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Ovaj rad bavi se utjecajem računalnih igara na djecu u dobi od trećeg do šestog razreda osnovne škole. U njemu je obrađen razvoj računalnih igara od njihovih idejnih početaka do danas, vrste računalnih igara, pozitivne i negativne strane igranja računalnih igara, studije koje obrađuju ciljanu dobnu skupinu, te utjecaj pandemije COVID-19 na odnos djece prema računalnim igrama. Za potrebe rada provedeno je i vlastito istraživanje i to na 145 djece, za koje su roditelji ispunjavali anketna pitanja. U njemu su potvrđene četiri hipoteze postavljene prije početka istraživanja, dok jedna nije. Potvrđeno je da djeca najčešće igraju online računalne igre s prijateljima iz stvarnog svijeta, da igraju računalne igre iz zabave ili zbog prijatelja, da igranje računalnih igara negativno utječe na dječje ponašanje i da su djeca tijekom pandemije COVID-19 više vremena provodila igrajući računalne igre. Nije potvrđena hipoteza da bi se djeca radije igrala računalne igre nego se igrala vani s prijateljima, jer je više roditelja dalo suprotan odgovor. Zaključeno je da igranje računalnih igara ima utjecaj na djecu u našoj dobnoj skupini. Taj utjecaj može biti ili pozitivan ili negativan, a sve ovisno od količine vremena koju djeca provode igrajući, koju vrstu igara igraju i koliko roditelji sudjeluju u odlukama djece oko računalnih igara i kontroliraju njihovo korištenje. This paper deals with the impact of computer games on children from third to sixth grade of primary school. It deals with the development of computer games from their beginnings until today, the types of computer games, the pros and cons of playing computer games, studies that address the target age group, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children's attitudes towards computer games. For the needs of the work, our own research was conducted on 145 children, for whom parents filled out survey questions. It confirmed four hypotheses set before the start of the study, while one did not. It was confirmed that children most often play online computer games with friends from the real world, that they play computer games for fun or for friends, that playing computer games negatively affects children's behavior and that children spent more time playing computer games during the COVID-19 pandemic. The hypothesis that children would rather play computer games than play outside with friends has not been confirmed, as more parents have given the opposite answer. It was concluded that playing computer games has an impact on children in our age group. This impact can be either positive or negative, all depending on the amount of time children spend playing, what type of games they play, and how much parents participate in children’s decisions about computer games and control their use.

U ovom diplomskom radu osmišljen je i kreiran primjer informatički podržanog obrazovanja kroz razvoj programskog sustava s raznim funkcionalnostima za pomoć pri učenju osnovnih koncepata statističke analize podataka s kojima se studenti susreću na svom studiju. Implementiran je programski okvir koji registriranim korisnicima pruža mogućnost učenja i rješavanja kvizova, a naglasak je stavljen na vizualizaciju i grafički prikaz pojmova te učenje kroz interaktivne primjere i zadatke. Ovakvim pristupom se korisniku pruža mogućnost jednostavnijeg i zanimljivijeg učenja statistike. Osim praktičnog razvoja aplikacije, u radu je na početku objašnjen matematički dio tj. teorijska podloga - testiranje statističkih hipoteza, zatim su definirani osnovni koncepti računalom podržanog obrazovanja te tehnologije i alati korišteni prilikom izrade praktičnog dijela - programskog sustava za učenje statistike. The task of this thesis was to design and create an example of computer-aided education through building the software for learning basic concepts of statistics. Software is made to help students solve their problems with learning and it has many functionalities. The implemented application provides registered users the opportunity to learn and solve quizzes and the emphasis is on visualization and graphical presentation of concepts and learning through interactive examples and tasks. This approach allows users to learn statistics more easily and interestingly. In addition to the practical part - development of the application, the paper initially explains the mathematical part (theoretical basis) - testing statistical hypotheses, then defines the basic concepts of computer-aided education and technology and tools used while creating the practical part - software for learning statistics.

Već više od godinu dana realizujem program stručnog usavršavanja nastavnika „Primena misaonih eksperimenata u nastavi“, akreditovan kod Zavoda za unapređenje obrazovanja i vaspitanja. Posle velikog broja održanih seminara širom Srbije, u stanju sam da na osnovu rada sa nastavnicima srednjih i osnovnih škola i njihove primene misaone eksperimentacije u nastavi najšireg dijapazona školskih predmeta, ukratko izložim jasne zaključke, ne samo o efektima primene misaonih eksperimenata u obrazovanju, već i o emancipatorskoj ulozi koju jedan takav pedagoški instrument može da ima. For over a year, I have been implementing a teacher professional training program “Application of Thought Experiments in Teaching”, accredited by the Institute for the Advancement of Education. After a large number of seminars held throughout Serbia, by working with secondary and elementary school teachers on their application of thought experimentation in teaching in the widest range of school subjects, I am able to summarize clearly not only the effects of the application of thought experiments in education, but also the emancipatory role that such a pedagogical instrument can play.

Šiandien populiari idėja, kad mokslo pagrindą sudaro „bandymų ir klaidų“ metodas, taigi jokia pripažinta mokslinė teorija nėra apsaugota nuo falsifikacijos naujų faktų akivaizdoje. mokslas nedisponuoja absoliučiomis tiesomis. Regis, iš to galime daryti išvadą, kad dualistų „sielos hipotezė“ negali būti atmesta a priori, net jeigu prieštarautų respektabilioms mokslinėms teorijoms. straipsnyje ginama tezė, kad psichinę žmogaus veiklą grindžiančios substancijos postulavimas nėra hipotezė moksline prasme. straipsnyje analizuojami „sielos hipotezės“ episteminio statuso ir filosofinio prasmingumo klausimai. daroma išvada, kad gindami šią „hipotezę“ dualistai tik sudaro aiškinimo regimybę, kuri įtikinama tiek, kiek nematomas skirtumas tarp argumentacijos ir aiškinimo. antroji išvada yra ta, kad sielos sąvokos cirkuliavimas šiandienos moksliniame diskurse nereiškia jos kaip reguliatyvios idėjos statuso; tai tėra tik kontekstinė kategorija. There is a popular idea that science is based on the "trial and error" method. therefore, no widely recognized scientific theory is protected from falsification in the face of new facts. science does not possess any absolute truths. apparently, from this we can conclude that "the hypothesis of the soul", proposed by current dualists, cannot be rejected a priori, even if it contradicts respectable scientific theories. The paper argues that the postulation of a substance that underlies human mental activity is not a hypothesis in the scientific sense. Questions of its epistemic status and philosophical reasonableness are submitted for analysis. it is concluded that dualists only create an appearance of explanation, which is quite convincing unless one pays attention to the distinction between argumentation and explanation. the second conclusion is that the circulation of the soul concept in contemporary scientific discourse does not imply that it works as a regulative idea; it is just a contextual category.

Po Ustavi Republike Slovenije je določeno, da so »v Sloveniji vsakomur zagotovljene enake pravice in temeljne svoboščine, ne glede na narodnost, raso, spol, jezik, vero, politično ali drugo prepričanje, gmotno stanje, rojstvo, izobrazbo, družbeni položaj, invalidnost ali katerokoli drugo osebno okoliščino« (Ustava RS). To pomeni, da so človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine v Sloveniji zaščitene po najvišjem pravnem aktu v državi, ki ga je treba spoštovati. Podoben pomen kot človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine pa imajo tudi pacientove pravice, ki na podlagi zakona urejajo pravno varstvo pacientov in njihove pravice, ko se le-ti znajdejo v vlogi pacienta. Diplomsko delo temelji na varstvu človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin na področju zdravstva, pri čemer je skladno z vsebino dela postavljen tudi namen, ki se nanaša na varstvo pacientovih pravic ter učinkovitost izvajanja zdravstvenih storitev. Za doseg prej omenjenega namena diplomskega dela je v prvem delu uporabljena deskriptivna metoda, s katero sem zasnoval teoretični del diplomskega dela. V nadaljevanju diplomskega dela je uporabljena metoda primarne analize, ki se nanaša na zakonodajo pacientovih pravic, ter metoda anketnega vprašalnika, ki se neposredno nanaša na uporabnike zdravstvenih storitev. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia it is specified that "in Slovenia everyone is guaranteed equal rights and fundamental freedoms, irrespective of national origin, race, sex, language, religion, political or other beliefs, financial status, birth, education, social position, disability or any other personal circumstance (Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia). This means that human rights and fundamental freedoms in Slovenia are protected under the highest legal act in the country in which it is necessary to respect it. A similar meaning as the human rights and fundamental freedoms, are also the patient's rights under the law governing the legal protection of patients and their rights, when they find themselves in the role of patient. This thesis presents a fundation on the matter of protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the area of health. In which we also have a purpuse which, is based on the protection of patient's rights and the efficiency of the health service. For the thesis to reach its purpuse, the descriptive method is used to write the theoretical part of the thesis. In continuation of the thesis I used the method of analysis which helped me understand the law where patient's rights are mentioned. Lasty I used the method of a questionnaire, which was directed directly to the users of the health service.

The objective of this paper is to analyze and compare the fractal structure of the Croatian and Hungarian stock market returns. The presence of long memory components in asset returns provides evidence against the weak-form of stock market effi ciency. The starting working hypothesis that there is no long memory in the Croatian and Hungarian stock market returns is tested by applying the Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) (1992) test, Loʼs (1991) modified rescaled range (R/S) test, and the wavelet ordinary least squares (WOLS) estimator of Jensen (1999). The research showed that the WOLS estimator may lead to different conclusions regarding long memory presence in the stock returns from the KPSS and unit root tests or Loʼs R/S test. Furthermore, it proved that the fractal structure of individual stock returns may be masked in aggregated stock market returns (i.e. in returns of stock index). The main finding of the paper is that both the Croatian stock index Crobex and individual stocks in this index exhibit long memory. Long memory is identified for some stocks in the Hungarian stock market as well, but not for the stock market index BUX. Based on the results of the long memory tests, it can be concluded that while the Hungarian stock market is weak form efficient, the Croatian stock market is not. U ovom radu analizira se dugoročna memorija prinosa hrvatskog i madžarskog dioničkog tržišta. Prisutnost dugoročne memorije u prinosima dokaz je neučinkovitosti dioničkog tržišta. Pod pretpostavkom da je moguće prinose modelirati kao ARFIMA (engl. Autoregressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average) procese, aplicirani su Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) (1992) test i Jensenova (1999) valna metoda klasičnih najmanjih kvadrata (engl. wavelet ordinary least squares – WOLS) kako bi se dobila ocjena parametra integriranosti prinosa dioničkih tržišta. Rezultati ove studije ukazuju na to da WOLS, KPSS i R/S metoda vode do različitih konstatacija o dugoročnoj memoriji u prinosima dioničkog tržišta. Nadalje, utvrđeno je da dugoročna memorija u prinosima pojedinačnih dionica može biti ˝zamaskirana˝ u agregatnim prinosima dioničkog indeksa, koji uključuje ove dionice. Stoga je za investitore bitno da istovremeno testiraju i potencijalnu prisutnost dugoročne memorije u prinosima indeksa dioničkog tržišta i pojedinačne dionice u koje investiranju. Ključni rezultat studije je dokaz o dugoročnoj memoriji u prinosima hrvatskog dioničkog indeksa Crobex i pojedinačnih dionica u indeksu. Dugoročna memorija identifi cirana je i za pojedinačne dionice na madžarskom dioničkom tržištu, ali ne i za sam indeks BUX. Na temelju rezultata testova dugoročne memorije, odbačena je hipoteza slabe tržišne učinkovitosti za hrvatsko, ali ne i za madžarsko dioničko tržište. Ključne

Nors substancinis dualizmas plačiai kritikuotas kaip neadekvatus požiūris į psichinę veiklą ir jos santykį su fiziniais procesais, jis tebeturi šalininkų ir mūsų dienomis. Vis plačiau kalbama apie vadinamąją „sielos hipotezę“, kuri esą turėtų leisti prasmingai užpildyti esamas pasaulio mokslinio aprašymo spragas. Tai liudija, jog esama tam tikrų deramai nereflektuotų prielaidų, kurios dualistams tampa savotiškomis gelbėjimo priemonėmis audringoje kritikos jūroje. Straipsnyje ginama tezė, kad šiandienos dualistai neleistinai piktnaudžiauja kartezine clara et distincta perceptio idėja. Pirmoji straipsnio išvada yra ta, kad teigti subjektyvios sąmonės egzistavimo akivaizdų faktą nebūtinai reiškia konstatuoti faktą mokslui aktualia prasme. Antroji išvada: „sielos hipotezė“, kaip teorinio lygmens konstruktas, kuris turėtų paaiškinti subjektyvios sąmonės egzistavimą, anaiptol nepaveldi stebėjimo lygmenyje fiksuojamų dalykų akivaizdumo. Tačiau patys dualistai, kalbėdami apie savo doktrinos reikšmę šiandieninei pasaulėžiūrai, nelinkę analizuoti šių loginių aspektų. Despite the criticism that substance dualism was an inadequate attitude towards mental activity and its relation to physical processes, it has supporters today. There is increasing discussion of the so-called "the Soul Hypothesis", which purportedly allows the gaps in the current scientific description of the world to be filled in a meaningful way. This implies that there are certain assumptions, still not reflected properly, which serve dualists as a lifebuoy in the stormy seas of critique. The paper tries to show that dualists unjustly abuse the Cartesian idea of clara et distincta perceptio. The first conclusion of the paper is that the obvious existence of subjective consciousness does not necessarily count as the scientifically important fact. The second conclusion is as follows: "the soul hypothesis", as a theoretical construct, which is intended to explain the existence of the subjective consciousness, does not inherit obviousness of the observational phenomena. While stressing the significance of their doctrine to the contemporary worldview, current dualists are reluctant to engage in analysis of these logical aspects.

U radu je razrađen teoretski dio istraživanja tržišta u kojem su obrađene definicije istraživanja tržišta, posebnosti te metode istraživanja. Invidualna poduzetnička orijentacija obrađena je u svih svojih pet dimenzija, a to su: inovativnost, autonomija, preuzimanje rizika, kompetitivnost i proaktivnost. Strateško promišljanje koje se nalazi u samom naslovu također je obrađeno u teoretskom djelu, a navedeni su i elementi strateškog promišljanja. U radu se govori i o statusu žena poduzetnica u Republici Hrvatskoj te njihovom udjelu na vodećim pozicijama unutar poduzeća u odnosu na muškarce. Kao najvažniji dio ovog istraživačkog rada provedeno je online istraživanje putem anketnog upitnika među ženama vlasnicama poduzeća ili ženama koje se nalaze na visokim pozicijama u poduzeću. Postavljeno je 5 hipoteza: H1. Poduzetnice koje prilikom poslovanja u poduzeću koriste strateško promišljanje više su poduzetnički orijentirane od poduzetnica koje to ne prakticiraju, H2. Poduzetnice koje su poduzetnički orijentirane imaju bolje rezultate poslovanja, H3. Inovativnost predstavlja važnu ulogu u uspješnosti poduzeća, H4. Razina poduzetničke orijentacije razlikuje se prema razini obrazovanja i razini poduzetničkog iskustva, H5. Žene u manjim poduzećima sklonije su strateškom promišljanju. Sve hipoteze su odbijene i doneseni su zaključci.

Znanstvene prijevare, pristranosti i razni drugi postupci koji nisu u skladu s pravilima provođenja istraživanja i statističke obrade podataka nisu zaobišle ni psihologiju. Istraživanja su pokazala kako se mnogo znanstvenika susrelo s upitnim istraživačkim postupcima (UIP), bilo u svome radu ili kroz rad njihovih kolega. UIP obuhvaća sve slučajne ili namjerne metodološke propuste do kojih može doći u bilo kojem stadiju istraživanja. Ponekad autor nije ni svjestan kako je u njegovom radu došlo do UIP-a. S druge pak strane, neki se autori iz brojnih razloga namjerno odlučuju za njih. UIP koji je detaljnije prikazan u ovome radu je postavljanje hipoteza nakon uvida u rezultate (eng. Hypothesizing After Results are Known; HARKing). Do njega dolazi kada autor nakon uvida u rezultate istraživanja mijenja, dodaje ili uklanja početne hipoteze kako bi one bile u skladu sa dobivenim rezultatima. Ovakvo ponašanje može prouzročiti ozbiljnu štetu psihologiji kao znanosti narušavajući njezinu reputaciju stvaranjem teorija temeljenih na slučajno dobivenim rezultatima. Cilj ovog rada je čitatelje upozoriti kako se mogu susresti s radovima u kojima su hipoteze postavljene nakon uvida u rezultate. Nadalje, prikazani su neki od načina kako ih prepoznati, obzirom da je ovaj UIP vrlo teško dokazati. Također, u radu su navedene mjere koje je potrebno provesti kako bi se povećala vjerojatnost prevencije i ranog otkrivanja ovakvih znanstvenih radova. Neke od njih se odnose na promjenu politike objavljivanja znanstvenih radova u prestižnim časopisima, promjena stava prema replikacijama istraživanja te edukaciju.

Zdravstvo je veda, ki se nenehoma nadgrajuje s pridobivanjem novega znanja, analiziranjem obstoječega stanja, raziskovanji, razmišljanji, uvajanjem novosti, zbiranjem podatkov. Zato je namen tega dela prikazati zdravstvenim delavcem, kako je lahko spletna anketa preprosto pomagalo pri zbiranju želenih podatkov in njihovi obdelavi. V ta namen je prikazana krajša anketa o zadovoljstvu zaposlenih podjetja X od same priprave orodja za izdelavo anket v Google Drivu, nastavitve hipotez in do obdelave podatkov. Za posnetek resničnega stanja je bil namen raziskave s spletno anketo pridobiti podatke o poznavanju spletnega anketiranja med zdravstvenimi delavci in ugotoviti, v kolikšni meri bi zdravstveni delavci za svoje delovne oziroma raziskovalne namene uporabljali spletne ankete. Zanimali so nas razlogi, zaradi katerih bi zdravstveni delavci uporabljali spletne ankete, in razlogi, zaradi katerih spletnih anket ne bi želeli uporabljati, ter razlike pri poznavanju spletnega anketiranja glede na spol, starost in izobrazbo zdravstvenega delavca. V magistrskem delu so prikazani odgovori na krajšo anketo o poznavanju in uporabi spletnega anketiranja med zdravstvenimi delavci zdravstvenih domov in bolnišnic. Metodologija raziskovanja. Med zdravstvene delavce smo poslali spletno anketo o poznavanju spletnega anketiranja, analizi podatkov in uporabi v njihovem delovnem okolju. Raziskava je bila narejena na vzorcu 101 vrnjenega vprašalnika. Podatke smo obdelali z različnimi statističnimi metodami, odgovorili na raziskovalna vprašanja in potrdili oziroma ovrgli hipoteze. Anketa je obsegala 13 vprašanj. Rezultati. Ugotovili smo, da bi zdravstveni delavci za svoje delovne oziroma raziskovalne namene uporabljali spletne ankete, če bi za izdelavo in obdelavo imeli jasna in kratka navodila. Raziskava je pokazala, da večina zdravstvenih delavcev bolj slabo ali pa sploh ne pozna spletnih strani za izdelavo anket in da je dostop do dobljenih podatkov možen s katerega koli računalnika ali pametnega telefona. Sklep. Spletno anketiranje je postalo področje zbiranja podatkov, mnenj, odgovorov velikega števila ljudi ali ciljane skupine na hiter in relativno poceni način. S seznanjanjem zdravstvenih delavcev s spletnimi stranmi za izdelavo anket, z orodjem Google Drivom in obdelavo podatkov v Excelu bodo ti lahko uporabili prednosti spletnih anket pri svojem delu, študiju, spremljanju kakovosti in raziskovalnih nalogah. Health care is a science which is constantly upgrading with gaining new knowledge, analysing existing conditions, researches, thoughts, with implementation of novelties, gathering data. The purpose of this thesis is to show the health care workers how an internet survey can be a simple aid to collect and process required information. To show this the paper contains is a short survey on employees satisfaction of Firm X, from the preparation of the tool for making the survey in Google Drive, to thesis setting and data processing. To record a real situation, the purpose of this research was to gain data on knowing the internet surveys among health care workers and to find out to which degree the health care workers would use internet surveys for their working or research purposes. We are interested in reasons why health care workers would use the internet surveys and why they wouldn't as well as in the differences in knowing the internet surveys regarding the sex, age and education of the health care worker. In this master's degree thesis there are answers to a short survey on knowing and using the internet surveys among health care workers in health care centres and hospitals. Research methodology. We have sent an internet survey to health care workers on knowing the internet surveys, data processing and their use in their working area. The research has been made on sample of 101 returned surveys. We have processed the data with different statistical methods, answered the research questions and confirmed or rejected the thesis. The survey included 13 questions. Results. We found out that the health care workers would use internet surveys for their working or research purposes if they had clear and short instructions for making and processing of the survey. The research showed that most of the workers barely know or not at all the internet sites to make surveys and that they can access gained data from any computer or smart phone. Conclusion. Internet surveys became an area of gathering data, opinions, answers of a larger number or a target group of people, in a fast and relatively inexpensive way. With introduction of internet sites to make surveys, the tool Google Drive and data processing in Excel to health care workers they will be able to use the advantages of internet surveys at their work, studies, following the quality and research work.

Some authors defend literary cognitivism – the view that literary fiction is cognitively valuable – by drawing an analogy between cognitive values of thought experiments and literary fiction. In this paper my aim is to analyse the reasons for drawing this analogy and to see how far the analogy can be stretched. In the second part, I turn to the claim put forward by literary anti-cognitivists according to which literature can at best be the source of hypotheses, not of knowledge. I challenge this claim by showing that hypotheses can have valuable cognitive benefits on their own, thus hoping to restore cognitive benefits readers get from literature., Neki autori brane književni kognitivizam – stajalište da književna fikcija ima spoznajnu vrijednost – povlačeći analogiju između spoznajne vrijednosti misaonih eksperimenata i književne fikcije. U ovome ću radu analizirati razloge za ovu analogiju te vidjeti koliko se njen doseg može proširiti. U drugome dijelu razmotrit ću tvrdnju književnih antikognitivista prema kojoj književnost u najboljem slučaju može biti samo izvor hipoteza, a ne znanja. Ovu ću tvrdnju dovesti u pitanje pokazujući da hipoteze same mogu imati vrijedne spoznajne koristi, u nadi da se na taj način mogu obnoviti spoznajne koristi koje čitatelji pronalaze u književnosti., Certains auteurs défendent le cognitivisme littéraire – position selon laquelle la fiction littéraire a une valeur cognitive – en établissant une analogie entre les valeurs cognitives de l’expérience mentale et la fiction littéraire. Dans cet article, j’analyserai les raisons de cette analogie et verrai jusqu’où cette analogie peut s’étendre. Dans la seconde partie, j’examinerai l’affirmation des anti-cognitivistes littéraires selon lesquels la littérature peut tout au plus être une source d’hypothèses et non pas du savoir. Je mets cette affirmation au défi en montrant que les hypothèses à elles seules peuvent avoir de précieux avantages cognitifs, dans l’espoir de restaurer ainsi les avantages cognitifs que les lecteurs tirent de la littérature., Einige Verfasser verteidigen den literarischen Kognitivismus – einen Standpunkt, nach welchem die literarische Fiktion erkenntnismäßig ersprießlich ist – indem sie eine Parallele zwischen den Erkenntniswerten der Gedankenexperimente und der Literaturfiktion ziehen. In dieser Schrift fasse ich den Vorsatz, die Ursachen für diese Parallelisierung auszukundschaften wie auch zu ermitteln, inwieweit sich diese Analogie ausdehnen lässt. In dem zweiten Teil wende ich mich der vonseiten der literarischen Antikognitivisten vorgebrachten Behauptung zu, welcher zufolge die Lieratur günsigstensfalls eine Hypothesen- und keineswegs eine Wissensquelle zu sein vermag. Ich hinterfrage diese These, indem ich die Anschauung erhärte, dass Hypothesen über eigene wertvolle erkenntnisbezogene Vorzüge verfügen können; all dies in der Hoffnung, kognitive Vorteile herzustellen, welche die Leserschaft aus der Literatur herausliest.

Autorius kelia ir tikrina hipotezę, jog verslo organizacijos gali kryptingai skleisti klaidinančią (melagingą) ekonominę informaciją apie savo esamą ir ateities veiklą ir tai gali būti aptikta net makroekonominiame lygmenyje. Siekiant patikrinti šią hipotezę straipsnyje pateikiamas melagingo makroekonominio elgesio modelis ir jį leidžiantis identifikuoti metodas bei metodika. Iškelta hipotezė ir siūlomas metodas buvo patikrintas Vokietijos pramonės sektoriaus statistinių duomenų pagrindu. The analyzed problem is a part of problematic investigated in the macroeconomic behavior theory, where the theories of the rational - irrational expectations as well as informational asymmetry play the essential role. In this paper, the author arise and examine a hypothesis, that business organizations are ready for a purposeful misrepresentation of the economic information (i. e., lying - a term used by the author) about the business situation. As stated in this paper, the lying could have a long term - systematic effect originated from the general principles of the competition in the market and business self - preservation and this lying might be revealed especially at the turning - points of economy. As stated in this paper, the lying could be detected even on macroeconomic level. Aiming to check this hypothesis, a model of a macroeconomic lying identification is proposed to evaluate the gap between the real behaviour of the producers at the developed countries (evaluation to be carried through the factual objective statistical data) and the economic changes expectations expressed by the producers (subjective information about expectations). Results of the research on the basis of Germany’s industrial sector data demonstrate that there is a strong probability to be a lying symptom in producer’s behavior especially in the moments of possible activity recession. However the proposed method must be improved and developed to adapt it for macroeconomic and financial market... [to full text]

Istoriografinio pobūdžio straipsnyje pristatoma tarptautinė diskusija apie patarlėse reprezentuojamą kalbos / kalbėjimo sampratą. Ji prasidėjo XX a. septintojo ir aštuntojo dešimtmečių sandūroje, J. L. Fischeriui ir T. Yoshidai 1968 m. iškėlus originalią hipotezę, kad neigiamas požiūris į kalbą / kalbėjimą japonų patarlėse yra tiesiogiai susijęs su dideliu gyventojų tankumu Japonijoje. Jų straipsnis susilaukė plataus atgarsio. Periodiškai buvo publikuojami nauji tyrimai, kuriuose mokslininkai tikrino, ar pasitvirtins ši hipotezė skirtingose gyventojų tankumo atžvilgiu šalyse (Indijoje, Korėjoje, JAV, Nigerijoje). Aptariant įdomesnes publikacijas, didžiausias dėmesys sutelkiamas į metodikos svarbą tyrimui ir metodų tobulinimą, parodoma, kad svariausių rezultatų pasiekė mokslininkai, išdrįsę atsisakyti stereotipų ir pasukę nepramintu keliu. In this survey article, an international scholarly discussion regarding the concept of language and speaking as represented in proverbs, taking place in the last decades of the 20th century, is introduced. The discussion was sparked off by an original hypothesis presented in 1968 in the Journal of American Folklore by J. L. Fischer and Teigo Yoshida and maintaining that negative attitude toward speech in Japanese proverbs was directly related to the high population density in Japan. Their article provoked a wide response. A string of new research works followed, the authors of which attempted to prove the hypothesis right or wrong in countries characterized by different population density, like India, Korea, USA, and Nigeria. In 1971, William McNeil, having investigated the Indian proverbs, cautiously formulated his conclusion that Fischer’s and Yoshida’s hypothesis concerning "demographic characteristics" might be correct. The results of investigation into Korean proverbs, published in 1985 by Ch’oe Chong-ho supported the hypothesis even further (asserting that proverbial attitude towards oral language was strictly normative, passive, and cautious, i.e. essentially negative); nevertheless, this author did not tie his findings to high population density in Korea, but rather to quite different things, like Confucian ideas and primacy of the written language in the traditional Korean culture. A couple of years later, Frank A. de Caro used statistic analysis to examine the American proverbs and concluded that the attitude toward speech in them was negative, thus the hypothesis in question was disproved in the United States. Still, this author did not regard himself as its denier; he claimed just having had specified the formulation instead: according to him, the demographic situation influenced the concept of speech in proverbs not directly, but via the cultural aspect, therefore folklore should not be examined apart from its cultural context. The study of Igbo proverbs by Damian U. Opata could be considered as a response to F. A. de Caro; here, proverbs were commented in detail against the background of traditional Igbo culture and interesting ethnographic data was submitted. An article by Neal Norrick presented an unexpected turn in the discussion. This author gave a second look to the American proverbs. Having discarded some stereotypes and adopted a new methodic, he was able to formulate a complicated, but unprejudiced and consistent view of language and speaking. Most interestingly, he established a correlation between "the folk linguistics of proverbs" with academic linguistics and modern linguistic theories. Along with the works mentioned above, the author of this article also surveys a study by the Moscow University professor Yuri Rozhdestvenski "Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases Regarding the Rules of Speaking" (published in 1978). This author could not have participated in the discussion because of the Iron Curtain existing at that time, which limited contacts with the free world, but his observations and insights nevertheless frequently coincided with those by N. Norrick (although both scholars pursued different goals and employed different methods). Proverbs about language and speech, though comprising a research subject exploited for several decades, still retain their attraction in the 21st century as well. The Bulgarian scholar Roumyana Petrova, a representative of the linguistic cultural studies, states that "in our modern age of rapid change, communication and globalization the problem of translatability of cultures acquires an ever growing importance; there is no doubt that value-oriented comparative proverb studies will give us a most reliable tool to answer the questions: Who we are? Who are the others? Can we communicate?"

Tikrinamos statistinės hipotezės. Darbas susideda iš dviejų dalių: pirmoje dalyje tikrinamos dvi paprastos hipotezės, taikomas statistinis kriterijus, kuris turi tenkinti tokias sąlygas: 1 – pirmos rūšies klaidos tikimybė yra aprėžta, o 2 - antros rūšies klaidos tikimybę mes minimizuojame. Darbe gauta asimptotinė formulė šios antros rūšies klaidos tikimybės elgesio, kai duomenų skaičius n artėja į begalybę. Antroje dalyje tikrinamos trys paprastos hipotezės ir ištirta kaip elgiasi minimali klaidos tikimybė iš visų galimų, kitaip sakant optimalaus minimaksiško kriterijaus klaidos tikimybė, kai duomenų skaičius n neapibrėžtai didėja. Pirmoje dalyje nagrinėjama klaidos tikimybė asimtotiškai mažėja proporcingai Kulbako atstumui, o antroje dalyje atitinkama klaidos tikimybė atitinkamai mažėja proporcingai Čensovo atstumui. Taip pat savo darbo teorinėje dalyje aprašiau šių atstumų savybes. Pabaigoje, kaip pavyzdį paėmus polinominį skirstinį parodėme, kaip yra surandamos šių dviejų rezultatų asimptotinės formulės ir kaip atrodo atitinkamų šių hipotezių tikrinimo asimptotinis elgesys. Statistical Hypothesis Testing. The work consists of two parts: in the first part two simple hypotheses were tested and a statistical criterion which should meet the following specifications was applied: 1 – the probability of type I error was defined and 2 - the probability of type II error was minimized. The asymptote formula of behaviour of the probability of type II error was obtained in the work when the n number of the data was approaching infinity. In the second part of the work three simple hypotheses were tested. It has been explored how the minimum error probability of all available errors, i.e., the error probability of the optimal minimax criterion, performed when the n number of the data was indefinitely increasing. The error probability analysed in the first part of the work was asymptotically decreasing in proportion to the Kulbak distance while the corresponding error probability analysed in the second part of the work was respectively decreasing in proportion to the Censov distance. Moreover, the properties of the distances mentioned above were described in the theoretical part of the work. The work concludes with choosing a polynomial distribution as an example which has demonstrated how the two asymptote formulas of the two results were obtained and how the asymptotic behaviour of testing of respective hypotheses looked like.

Šiuo metu yra paskelbtos trys hipotezės, aiškinančios galindų etnonimo etimologiją: K. Būgos (siejama su liet. galas „pabaiga“), kurią remia V. N. Toporovas; hidroniminė J. Nalepos–V. Mažiulio (siejama su pr. gillin, liet. gilus, gelmė, galvis) ir naujausia W. P. Schmido (siejama su liet. galia, galėti ir keltų Gallia). Straipsnyje pateikiami argumentai, kuriais suabejojama pirmosiomis dviem hipotezėmis bei siūloma remtis naujausiąja įžvelgiant kad galindų etnonimas galėjęs reikšti „žudančius, karingus“ arba „stiprius, galinčius, pajėgius žudyti“ žmones, gentį (apeliatyvą kildinant iš balt. *gel- „gelti, durti, smeigti“). Currently, there are three hypotheses put forward explaining etymology of galindai ethnonym: K. Būga’s hypothesis (connected to Lithuanian words galas "pabaiga" (ending)), it is supported by V. N. Toporovas; hydronymic hypothesis by J. Nalepa–V. Mažiulis (connected to preposition gillin, Lithuanian words gilus, gelmė, galvis (deep, depth)), and the most recent one by W. P. Schmid (connected to Lithuanian word galia, galėti (power, to be capable) and Celtic Gallia). The article provides arguments, which question the first two hypotheses and offer support to the most recent one; the author points out that galindai ethnonym could mean killing, bellicose (žudančius, karingus) or strong, capable of killing (stiprius, galinčius, pajėgius žudyti) people, a tribe (appellative is traced back to Baltic *gel- to sting, stab, stick).