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Objectives: This case series aimed to assess the efficacy of a novel horizontal ridge augmentation modality using histology. Combinations of "sticky bone" and tenting screws without autologous bone were used as augmentative materials. Method and materials: Five individuals presenting healed, atrophic, partially edentulous sites that required horizontal bone augmentation before implant placement were enrolled. Patients underwent the same augmentation type and 5 months of postoperative reentry procedures. The first surgery served as implant site development, whereas the biopsy and corresponding implant placement were performed during reentry. The bone was qualitatively analyzed using histology and histomorphometry and quantitatively evaluated using CBCT. Results: Four individuals healed uneventfully. Early wound dehiscence occurred in one case. Histology showed favorable bone substitute incorporation into the newly formed bone and intimate contact between de novo bone and graft material in most cases. Histomorphometry revealed an average of 48 ± 28% newly formed bone, 19 ± 13% graft material, and 33 ± 26% soft tissue components. The CBCTbased mean alveolar ridge horizontal increase was 3.9 ± 0.6 mm at 5 months postoperatively. Conclusions: The described augmentation method appears suitable for implant site development resulting in favorable bone quality according to histology. However, clinicians must accommodate 1 to 2 mm of resorption in augmentative material width at the buccal aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of biomaterials in bone healing of critical bone defects created by piezoelectric surgery in rat calvaria. Method and materials: Histomorphologic analysis was performed to assess bone regeneration and tissue response. Fifty animals were randomized into five groups with one of the following treatments: Control group (n = 10), spontaneous blood clot formation with no bone fill; BO group (Bio-Oss, Geistlich Pharma; n = 10), defects were filled with bovine medullary bone substitute; BF group (Bonefill, Bionnovation; n = 10), defects were filled with bovine cortical bone substitute; hydroxyapatite group (n = 10), defects were filled with hydroxyapatite; calcium sulfate group (n = 10), defects were filled with calcium sulfate. Five animals from each group were euthanized at 30 and 45 days. The histomorphometry calculated the percentage of the new bone formation in the bone defect. Results: All data obtained were evaluated statistically considering P < .05 as statistically significant. The results demonstrated the potential of all biomaterials for enhancing bone regeneration. The findings showed no statistical differences between all the biomaterials at 30 and 45 days including the control group without bone grafting. Conclusion: In conclusion, the tested biomaterials presented an estimated capacity of osteoconduction, statistically nonsignificant between them. In addition, the selection of biomaterial should consider the specific clinical aspect, resorption rates, size of the particle, and desired bone healing responses. It is important to emphasize that in some cases, using no bone filler might provide comparable results with reduced cost and possible complications questioning the very frequent use of ridge presentation procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This canine in vivo study assessed the effect of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (rhPDGF) on the healing of periapical tissues following apical surgery. From a total of 96 premolar teeth, 64 teeth from six beagle dogs (2 years old) were classified as experimental and were randomly assigned to four experimental groups (16 teeth per group). After having the pulp extirpated, leaving teeth open to the oral cavity for 1 week, and sealing with an immediate restorative material for 8 weeks, nonsurgical endodontic treatment was performed. A split-mouth design was used, and intra-animal randomization of treatment sides was applied to the groups as follows: apical curettage + 1.5-mm root-end resection (Group 1); apicoectomy + mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) root-end filling (Group 2); apicoectomy + MTA root-end filling + rhPDGF (Group 3); and apical curettage + rhPDGF (Group 4). The animals were sacrificed 24 months after apical surgery, and histologic and µCT analyses were performed for bone volume loss (BVL). Group 1 showed partial resolution of the periapical lesions without signs of tissue regeneration (BVL: 49.09 ± 10.97 mm3). Group 2 had minimal bone regeneration and showed cementum reformation in 9 teeth, with no direct attachment to the MTA (BVL: 35.34 ± 10.97 mm3). Group 3 showed regeneration of all damaged apical tissues without direct contact between the cementum and MTA (BLV: 4.51 ± 1.55 mm3). Group 4 showed regeneration of PDL, bone, and cementum and attachment of functional cementum fibers (BVL: 2.82 ± 2.3 mm3). The difference in BVL was statistically significant only for Groups 1 and 2 (P < .05). rhPDGF may help regenerate apical tissue structures following apical surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of ridge augmentation using a customized titanium mesh (CTM) that was preformed by trimming and bending the commercial titanium mesh on a virtually reconstructed 3D acrylic resin model using clinical, radiologic, histologic, and histomorphometric analyses. Materials and Methods: This study was designed prospectively for patients who required vertical ridge augmentation using a staged approach before implant surgery. After installation of the CTM, grafting was performed using deproteinized porcine bone mineral covered with an absorbable membrane. Computed tomography was performed preoperatively and 6 months after simultaneous/staged guided bone regeneration to measure planned, reconstructed, and lacking bone volume, and the reconstruction rate was calculated based on these values. Clinical complications were also recorded, particularly the mesh exposure rate. At re-entry, the bone core was obtained using a trephine bur, and histologic and histomorphometric analyses were performed. Results: A total of 10 sites in eight patients were used for the study analysis. The mean planned bone volume was 1.15 cm3 (range: 0.78 to 1.56 cm3), mean lacking bone volume was 0.13 cm3 (range: 0 to 0.59 cm3), and mean reconstructed bone volume was 1.02 cm3 (range: 0.56 to 1.43 cm3). The exposure rate was 30% (3 out of 10 sites). The reconstruction rate was over 80%, except for one case that showed suppuration. From histomorphometric analysis, 27.52% ± 16.87% of new bone, 7.62% ± 5.19% of residual graft, and 64.86% ± 23.76% of connective tissue were observed. The core biopsy samples demonstrated different pseudoperiosteum layer appearances based on the healing stage of the augmented sites. In the premature bone, the inner osteogenic layer consisted of multiple layers of osteoblast cells with adjacent large blood vessels. However, in the mature augmented site, there was no specific inner osteogenic layer, and the outer fibrous layer was dominant. Conclusions: The fabrication of CTM based on the application of the 3D-printing technique makes vertical ridge augmentation easier and can reduce complications and achieve target bone acquisition. In addition, it is expected that quantitative analysis of the pseudoperiosteum layer will be facilitated using the CTM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebrovascular and α-synuclein pathologies are frequently observed alongside Alzheimer disease (AD). The heterogeneity of AD necessitates comprehensive approaches to postmortem studies, including the representation of historically underrepresented ethnic groups. In this cohort study, we evaluated small vessel disease pathologies and α-synuclein deposits among Hispanic decedents (HD, n = 92) and non-Hispanic White decedents (NHWD, n = 184) from three Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers: Columbia University, University of California San Diego, and University of California Davis. The study included cases with a pathological diagnosis of Intermediate/High AD based on the National Institute on Aging- Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) and/or NIA-Reagan criteria. A 2:1 random comparison sample of NHWD was frequency-balanced and matched with HD by age and sex. An expert blinded to demographics and center origin evaluated arteriolosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and Lewy bodies/Lewy neurites (LBs/LNs) with a semi-quantitative approach using established criteria. There were many similarities and a few differences among groups. HD showed more severe Vonsattel grading of CAA in the cerebellum (p = 0.04), higher CAA density in the posterior hippocampus and cerebellum (ps = 0.01), and increased LBs/LNs density in the frontal (p = 0.01) and temporal cortices (p = 0.03), as determined by Wilcoxon's test. Ordinal logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, and center confirmed these findings except for LBs/LNs in the temporal cortex. Results indicate HD with AD exhibit greater CAA and α-synuclein burdens in select neuroanatomic regions when compared to age- and sex-matched NHWD with AD. These findings aid in the generalizability of concurrent arteriolosclerosis, CAA, and LBs/LNs topography and severity within the setting of pathologically confirmed AD, particularly in persons of Hispanic descent, showing many similarities and a few differences to those of NHW descent and providing insights into precision medicine approaches.

Background & aimsPathologists quantify liver steatosis as the fraction of lipid droplet-containing hepatocytes out of all hepatocytes, whereas the magnetic resonance-determined proton density fat fraction (PDFF) reflects the tissue triacylglycerol concentration. We investigated the linearity, agreement, and correspondence thresholds between histological steatosis and PDFF across the full clinical spectrum of liver fat content associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.MethodsUsing individual patient-level measurements, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing histological steatosis with PDFF determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy or imaging in adults with suspected non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Linearity was assessed by meta-analysis of correlation coefficients and by linear mixed modelling of pooled data, agreement by Bland-Altman analysis, and thresholds by receiver operating characteristic analysis. To explain observed differences between the methods, we used RNA-seq to determine the fraction of hepatocytes in human liver biopsies.ResultsEligible studies numbered 9 (N = 597). The relationship between PDFF and histology was predominantly linear (r = 0.85 [95% CI, 0.80-0.89]), and their values approximately coincided at 5% steatosis. Above 5% and towards higher levels of steatosis, absolute values of the methods diverged markedly, with histology exceeding PDFF by up to 3.4-fold. On average, 100% histological steatosis corresponded to a PDFF of 33.0% (29.5-36.7%). Targeting at a specificity of 90%, optimal PDFF thresholds to predict histological steatosis grades were ≥5.75% for ≥S1, ≥15.50% for ≥S2, and ≥21.35% for S3. Hepatocytes comprised 58 ± 5% of liver cells, which may partly explain the lower values of PDFF vs. histology.ConclusionsHistological steatosis and PDFF have non-perfect linearity and fundamentally different scales of measurement. Liver fat values obtained using these methods may be rendered comparable by conversion equations or threshold values.Impact and implicationsMagnetic resonance-proton density fat fraction (PDFF) is increasingly being used to measure liver fat in place of the invasive liver biopsy. Understanding the relationship between PDFF and histological steatosis fraction is important for preventing misjudgement of clinical status or treatment effects in patient care. Our analysis revealed that histological steatosis fraction is often significantly higher than PDFF, and their association varies across the spectrum of fatty liver severity. These findings are particularly important for physicians and clinical researchers, who may use these data to interpret PDFF measurements in the context of histologically evaluated liver fat content.

Purpose: To compare glycated multilayered membranes (OV) to a commercially available thin-layer membrane (OP) in a lateral ridge augmentation model in dogs. Materials and Methods: This was designed as a three-arm study, where one negative control (empty defect) was compared to two test arms: alveolar bone defects grafted with a mixture of 90% deproteinized bovine bone mineral and 10% porcine collagen, then covered with either a thick- (OV) or thin-layered (OP) membrane. Animals were randomly divided into three groups corresponding to the final sacrifice times of 4 weeks, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks. Sections underwent microCT, histology, histopathology, and histomorphometry. Results: No statistical differences were observed for OV compared to OP regarding the percentage of mineral volume and mean mineral density, amount of bone maturation, percentage of bone graft and membrane remaining in the grafted area, alveolar ridge width measurements, membrane mineralization, or ossification. Test groups presented significantly higher values compared to the empty control for all the endpoints. Conclusions: Within its limitations, this in vivo study highlighted that multilayered thick glycated membranes can serve as effective occlusive barriers for up to 6 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the literature comparing histologic levels of osseointegration for titanium vs zirconia dental implants. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021236781). Electronic and manual searches were carried out through the PubMed/MEDLINE, PubMed Central, and Embase databases with a platform-specific search strategy combining controlled terms (MeSH and Emtree) and text words. The articles were selected by two independent investigators who evaluated the articles based on the criteria for eligibility. Results: A total of 17 articles were included. All were preclinical studies. The populations included dogs (27.55%), minipigs (14.28%), rats (14.28%), and rabbits (43.89%); and the implantation site varied among the mandible (36.82%), maxilla (9.04%), tibia (17.64%), skull (10.70%), and femur (25.80%). A total of 370 titanium (Ti) implants and 537 zirconia (Zr) implants were evaluated. The average osseointegration (% bone-to-implant contact) for Zr was 55.51% (17.6% to 89.09%), and for Ti was 58.50% (23.2% to 87.85%). There was no statistical difference between studies at the 2-month follow-up (P = .672), but this difference was significant at 1 and 3 months (P < .001). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this review, Zr implants had a similar level of osseointegration compared to Ti implants. Nonetheless, because these findings are based on preclinical research, all data must be carefully examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), known as sugarcane borer, is the most damaging pest of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L., Poaceae) in northwestern Argentina and it causes significant losses in sugar and ethanol production. Currently, chemical and biological controls are used, along with host plant resistance, but there is a clear trend toward adoption of integrated pest management strategies. Considering the potential environmental and health risks associated with using agrochemicals, our study focuses on utilizing bioactive natural products, specifically plant secondary metabolites. Senecio rudbeckiaefolius Meyen & Walp (Asteraceae) is a perennial shrub found in southern Peru, Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina, valued for its use in traditional medicine. The main compounds of the genus Senecio are sesquiterpenes, with some species containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), known for their harmful effects on herbivorous insects and vertebrates. Plant extracts exhibit several modes of action, encompassing confusion, feeding deterrence, growth regulation, insecticidal, and repellent effects. Our goal was to analyze the chemical composition of an ethanolic extract (EE) of S. rudbeckiaefolius and evaluate its lethal and sublethal effects on D. saccharalis larvae. We also investigated the potential target sites affected by the ingestion of an alkaloidal fraction from the EE (AFEE) through a midgut histological study. The main secondary metabolites identified were the PAs and phenolic compounds, with the highest concentrations found in the flowers and leaves. The majority of the PAs identified were senecionine and integerrimine. Toxicity bioassays were carried out with larvae fed on a diet supplemented with an EE of S. rudbeckiaefolius. Concentration‐dependent mortality and a marked inhibition of larval growth were recorded. We described the midgut histological structure and compared it with that of AFEE‐fed larvae. Various morphological changes were observed in the intestinal epithelium, especially an increase in the number of goblet cells and pronounced acidophilic secretion in the lumen. These results suggest that the EE of S. rudbeckiaefolius could be promising for D. saccharalis control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Hippocampal subfields perform specific roles in normal cognitive functioning and have distinct vulnerabilities in neurological disorders. However, measurement of subfields with MRI is technically difficult in the head and tail of the hippocampus. Recent studies have utilized curved multiplanar reconstruction (CMPR) to improve subfield visualization in the head and tail, but this method has not yet been applied to histological data.We utilized BigBrain data, an open‐source database of serially sectioned histological data for our analyses. The left hippocampus was segmented according to histological criteria by two raters in order to evaluate intra‐ and inter‐rater reliability of histology‐based segmentation throughout the long axis. Segmentation according to our previous protocol for the hippocampal body was then compared to these histological measurements to evaluate for histological validity. Agreement between segmentations was evaluated using Dice similarity coefficients (DSCs).Intra‐rater reliability (DSCs) of histological segmentation was excellent for all subfields: CA1 (0.8599), CA2 (0.7586), CA3/CA4/DG (0.8907), SLM (0.9123), subiculum (0.8149). Similarly, inter‐rater reliability analysis demonstrated excellent agreement (DSCs) for all subfield locations: CA1 (0.8203), CA2 (0.7253), CA3/CA4/DG (0.8439), SLM (0.8700), subiculum (0.7794). Finally, histological accuracy (DSCs) for our previous protocol was excellent for all subfields: CA1 (0.8821), CA2 (0.8810), CA3/CA4/DG (0.9802), SLM (0.9879), subiculum (0.8774). When subfields in the hippocampus head, body, and tail were analyzed independently, DSCs also showed excellent agreement.CMPR allows reliable subfield segmentation based on histological criteria throughout the hippocampal head, body, and tail. Our previous protocol for the hippocampal body can be applied to provide histologically valid subfield measurements throughout the entire hippocampal long axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organoids are in vitro tissue models derived from human or animal primary tissues or stem cells that allow for studying three-dimensional (3D) tissue biology, toxicity testing, biomarker evaluation, and assessment of compound efficacy, supplementing or potentially minimizing use of animal models. Organoids are typically cultured in a 3D format within an extracellular matrix and, at the end of an experiment, can be further processed for various cellular or molecular readouts. Analysis often relies on whole mount immunolabeling for markers of interest, which consumes the entire sample/well, thereby limiting sample availability for downstream assays. In addition, 3D cultures become more friable after fixation and are susceptible to sample loss during washing steps. In contrast, by fixing and processing organoids to a paraffin block, dozens or hundreds of unstained slides can be generated, enabling robust characterization via multiple assays, including histologic evaluation and (immuno)histochemical stains, thus maximizing the yield of these time- and labor-intensive cultures. Here we describe three methods to process 3D Matrigel cultures into paraffin blocks using Histogel as an embedding agent. The three techniques all yield high-quality sections but vary in complexity of implementation at different steps, and their application for different use cases is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurposeMaterials and MethodsResultsConclusionsMeningiomas are the most common type of primary brain tumour. Hyperostosis is commonly associated but remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between meningioma-associated hyperostosis and other tumour variables.We retrospectively analysed 245 patients with 263 cranial meningiomas (202 CNS WHO grade 1, 53 grade 2, and 8 grade 3) who underwent surgery over a three-year period. Meningiomas adjacent to the skull were included. Demographic, radiological, and tumour characteristics were analysed using standard statistical methods.Hyperostosis was evident in 99 (38%) of meningiomas. The most common subtypes were meningothelial, transitional, fibrous, atypical, and anaplastic. There were no statistically significant relationships between hyperostosis and bone invasion, and CNS WHO grade and histological subtype. Hyperostosis was more common in skull base meningiomas than in convexity meningiomas (p = 0.001). Ki-67 index was significantly related to CNS WHO grade but not histological subtype when grade was considered. Mean Ki-67 index was higher in meningiomas without hyperostosis (p = 0.03). There was no such relationship with bone invasion (p = 0.29). Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that Ki-67 index was negatively correlated with hyperostosis (p = 0.03), while bone invasion (p < 0.001) and skull base location (p = 0.03) were positively correlated with hyperostosis.Hyperostosis did not appear to be related to CNS WHO grade or histological subtype. Proliferative activity appeared to be higher in meningiomas without hyperostosis and hyperostosis was associated with evidence of bone invasion and skull base location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incubation temperature can influence chicken bone and muscle development, and breast and leg muscles may respond differently to changes therein. Ross 308 broiler eggs were incubated at 36.5°C, 37.5°C (control), 38.5°C and 39.0°C on embryonic days 4–7. M. pectoralis and M. gastrocnemius were sampled at hatching and 5 weeks post-hatching, and differences in gene expression, microstructure and energy metabolism were examined. Tibia strength was tested, and gait scoring was performed. Broiler performance was similar at slaughter age, but initial growth was slowed by the 36.5°C treatment. The 38.5°C treatment reduced the M. gastrocnemius weight and shifted the M. pectoralis/M. gastrocnemius ratio. All treatments reduced M. gastrocnemius glycogen content relative to the control. The expression of single myogenesis-related genes was altered in the M. pectoralis by 36.5°C. The results indicate that the incubation temperature influences broiler muscle energy metabolism, and that the temperature of 38.5°C hampers leg muscle development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroepithelial tumors with fusion of PLAGL1 or amplification of PLAGL1/PLAGL2 have recently been described often with ependymoma-like or embryonal histology respectively. To further evaluate emerging entities with PLAG-family genetic alterations, the histologic, molecular, clinical, and imaging features are described for 8 clinical cases encountered at St. Jude (EWSR1-PLAGL1 fusion n = 6; PLAGL1 amplification n = 1; PLAGL2 amplification n = 1). A histologic feature observed on initial resection in a subset (4/6) of supratentorial neuroepithelial tumors with EWSR1-PLAGL1 rearrangement was the presence of concurrent ependymal and ganglionic differentiation. This ranged from prominent clusters of ganglion cells within ependymoma/subependymoma-like areas, to interspersed ganglion cells of low to moderate frequency among otherwise ependymal-like histology, or focal areas with a ganglion cell component. When present, the combination of ependymal-like and ganglionic features within a supratentorial neuroepithelial tumor may raise consideration for an EWSR1-PLAGL1 fusion, and prompt initiation of appropriate molecular testing such as RNA sequencing and methylation profiling. One of the EWSR1-PLAGL1 fusion cases showed subclonal INI1 loss in a region containing small clusters of rhabdoid/embryonal cells, and developed a prominent ganglion cell component on recurrence. As such, EWSR1-PLAGL1 neuroepithelial tumors are a tumor type in which acquired inactivation of SMARCB1 and development of AT/RT features may occur and lead to clinical progression. In contrast, the PLAGL2 and PLAGL1 amplified cases showed either embryonal histology or contained an embryonal component with a significant degree of desmin staining, which could also serve to raise consideration for a PLAG entity when present. Continued compilation of associated clinical data and histopathologic findings will be critical for understanding emerging entities with PLAG-family genetic alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: Limited studies have used natural language processing (NLP) in the context of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to validate the application of an NLP model to an NSCLC cohort by extracting NSCLC concepts from free-text medical notes and converting them to structured, interpretable data. METHODS: Patients with a lung neoplasm, NSCLC histology, and treatment information in their notes were selected from a repository of over 27 million patients. From these, 200 were randomly selected for this study with the longest and the most recent note included for each patient. An NLP model developed and validated on a large solid and blood cancer oncology cohort was applied to this NSCLC cohort. Two certified tumor registrars and a curator abstracted concepts from the notes: neoplasm, histology, stage, TNM values, and metastasis sites. This manually abstracted gold standard was compared with the NLP model output. Precision and recall scores were calculated. RESULTS: The NLP model extracted the NSCLC concepts with excellent precision and recall with the following scores, respectively: Lung neoplasm 100% and 100%, NSCLC histology 99% and 88%, histology correctly linked to neoplasm 98% and 79%, stage value 98.8% and 92%, stage TNM value 93% and 98%, and metastasis site 97% and 89%. High precision is related to a low number of false positives, and therefore, extracted concepts are likely accurate. High recall indicates that the model captured most of the desired concepts. CONCLUSION: This study validates that Optum's oncology NLP model has high precision and recall with clinical real-world data and is a reliable model to support research studies and clinical trials. This validation study shows that our nonspecific solid tumor and blood cancer oncology model is generalizable to successfully extract clinical information from specific cancer cohorts. This non-specific oncology NLP model generalizes to successfully extract insights for specific cancer cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many of the structures and organelles of vegetative cells are comparable to those of animal tissues, significant differences between the two kingdoms require modifications in histological techniques for both tissue processing steps and histochemical staining techniques. The authors investigated the challenges of working with plant tissues by collecting various flora to represent the four main plant organs: leaf, stem, root, and flower/fruit. Triplicate samples for each specimen were placed into formalin for paraffin embedding, placed into formalin for later frozen sections, and used fresh to undergo immediate frozen sectioning. Frozen sections of plant tissues were more difficult to obtain than formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections, exhibited tissue loss during staining, and were inferior morphologically to FFPE sections. Although, historically, plant tissue fixation and processing has employed several different reagents compared with those used in animal tissue processing and took significantly longer times, the current investigation determined reagents and protocols from a modern histology laboratory which processes mammalian tissues can be applied to plant tissue processing with only slight modifications in respect to reagent timing. Additionally, staining techniques were compared and while it is well known that plant cell walls stain well with safranin O, the current investigation determined the uptake of safranin O can be accelerated by incubating at 60°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver tumor globally and a leading cause of mortality in cirrhotic patients. Our study aimed to estimate the diagnostic performance of triphasic CT and inter-observer reliability in the preoperative detection of microvascular invasion (MVI) in HCC. Two independent radiologists accomplished a retrospective analysis for 99 patients with HCC to assess the CT features for MVI in each lesion. Postoperative histopathology was considered the gold standard. Results: Multivariate regression analysis revealed that incomplete or absent tumor capsules, presence of TTPV, and absence of hypodense halo were statistically significant independent predictors of MVI. There was excellent agreement among observers in evaluating peritumoral enhancement, identifying intratumoral arteries, hypodense halo, TTPV, and macrovascular invasion. Also, our results revealed moderate agreement in assessing the tumor margin and tumor capsule. Conclusion: Triphasic CT features of MVI are reliable imaging predictors that may be helpful for standard preoperative interpretation of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: The histological characteristics and natural history of precirrhotic primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) with portal hypertension (PH) are unclear. Our aim was to clarify the prevalence, risk factors, and histological characteristics of precirrhotic PBC patients with PH. Methods: This retrospective study compared the clinical features, histological characteristics, and response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) between the PH and non-PH groups of precirrhotic PBC patients. Results: Out of 165 precirrhotic PBC patients, 40 (24.2%) also had PH. According to histological stage 1, 2 and 3 disease, 5.3% (1/19), 17.3% (17/98), and 45.8% (22/48) of patients also had PH, respectively. Precirrhotic PBC with PH was significantly positively correlated with bile duct loss, degree of cytokeratin 7 positivity, and degree of fibrosis in the portal area, but significantly negatively correlated with lymphoid follicular aggregation. Compared to the non-PH group, patients in the PH group showed a higher prevalence of obliterative portal venopathy, incomplete septal fibrosis, portal tract abnormalities and non-zonal sinusoidal dilatation (p<0.05). In addition, patients with PH were more likely to present with symptoms of jaundice, ascites, epigastric discomfort, a poorer response to UDCA, and more decompensation events (p<0.05). High alkaline phosphatase levels, low white blood cell counts, high Mayo scores, and high FIB-4 index values were risk factors for precirrhotic PBC with PH. Conclusions: Approximately 24.2% of precirrhotic PBC patients have PH, which is histologically related to the injury of bile ducts. High alkaline phosphatase levels, low white blood cell counts, high Mayo scores, and high FIB-4 index values are associated with increased risk of precirrhotic PBC with PH [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of baicalin on cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced testicular damage in rats. Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats were assigned to the control, baicalin, CP, and CP+Baicalin groups. A single dose of CP (200 mg/kg) was induced intraperitoneally (i.p.) in the CP and CP+Baicalin groups. Baicalin (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administered in the baicalin and CP+ Baicalin groups for 6 days. After sacrification, the testes, epididymis and blood samples were taken. Testis tissues were investigated for general morphology, proliferating, and apoptotic cells. Oxidative stress parameters in testis tissue and hormone levels in serum were examined by biochemical analysis. Sperm analysis was performed on smear samples obtained from the epididymis. In CP + Baicalin group, decreases in both the number of abnormal spermatozoa and degeneration of seminiferous tubules were observed compared to the CP group. Also, decreased apoptotic cells and increased proliferative cells were detected in these seminiferous tubules. Furthermore, the treatment with Baicalin reversed the changes observed in the markers of oxidative damage including malondialdehyde, total oxidant status, and oxidative stress index, and markers of the antioxidant defense system including glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and catalase except for glutathione s-transferase (GST) in testicular tissue. Decreased serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone related to CP significantly improved in CP + Baicalin group. Conclusion: Baicalin attenuates CP-induced testicular damage by inhibiting oxidative stress possibly due to its antioxidant properties. Considering on the proposed beneficial effects of Baicalin against testicular damage induced by CP, it might have the potential to be a promising agent for male infertility related to chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To evaluate the utilization of hematopathology resources within our enterprise on axillary lymph node core biopsy (AxLNCB) specimens, particularly those obtained in the context of breast cancer screening. Methods The utilization of hematopathology resources was determined for all AxLNCB specimens over a 30-month period from across our enterprise, and chart review was performed for select patient demographics and radiographic features. The AxLNCB cases with benign histology were reviewed for subtyping of histologic patterns. Results Of the total 594 AxLNCB specimens, 61.6% were benign and 38.6% malignant. Of malignant cases, only 9.3% contained any hematologic malignancy, yet 94% of all cases received tissue triage for lymphoma, and 81% were reviewed at least in part by a hematopathologist. Six clinical parameters were found to independently predict risk of hematologic malignancy: male sex (P =.041), bilateral lymphadenopathy (P =.004), diffuse cortical thickening (P =.005), lack of breast cancer (P =.001), older age (P <.001), and history of hematologic malignancy (P <.001). Conclusions Our enterprise overused hematopathology resources in the evaluation of AxLNCB performed in the study period. Our process could improve from the application of a simple tool generated from this cohort to predict percent risk of the specimen containing hematologic malignancy using patient characteristics easily found via routine chart review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The success of XEN Gel Stent (XEN) and Preserflo MicroShunt (Preserflo) implantation depends mainly on the development of bleb fibrosis. This study aimed to describe the histological findings of bleb fibrosis after XEN and Preserflo surgery. Methods: This retrospective study included patients with different types of glaucoma who underwent revision surgery after XEN or Preserflo implantation. The available clinical information and histological samples of removed fibrotic tissue were analyzed. Results: Thirty-six patients were included. Revision surgery was performed at a median of 195 (range = 31–1264) days after primary surgery. The mean intraocular pressure changed from 29.1 (± 10.3) mmHg at baseline to 18.3 (± 8.7) mmHg (− 37%; p < 0.0001) and 16.2 (± 4.2) mmHg (− 45%; p < 0.0001) after 6 and 12 months, respectively. Histological analysis revealed an increase in activated fibroblasts and macrophages in all specimens and a parallel orientation of fibroblasts in a minor part of the probe in 60% of the specimens. No pronounced inflammatory reaction in the form of lymphocytic or granulocytic infiltration was observed. The comparison of specimens from uveitic glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma patients revealed no significant differences. Conclusions: The histological analysis of fibrotic blebs from the XEN and Preserflo implants did not show any pronounced immune or foreign-body reaction and revealed a similar histological pattern of failed blebs after trabeculectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of cortical cytoarchitectonics and the histology of the human cerebral cortex was pursued by many investigators in the second half of the nineteenth century, such as Jacob Lockhart Clarke, Theodor Meynert, and Vladimir Betz. Another of these pioneers, whose name has largely been lost to posterity, is considered here: Herbert Coddington Major (1850–1921). Working at the West Riding Asylum in Wakefield, United Kingdom, Major's thesis of 1875 described and illustrated six-layered cortical structure in both non-human primates and man, as well as "giant nerve cells" which corresponded to those cells previously described, but not illustrated, by Betz. Further journal publications by Major in 1876 and 1877 confirmed his finding of six cortical strata. However, Major's work was almost entirely neglected by his contemporaries, including his colleague and sometime pupil at the West Riding Asylum, William Bevan-Lewis (1847–1929), who later (1878) reported the presence of both pentalaminar and hexalaminar cortices. Bevan-Lewis's work was also later credited with the first illustration of Betz cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning-based virtual staining has the potential to replace chemical staining in histology and to provide more sustainable, rapid, and cost-effective pipelines for histopathology. Virtual staining will allow multiple outputs of stained images from a single input image of a tissue section, hence enabling virtual multiplexing and single-cell resolution between histological assessments that currently require separate tissue sections. Deep learning-based virtual staining models require large amounts of training data, and quantitative computational and rigorous histological validation is required for each intended use. In pathology and biomedical research, histology is the cornerstone method for tissue analysis. Currently, the histological workflow consumes plenty of chemicals, water, and time for staining procedures. Deep learning is now enabling digital replacement of parts of the histological staining procedure. In virtual staining, histological stains are created by training neural networks to produce stained images from an unstained tissue image, or through transferring information from one stain to another. These technical innovations provide more sustainable, rapid, and cost-effective alternatives to traditional histological pipelines, but their development is in an early phase and requires rigorous validation. In this review we cover the basic concepts of virtual staining for histology and provide future insights into the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled virtual histology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingival carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm affecting the oral mucosa and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum water extracts have gotten a lot of attention because of their bioactive components, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which have a variety of pharmacological activities, including antiproliferative actions. This study aimed to evaluate the histological and molecular effects of Allium ampeloprasum (leek) water extract on the proliferation of the murine gingival cancer cell line. Histological evaluation was conducted to examine morphological changes induced by extract treatment. Molecular mechanisms underlying the observed histological changes were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Expression levels of key genes associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed. Histological findings revealed a dose-dependent decrease (100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 µg/ml) in cell density and altered cell shape in the treated cell line. Also, the percentage of inhibition for the oral mucosa cell line was high, with a significant P of 0.006, in the treated group compared to the control group. Additionally, water extract has an IC50 value of 61 g/ml. The P53 fold increment of gene expression is 0.6, which means the expression level in the experimental condition is 60% higher than the control. This study provides evidence for the potential antiproliferative activity of Allium ampeloprasum water extract on the oral mucosa cell line. The observed histological changes, coupled with the modulation of key genes involved in proliferation and apoptosis, suggest that leek water extract may have therapeutic implications in managing oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) exhibits different blood imaging features and prognosis depending on histology. To clarity histopathological growth patterns (HGPs) and vascularization processes of iCCA, we collected 145 surgical specimens and histologically classified them into large bile duct (LBD) (20 cases), small bile duct (SBD) (54), cholangiolocarcinoma (CLC) (35), combined SBD–CLC (cSBD–CLC) (26), and ductal plate malformation (DPM) (10) (sub)types. According to the invasive pattern at the interface between tumor and adjacent background liver, HGPs were classified into desmoplastic, pushing, and replacing HGPs. Desmoplastic HGP predominated in LBD type (55.5%), while replacing HGP was common in CLC (82.9%) and cSBD–CLC (84.6%) subtypes. Desmoplastic HGP reflected angiogenesis, while replacing HGP showed vessel co-option in addition to angiogenesis. By evaluating microvessel density (MVD) using vascular markers, ELTD1 identified vessel co-option and angiogenesis, and ELTD1-positive MVD at invasive margin in replacing HGP was significantly higher than those in desmoplastic and pushing HGPs. REDD1, an angiogenesis-related marker, demonstrated preferably higher MVD in the tumor center than in other areas. iCCA (sub)types and HGPs were closely related to vessel co-option and immune-related factors (lymphatic vessels, lymphocytes, and neutrophils). In conclusion, HGPs and vascular mechanisms characterize iCCA (sub)types and vessel co-option linked to the immune microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: From a surgeon's perspective, appendicitis is treated with appendectomy and sometimes a normal appendix is removed. This study aimed to investigate the patients' perspectives on having surgery but not appendicitis and their involvement in treatment decisions. Methods: This study is reported according to the COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research (COREQ) guideline. Eligible participants either had a normal diagnostic laparoscopy with no resection of the appendix or a negative appendectomy confirmed by histopathology. Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: This study consisted of 15 interviews. Analysis of the interviews resulted in the formulation of four categories: (1) discovering the results of the histopathology report, (2) thoughts on having a normal appendix removed or left in situ, (3) the scarce use of shared decision-making, and (4) general anesthesia and the risk of a burst appendix made the participants nervous. Conclusion: The amount of information communicated to the patients before and after surgery was sparse. The participants were not aware of the histopathology results and the participants were not involved in decision-making and were generally anxious about anesthesia and a burst appendix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intra-osseous hemangiomas are uncommon tumors that can present diagnostic and treatment dilemmas. Bone hemangiomas with papillary and glomeruloid growth patterns are exceptionally rare. We present an example of an intra-osseous hemangioma of the rib displaying aggressive features on both radiology and histology. Morphologically, prominent papillary and glomeruloid architectural patterns were observed, in addition to features of cavernous and capillary hemangiomas. Extensive extra-osseous soft tissue involvement was seen. Awareness of the diverse histological features and locally aggressive behavior of bone hemangiomas is important in avoiding over-interpretation as a malignant lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the context of medical literature, a significant lacuna exists in understanding median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS). While clinical aspects are well documented, literature lacks a robust exploration of the anatomical relationship between the celiac trunk and the median arcuate ligament (MAL). Methods: Morphometric parameters, including the vertebral level of MAL origin, MAL thickness, celiac trunk (CeT) origin level, diameter, and distances between CeT/Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) and the MAL center were observed on 250 CT angiograms. Cadavers (n = 11) were dissected to examine the same parameters and histo-morphological examination of MAL tissue was done. Results: Radiological findings established average MAL thickness of 7.79 ± 2.58 mm. The celiac trunk typically originated at T12. The average distance between the celiac trunk and the MAL center was 1.32 ± 2.04 mm. The angle of the celiac trunk to the abdominal aorta was primarily obtuse. The average celiac trunk diameter was 5.53 ± 1.33 mm. Histological examinations revealed a diverse MAL composition, indicating variable mechanical properties. Conclusion: This study provides comprehensive morphometric data on the anatomical relationship between the MAL and the celiac trunk. In contrast to available literature which says the average MAL thickness of > 4 mm is an indicator of increased thickness, we observed much higher average thickness in the studied population. The findings contribute to a better understanding of normal anatomical variations which can serve as reference values for accurate radiological diagnosis of MALS. The histological examination revealed the heterogeneous nature of the MAL tissue composition, suggesting variable mechanical properties and functions in different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The preoperative assessment of carotid plaques is necessary to render revascularization safe and effective. The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST)-MRI, particularly amide proton transfer (APT) imaging as a preoperative carotid plaque diagnostic tool. Methods: We recorded the APT signal intensity on concentration maps of 34 patients scheduled for carotid endarterectomy. Plaques were categorized into group A (APT signal intensity ≥ 1.90 E-04; n = 12) and group B (APT signal intensity < 1.90 E-04; n = 22). Excised plaques were subjected to histopathological assessment and, using the classification promulgated by the American Heart Association, they were classified as intraplaque hemorrhage-positive [type VI-positive (tVI+)] and -negative [no intraplaque hemorrhage (tVI−)]. Results: Of the 34 patients, 22 (64.7%) harbored tVI+- and 12 (35.3%) had tVI− plaques. The median APT signals were significantly higher in tVI+- than tIVI− patients (2.43 E-04 (IQR = 0.98–4.00 E-04) vs 0.54 E-04 (IQR = 0.14–1.09 E-04), p <.001). Histopathologically, the number of patients with tVI+ plaques was significantly greater in group A (100%, n = 12) than group B (45%, n = 22) (p <.01). The number of symptomatic patients or asymptomatic patients with worsening stenosis was also significantly greater in group A than group B (75% vs 36%, p <.01). Conclusion: In unstable plaques with intraplaque hemorrhage and in patients with symptoms or progressive stenosis, the ATP signals were significantly elevated. CEST-MRI studies has the potential for the preoperative assessment of the plaques' characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different dietary lipid levels on lipid accumulation, inflammatory response, serum bio-chemical index and histological features of intestine and hepatopancreas of O. macrolepis was experimentally evaluated in an eight-weeks study. Fish (initial weight 50.11 ± 2.86 g) were fed with five iso-nitrogenous diets (around 390 g/kg protein) varying with lipid level (5%, 7%, 9%, 11%, 13%, being LL5, LL7, LL9, LL11, and LL13 respectively) in triplicates. Results showed that the content of crude lipid in carcass and hepatopancreas were not affected by dietary lipid levels (P > 0.05). Serum ALT, TP, HDL-c and MDA, etc., were not significantly affected by diets (P > 0.05), while serum total antioxidant capacity in LL9 and LL11 groups were significantly higher than the other groups (P < 0.05). Histological features of hepatopancreas and intestine showed no significant difference among the five diets (P > 0.05), while the height of intestine villus showed the higher trend in LL9 compared with other groups. The relative expression of lipid metabolism related genes (ppar α, cpt-1α, fas, and hsl) and immune response related genes (tlr 22, nrf 2, tnfα, and il-γ) in the hepatopancreas of fish fed diets differing in their crude lipid levels were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The results suggested that a proper dietary lipid level of 9%--11% could maintain higher antioxidant and health status of adult O.macrolepis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing significance of the aquaculture sector and commercially valuable species underscores the need to develop alternatives for controlling diseases such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis‐induced ichthyophthiriasis. This ciliated protozoan parasite threatens nearly all freshwater fish species, causing substantial losses in the fishery industry. Despite this, effective large‐scale treatments are lacking, emphasizing the necessity of adopting preventive strategies. While the pathogenesis of ichthyophthiriasis and its immune stimulation allows for vaccination strategies, precise adjustments are crucial to ensure the production of an effective vaccine compound. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of immunizing Astyanax lacustris with a genetic vaccine containing IAG52A from I. multifiliis and the molecular adjuvant IL‐8 from A. lacustris. Transcript analysis in immunized A. lacustris indicated mRNA production in fish muscles, demonstrating an expression of this mRNA. Fish were divided into five groups, receiving different vaccine formulations, and all groups received a booster dose 14 days after the initial immunization. Samples from vaccinated fish showed increased IL‐1β mRNA expression in the spleen within 6 h post the second dose and after 14 days. In the head kidney, IL‐1β mRNA expression showed no significant difference at 6 and 24 h but an increase was noted in fish injected with IAG and IAG + IL‐8 after 14 days. IL‐8 mRNA expression in the spleen and kidney did not significantly differ from the control group. Histological analysis revealed no variation in leukocyte concentration at 6 and 24 h post‐vaccination; however, after 14 days, the groups injected with IAG and IAG + IL‐8 exhibited a higher leukocyte density at the application sites than the control. The obtained data suggest that the used vaccine is transcribed, indicating its potential to stimulate innate immune response parameters through mRNA cytokine expression and leukocyte migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context.--Clinical, dermoscopic, and histologic diagnostic criteria may overlap in cases with scarring and nonscarring alopecia, making diagnosis difficult for clinicians and pathologists. New histopathologic discoveries indicate that the cutaneous adnexal structural and homeostatic unit made up of the pilosebaceous unit, eccrine sweat gland coils (ESGCs), and dermal white adipose tissue may have a role in hair follicle renewal. Objective.--To verify the presence of adipose tissue in the dermis at the level of the isthmus, infiltrating the bundles of the arrector pili muscle in biopsies from the scalp of 3 scarring alopecias: frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), fibrosing alopecia in a pattern distribution (FARD), and lichen planopilaris (LPP). Design.--We performed a retrospective and descriptive survey of 71 female scalp biopsies from 2016 to 2022 diagnosed at the Dermatopathology Laboratory at Fluminense Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Two pathologists reviewed and diagnosed the cases, correlating pathologic features with clinical and dermoscopic findings. Results.--The histopathologic findings of adipose tissue infiltration in the dermis at the level of the isthmus and in the bundles of the arrector pili muscle and the displacement of ESGCs were more frequently identified in FFA, followed by FARD and less frequently found in LRR. Conclusions.--According to our research, adipose tissue infiltration in the dermis at the level of the isthmus and in the bundles of the arrector pili muscle and the displacement of ESGCs were observed in 3 scarring alopecias (FFA, FARD, and LRR) and seems to be involved in the development of scarring alopecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In free flap reconstruction, improving flap tolerance to warm ischemia (WI) is fundamental. WI is the result of a venous or arterial thrombosis, which can only be addressed through surgical revision. No additional treatments have shown superior efficacy at salvaging free flaps after or during WI. Custom perfusion machines (PM), used to reduce the intensity of lesions of the flap stored in cold ischemia, have not been evaluated for WI flap salvage. This proof-of-concept study assessed whether the Lifeport® perfusion machine could improve the salvage procedure's success rates after one hour of venous WI. Five different groups were evaluated with four porcine latissimus dorsi free flaps included in each group. Depending on the group, the flaps were subjected to one hour of WI followed by revascularization, static hypothermic submersion, or dynamic Lifeport® perfusion. Additionally, two flap perfusion liquids were evaluated: KPS-1® and IGL-1®. Biopsies were performed before in vivo warm ischemia of the flap, after in vivo warm ischemia of the flap, and after one and two hours of preservation. Interstitial edema, muscular cell size and muscular diffuse necrosis were quantified by histological assessment. Static submersion did not demonstrate any efficacy for venous flap salvage. Dynamic perfusion on Lifeport® machine showed a significant improvement in tissue parameters. Thrombi and fibrine, present during the WI period, were no longer visible inside vessels and the perfusion machine flow evacuated the inflammatory cells and their substrates from the flap. The flap weights did not increase during perfusion time, confirming the benefits of the Lifeport® perfusion machine. Evaluating Lifeport® advantages on human free flap salvage is necessary to confirm the benefits for the tissue and to increase post-operative results after congestive free flap revision surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The objective was to investigate the specific role and the regulatory mechanism of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during wound healing in diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Methods: Streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats were used to establish a DFU animal model. VEGF and Axitinib (a specific inhibitor of VEGFR) were used for treatment in vivo. The wounds at different time points were imaged and histological analysis of the wounds were performed by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Masson's trichrome staining. Immunohistochemical staining was conducted to examine CD31 and eNOS expression in the wounds. Immunofluorescence assay and quantitative real‐time PCR were performed to examine macrophage markers. In addition, THP‐1 was differentiated to macrophages, and then treated with interleukin (IL)‐4 to induce M2 macrophages, followed by VEGF treatment. The conditional medium (CM) from VEGF‐mediated macrophages were collected to culture human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Cell viability and migration were measured by Cell Counting Kit (CCK)‐8, wound‐healing and Transwell assays, respectively. Results: VEGF treatment remarkably accelerated wound healing of DFU rats. VEGF promoted collagen deposition and elevated CD31 and eNOS expression, confirming the pro‐angiogenesis of VEGF around diabetic wound in rats. Meanwhile, VEGF restricted pro‐inflammatory cytokines and increased F4/80 and CD206 expression, highlighting the activated macrophages and enhanced M2 macrophages following VEGF treatment in diabetic wounds of DFU rats. However, Axitinib exerted an opposite function to VEGF in DFU rats. Moreover, VEGF directly promoted macrophage polarization toward M2 phenotype in vitro, and the CM from VEGF‐mediated M2 macrophages markedly promoted HDFs proliferation, migration and collagen deposition. Conclusion: VEGF might accelerate the wound healing of DFU through promoting M2 macrophage polarization and fibroblast migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of learners in the anatomical sciences is a complex task as it not only tests students' fact knowledge, but also the analysis of visual information. Sometimes, novice histology learners must acquire image recognition skills of microscopic structures in a short time frame. This paper describes a strategy of offering first year dental students at the University of Michigan a short, non‐grade contributing, formative assessment quiz in order to better prepare them for a high‐stakes, final summative histology examination. Data collected over 7 years indicate that students, who made use of this formative assessment opportunity, performed significantly better in their summative examination than students, who did not. Especially early practice quiz users profited most. Students, who used the practice quiz until they achieved a perfect score, also had statistically higher final examination scores. Students, who did not use the practice quiz, had a significantly lower cumulative D1‐year Grade Point Average (D1‐GPA) than students, who did, indicating that academically weaker students often underuse supporting learning resources. In general, scores from the Dental Admission Test (DAT) were weak predictors of learning success in the DENT 510 histology course. In contrast, the D1‐GPA values had a medium strength positive correlation with final histology examination scores. The major problem that was encountered with this practice quiz strategy was that many students waited until close to the day of the final examination before taking advantage of this feedback opportunity, thereby reducing its potential benefit for improving their overall learning strategy for histology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional academic lectures have long been criticized as providing a passive learning environment to students. Often, they do not capture the audience's attention, resulting in learners being distracted or bored and thereby reducing their learning efficacy. Consequently, they are being abandoned by many schools and universities as an educational modus or modified into more learner‐centered experiences. This descriptive article outlines a strategy of inserting active learning PowerPoint slides into traditional histology lectures. Suggestions and advice for adding or improving existing active learning slides are being offered to readers, who are planning to modify their own lecture presentations. The author's experience of using this formative assessment strategy with different types of histology learners is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching human histology is part of understanding the tissues of the human body and, therefore, it is part of the training curriculum of all health courses. The increase in technologies and active teaching methodologies has a positive impact on student learning, as it reduces the challenges present in the subject. Therefore, this work aimed to compare the performance of students in the histology discipline, when compared to traditional teaching methodology and its association with game‐based learning and a basic histology teaching platform. Three classes of the medical course were selected between the years 2022 and 2023, each of which was separated into a group. One group did not have access to any platform, being called the Traditional Group (TG), a group that used Kahoot!, being called the Kahoot Group (KG), and a group that used the teaching platform, being called the Histoatlas Group (HG). Both KG and HG groups showed greater effectiveness in learning and improved performance, when compared to TG. These improvements in KG and HG were also highlighted as learning aids and easy to use. KG students performed better in the practical test when comparing groups. However, this difference was not observed in the students' averages. However, students pointed out the relevance of trying to improve the traditional teaching methodology. Therefore, this study points out that, even though the traditional teaching methodology is efficient in the student's teaching and learning process, there is a need on the part of students to make the subject more dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of priming on the maturation and spawning were tested in two fish species using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), carp pituitary homogenate (CPH) and clomiphene citrate (clomid). The fish were injected with a dose of GnRH, CPH and clomid, calibrated to contain 0.3ml/kg, 7 mg/kg and 70mg/kg respectively in three split doses (two priming doses and one final dose). Two priming doses enhanced the maturation and spawning in fish as evident from hormone assay, histology and gamete analysis. Among the inducing agents, two priming doses of GnRH showed 94% maturation and higher GSI (5.31♂;18.5♀) than CPH and clomid injected rohu. Subsequently, successful spawning recorded supported by elevated levels of FSH and LH in blood. Priming with CPH and clomid showed better maturation rate than GnRH injected Nile tilapia. The sperm count of tilapia administered with CPH and clomid was 3.7±0.72×109 and 4.1±0.86×109 respectively. The efficacy of hormonal priming in synchronising the gamete development in rohu and tilapia was further evident from the increased number of synchronised oocyte development. This study may help in developing strategies for broodstock and hatchery management of carps and tilapias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At 22nd day of fetal development, the primordial anlage of mandibular gland was first noticed as a solid epithelial bud from oral epithelium. The terminal buds were arranged in the form of clusters with undifferentiated epithelial cells and terminated in a bulb like structure in 28‐day‐old fetus. The lumenization and branching of the main cord was noticed at 35th day. The primary septa, which divide the glandular mass into lobes was observed from 53rd day onwards which resulted in the formation of distinct lobulation at 58th day. At 61st day, the capsule formation was initiated by the aggregation of mesenchymal tissue. The terminal tubules differentiated to form the secretory end pieces and the tubular portion leads to the formation of intercalated and striated ducts at 98th day. Predominantly mucous types of acinar cells were seen from 108th day onwards. The number of lobules increased with steep increase in parenchyma from 128th day onwards. Micrometrical studies revealed that the mean diameter of acinar cells and all ducts was increased with the advancement of age and the significant differences were observed between groups. Localization of acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides was observed in mucous cells and goblet cells. Research Highlights: The primordial anlage of mandibular salivary gland was seen at 22nd day. Lobulation of gland was appeared at 53rd day of development, however; it was completed at 58th day.At 98th day, the terminal tubules differentiated to form the secretory end pieces. The parenchyma of the gland showed predominantly mucous type of cells from 108th day onwards.Myoepithelial cells were first appeared as flattened basal cells initially around the developing acinar cells at 132nd day.Localization of acidic as well as neutral mucopolysaccharides was observed in mucous cells and goblet cells.Fine lipid droplets were observed in intralobular as well as interlobular connective tissue, however; phospholipids were observed in the cell membrane of secretory cells and ducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in horses causing poor performance. The role of pulmonary vein triggers in the pathogenesis has been identified in horses. Ablation methods have been investigated, but the available information on anatomical, histological and immunohistochemical assessment of the pulmonary vein ostia and the conduction system of the myocardial sleeve is still limited. Objectives: The aim of the study was to describe the morphological properties of the myocardial sleeve in healthy horses. Study design: Cross‐sectional. Methods: Eighty‐three equine hearts were dissected. The number and diameters of pulmonary vein ostia were determined, and anatomical localisation was described. Fifty‐eight tissue samples were collected for routine histology and 12 of these were used for immunohistochemistry (connexin 43, 45, S100, and tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies). Results: The mean number of pulmonary vein ostia was 4.5 (4 veins: 46 horse, 5 veins: 31 horses, 6 veins: 6 horses). Diameters (mean ± SD) of the main ostia were as follows: vein I: 20.2 ± 7.0 mm, vein II: 32.7 ± 7.1 mm, vein III: 33.4 ± 5.9 mm, vein IV: 18.1 ± 4.5 mm. Diameters of supernumerary vein ostia varied between 3.0 and 28.0 mm (11.5 ± 5.5 mm). Early branching was found in 26 horses (31.3%) and 30 veins (vein I: 14, vein II: 9, vein III: 5, vein IV: 2). Histology confirmed the presence of a muscle sleeve composed of myocardial tissue in each pulmonary vein. S100 and TH positivity was detected in each vein, and it confirmed the presence of adrenergic and non‐adrenergic nerve fibres within the myocardial sleeve. Cx43 and 45 positivity were also found in each vein indicating the presence of gap junctions. Main limitations: The effect of bodyweight on pulmonary vein dimensions is unknown. Conclusions: Future ablation techniques should consider that conductive tissue is present in the entire myocardial sleeve in all pulmonary vein ostia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mandible of the rabbit is considered a reliable model to be used to study bone regeneration in defects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the formation of new bone around implants installed in defects of either 5 or 10 mm in the mandible of rabbits. Materials and methods: In 12 rabbits, 3 mm deep circumferential defect, either 5 or 10 mm in diameter, were prepared bilaterally and an implant was placed in the center. A collagen membrane was placed to close the entrance. After 10 weeks, biopsies were taken, histological slides were prepared, and different regions of the defects were analyzed. Results: Similar amounts of new bone were found in both defects. However, most of the 5 mm defects were filled with new bone. New bone was observed closing the entrance of the defect and laid onto the implant surface. Only in a few cases the healing was incomplete. Despite a similar percentage of new bone found within the 10 mm defects, the healing was incomplete in most of the cases, presenting a low rate of bone formation onto the implant surface within the defect. Only one case presented the closure of the entrance. Conclusions: The dimensions of the defect strongly influenced the healing so that a circumferential marginal defect of 10 mm around an implant in the mandible body should be considered a critical-sized defect. The presence of the implant and of residues of teeth might have strongly influenced the healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To avoid cortical compression, several implant systems have included in the protocol dedicated drills aimed at widening the cortical region of osteotomy. However, the manual execution of this operation does not guarantee the necessary precision. Hence, the present study aimed to determine the optimal size of the recipient site at the level of the alveolar crest in relation to the size of the coronal region of the implant to achieve the best healing result. Materials and methods: Blades of different diameters were incorporated into the coronal part of the implant to prepare the cortical region of the mandibular alveolar bone crest in different dimensions in relation to the collar of the implant. The differences in diameter of the blades in relation to the collar of the implant were as follows: one control group, -175 μm, and three test groups, 0 μm, + 50 μm, or + 200 μm. Results: The marginal bone loss (MBL) at the buccal aspect was 0.7 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.2 mm, and 0.7 mm in the − 175 μm, 0.0 μm, + 50 μm, + 200 μm groups, respectively. The differences were statistically significant between group + 50 μm and control group − 175 μm (p = 0.019), and between + 50 μm and + 200 μm (p < 0.01) groups. The level of osseointegration at the buccal aspect was more coronally located in the test groups than in the control group, whereas the bone-to-implant contact percentage was higher in the + 50 μm and + 200 μm groups. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: The lowest bone crest resorption and highest levels of osseointegration were observed in the 0.0 μm and + 50 μm groups. The cortical region where the blades had performed their cutting action showed regular healing with perfect hard and soft tissues sealing in all the groups. Cortical blades gathered bone particles, particularly in the + 200 μm group, which were incorporated into the newly formed bone. The results from the present experiment provide support to the use of blades that produce a marginal gap of 50 μm after implant insertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus peel is an industrial by-product, and it is far from being considered as waste. It is an inexhaustible source of bioactive substances, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, catechins, and tannins. For that, this study evaluated the biological activities of Citrus sinensis peel based on four parameters: HPLC phytochemical analysis, antioxidant properties (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay), in vivo histological study, and in silico modelling. In fact, in vivo study was designed as follows: adult male Albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. Group I: served as a control, group II: received 10% (w/w) of orange peel, group III: received an obesogenic diet (20% (w/w) corn oil, during eight weeks), group IV: received (20% corn oil, during eight weeks + 10% of orange peel as corrective diet, during four weeks), and group V: received (20% corn oil + 10% of orange peel protective diet, during twelve weeks). After 12 weeks, the liver, kidneys, pancreas, and thyroid were removed for histology examination. Additionally, docking modelling was performed using Molecular Operating Environment software (MOE) to predict the interactions of thyroid hormone receptor with agonist ligands. Results revealed that methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts presented a high level of significant activity, respectively, in the DPPH and FRAP tests. Histological study demonstrated that 10% of Citrus sinensis peel had a protective effect on the liver and possessed a hypothyroid effect on obese rats. In-silico data illustrated that the complex of quercetin, (−)-epicatechin, and (+)-epicatechin with the target protein did not match with control at the binding site, suggesting that these docked ligands may play an antagonist action mode against thyroid hormone. To conclude, orange peels could be beneficial or harmful, depending on the drive and methods used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modification of seed shattering has been a recurring theme in rice evolution. The wild ancestor of cultivated rice disperses its seeds, but reduced shattering was selected during multiple domestication events to facilitate harvesting. Conversely, selection for increased shattering occurred during the evolution of weedy rice, a weed invading cultivated rice fields that has originated multiple times from domesticated ancestors. Shattering requires formation of a tissue known as the abscission zone (AZ), but how the AZ has been modified throughout rice evolution is unclear. We quantitatively characterized the AZ characteristics of relative length, discontinuity, and intensity in 86 cultivated and weedy rice accessions. We reconstructed AZ evolutionary trajectories and determined the degree of convergence among different cultivated varieties and among independent weedy rice populations. AZ relative length emerged as the best feature to distinguish high and low shattering rice. Cultivated varieties differed in average AZ morphology, revealing lack of convergence in how shattering reduction was achieved during domestication. In contrast, weedy rice populations typically converged on complete AZs, irrespective of origin. By examining AZ population-level morphology, our study reveals its evolutionary plasticity, and suggests that the genetic potential to modify the ecologically and agronomically important trait of shattering is plentiful in rice lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In in situ capturing-based spatial transcriptomics, spots of the same size and printed at fixed locations cannot precisely capture the randomly-located single cells, therefore inherently failing to profile transcriptome at the single-cell level. To this end, we present STIE, an Expectation Maximization algorithm that aligns the spatial transcriptome to its matched histology image-based nuclear morphology and recovers missing cells from ~70% gap area, thereby achieving the real single-cell level and whole-slide scale deconvolution, convolution, and clustering for both low- and high-resolution spots. STIE characterizes cell-type-specific gene expression and demonstrates outperforming concordance with true cell-type-specific transcriptomic signatures than the other spot- and subspot-level methods. Furthermore, STIE reveals the single-cell level insights, for instance, lower actual spot resolution than its reported spot size, unbiased evaluation of cell type colocalization, superior power of high-resolution spot in distinguishing nuanced cell types, and spatial cell-cell interactions at the single-cell level other than spot level. In situ capturing-based spatial transcriptomics cannot precisely capture randomly located single cells, regardless of its spot resolution. Here, authors integrate spot-level gene expression with histology images, computationally achieving single-cell level spatial transcriptomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Equisetum diffusum D. Don commonly known as 'Himalayan horsetail', has been traditionally used in the treatment of back pain, bone fracture and dislocation, and arthritis by various tribal communities of India. Our previous study confirmed the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the plant through in silico, in vitro, and in vivo model studies. Therefore, the current research is focused on safety dose evaluation for the first-time of the whole-plant methanol extract (EDME) of E. diffusum through appropriate in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches. Method: The whole plant, along with its rhizomes, was collected, and the methanol extract was prepared. The in silico ADMET study was performed to predict the pharmacokinetics profile and toxicity of all the identified phyto-compounds of EDME previously screened by GC–MS study. In vitro cytotoxicity study of EDME was performed using two cell lines: kidney (HEK293) and liver (Huh7) cell lines. The in vivo toxicity study of EDME was validated by the acute toxicity (OECD 423, 2002) and sub-acute toxicity assays (OECD 407, 2008) in the Wistar Albino rat model. Results: The in silico ADMET study of all 47 bioactives predicted good pharmacokinetic and low toxicity profiles. In vitro cytotoxicity showed higher IC50 values of EDME viz., 672 ± 15.7 μg/mL and 1698 ± 6.54 μg/mL for both kidney (HEK293) and liver (Huh7) cell lines, respectively, which were considered as low-toxic. Based on acute oral toxicity, the LD50 value of the extract was considered "non-toxic" up to a feeding range of 2000 mg/kg of body weight. The regular consumption of the extract for an extended period (28 days) was also qualified as safe based on the body and organ weight, hematological, biochemical, and histoarchitecture results in the sub-acute toxicity assay. Conclusion: The detailed in silico, in vitro, in vivo (acute and sub-acute oral toxicity) studies gave us a new insight to the safety dose evaluation of Equisetum diffusum, which may serve as a reliable documentation for undertaking the experimental validation of the ethnobotanical uses of the plant which would help in the field of drug development for the treatment of inflammation related complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to identify a quantitative index for optical coherence tomography (OCT) images to discriminate tumours from surrounding tissues. Subjects and methods: Based on OCT measurements, mean grey values were determined from 432 locations on fifty-four human tissue specimens (eighteen cancerous, para-cancerous, and normal tissues each). These results were histologically evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E). Results: The mean grey values of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) measurements were significantly different from those of the surrounding healthy tissue (p value < 0.0001), with the former being higher. The sensitivity and specificity of detecting tumourous tissue using this approach were 93 and 94%, respectively. Conclusions: OCT as a non-invasive, real-time imaging method, correlates well with H&E pathological images. It can effectively distinguish squamous cell carcinoma from normal tissues with high sensitivity and specificity and is thus expected to assist and guide tumour margin evaluation. Clinical relevance: This discovery highlights the potential of OCT in the objective evaluation of tumour margin during surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in spatial transcriptomics (ST) techniques provide valuable insights into cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, most analytical tools lack consideration of histological features and rely on matched single-cell RNA sequencing data, limiting their effectiveness in TME studies. To address this, we introduce the Morphology-Enhanced Spatial Transcriptome Analysis Integrator (METI), an end-to-end framework that maps cancer cells and TME components, stratifies cell types and states, and analyzes cell co-localization. By integrating spatial transcriptomics, cell morphology, and curated gene signatures, METI enhances our understanding of the molecular landscape and cellular interactions within the tissue. We evaluate the performance of METI on ST data generated from various tumor tissues, including gastric, lung, and bladder cancers, as well as premalignant tissues. We also conduct a quantitative comparison of METI with existing clustering and cell deconvolution tools, demonstrating METI's robust and consistent performance. Integrating tissue histology with spatial transcriptomics (ST) can significantly enhance the analysis of tumor heterogeneity and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, the authors present METI, a computational framework to analyze cancer cells and the complex TME by integrating ST with histology imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background information Methods Results Conclusion and significance Extracellular matrix (ECM)‐derived hydrogels are frequently used in three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture and organoid formation in several tissues. However, in the 3D cultivation of testicular cells, the hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel has not received as much attention. This study examined the effects of three distinct composites, including HA‐alginate (HA‐Alg), HA‐alginate‐collagen (HA‐Alg‐Col), and HA‐alginate‐decellularized ECM (HA‐Alg‐dECM), on mouse testicular cell culture and in vitro spermatogenesis.For the creation of composites, the concentration of biomaterials used was 0.5% HA, 1% alginate, 2.5 mg/mL collagen, and 25 mg/mL dECM derived from the testicles of Rams. After 3D culture of 5 days post‐partum (dpp) mouse testicular cells for 14 days, HA‐Alg was selected as a superior composite due to the greater number and size of the produced organoids. Then, cell culture was rerun by HA‐Alg for 14 days, which was later extended for an additional 28 days. In addition, the 3D culture of 10 dpp mouse testicular cells was used to compare with 5 dpp mice on day 14. The morphology and gene expression were analyzed using appropriate techniques.On day 14, the HA‐Alg hydrogel showed significantly more organoids in terms of size and number than the other two groups (p < 0.05); nevertheless, none of the groups showed the expected signs of testis organoids. Remarkably, on day 14, the histology and immunostaining tests revealed features of hepatocyte‐like cells (HLCs) and albumin production as a marker of HLC functionality. Furthermore, the analysis of gene expression verified the significant expression of angiogenesis markers (p < 0.01). After the extended culture to 28 days, 5 dpp testicular cells once more differentiated into erythrocytes and HLCs, while a small number of organoids showed the characteristic of renal cells. Cell culture of 10 dpp mice for 14 days showed a wide range of cell lineages, including renal, glandular, chondrocyte, and hepatocyte‐like cells in comparison to the 5 dpp mice.While the HA‐Alg composite did not support spermatogenesis in the 3D culture of mouse testicular cells, it demonstrated an unpredicted potential for promoting the differentiation of neonate mouse testicular cells into HLC, erythrocytes, and other cell lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]