are exported from Australia on live export voyages annually. As voyages travel from a southern hemisphere winter to a northern hemisphere summer, production and welfare issues associated with excessive heat load may arise. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the responses of sheep to incremental heat load under simulated live export conditions, specifically the influence of heat load on the metabolic and inflammatory status of sheep. Methods: A total of 144 Merino weathers (44.02 ± 0.32 kg) were used in a 29-day climate controlled study using two cohorts of 72 sheep (n = 2), exposed to two treatments: (1) thermoneutral, and (2) hot. Sheep in the hot treatment were exposed to heat load simulated from live export voyages from Australia to the Middle East. Blood samples were collected from all sheep (n = 144) on Day 1, then at 7-day intervals (n = 5) for the duration of each 29-day period. Blood samples were analysed to determine the cytokine, biochemistry and haematology (data not presented here) profiles. Cytokine and biochemical profiles were analysed using a repeated measures model assuming a compound symmetry covariance. The model fitted included terms for cohort and treatment (hot, thermoneutral), and a term for sample collection day (day) and a treatment × day interaction. The subject factor corresponded to the cohort × treatment combinations. Key results: There were no consistent trends in plasma cytokine and biochemical profiles. Bicarbonate was the only parameter that was influenced by cohort (P = 0.0035), treatment (P = 0.0025), collection (P = 0.0001) and treatment × collection (P = 0.0025). Furthermore, interleukin-6 and glutamate dehydrogenase were the only parameters that were not influenced by cohort (P > 0.295), treatment (P = 0.2567), collection (P > 0.06) or treatment × collection (P = 0.34). Conclusions: Overall, these data highlight that the metabolic and inflammatory status of sheep exposed to incremental heat load, during a simulated live export voyage from a southern hemisphere winter to a northern hemisphere summer, were not markedly altered. Implications: These results provide a preliminary evaluation of the inflammatory and metabolic status of sheep on arrival in the Middle East. During live export voyages, sheep can be rapidly exposed to heat stress conditions. Animals are biologically programmed to minimise the impacts of heat stress via a range of physiological functions. The results presented here highlight that the metabolic and inflammatory status of sheep exposed to incremental heat load, simulating a live export voyage from a southern hemisphere winter to a northern hemisphere summer, are variable; however, they suggest that adaptive changes do occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sameh Samir Ali,1,2,* Reda Morsy,3,4,* Nessma Ahmed El-Zawawy,2 Mervat F Fareed,5,6 Mohamed Yaser Bedaiwy2 1Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; 2Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; 3Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; 4Physics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Home Economic, Faculty of Specific Education, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; 6Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Increasing of multidrug resistance (MDR) remains an intractable challenge for burn patients. Innovative nanomaterials are also in high demand for the development of new antimicrobial biomaterials that inevitably have opened new therapeutic horizons in medical approaches and lead to many efforts for synthesizing new metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) for better control of the MDR associated with the polymicrobial burn wounds. Recently, it seems that metal oxides can truly be considered as highly efficient inorganic agents with antimicrobial properties. In this study, zinc peroxide NPs (ZnO2-NPs) were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. Synthesized ZnO2-NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The characterization techniques revealed synthesis of the pure phase of non-agglomerated ZnO2-NPs having sizes in the range of 15–25 nm with a transition temperature of 211°C. Antimicrobial activity of ZnO2-NPs was determined against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Aspergillus niger (AN) strains isolated from burn wound infections. Both strains, PA6 and AN4, were found to be more susceptible strains to ZnO2-NPs. In addition, a significant decrease in elastase and keratinase activities was recorded with increased concentrations of ZnO2-NPs until 200 µg/mL. ZnO2-NPs revealed a significant anti-inflammatory activity against PA6 and AN4 strains as demonstrated by membrane stabilization, albumin denaturation, and proteinase inhibition. Moreover, the results of in vivo histopathology assessment confirmed the potential role of ZnO2-NPs in the improvement of skin wound healing in the experimental animal models. Clearly, the synthesized ZnO2-NPs have demonstrated a competitive capability as antimicrobial, anti-elastase, anti-keratinase, and anti-inflammatory candidates, suggesting that the ZnO2-NPs are promising metal oxides that are potentially valued for biomedical applications. Keywords: co-precipitation method, burn wound infections, metal oxides nanoparticles, multidrug resistance, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory

Satoru Kase, Wataru Saito, Shohei Mori, Michiyuki Saito, Ryo Ando, Zhenyu Dong, Tomohiro Suzuki, Kousuke Noda, Susumu Ishida Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan Purpose: The aims of this study were to analyze optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of large macular holes (MHs) treated with inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique and to perform a histological examination of an ILM-like membrane tissue obtained during vitrectomy.Patients and methods: This is a retrospective observational case study. Nine patients, comprising of five males and four females, showing large and myopic MHs, underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with inverted ILM flap technique assisted by brilliant blue G (BBG) staining. Ophthalmological findings including visual acuity and OCT were investigated based on medical records. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue section of an ILM-like membrane was submitted for immunohistochemistry with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).Results: ILM was clearly stained with BBG in eight patients, whereas the ILM in one case revealed no staining with BBG during PPV. Visual acuities improved to >0.2 LogMAR in six patients. The complete closure of MH following PPV with inverted ILM technique was eventually achieved in all patients determined by OCT imaging (100%). Only one patient showed recovery of ellipsoid zone and interdigitation zone following the surgery. Elongation of outer nuclear layer was noted in three eyes. The ILM-like membrane not stained with BBG histologically revealed an amorphous structure admixed with GFAP-positive mononuclear cell infiltration.Conclusion: PPV with inverted ILM flap technique achieved 100% closure rates with favorable configuration at an initial surgery in large MHs. Our histopathological data also suggest that even BBG staining-negative membrane may be a useful material for autologous transplantation to the hole. Keywords: inverted ILM flap, glial cells, OCT, macular hole, histopathology

Background: The burden of malignant lymphoma in China is greater than the global equivalent. The randomized controlled trials provide medical evidence that TCM can improve the response and survival in patients with lymphoma. However, the mechanisms underlying remain undefined., Objective: Evidence-based data mining for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on improving response and survival in malignant lymphoma treatment was performed in this study. In addition, the mechanisms of TCM through network pharmacology and molecular docking were explored., Methods: The China national knowledge infrastructure, Wanfang Data, China Science and Technology Journal Database, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched to select TCM formulas with response and survival benefits in the treatment of malignant lymphomas. We then analyzed and visualized the tropism of taste, frequency of drug use, dosage, clustering, association rules mining (minimum support threshold as 0.20, the minimum confidence threshold as 0.80 and lift >1), and complex networks for potential core herb compositions using Excel, IBM SPSS Statistics 26, and IBM SPSS Modeler 18. TCM systems pharmacology, GeneCards, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, and other databases were used to screen potential core active ingredients and malignant lymphoma-related targets. The intersection targets were used to construct a protein interaction network using Cytoscape to obtain the key targets. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment were used to analyze the core target, and molecular docking of key components and targets was performed using CB-Dock2., Results: Twenty-four Chinese herbal formulae were included, encompassing 107 herbs with mainly cold and warm properties and bitter and sweet flavors. They were associated with the yin meridians of the liver, spleen, and lungs. The TCMs underwent association rule analysis, identified 27 association rules, including 12 herb pairs and 13 angle medicine, and clustered into eight classes by clustering analysis. Combined with the results from mining analysis, Pinelliae (Ban-xia), Poria (Fu-ling), Atractylodis macrocephalae (Bai-zhu), Curcumae (E-zhu), and Sparganii (San-leng) were the potential core herbs According to network pharmacology and molecular docking, the main core components of the potential core drugs are hederagenin, cerevisterol, 14- acetyl-12-senecioyl-2E,8E,10E-atractylentriol, 12,13-epoxy-9-hydroxynonadeca-7,10-dienoic acid, cavidine, and baicalein. These core drugs are mainly involved in the pathways of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, PD-1/L1, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, NF-κB, epithelial cell signaling in H. pylori infections, and Th17 cell differentiation. They aid in regulating the transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, ERBB signaling pathway, PI3K signaling pathway, and phosphorylation process. Ten key components and eight key targets, including baicalein and hederagenin, demonstrated strong binding activity., Conclusion: Collectively, some core herbs exerted anti-tumor effects through immune and inflammatory pathway modulation, inhibition of immune escape, and induction of cell apoptosis. These findings support future evidence-based research on malignant lymphoma treatment using TCM., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Seeds of plant Scaphium affine are traditionally used by the healers of "India" for the treatment of piles., Objectives: The primary objective of the study was to assess the anti-hemorrhoidal potential of the ethanolic seed extract of Scaphium affine ., Methods: After the soxhlet extraction method, the seed extract from Scaphium affine was first submitted to phytochemical standardization and then GC-MS analysis. Rats were given Croton oil and Jatropha oil to develop hemorrhoids, and Scaphium affine seed extract (ESA) was administered orally for 5 days and 3 days, respectively, at doses of 1000 and 500 mg/kg. The Rectoanal coefficient (RAC) was calculated as an inflammatory marker. The hemorrhoidal tissues were also subjected to cytokine profiling, biochemical estimation and histopathology., Results: ESA demonstrated the presence of flavonoids, saponins, phytosterols, phenols, and tannins. GCMS analysis elucidated the presence of hexadecanoic acid 2 hydroxy -1,3 propane diyl ester,9 Octadecanoic acid ethyl ester, Cyclohexane 1,4 di methyl cis, Farnesol isomer,1, E-11, Z-13 octa decatriene, Stigmasterol, N-(5 ethyl -1,3,4-thiadiazol-yl) benzamide, N, N Dinitro 1,3,5,7 tetraza bicyclo 93,3,1) as major phytoconstituents. The results depicted more potent anti-hemorrhoidal activity of ESA at 1000 mg/kg, p.o., which was evident through a decrease in RAC. A significant decline in the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression was observed, along with the restoration of altered antioxidants and enzymes. Histopathological analysis confirmed the tissue recovery as it revealed minimal inflammation and decreased dilated blood vessels in treated animals., Conclusion: Based on the results it can be concluded that seeds of Scaphium affine showed significant anti-hemorrhoid agents which may be attributed to their anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant potential due to the presence of certain phytoconstituents in it. The study also supports the traditional use of seeds of Scaphium affine for the first time in the treatment of hemorrhoids., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Aim: The current study aimed to develop an economic plant-based therapeutic agent to improve the treatment strategies for diseases at the nano-scale., Methods: In the current research, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Trillium govanianum aqueous extract. Characterizations were done using UV-visible spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In vivo biological activities such as acute dermal toxicity, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory were done on Balb C mice. Absorbance at 295 nm corresponds to the out-of-plane quadrupole Plasmonresonance while at 350 nm corresponds to in-plane dipole resonance. SEM images showed the morphology of TGAgNPs is not exactly spherical while XRD analysis shows that highly crystalline TGAgNPs with an average size of 27.94 nm. The FTIR spectrum represents sharp peaks of aldehyde, amide I, aromatic rings, and polysaccharides. The microscopic assessment did not find any epidermal and dermal layer abnormalities in Blab C mice when exposed to TGAgNPs during acute dermal toxicity., Results & Discussion: Results revealed that 1000 mg/kg is not a lethal dose. In the wound healing activity, no mortality and no abnormal signs were observed when petroleum jelly, nitrofuranose, TGaqu, and TGAgNPs-based ointments were applied. Enhanced epithelization was recorded in TGaqu and TGAgNPs treated mice (p≤0.001). The wound contraction percentage was higher in nitrofuranose-treated mice (74%) followed by TGAgNPs (71%), and TGaqu (69%) compared to vehicle-treated and open-wounded mice. The paw edema model proved the potential use of TGAgNPs and TGaqu as anti-inflammatory agents., Conclusion: Hence, the results proved that both TGaqu and TGAgNPs are not toxic and possessed strong anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects due to the presence of phytochemical constituents and could be used in various drug production as a therapeutic agent., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Introduction: Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdomen in young adults. It is also one of the most common conditions requiring emergency surgery. Macroscopically normal-appearing appendix, removed from patients with suspected acute appendicitis, on histopathological examination may reveal a more sinister underlying pathology. We did a retrospective study of the histopathological examination of 140 specimens of appendix to see the pattern of various findings. Materials and Methods: Hospital records of 140 patients who were diagnosed as acute appendicitis or recurrent acute appendicitis and who underwent appendectomy, either laparoscopic or open, were reviewed. Histopathology records of these resected appendices submitted to the Histopathology Department of ESIPGIMSR, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Joka, Kolkata, West Bengal, over a period of 1-year were reviewed for histopathological diagnoses, and their findings were noted. The patients’ age, sex, macroscopic findings, and histopathological examinations findings were noted. Results: Out of the 140 specimens of appendix received between April 2014 and April 2015, acute appendicitis (40%) and lymphoid hyperplasia (25.7%) were the most common findings. Peak age incidence for acute appendicitis was found to be between 21 and 30 years in both sexes. Various histopathological diagnoses that were encountered included acute appendicitis, lymphoid hyperplasia, ulcerative/suppurative appendicitis, gangrenous appendicitis, perforation, eosinophilic appendicitis, Enterobius vermicularis, tuberculosis, and neural hyperplasia. Among all these cases, 10 cases (7.14%) had a great impact on further patient management and outcome. None of these 10 cases were suspected on macroscopic examination intraoperatively. Conclusion: There was a higher incidence of appendicitis in young adults, especially in females in this region of the country (74/140). Histopathological examination of 10 cases (7.14%) with incidental findings had a significant impact on patient management and outcome. These would have been missed had these appendectomy specimens not been sent for histopathological examination. The present study emphasizes the importance of routine histopathological examination of all appendectomy specimens to avoid missing any clinically important and treatable condition.

Abstract: Introduction: Neurilemmoma or Schwannomas are benign tumour arising from the nerve sheath of myelinated nerve. Head neck neurilemmomas are not uncommon but intraoral region is very uncommon for this type of tumour. Case Report: A very rare case of buccal neurilemmoma in an eleven year old child, but much larger than other reported case is reported in the present article with review of literature. Discussion: Among the intraoral subsites, very few cases of neurilemmoma are reported to be situated in the buccal mucosa. Diagnostic dilemmas due to Fine needle aspiration cytology with features often resembling that of pleomorphic salivary adenomas are reported. The size of the tumour was larger than the cases reported in literature till date. The age of the patient was also much younger than the other reported cases, which made the present case unique.

The presence of muscular symptoms is common in rheumatological clinical practice, but often the differential diagnosis between muscular involvement in connective tissue diseases, vasculitis and drug-induced myopathy may be difficult. In addition to clinical assessment, laboratory analysis and instrumental examinations, muscle biopsy may help to clarify the diagnosis in patients with muscular involvement. The purpose of this review is to provide a critical analysis of the current medical literature on muscular histopathology, to help clinicians to identify when to perform muscular biopsy and to provide a practical guide to a better understanding of the pathology report. Moreover, we provide an overview of the muscular involvement and the most common histopathological findings in rheumatic diseases.

The histopathological and molecular analysis of the synovial tissue has contributed to fundamental advances in our comprehension of arthritis pathogenesis and of the mechanisms of action of currently available treatments. On the other hand, its exploitation in clinical practice for diagnostic or prognostic purposes as well as for the prediction of treatment response to specific disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs is still limited. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances in the field of synovial tissue research with specific reference to the methods for synovial tissue collection, approaches to synovial tissue analysis and current perspectives for the exploitation of synovial tissue-derived biomarkers in chronic inflammatory arthritides.

The range of pathologies that are related to primitive vasculitis is broad, complex and not as typical as we would expect. Clinicians should be aware that several forms of primitive and systemic vasculitis, regardless of the size of the affected vessel, may exhibit identical histological alterations. This observation has important clinical implications as it means that cases of vasculitis do not correspond clinically and histologically. Thus, while histology remains the diagnostic gold standard, it can be used only as part of the most complete clinical assessment possible. Another point worth of the clinician’s attention is that vasculitis histology changes over time, as do disease evolution and activity, even without considering the masking effects of treatment and the possibility of sampling error due to the patchy occurrence of vasculitis. The purpose of this review is to identify the most common forms of vasculitis in clinical practice, and to provide guidance to the clinician on the pathology of the vessels.

To describe human temporal bones with bilateral glomus tympanicum tumors. Patient is 83-year-old black female who no pulsatile tinnitus. The histopathologic characteristics of human temporal bones after death were setting Department of Otolaryngology of University of Minnesota in USA. Histopathologic observation of temporal bones showed bilateral small glomus tympanicum tumors limited to the promontory. Although there was bilateral tinnitus, there was no pulsatile tinnitus, no conductive hearing loss and both of the tympanic membranes were intact. Histopathologic observation of temporal bones after death showed bilateral glomus tympanicum tumors. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bilateral glomus tympanicum tumors.

Background: A granuloma is defined as a circumscribed collection of modified macrophages with scattered giant cells and lymphocytes. It represents a cell mediated (type IV) hypersensitivity reaction. The objective of this study was to determine the pattern of different cutaneous granulomas. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Pathology Department, Bannu Medical College, Bannu, KPK, Pakistan. The biopsies were collected from different hospitals of the area with relevant clinical information and supportive laboratory tests. Eighty six biopsies of cutaneous granulomatous inflammation from various anatomical locations were analyzed. Demographic variables were sex, age in years and age groups including 10-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60 and 61-70 years. Research variables were; types of cutaneous granuloma with attributes of tuberculous granuloma, cutaneous leishmaniasis, fungal granuloma, foreign body granuloma, leprosy, sarcoid granuloma, malakoplakia and necrobiotic granuloma. Inclusion criteria was all biopsies of cutaneous granulomatous inflammation of any age, sex and location in body. Exclusion criteria was insufficient biopsy material, autolysed specimen and granulomas from sites other than of cutaneous location. Numeric variables were calculated with mean and SD whereas categorical as frequency and percentages. SPSS version 20 was used for analysis. Results: Out of a total of 86 cases of cutaneous granulomatous tissue biopsies, male to female ratio was 1.2:1. The age range was from 10- 70 years with mean age 34.47±13.55 years, The commonest age group was 21-30 years with 39 cases (45.38%) followed by 31-40 years with 28 (32-55%) cases. The most common type of granuloma was tuberculous granulomas 63 (73.28%) followed by granuloma of cutaneous leishmaniasis 08 (9.30%), fungal granulomas 05 (5.81%), foreign body granulomas 04 (4.65%), leprosy 03 (3.84%) and one each (1.16%) of necrobiotic granuloma, sarcoid granuloma and malakoplakia. Conclusion: The tuberculous granulomas are the commonest granulomas in district Bannu, Pakistan, specially in 21-40 years of age.

An 85-year-old woman diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis died of pneumonia and was autopsied. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed 16 days before death revealed an intracortical high-intensity lesion in her right temporal cortex on three-dimensional (3D)-double inversion recovery (DIR) and 3D-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. Histopathological examination indicated a cortical microinfarct (CMI) juxtaposed to cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Recently, in vivo detection of CMIs using 3D-DIR and 3D-FLAIR on 3-tesla MRI has been reported, and postmortem MRI study confirmed the presence of CMIs. This is the first case study to compare CMI findings detected upon premortem MRI to the CMI itself discovered upon postmortem neuropathological examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystadenoma is a benign salivary gland tumor that develops very infrequently. The commonest site for their occurrence is minor salivary glands, where these present as cystic growths with papillary projections. Cystadenomas are often interpreted as mucous retention cysts. Therefore, histopathological confirmation is essential for further treatment and follow-up of the patients, even after the surgery, to keep a check on the recurrence and, in the long run, the exclusion of the possibility of malignant transformation. We report a case of mucinous cystadenoma of the salivary gland occurring in a 44-year-old male who presented with a painless mass, gradually increasing in size over the period of 3 years. The radiological evaluation reported it as a retention cyst. Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed, followed by complete surgical excision of the lesion. Diagnosis of mucinous cystadenoma in the parotid gland was made. There are only a few cases of mucinous cystadenoma of the parotid gland reported so far from the world, and to the best of author's knowledge, it is the first case of its kind reported from Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Salivary glands are seromucinous exocrine glands concerned with production and secretion of saliva. The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution and histopathological pattern of salivary gland tumors. Material & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Pathology Department of Bannu Medical College, Bannu, KPK, Pakistan from 1st January, 2011 to 31st December, 2015. Sample size was 78 patients with salivary gland tumors. Demographic variables were; gender, age in years and age groups. Research variables were; type of tumor, type of benign tumor, type of malignant tumor and anatomical site of tumors. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Out of a total of 78 patients with salivary gland tumors, the ratio of male to female was 1.2:1. The mean age of the sample was 31.22 ±11.23 years and range was from 13 to 58 years i.e 45 years. The common age group in benign tumors was 21-30 years in 46 (69.69%), followed by 31-40 years in 13 (19.69%) and 10-20 years in 4 (6.06%) cases, whereas in malignant tumors the most common age group was 41-50 years in 9 (75%) and 51-60 years in 3 (25%) cases. Amongst these salivary gland tumors, benign were 66 (84.61%) and malignant 12 (15.38%). Conclusion: Pleomorphic adenoma was the commonest benign salivary gland tumor and mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the commonest malignant tumor. Most common site for major salivary gland tumors was parotid and for minor salivary gland tumors was palate, especially in males in their fourth decade of life.

Background: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a form of abnormal uterine bleeding when there is absence of organic disease of the genital tract. The objective of this study was to find out the clinical and pathological aspect of women presenting with dysfunctional uterine bleeding.Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted over a period of one year from April 14th 2010 to April 13th 2011 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Pathology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. A complete history, clinical examination, pelvic scan, hormonal status if required and endometrial biopsy were done to diagnose dysfunctional uterine bleeding.Results: A total of 120 cases were included. The age of the patients diagnosed dysfunctional uterine bleeding were ranging from 24 -63 years. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding was most common in the age group 40-44 yrs (30%) followed by 45-49 yrs (27.5%). Menorrhagia (41.7%) was the most common presenting sign. Majority histopathology of endometrium revealed anovulatory pattern (61.7%) followed by ovulatory (38.3%). Of the cases with an anovulatory pattern 48.6% was proliferative endometrium, 33.8% disordered proliferative endometrium, 6.8%atrophic, 5.4% weakly proliferative and 2.7% each of simple hyperplasia without atypia and complex hyperplasia with atypia. All cases with ovulatory pattern showed secretory endometrium.Conclusion: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding was the most common in the perimenopausal age group and chiefly in the form of an anovulatory endometrium. . Histopathological evaluation of endometrium helps exclude the local causes and establishes the diagnosis of dysfunctional uterine bleeding, its types, and clinical correlation to histopathological findings and finally helps to determine the mode of management.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v4i8.11500 Journal of Pathology of Nepal; Vol.4,No. 8 (2014) 635-638

Liver diseases are the most common ailment all over the world mostly caused by viruses, toxic chemicals, excessive intake of alcohol, high doses of paracetamol, carbon tetrachloride, chemotherapeutic agents and peroxides oil, etc. There is a great need to assess the scientific basis for the medicinal plants that are claimed to have hepatoprotective activity. We investigate the hepatoprotective effects of aqueous-ethanolic extract of Capparis decidua (Stems) against paracetamol induced liver injury in experimental animals. To observe the level of improvement, biochemical parameters such as SGPT, SGOT, ALP and Total bilirubin levels as well as histopathological changes in liver tissues were studied. Silymarin (50mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug. The levels of the biochemical parameters were increased in rabbits which were intoxicate by paracetamol. Capparis decidua extract (750mg/kg, b.w.) treated rabbits showed maximum reduction of biochemical parameters in a significant (p<0.001) manner. Histopathological examination of the liver tissues of control and treated groups also confirmed the hepatoprotective activity. The phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids. The results of the present study therefore suggest that the different doses of Capparis decidua possess significant hepatoprotective effect and this effect might be due to the presence of flavonoids and tannins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology has been shown to be simple, safe, cost effective and quick to perform procedure with excellent patient compliance. It is a well established technique for preoperative investigation of thyroid gland swellings with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid swellings performed at our institution. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out at Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching hospital, department of Pathology over a period of 3 years (January 2010 to December 2012). Two hundred and seventy three patients of all age groups and both sexes who underwent fine needle aspiration cytology for thyroid swelling were evaluated. Out of 273 patients, histopathological diagnosis was available in 45 patients. Results: Fine needle aspiration cytology result revealed 245 cases (89.7%) as non-neoplastic, 21 cases (7.7%) as neoplastic and 7 cases (2.6%) inadequate due to lack of cellularity. The commonest lesion in the thyroid gland was colloid goiter. Among the malignant neoplasms the commonest was papillary carcinoma. Out of 273 patients, histopathological diagnosis was available in 45 patients. Statistical analysis of our data shows the diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology to be 95.7%. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed a sensitivity of 96.4% and a specificity of 94.4%. Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration cytology is a well established technique for pre operative investigation of thyroid gland swellings with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v3i6.8988Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2013) Vol. 3, 433-436

Exposed, the case of a bull pure Simmental breed, age 9, with the presence of skin lesions, consistent with squamous level eye and nose cells. It is performed clinical evaluation and pathological characterization of skin lesions, these being exophytic granulomatous appearance with erythema, edema, scaling with crusting, firm and presence of exudation Serosanguinous. Subsequently, after sedation and application of local anesthesia it was taken biopsy tissue from the periphery of the cancerous lesion punch of 6 mm subsequently fixed in 10% formalin and taken to the Laboratory of Pathology of the Department of Animal Science, University of Cordoba, Colombia, where they were processed until paraffin embedding. Finally, the sample was stained with hematoxylin - eosin (HE), where the presence of islands with central core surrounded keratin tumor cells was confirmed and branching cords of neoplastic epithelial cells with varying degrees of squamous differentiation and high presence of mitosis. The final diagnosis was well-differentiated squamous carcinoma cells.

Aims : The purpose of the study was to evaluate different eyelid lesions appearing as a swelling or mass, using fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), to conduct a cytological diagnosis of these lesions with subsequent histopathological correlation, and to identify the problems faced during microscopical examination of the smears. Materials and Methods : Fine needle aspirates from 80 eyelid swellings and histopathological correlation in 62 cases were studied. Results: Forty eight cases of benign and 32 cases of malignant lesions were diagnosed by FNAC. The five leading benign lesions were chalazions (12 cases, 15%), epithelial cysts (eight cases, 10%), chronic nonspecific inflammation (six cases, 7.5%), seborrheic keratosis (five cases, 6.25%) and benign adnexal adenoma (four cases, 5%). The most common malignant lesion was basal cell carcinoma (12 cases, 15%) followed by sebaceous gland carcinoma (nine cases, 11.25%) and squamous cell carcinoma (eight cases, 10%). Conclusions: Histopathological correlation showed that the accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology in making diagnosis was 83.87%. Incidence of basal cell carcinoma in the study was lower, compared to most western studies. Therefore, there may be a racial and geographical variation.

Dispersed neuroendocrine system (D.N.S) consists of a wide variety of cells that are present in the central and peripheral nervous system and in many classic endocrine organs and different tissues such as respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, skin, prostate, breast and also their neoplasm show neuroendocrine differentiation by electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry or biochemical techniques:"nMaterials and Methods: The present study has been carried out by case-series method in order to evaluating the characteristics of all types of neuroendocrine carcinoma: different anatomical locations during 5 years period in immunohistochemistry department of cancer institute."nResults: The diagnosis of 109 cases of neuroendocrine carcinoma consisting of neuroendocrine carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma of thyroid, carcinoid tumor and merkel cell carcinoma are confirmed that among them the most common diagnosis was related to neuroendocrine carcinoma (50.5 percent). The most prevalent age group was 40-49 years and male to female distribution were 56 percent and 44 percent respectively. Anatomical distribution of tumor show that about 30 percent of cases were metastatic carcinoma, 30 percent in thyroid, respiratory tract and head and neck region and remainder in a variety of tissues. In over 50 percent of cases one of endocrinoid patterns as trabecular, organoid or mixed of them were seen."nConclusion: Immunohistochemically N.S.E (Neuron Specific Enolase) show high sensitivity with 96 percent positive reaction and more specific endocrine markers as chromogranin A in 80 percent and synaptophysin only in 24 percent because of lesser application of the latter. Also epithelial markers such as cytokeratin and E.M.A."n(Epithelial Membrane Antigen) were positive in 69 percent and 74 percent respectively. Mean survival rate of all neuroendocrine carcinoma reached to 4.8 years with lowest survival of 4.3 years among small cell carcinoma and highest in merkel cell carcinoma with 5.5 years.

Treatment of salivary gland tumors is still contraversial since their histopathological structures are not uniformed. Tumors of salivary glands constitute 3% of total body tumors and 80% and 10-15% of them are originated from parotid and submandibular glands, respectively. Rest of small percentages of salivary gland tumors are originated from sublingual gland and minor salivary glands located in aerodigestive region. In this study, we retrospectively examined files of 112 patients who came to our ENT clinic at F›rat University, F›rat Medical Center with complaints of masses in salivary glands. Distribution of origins of 112 salivary gland masses of parotid, submandibular and minor salivary glands are 60 (53.7%), 45 (40.1%), 7 (6.2%) respectively. Percentages of benign cases of parotid, submandibular and minor salivary gland masses were 83.3%, 86.6%, 42.8%, respectively. On the other hand, 16.6% of parotid, 13.3% of submandibular gland and 57.1% of minor salivary gland masses were malignant. In this study, we present analysis of histopathological reports and treatment of 112 cases along with current knowledge.

This study evaluated the acute toxicity effects of Pb2+ on essential trace metals behavior and histopathology of Crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). The median lethal concentration (96 h LC50) of Pb2+ was determined to be 29.07 mgL-1 in a semi-static bioassay. The fish were exposed to sublethal concentration of 5mgL-1 as environmentally relevant Pb2+ for a period of 96 h. Trace metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe and Ca) levels were determined in the gill, liver, kidney and muscles tissue by ICP-OES. Regression analysis revealed that Pb2+ exposure had negative impact on the level of Cu, Zn, Fe and Ca in certain tissues (P<0.05;P<0.01). Histopathological changes in the gills of exposed fish were characterized by lamellar shrinkage, disruption of cartilaginous core, epithelial lifting, lamellar shortening with desquamation and curling of the secondary lamella. The trunk kidney had severe shrinkage of glomeruli, hypoplasia of hemopoietic tissue as well as mild glomerular and tubular necrosis. The liver showed cellular edema, necrosis of hepatocytes with nuclear degeneration and pyknotic nuclei. The brain exhibited severe proliferation of glial cells, cellular necrosis, severe perivascular edema and satellitosis. These results clearly depict the deleterious effects of Pb2+ on trace metal metabolism and tissue architecture of Crucain carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin E and vitamin C on performance, egg quality and histopathological effect on the liver tissue of laying hens exposed to heat stress. A total of 256 lohman LSL laying hens were randomly assigned to 16 treatment groups, four replicates of 4 birds each. The birds with a 2×2×4 factorial design kept at normal (20°C) or heat stress (30°C) and either received either two levels of vitamin C (0 and 100 mg/L of drinking water) or four levels of vitamin E (0, 45, 65 or 85 U/kg of diet) for 11 weeks, in which one week was allowed for an acclimation period. Heat stress caused significant (P<0.05) decrement in the average feed intake, egg yields, egg shell thickness and Haugh unit. Supplementation of vitamin E increased significantly (P<0.01) the feed efficiency, egg yield and Haugh unit. The heat stress condition caused an increases in density of necrotic cell, but the area of parenchyma significantly decreased by heat stress in liver. Addition of 45 and 65 U vitamin E/kg to feeds significantly decreased density of necrotic cells. In coclusion, although supplementation of 85 U vitamin E increased feed conversion, Haugh unit and egg production, resulting in the highest degree of liver damage. Therefore, we thought that a supplementation of 65 IU of vitamin E/kg in diets appeared to be the most efficacious dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer is the most common gender specific cancer. The current gold standard for diagnosis, histopathology, is subjective and limited by variation between different pathologists. The diagnostic problems associated with the correct grading and staging of prostate cancer (CaP) has led to an interest in the development of spectroscopic based diagnostic techniques. FTIR microspectroscopy used in combination with a Principal Component Discriminant Function Analysis (PC-DFA) was applied to investigate FTIR based histopathology for the diagnosis of CaP. In this paper we report the results of a large patient study in which FTIR has been proven to grade CaP tissue specimens to a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Chordoid glioma, a rare tumour of the third ventricle, represents a distinct clinico-pathologic entity. Thirty nine examples have been described in the literature, mostly in females and in the third ventricle. The clinical presentation is variable but they tend to occur mostly in adults. There is only one report of a chordoid glioma in a 12 year old child. Finding. This paper describes two examples of chordoid glioma in a seven year old female child and a 70 year old male respectively. Radiologically, the paediatric chordoid glioma was located in the juxtaventricular region in the occipital horn of the lateral ventricle and was of mixed density whereas the adult patient had a typical third ventricle location with homogenous contrast enhancement. Gross total surgical removal was achieved in both but the adult patient died post-operatively due to intra ventricular bleeding and bacterial meningitis. The younger patient is doing well at the last follow up two years post-operatively. Microscopically, both showed the classic morphology of chordoid glioma. Ultrastructural examination was suggestive of ependymal differentiation. Conclusion. The younger age and unusual location are some of the rare features which need documentation and have not been described earlier. We propose that chordoid glioma is a variant of an ependymoma (WHO grade II) which arises from tanycytes and should be included in the WHO classification of brain tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-haired rats, Rattus villosissimus, were studied in large cages. Groups of adult rats (each of males, or 1 male and 2 females) were observed during intermittent encounters with a male intruder for up to 9 days. Two further groups, each of 8 males and females, were maintained for 70 days without introduction of intruders. Controls were kept in small cages in which intolerant behavior was rare. Behavior during attack resembled that of male R. norvegicus, but social relationships were less stable. Only observations on males are described in detail. Some rats collapsed under attack, though unwounded, and died when not removed. Collapse occurred sometimes after a few hours, but sometimes after many days of exposure. Exposure to attack was accompanied by a decline in body weight and by some adrenal hypertrophy. Two kinds of renal pathology are described: focal glomerular hypercellularity (FGH), probably due to glomerulonephritis, and dilated distal convoluted tubules. Neither condition occurred in the control. FGH occurred in 3 of 12 rats (25%) that remained apparently healthy during the 9 days of continuous exposure, in 21 of 23 intruders (91%) that were exposed to intermittent attack over 9 days or less without becoming debilitated, and in 8 of 11 such rats (73%) that collapsed. All rats examined from 70-day colonies had FGH, whether collapsed or not. Dilated tubules occurred in 6 of 32 intruders (19%) exposed to intermittent attack, and in 2 of 6 animals that collapsed during 70 days of exposure. Renal pathology, especially glomerulonephritis, was therefore a correlate of social intolerance; but there was no evidence that it was a significant cause of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The root canal filling paste Vitapex (Neo Dental Chemical Products Co., Tokyo), made of calcium hydroxide and iodoform with the addition of silicone oil, was experimentally introduced into the mandibular canals of 29 dogs. Tissue reactions to the paste were examined by radiography, histopathology, and electron microscopy. These examinations revealed that the paste was phagocytosed by macrophages and, in general, was gradually resorbed over time. The paste was also found to cause heterotopic calcification and/or ossification within the area of original penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to clarify the involvement of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells on bone resorption induced by Escherichia coli endotoxin. Two kinds of monoclonal antibodies, anti-CD4 and/or anti-CD8, were employed for the depletion of each or both T cell subsets. E. coli endotoxin was injected into mouse mesial gingiva of the first molar of the left mandible every 48 hours for up to 14 days (7 injections). The mice were divided into four groups: CD4-depleted, CD8-depleted, T cell-depleted, and normal. The mice were sacrificed on the day after the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 7th injection and alveolar bone was examined histopathologically and histomorphometrically. Bone surface in contact with osteoclasts was defined as the site of active resorption and the ratios of active resorption were compared among the four groups. In addition, sections obtained after the 1st, 4th, and 7th injection were immunohistologically stained in order to confirm the presence or absence of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Alveolar bone resorption gradually increased in normal mice as the number of injections increased. In contrast, alveolar bone resorption was significantly weaker in each or both subset-depleted mice. For the duration of the experimental period, the number of CD4+ T cells in CD8-depleted and normal mice significantly increased with increasing bone resorption. Considering the function of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, these results suggest that each subset preferentially acts as a macrophage activator in the early period of bone resorption induced by E. coli endotoxin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertrophic lupus erythematosus (HLE) may be more common as a variant of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) than is reported in the literature. Differentiation from neoplastic transformation of a lesion of DLE to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is crucial because of the metastatic potential of this type of SCC. A man is described in whom hypertrophic lesions of LE accompanying lesions of classic DLE were interpreted histopathologically as SCC. The problem of differentiating true HLE from SCC arising within DLE is discussed with a review of the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chordoid meningioma is an uncommon histopathological variant of meningioma. We report 2 cases of chordoid meningioma occurring in adult patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant melanoma is a relatively rare malignancy that arises from melanocytes and accounts for approximately 1% of all malignancies reported in the United States. Malignant melanoma can develop in any part of the skin or mucosal membranes. It metastasizes to all organs of the body and often demonstrates unpredictable metastatic behavior. Late recurrence of malignant melanoma, defined as occurring 10 or more years after diagnosis and treatment, is a rare but characteristic metastatic behavior of malignant melanoma. We present a case of a late recurrence of malignant melanoma presenting with diffuse peritoneal studding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An asymptomatic case of hyaline vascular-type Castleman's disease localized to the mesentery and detected incidentally by ultrasound is presented. Computed tomographic, angiographic, and histologic findings are reported. This type of Castleman's disease predominates in the thorax and is very rare in the mesentery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the current research is to formulate a nano delivery system for effective delivery of primaquine for liver targeting to achieve the potential anti-malarial activity. Another objective of current development is to formulate a lactobionic acid conjugated polyphosphazene based nano delivery of primaquine for liver targeting to distinguish anti-malarial activity., Method: The particle size, entrapment efficiency, in-vitro drug release pattern, hepatotoxicity, MTT assay, erythrocyte toxicity assay, histopathology study, HepG2 cell uptake study, anti-- malarial study, and organ-distribution was also carried out to estimate the activity and potential features of a nanoparticle system., Results: The results obtained from the above analysis justify the efficiency and effectiveness of the system. The NMR studies confirm the conjugation pattern and the TEM represents the spherical morphological features of nanoparticles. The controlled release pattern from the in-vitro release study was observed and found to be 73.25% of drug release in 20 hrs and in the nano-size range (61.6± 1.56 nm) by particle size analysis.SGOT level, SGPT, ALP, and Parasitemia level of optimized drug-loaded PEGylated lactobionic acid conjugated polyphosphazene derivatized nanoparticles (FF) was found to lie in the safe range, showing that the formulation is non-toxic to the liver. Primaquine drug-loaded PEGylated lactobionic acid conjugated polyphosphazene polymeric nanoparticles showed higher cell uptake on HepG2 cell lines as compared to the drug-loaded in PEGylated polyphosphazene polymeric nanoparticles and plain drug.Percentage cell viability of drugloaded PEGylated lactobionic acid conjugated polyphosphazene derivatized nanoparticles was decreased by enhancing the concentration of prepared nanoparticle system accessed by MTT assay., Conclusion: From the studies, it can be concluded that the optimized formulation of drug-loaded PEGylated lactobionic acid conjugated polyphosphazene derivatized nanoparticles showed high liver targeting, least toxicity to the liver, controlled release of the drug, higher anti-malarial activity against hepatocytes at a low dose, more effectiveness, and can be treated as a potential candidate for anti-malarial therapy., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Introduction: Nowadays, researchers have been attempting to use herbal products as medicines which have proven to cause lesser side effects. The fruit part of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) - Ajwain has been an integral part of the Indian medicine system with much importance in Ayurveda and Unani medicine system and is prescribed by Vaidya gurus and Hakim in raw form or as a major constituent in the powdered formulations., Objective: This research aimed to evaluate acute and sub-acute toxicity of standardized T. ammi fruit and its anti-inflammatory property using experimental models., Methods: The extract of herbs was spectroscopically analyzed for the estimation of the number of bioactive compounds. Then acute and sub-acute toxicity analysis of the herbal extract was performed to ensure the toxic effects, if any. Biochemical parameters like ALT, AST, ALP, etc. and histopathological analysis were determined to study the toxicity of the extract. Then, the anti-inflammatory activity of the T. ammi fruit extract employing Carrageenan and formalin-induced edema model in rats was studied., Results: Ajwain seeds have a pungent smell and a characteristic odor. The powder microscopy clearly showed endosperm, unicellular warty trichomes, striated cuticle in surface view, vittae, endodermis, and vascular strand. Phytochemical tests reported the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, etc. and characteristic peaks in UV, Mass, NMR, FTIR and HPLC were observed for the extract. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies did not report any toxicity, and significant anti-inflammatory action was recorded., Conclusion: The spectroscopic and pharmacognostic analysis has shown the strong presence of flavonoids, mineral matter, protein, phenols, saponins, carbohydrates, volatile oils, fiber, glycosides and fat. Spectroscopic study interpretations have shown the presence of compounds like thymol, para-cymene, γ-terpinene, α- and β-pinene, carvone, limonene, saponins,, β-phellandrene, βfenchyl alcohol, α-thujene, β-phellendrene, α-thujene, etc. No signs of toxicity were recorded in acute and sub-acute toxicity studies assessing the relative weight and histopathological analysis. Significant anti-inflammatory potential of T. ammi fruit extract was found and LD50 was found to be beyond 3000 mg/kg. The results of this study could be useful; in setting the quality parameters for further identification of the crude herb and preparation of the monograph., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background and Objective: Prostate cancer is the second most common malignant tumor found in males. Androgen Receptor plays an important role in the development of normal as well as malignant prostatic tissue. The objective of this study was to see frequency of Androgen receptor in different grades of Gleason's scoring system of Prostatic carcinoma. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathology, King Edward Medical University and Department of Urology, Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Methodology: It was descriptive cross sectional study conducted in department of pathology, King Edward Medical University and Urology Department of Mayo Hospital, Lahore from 1st Jan, 2015 to 31st Dec, 2015. Data was collected using purposivenon probability sampling technique from 60 cases of prostatic cancer diagnosed on histopathology. Histopathological Grading evaluation was performed using the Gleason scoring system. Data entry and analysis was done by using SPSS version 22. Results: The mean age out of a total number of 60 cases was 67.33 ± 8.806 year with minimum and maximum age of 45 and 85 years. According to histological grades, 7 (11.67%) cases had low grade, 5 (8.33%) cases had intermediate and 48 (80%) cases had high grade tumor. In this study Androgen receptor was detected in 59 (98.33%) and it was not detected in 1 (1.67%) of the cases. As in 1 (1.67%) case Androgen was not detected so its score was 0, in cases whom androgen was detected there were 5 (8.33%) had +1 score, 25 (41.67%) cases had +2 score and 29 (48.33%) had score as +3. Conclusion: AR is a diagnostically useful marker for prostate adenocarcinoma. Tumors with high grades have shown strong positive expression for AR. Also, Gleason score and AR expression have shown direct relationship with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]