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The term 'nature sports' can be understood in different ways, depending on how the words 'sport' and 'nature' are explained. Since 'nature' is usually understood as 'ungroomed', 'nature sports' may be interpreted either as non-competitive practices in ungroomed nature (as discussed by Krein), with examples such as backcountry skiing, climbing or surfing; or as competitive sports in ungroomed nature. This paper argues that those ultra sports that take place in ungroomed nature, such as ultra swimming and ultra running, are better candidates for being called 'nature sports' than those non-competitive ones suggested by Krein; and that this is also more in line with the contemporary common use of the term 'sport'. This paper discusses these 'ultra/nature' sports, mainly from the point of view of their relationship to nature, the values that they offer to athletes, and their specific temporality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diurnal temperature range (DTR) serves as a vital indicator reflecting both natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change. This study investigates the historical and projected multitemporal DTR variations over the Tibetan Plateau. It assesses 23 climate models from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) using CN05.1 observational data as validation, evaluating their ability to simulate DTR over the Tibetan Plateau. Then, the evolution of DTR over the Tibetan Plateau under different shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios for the near, middle, and long term of future projection are analyzed using 11 selected robustly performing models. Key findings reveal: (1) Among the models examined, BCC-CSM2-MR, EC-Earth3, EC-Earth3-CC, EC-Earth3-Veg, EC-Earth3-Veg-LR, FGOALS-g3, FIO-ESM-2-0, GFDL-ESM4, MPI-ESM1-2-HR, MPI- ESM1-2-LR, and INM-CM5-0 exhibit superior integrated simulation capability for capturing the spatiotemporal variability of DTR over the Tibetan Plateau. (2) Projection indicates a slightly increasing trend in DTR on the Tibetan Plateau in the SSP1-2.6 scenario, and decreasing trends in the SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SPP5-8.5 scenarios. In certain areas, such as the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, western hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, southern Kunlun, and the Qaidam basins, the changes in DTR are relatively large. (3) Notably, the warming rate of maximum temperature under SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SPP5-8.5 is slower compared to that of minimum temperature, and it emerges as the primary contributor to the projected decrease in DTR over the Tibetan Plateau in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We address two interrelated issues affecting the hinterland portion of the maritime container supply chain: reducing the movement of empty containers and reducing empty trips by trucks carrying these containers. In this paper, we show that empty container flow optimization can be implemented via a blockchain based on the proof‐of‐useful‐work concept where the proof of work requires the solution of an NP$\mathcal{NP}$‐hard optimization problem whose solution benefits the blockchain participants. Accordingly, we propose that anonymous miners compete to solve the container truck routing problem, which seeks to find the most efficient routes for trucks. We show that this problem is NP$\mathcal{NP}$‐hard. Miners must also solve the problem of optimally matching consignees and shippers, which will reduce transportation and storage costs for empty containers. In essence, the proposed framework turns blockchain into a massive optimization engine that directly benefits the hinterland container supply chain ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the integrated use of high-resolution satellite remote sensing, GIS, GPS, and geochemical analysis-based observations for mineral targeting in Baragaon area in Jhansi District of Uttar Pradesh in parts of Bundelkhand Craton in Central India. Digital image processing techniques of principal component (PC) transformation have been applied to IRS-P6 LISS-IV satellite data to extract drastic and subtle changes in the disposition, shape, and pattern of the landforms to identify the geomorphic anomalies. PC images have conspicuously highlighted the intersections of lineaments that have been demarcated as structural anomalies. On PC-3 images the geomorphic anomalies have been identified by semicircular to oval-shaped hills in Baragaon area and small circular and elongated hills in the west of Kuraicha. Structural anomalies identified in the area include the intersections of NW–SE and NE-SW trending lineaments in Baragaon, Bukhara, etc. The XRF analysis of rock samples from a geomorphic and structural anomaly zone (with visible host rocks) near Baragaon area has indicated the presence of iron-oxide bearing minerals with 42.13% Fe2O3. This study demonstrates that integrated use of geospatial and geochemical techniques can help in quickly zeroing in on the geomorphic and structural anomalies in an area of suitable host rocks. The present approach to mineral targeting helps reduce the area for detailed field investigations particularly in the hinterlands of the country and is time saving and economical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the books reviewed there is a cumulative resistance to the normative discourse, shifting our attention away from the centre and to the margins. This might mean listening to marginalized women, from the poets themselves to characters in poetry, or people today who relate to those female characters' experiences. It might mean pushing beyond spatial boundaries and encountering dislocation and disjunction in the hazy hinterland of the non-elite. It might mean moving the human to one side, so that nature and the nonhuman can come to the fore (and teach us about what it means to be human, along the way). These books give voice to suppressed groups including women, animals, and the land. They highlight axes of oppression, and give us tools to shift the balance of power: from the language we use to the way we relate to the world around us. And with stories of prophetic horses, sympathetic lions, and pensive pigs, their interpretations – as well as the classical tales they recount – are not to be missed! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Container ports and hinterland manufacturing are two important forces of the local participation in economic globalization. This study, taking the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China with an export-oriented economy as an example, applies Huff and panel regression models to evaluate the impact of hinterland manufacturing on the development of container ports during the period of 1993–2019. The results show that 1) the spatial patterns of hinterlands for hub ports help to determine the distribution range and scale of economic variables that affect port throughput; 2) the hinterland's gross manufacturing output has universally positive influence on port throughput, wherein export-oriented processing and the entire manufacturing industry have significantly positive impact on port throughput in 1993–2011 and 2001–2019, respectively; 3) the two internal structural factors related to an export-oriented economy, labor-intensive sectors and foreign-funded terminals, have positively moderate the direct influence of hinterland manufacturing on port throughput. Our results highlight the importance of local context in understanding port-manufacturing relationship in developing economies. Based on our findings, policy implications are further proposed to enhance port network organization in PRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past two decades, repeated discoveries of numerous geometric earthworks in interfluvial regions of Amazonia have shed new light onto the territorial extent and the long-term impact of pre-Columbian populations on contemporary landscapes. In particular, the recent development of LiDAR imagery has accelerated the discovery of earthworks in densely forested hinterlands throughout the Amazon basin and the Guiana Shield. This study aimed to evaluate the extent and landscape-scale spatial variations of pre-Columbian disturbances at three ring ditch sites in the French Guiana hinterland. We carried out extensive soil surveys along approximately 1 km-long transects spanning from ring ditches through the surrounding landscapes, and drawn upon multiple indicators, including archaeological artifacts, macro- and micro-charcoals, soil colorimetry, and physicochemical properties to retrace the pre-Columbian history of these sites in terms of occupation periods, anthropogenic soil alteration, and ancient land use. Our results revealed a perennial occupation of these sites over long periods ranging from the 5th and 15th centuries CE, with local enrichments in chemical indicators (Corg, N, Mg, K, Ca) both within the enclosures of ring ditches and in the surrounding landscapes. Physicochemical properties variations were accompanied by variations in soil colorimetry, with darker soils within the enclosure of ring ditches in terra-firme areas. Interestingly however, soil properties did not meet all the characteristics of the so-called Amazonian Dark Earths, thus advocating a paradigm shift towards a better integration of Amazonian Brown Earths into the definition of anthropogenic soils in Amazonia. Soil disturbances were also associated to local enrichments in macro- and micro-charcoals that support in situ fire management that could be attributed to forest clearance and/or slash-and-burn cultivation. Taken together, our results support the idea that pre-Columbian societies made extensive use of their landscapes in the interfluvial regions of the French Guiana hinterlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synchromodality aims to reduce costs, emissions and delivery times by offering a flexible and adaptive mode choice and seamless integration of transport modes, both horizontally and vertically. The concept, which has hardly been applied in practice, poses significant requirements for the involved stakeholders and their interactions. However, there has been limited research on how stakeholder dynamics should be shaped and adapted compared to the conventional hinterland transport stakeholder dynamics to facilitate synchromodal transport. Our study fills this gap by presenting an overview of the stakeholders that should be involved in synchromodality, their decision-making responsibilities and relations (referred to as stakeholder dynamics), illustrated in a conceptual synchromodal stakeholder network. Then, this network is compared to the conventional port-hinterland transport stakeholder network, which is the transport chain in which synchromodality is likely to be applied. To this end, this paper analyses and integrates literature on three topics: synchromodality, stakeholder dynamics in the port-hinterland transport chain and stakeholder theory. Our analysis reveals that facilitating synchromodal transport necessitates adaptations such as the inclusion of additional stakeholder roles, the delegation of decision-making power, and the evolution towards collaborative relationships. However, examining these requirements through the lens of stakeholder theory exposes significant complexities, such as an increased risk of opportunism, thereby giving rise to the formulation of an extensive future research agenda. The findings were tested against industry experts’ views in a workshop and focus group. This analysis should enhance the understanding of synchromodal stakeholder dynamics and its challenges from a stakeholder theory perspective, contributing to further developing dynamic stakeholder management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Neogene and Quaternary hinterland basins of the Northern Apennine have been the subject of different tectonic interpretations. Several studies considered these basins as the result of polyphase normal faulting framed in a continuous crustal extensional regime since the middle Miocene. On the contrary, geophysical and geological studies provided evidence of the important role played by out‐of‐sequence thrusts and backthrusts in the evolution of these basins during a prolongated and intense period of shortening. Here we present an integrated analysis of 2D stacked seismic reflection profiles, stratigraphic and geophysical data from deep exploration wells, gravity data, and published geological and biostratigraphic data for the Valdera‐Volterra basin (central Tuscany, Italy). The results support a polyphase and composite evolution of the basin, subdivided into three main phases. During the late Tortonian–Zanclean, the growth of major thrust‐related anticlines controlled the evolution of the sedimentary basin. The growth of a syncline determined the creation of accommodation space for the sediments. This main compressional deformation occurred during the Messinian and ended during the Late Zanclean. NE migration of the depocentre during the Early Zanclean was identified, likely possibly due to a differential activity growth between the bordering anticlines. During the Piacenzian, an extensional phase has been recognised, superposed to the previous compressive phase. During the Latest Piacenzian–Early Pleistocene (?), a final compressional phase took place resulting in the positive inversion of the Piacenzian WSW dipping main border fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sedimentary deposits along convergent margins contain a record of sediment transfer and coupled tectonic processes. Deciphering the evolution of ancient convergent margins, both spatially and temporally, is challenging as their stratigraphic successions are often locally deformed, which makes it difficult to correlate stratigraphic units over large distances, and they may have limited age constraints. Here, we construct a novel Bayesian chronostratigraphic framework for Late Cretaceous–Paleocene units of the Nanaimo forearc basin in western British Columbia, Canada, which reveals unparalleled detail into long-term sedimentation processes along an active deep-water margin. The Upper Nanaimo Group outcrop belt features ∼2000 m of forearc basin fill that includes the deposits of multiple submarine channel systems along a 160-km-long depositional strike-oriented cross section of the ancient continental margin. The age and longevity of individual slope-channel systems was determined by constructing a Bayesian Monte Carlo numerical model in which biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic measurements were used to further constrain 37 detrital zircon maximum depositional ages. Important context for the refined maximum depositional ages is provided by a detailed stratigraphic dataset composed of 2199 m of measured stratigraphic section and 4207 paleoflow measurements, which demonstrate the facies, architecture, distribution, and orientation of 12 slope-channel systems. In combination, our results reconstruct the spatio-temporal evolution of coarse-grained, deep-water sediment routing along the paleo-margin and enable the timing of sedimentation to be compared with hinterland and forearc processes. Our integrative approach demonstrates that submarine channel-system deposits of the upper Nanaimo Group cluster into three long-lived fairways (8–18 m.y.), each of which has a unique depositional history. Along-strike variations in the timing of sediment routing, channel-system architecture, and channel-system orientation are interpreted to be driven by local subsidence, magmatism, and subduction-related processes. We show, for the first time, how Bayesian age models can be applied at a basin-scale to produce robust chronostratigraphic frameworks for deciphering basin evolution that provide valuable insight into long-term geodynamic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raindrop size distribution (DSD) plays a crucial role in enhancing the accuracy of radar quantitative precipitation estimates in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, there is a notable scarcity of long-term, high-resolution observations in this region. To address this issue, long-term observations from a two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) were leveraged to refine the radar and satellite-based algorithms for quantifying precipitation in the hinterland of the TP. It was observed that weak precipitation (R<1, mm h−1) accounts for 86% of the total precipitation time, while small raindrops (D<2 mm) comprise 99% of the total raindrop count. Furthermore, the average spectral width of the DSD increases with increasing rain rate. The DSD characteristics of convective and stratiform precipitation were discussed across five different rain rates, revealing that convective precipitation in Yangbajain (YBJ) exhibits characteristics similar to maritime-like precipitation. The constrained relationships between the slope Λ and shape μ, Dm and Nw of gamma DSDs were derived. Additionally, we established a correlation between the equivalent diameter and drop axis ratio and found that raindrops on the TP attain a nearly spherical shape. Consequently, the application of the rainfall retrieval algorithms of the dual-frequency precipitation radar in the TP is improved based on the statistical results of the DSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores cohesion levels within Istanbul's internal migrant groups, focusing on formal solidarity networks and Hometown Associations (HTAs). It examines disparities in organizational density within formal associations among these groups and identifies the underlying factors that contribute to the varying degrees of cohesion. The findings highlight a contiguous region at the intersection of the Black Sea's hinterland and Eastern Anatolia, where migrants in Istanbul exhibit higher levels of solidarity through organizational density. HTAs originating from villages tend to concentrate in peripheral settlements, while city and district associations are prevalent in central residential areas. This research adds to the understanding of internal migration and solidarity networks, offering a data-driven basis for further studies. It presents an innovative metric for quantifying the bonds within migrant groups, crucial for evaluating their social capital. This metric serves as a foundation, encouraging a broader research agenda to deepen insights into migrant social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article synthesizes monumentality, governance, urbanism, and regional statecraft in the Northern Maya Lowlands during the Preclassic and Classic periods. As in some parts of the Southern Lowlands, ceremonial spaces likely predated sedentism and monumental construction predated large-scale inequality. Nevertheless, the process of construction and the resulting monuments facilitated complex societies. In the Late Preclassic, some political centers featured factional competition, and there is less evidence for individual rulers than in the Southern Lowlands. The Classic period exhibits remarkable variation in governance. Both dynastic rulership and collective governance in the form of shared decision making are common in the Northern Lowlands throughout the Classic period, with a shift toward the former in later centuries. Northern Lowland cities, while more densely settled than most Southern Lowland centers, do not follow settlement scaling expectations. Density contributed to neighborhood formation and collective action, yet minimal spatial clustering of households makes neighborhoods more difficult to identify. Intra-household inequality appears not to correlate with forms of governance. Marketplaces facilitated the both leadership strategies and household livelihoods. Scholars debate the nature or governance at Chichen Itza, yet several recent projects in its hinterlands clarify the nature of regional statecraft at Chichen, whose leaders exercised a variety of strategies, enabling the enrichment of some of its neighbors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faunal remains from Ḥorvat Tevet, a site located in the rural hinterlands of the Jezreel Valley, reveal patterns of a complex redistributive apparatus during the Late Iron IIA. This paper assesses a large assemblage of animal bones within inter- and intra-site comparative analyses. Inter-site comparisons to contemporary sites in the northern valleys of Israel demonstrate that the agricultural production of grain and animal by-products at Ḥorvat Tevet is unprecedented and went far beyond the site's local needs. Further, an intra-site comparison reveals a hierarchical distinction in the consumption patterns between elites and the labour force. These results further reinforce the conclusion that the late Iron IIA Ḥorvat Tevet was an administrative centre of a royal Israelite estate in the Jezreel Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing cooperative relationships between neighboring ports has emerged as an effective strategy for enhancing overall productivity. Two key factors to consider in such collaborations are: cooperative motivation (which drives the decision to cooperate between ports) and cooperation type (which defines the business scope of collaborative activities). Cooperative motivation can be categorized into regional welfare and competition, while cooperation type encompasses activities related to hinterland access and terminal management. This study aims to determine the most optimal types of cooperation based on different motivations. To achieve this, a bi-level optimization model was developed to analyze the relationship between shippers and ports, specifically focusing on the cooperation between the Kobe and Osaka ports. Competition with the Busan port was examined as a case study to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics involved. The findings revealed that cooperation plays a crucial role in enhancing regional welfare for both North American and Southeast Asian cargo, particularly when cooperation levels are relatively low. Furthermore, it was observed that an effective cooperative strategy for competition in the Kobe and Osaka ports is contingent upon specific conditions. Hence, for successful competition-based cooperation, careful consideration of market dynamics and prevailing circumstances is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1833 and 1877 the Tasman Peninsula (Van Diemens Land/Tasmania) operated as a restricted penal zone for British convicts transported to Australia. The main penal settlement was situated at Port Arthur, with a series of substations spread across an area of 660 km2 (250 mi2). At its mid-1840s peak over 3,000 male convicts, military, and free resided on the peninsula. The vast majority of the men were engaged in diverse industrial activities, ranging from manufacturing to resource extraction, as well as the associated tasks of transport and communications. Archaeological and historical evidence demonstrates that this multiscalar penological industrial landscape was coordinated by an interlinked system of audio and visual signaling. Activity within settlements and the immediate economic hinterland was synchronized by bells, while more distant or topographically difficult sites incorporated visual signaling with time balls and semaphores. A GIS analysis of soundscapes and viewsheds shows that the latter afforded coordination of labor across the hinterland, as well as rapid complex messaging between different stations and beyond, while also spreading a net of time compliance and surveillance across the penal peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hydrodynamic models are often used to obtain insights into potential dike breaches, because dike breaches can have severe consequences. However, their high computational cost makes them unsuitable for real-time flood forecasting. Machine learning models are a promising alternative, as they offer reasonable accuracy at a significant reduction in computation time. In this study, we explore the effectiveness of a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network in fast flood modelling for a dike breach in the Netherlands, using training data from a 1D–2D hydrodynamic model. The LSTM uses the outflow hydrograph of the dike breach as input and produces water depths on all grid cells in the hinterland for all time steps as output. The results show that the LSTM accurately reflects the behaviour of overland flow: from fast rising and high water depths near the breach to slowly rising and lower water depths further away. The water depth prediction is very accurate (MAE = 0.045 m, RMSE = 0.13 m), and the inundation extent closely matches that of the hydrodynamic model throughout the flood event (Critical Success Index = 94%). We conclude that machine learning techniques are suitable for fast modelling of the complex dynamics of dike breach floods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Accurate forecasting of port container throughput plays a crucial role in optimising port operations, resource allocation, supply chain management, etc. However, existing studies only focus on the impact of port hinterland economic development on container throughput, ignoring the impact of port foreland. This study proposed a container throughput forecasting model based on deep learning, which considers the impact of port hinterland and foreland on container throughput. Real-world experimental results showed that the proposed model with multiple data sources outperformed other forecasting methods, achieving significantly higher accuracy. The implications of this study are significant for port authorities, logistics companies, and policymakers.

In the early 1920s, Kilis was a mid-size town situated in the north of the Ottoman province of Aleppo. The border introduced in October 1921 between Turkey and French Syria passed right to the south of Kilis, leaving the landowning elites who lived in the city detached from their lands located in Syria. This article reconstructs the complex episodes that unfolded both before and after the introduction of this border, as the territorial future of Kilis’ agricultural hinterland intimately shaped how the town’s landed notables interacted with the coming of colonial rule to the region and the ensuing resistance efforts. In tracing these post-war developments in Kilis, this study is an attempt to come to terms with the complex ways in which historical actors operated in a world that was increasingly defined by the uncertainties of the future, and hopes to show how historians could best approach such key moments while navigating the study of futures past. As we will see, the immediate post-war years in Kilis not only led old problems to flare up with greater intensity, but also quickly resulted in the consolidation of new discursive positions in line with the emerging post-Ottoman order across the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests that we lack scholarship that analyses EU law spatially. A spatial reading of EU law can help reveal the incidence, contingencies, pathologies and contestation of EU law. This paper looks at one specific spatial dimension of EU law: the interaction between, and the construction of, the urban and its hinterland. It suggests that EU law is much more sensitive to the spatial dynamics that underpin urban life than rural life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the examination of calcite twins, this research outlines the tectonic development and paleo stress patterns of the Paleozoic Routshon complex situated in the southeastern segment of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, a hinterland region of the Zagros orogeny in southeastern Iran. The study of orogenic phase indicates that the deformation event affecting the southern sector of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone aligns with the Cimmerian orogenic phase of the Late Triassic period. A variety of structural features at both map and outcrop scales highlight the importance of slip partitioning in the structural evolution of this region, driven by inclined transpression. Observations suggest that the deformation related to contractional components includes steeply to moderately plunging folds, dipslip domain deformation primarily involving thrusts, and ongoing deformation by strike-slip component motion, which results in thrust-related ductile shear zones. The analysis of calcite c-axis fabrics from mylonite samples obtained from these shear zones indicates a low-temperature monoclinic pattern of non-coaxial deformation. This deformation type underscores the impact of the strike-slip component in the development of progressive simple shear within thrust-related shear zones in this segment of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. Dynamic analysis of caxis fabric data reveals a NE-SW orientation for the principal compressive axes (σ1) in this area. This direction, corroborated by additional data such as fault surface, GPS, and earthquake focal mechanism data, confirms that the orientation of the compressive axes (σ1) has remained consistent from the Late Triassic to the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research concerning transactions in the early first millennium bc in the westernmost Mediterranean has tended to focus on colonial coastlands occupied by scattered Levantine outposts, whereas cross-cultural interactions in hinterland regions have remained ill-defined. This article presents an assemblage of Egyptian vitreous artefacts, namely beads, a Hathor amulet, and further items from the seventh-century bc rural village of Cerro de San Vicente (Salamanca) in the interior of Spain. Macroscopic and chemical analyses demonstrate their likely manufacture in Egypt during the Middle and New Kingdom (second millennium bc), attesting to a far-reaching Phoenician maritime network that connected both ends of the Mediterranean. The authors interpret the items as liturgical objects, rather than mere high-status trinkets, that formed part of a widely shared Mediterranean world view and associated ritual mores. They consider the impact of cultural syncretism, which reached even remote and allegedly isolated peripheral settings in Iberia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) is the most prominent nation with an archipelago. Indonesia has an area of 8,300,000 km2, with 16,056 islands registered. Indonesia's coastline reaches 108,000 km2, the second longest in the world. According to that, Indonesia needs well-developed and efficiently managed seaports. The number of seaports, according to the National Port Master Plan, is 636 Ports, of which the government operates 566 Ports as public ports (Non-Commercial Ports). The utilization of this port is shallow because an adequate market or hinterland does not support it. Non-commercial ports managed by the government must innovate to finance port operations and maintenance of port facilities. Innovations and breakthroughs can be made by improving port governance and optimizing the port service business. Improving port business processes to increase the optimization and utilization of ports requires port development strategies that must be formulated precisely. Port development strategies involve the identification of typologies and mapping the level of utilization of non-commercial ports based on typologies; This study uses machine learning methods to answer research objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pálava is a complex of prominent limestone hills in South Moravia, with extensive traces of prehistoric activities. This study presents the results of a long-term metal-detecting survey of the Pálava Hills and their surroundings. It focuses on findings dated to the Bronze Age and especially to the Urnfield period with 673 from the topsoil recovered artefacts. The study monitors the functional composition of the items within the dataset, as well as the spatial distribution of individual artefacts. The data from the surveys allow comparisons between the enclosed sites at the Stolová hora, Kotel, and Děvín hills, and the open satellite settlements in the hinterland. The results are also used for a comparison with other Moravian Bronze Age sites that have been surveyed with the same method. The study also includes a metallographic analysis of 177 objects. The results create a picture of an intensively used hillfort at Stolová hora, which in the Urnfield period represented a centrepiece of a broader agglomeration, and at some point, also probably of the whole region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing studies of poor relief have focused on parishes either metropolitan or wholly rural, whereas the focus of this article is on the distinctive experience of Battersea, a village in the London hinterland. Although the village suffered from the rising cost of poor relief experienced nationwide at the end of the eighteenth century, this article argues that the response of its vestry was shaped by Battersea's liminal location. Consideration is given to the central role that the workhouse played in the provision of poor relief, and demonstrating that the social networks of parochial leaders were key to the development of policy. Many of the vestry members had commercial and professional interests in the metropolis and elsewhere, and these, together with their patronage of London charitable institutions, helped both to shape their response to the problems of poverty that they encountered, and influenced their administration of the Battersea workhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyses the configuration and activities of the area of influence of the port system of Cartagena de Indias and its impact on urban mobility during the period 2018-2020. The methodology describes the dimensions of geographical scope and territorial configuration, differentiating the spatial configuration linked to the logistical specialisation of the port, and then reviews the statistics on flows of cargo vehicles and passengers accessing the land corridor in the urban area. Next, a focus group is used to assess the conflicts in the face of port operations by analysing their impact on the uses and densities of flows. The results highlight the convergence and conflicts of port flows with those of daily urban mobility, validating the hypothesis of mobility difficulties due to the intensity and proximity of port activities. Finally, improvements to the governance of the city-port interface are recommended and road infrastructure interventions are proposed and assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Avalanche Terrain Exposure Scale (ATES) is an avalanche terrain classification system used to assess and communicate the exposure of backcountry terrain to the threat from avalanches, independent of daily hazard conditions. Commonly known as terrain ratings, these classifications are determined by an analysis of individual terrain parameters, which are then systematically combined to produce a single rating. The ATES model includes technical specifications for assessing terrain as well as corresponding communication scales for effectively sharing ratings with different kinds of backcountry users. ATES ratings are found in guidebooks and route descriptions or displayed spatially on maps. The system was originally introduced in Canada in 2004 as a risk management tool in conventional avalanche safety practices for public recreation and workplace avalanche safety. This paper introduces ATES v.2, an update to the system that expands the original scale from three levels to five by including Class 0 – Non-Avalanche Terrain, and Class 4 – Extreme Terrain. The original ATES v.1/04 and the ATES Zoning Model are merged into a single, five-level, updated version of ATES. ATES ratings can be applied as Areas, Zones, Corridors, or Routes and then communicated using models for backcountry travel and waterfall ice climbing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities are commonly recognized as the immediate hinterland of ports and play a crucial role in fostering the sustainable development of ports. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the influence of cities on ports. By employing panel data from 2001 to 2021 for both ports and cities in the Bohai Rim region, this study examines the spatial spillover effect of urban economy on port efficiency using the spatial error model (SEM). The findings show that urban economies have a significant spatial spillover effect on port efficiency, but this effect diminishes across different spatial matrices. In particular, the geographical matrix demonstrates a stronger spatial spillover effect of the urban economy on port efficiency. These research findings help to establish a collaborative mechanism for port-city development and provide useful insights for government management decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archean to Palaeoproterozoic basement rocks exposed in the Dunhuang block in NW China were affected by Palaeozoic crustal reworking, as constrained by previous zircon U–Pb geochronological investigations. However, relationships between the Palaeozoic metamorphic ages, P–T evolution and deformational history of the region remain ambiguous. In order to address this issue, P–T–t–D paths of paragneisses from the basement of the Hongliuxia belt in the southern Dunhuang block were investigated. Inclusions in garnet and kyanite from the paragneisses are considered as vestiges of Palaeozoic M1 metamorphism corresponding to initiation of the prograde evolution. The earliest continuous metamorphic fabric is an originally steep N–S striking foliation S2. This fabric was reworked by vertical folds F3 associated with the development of a ubiquitous steep, mainly south‐dipping, E‐W striking axial planar foliation S3. The S2 foliation in paragneisses is mainly associated with Grt–St–Ky–Sil–Bt–Ms–Pl–Qz–Rt assemblages in samples from the western domain and with Grt–Ky–Sil–Bt–Kfs–Pl–Qz–Rt assemblages in samples from the northeastern domain of the Hongliuxia belt. The S3 foliation is associated with Grt–Sil–St–Bt–Ms–Pl–Qz–Ilm assemblages in the western domain and with Grt–Sil–Bt–Ms–Pl–Qz–Kfs–Ilm assemblages in the northeastern domain, followed by growth of chlorite in both domains. Early prograde stage (M1) from 4.0–6.5 kbar and 540–560°C to metamorphic peak (M2a) at 9–10 kbar and ~650–675°C is mainly recorded by paragneisses from the western domain. Subsequent decompression is initially accompanied by heating (M2b) constrained to 6.5–7 kbar and 675–710°C in the western domain, and to 6–6.5 kbar and ~730°C in the northeastern domain, followed by cooling (M3) through 4–6.5 kbar and 550–650°C till late chloritization (late M3). In situ U–Pb dating of monazite combined with monazite trace‐element compositions suggests that prograde evolution (M1) most likely started at c. 406 Ma, peak‐P conditions (M2a) were reached at 400–394 Ma, decompression associated with heating (M2b) took place at 393–391 Ma, and cooling (M3) during exhumation probably lasted from 380 to 354 Ma. The prograde metamorphism probably reflects burial during underthrusting of neighbouring continental basement (the Alxa block or an equivalent) below the Dunhuang block. This event culminated in pure shear thickening (D2a) of the whole supra‐subduction margin followed by minor heating and exhumation (D2b). The D3‐M3 event is interpreted as reflecting exhumation during orthogonal shortening of the system, possibly in response to an independent orogenic cycle. Combined with the available regional data, this study reveals the existence of a complex tectono‐metamorphic evolution for the Dunhuang block characterized by two distinct orogenic phases with (i) the thickening of a previously thinned arc‐back‐arc crust recorded in the northern and central belts at 420–410 Ma in the pro‐wedge side of the active margin (Sanweishan phase), followed by (ii) the 410–390 Ma thickening in the retro‐wedge side (Hongliuxia phase). Such a tectonic evolution of the whole Dunhuang block resembles Andean‐type migration of crustal thickening from the convergent front to hinterlands. The D3‐M3 event, potentially responsible for the juxtaposition of rocks from different geological occurrences and depths, is seemingly independent from this Andean‐type orogenic cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the later sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the Mughal attempt at empire building in eastern India was challenged by the Pathan chieftains and the Hindu zamindars. Besides the Mughals, the Kingdom of Arakan tried to fish in troubled waters to establish a maritime presence in the littoral regions of Bay of Bengal. Pursuit of a sophisticated amphibious counterinsurgency strategy in tune with the ecological environment of the theatre of military operations enabled the Mughals to emerge victorious in the struggle for control of the Bay of Bengal's hinterland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the concept of the Anthropocene through the case of Baiyin, a significant mining city in the western Chinese province of Gansu. Baiyin's history, from its industrial birth in the 1950s to its current environmental remediation and economic diversification efforts, highlights how urban communities built around industrial resource extraction have blurred both physically and conceptually the dichotomy between urban and hinterland. Baiyin's role in the larger, global dissolution of the urban/hinterland divide draws attention, moreover, to the nonlinearity and complexity of Anthropocene processes at the level of the city. The article contributes to our understanding of the multifaceted nature and local manifestations of the Anthropocene and offers a case study through which to view the planetary integration of urban and hinterland environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Late Cretaceous to Paleogene Laramide orogen in the North American Cordillera involved deformation >1,000 km from the plate margin that has been attributed to either plate-boundary end loading or basal traction exerted on the upper plate from the subducted Farallon flat slab. Prevailing tectonic models fail to explain the relative absence of Laramide-aged (ca. 90–60 Ma) contractional deformation within the Cordillera hinterland. Based on Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material thermometry and literature data from the restored upper 15–20 km of the Cordilleran crust we reconstruct the Late Cretaceous thermal architecture of the hinterland. Interpolation of compiled temperature data (n = 200) through a vertical crustal column reveals that the hinterland experienced a continuous but regionally elevated, upper-crustal geothermal gradient of >40 °C/km during Laramide orogenesis, consistent with peak metamorphic conditions and synchronous peraluminous granitic plutonism. The hot and partially melted hinterland promoted lower crust mobility and crust-mantle decoupling during flat-slab traction. Researchers test geodynamic models for far-field continental deformation during the Laramide orogeny. New and existing thermal data show that the hot hinterland crust promoted lower crust mobility and crust-mantle decoupling during flat-slab traction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study employed a phenomenological approach and aimed to describe and understand the experiences of neophyte school heads in managing schools in the hinterlands of Langilan district under the Department of Education, Division of Davao del Norte. Newly appointed school heads are still considered learners in the field of school management, even with their prior education and extensive training for the role. Ten participants were recruited using purposive sampling and underwent a virtual, in-depth interview. At this stage of research, the experiences of the neophyte school heads are generally defined as the experiences, coping mechanisms, and insights of the newly designated school head in the research locale. As to the participants' experiences, four themes emerged, namely: encountering difficulties in traveling to school; having insufficient financial resources; lacking school supplies and facilities; and dealing with cultural differences. With regards to their response to coping mechanisms, four themes appeared: seeking help from colleagues and superiors; collaborating with stakeholders; being open-minded and consultative; and familiarizing DepEd Policies. Lastly, their insights revealed five themes: wider scope of responsibility; desire to learn; passion to help the community as reason to stay; necessity of providing trainings; and provision of human and other resources. The study reveals that neophyte school heads have different difficulties and hardships in managing schools. It concluded that in Langilan district, help from colleagues, superiors, and collaboration with stakeholders is very significant to the participants, and it speaks to the fact that neophyte school heads need training and assistance from the Department of Education implementers that could help them perform as school leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study is to obtain an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of novice school heads in their dual roles of both teaching and leading schools in the hinterlands in Langilan District, Davao del Norte Division, who were chosen and qualified in the inclusion criteria set to become participants for the in-depth interview. I utilized thematic analysis to examine the transcribed data from the participants' responses. This involved categorizing and coding the data to identify key themes. On the lived experiences of novice school heads in their dual roles of both teaching and leading the hinterland schools, these essential themes emerged, namely: struggling from limited human, financial and other resources, multitasking as leader and teacher, learning from own experience and trainings, struggling from risky travel to the school, and leaving classes for administrative tasks. Regarding their coping mechanisms, after a careful analysis of the transcript of the participants' responses, the following themes emerged: building support system, crafting a needs-based school improvement plan (SIP), communicating with parents, and delegating workload. Finally, on their insights the following essential themes surfaced: allocation of opportunities for professional development, allocation for additional teacher item and support staff, procurement of school facilities and equipment, designation of school in charge without teaching load and be resilient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is a sensitive area to climate change, and snow cover has an important impact. Due to the high altitude and complex terrain, station observations of snow cover on the plateau are sparse but objective, while satellite data have high resolution but limited accuracy. Therefore, an optimized variational processing method based on daily satellite data from 1989 to 2020 and monthly snow cover day data from stations is used to combine their advantages, and a high-resolution (0.1° × 0.1°) monthly dataset of snow cover days during 1989–2020 is obtained. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal characteristics of snow cover days on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau over the past 30 years and compares the differences before and after applying the optimized variational processing method. The variational processing method is also used to reanalyze data on temperature and precipitation. This study confirms the objectivity of the processing method and reveals the regional characteristics of snow cover days and their correlation with temperature and precipitation. The data obtained after optimized variational processing provide a more accurate and detailed representation of the spatial and temporal characteristics of snow cover days. The distribution and variation trends of snow cover days on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau exhibit significant spatial differences. The average number of snow cover days during the snow season is 45.51 d, with 22.74 d in winter. The Qaidam Basin and the southwestern part of the plateau are areas with low snow cover days, while high-altitude mountainous areas have higher values. Overall, there is no significant change in snow cover days during the snow season, but there is a significant decreasing trend of −1.50 d/10 yr in winter. The snow cover days in the plateau's hinterland and low-altitude areas mainly show a decreasing trend, while high-altitude mountainous areas show an increasing trend. Snow cover days in the western part of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau are both influenced by temperature and precipitation in winter, while precipitation dominates in the eastern part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable boundary layer height (SBLH) is an important parameter to characterize the characteristics and vertical structure of the nocturnal lower atmosphere at night. The distribution of SBLH has obvious spatial and temporal differences, and there are many meteorological factors affecting the SBLH, but at present, there are few quantitative studies on the effects of near-surface meteorological factors on the SBLH in the desert hinterland. This study was based on GPS sounding balloon data, near-surface meteorological observation data, and ERA5 data from Tazhong Station (TZ) in the Taklamakan Desert (TD) collected in July 2017, 2019, and 2021. The variation characteristics of the SBLH and its relationship with near-surface meteorological factors are described. We quantitatively analyzed the degree of influence of near-surface meteorological factors affecting the SBLH and verified it using a model. The study also elucidates the possible formation mechanism of the SBLH in the TD hinterland. The SBLH in the TD hinterland trended upward in July 2017, 2019, and 2021, which is consistent with the changes in meteorological factors, according to the near-surface meteorological observation and ERA5 data. Therefore, we think that an inherent connection exists between near-surface meteorological factors and the SBLH. The results of correlation analysis show that complex internal connections and interactions exist among the meteorological factors near the ground; some thermal, dynamic, and other meteorological factors strongly correlate with the SBLH. Having established the change in SBLH (ΔSBLH) and in major thermal, dynamic, and other meteorological factors (Δ), the linear regression equation between them revealed that near-surface meteorological factors can affect the SBLH. The dynamic factors have a stronger influence on the ΔSBLH than thermal and other factors. The results of model validation based on the variable importance projection (VIP) also confirmed that the SBLH in the TD hinterland is jointly affected by dynamic and thermal factors, but the dynamic factors have a stronger impact. The mechanism through which the SBLH forms is relatively complex. At night, surface radiative cooling promotes the formation of a surface inversion layer, and low-level jets strengthen wind shear, reducing atmospheric stability. The combined effects of heat and dynamics play an important role in dynamically shaping the SBLH. This study helps us with accurately predicting and understanding the characteristics of the changes in and the factors influencing the SBLH in the TD hinterland, providing a reference for understanding the mechanism through which the SBLH forms in this area. At the same time, it provides a scientific basis for regional weather and climate simulation, meteorological disaster defense, air quality forecasting, and model parameterization improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mission Compound is a residential enclosure in a small town in the hinterland of south-western Odisha, India that is exclusively inhabited by Christians. Acquired by German missionaries who introduced new forms of religion, administration and togetherness, this land became Christian and fostered the importance of rituals as well as the clergy's dominance in a formerly self-administered Adivasi-tribal culture. I conceptualise this Compound as a religious infrastructure, encompassing material components – roads, buildings, walls, and gates – as well as the collective memories and meanings with which these are entangled. Examining the residents' interactions with this infrastructural apparatus offers a window into the everyday dynamics of security and power that they navigate, as well as the processes of Christian identity formation and belonging in which they – and the infrastructure itself – participate. In this sense, the Mission Compound has great material, religious, social and semiotic meaning for the local Christian community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to understand how the conception of North Korea as a rogue state influenced the relations of Washington and Brussels with this eastern Asian country between 9/11 terrorist attacks (2001) and the outbreak of the pandemic crisis (2020). This is done by drawing on the analytical framework offered by Miskimmon, O'Loughlin, and Roselle that allows one to compare the US and EU strategic narratives vis-à-vis North Korea. Besides adding a novel comparative perspective to the available studies focused on rogue states, this work concludes that although the US and the EU utilised sanctions to coerce North Korea, they exhibited different conceptions of rogueness. While the US' system narrative characterised North Korea as a rogue, the EU's characterisation focused on its violations of international law. Yet, the two actors' identity and issue narratives highlighted their role and responsibility to bring the country back to the path of denuclearisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The western Argentinian sector of Gondwana has been the focus of several recent studies related to the Famatinian orogeny; however, the geologic history of arc activity in hinterland areas remains poorly understood. We present new data from the Monte Guazú Complex that reveal arc-related magmatism in the Sierras de Córdoba, which we consider part of the Famatinian hinterland. Igneous rocks comprise a diorite unit which includes an amphibole quartz-gabbro/diorite and a tonalite unit comprising amphibole- and biotite-bearing tonalites to minor granodiorites. Both units constitute a medium-K calc-alkaline series ranging in composition from metaluminous to moderately peraluminous. Trace-element signatures show Ti and Nb depletion and strong incompatible element enrichments (large-ion lithophile elements, Pb, Th, U, and light-rare earth elements) relative to normal mid-ocean ridge basalts, suggesting that they formed in an arc setting. U–Pb zircon geochronology constrains magmatism to 455–498 Ma, while weighted mean ages of 474–489 Ma are mostly synchronous with the Famatinian arc beginning. We demonstrate that fractional crystallization of mantle wedge-derived melts controlled the early magmatic evolution, while country rock assimilation and anatectic melt mixing were prevalent in evolved rock members. These results spatially extend the Late Cambrian–Late Ordovician Famatinian retro-arc to the southern Sierras de Córdoba. Our findings show that magmatism involved coeval anatexis of host rocks, conversely to previous geodynamic models. Our data have fundamental implications for Paleozoic tectonic and magmatic processes operating along the western Argentinian sector of Gondwana, demonstrating the importance of crustal reworking and the addition of mantle material in the Famatinian arc inboard sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been much consideration of the ways in which urbanization exceeds the city form—particularly in its peripheries and hinterlands. Extended urbanization conventionally refers to the multifaceted processes through which urbanization articulates different logics and territories. Yet extensions reflect a going beyond that can take place anywhere, and which is manifested not only in new territorial formations but also in ways of living and inhabiting. Acts of extending urban form and life do not simply reproduce the dominant modes of valuation but unsettle, disrupting familiar categorization, as inhabitants attempt to situate themselves in the midst of increasingly unsettled terrain. Extensions and extending, then, are at the heart of an interplay between attempts to resettle and unsettle, to extract as much as possible but also to operate where nothing apparent is to be gained, nothing useful to the prolongation, either of the urban or life. Drawing from Black tactical life, extensions concern how a people spread out to cover the angles, to act as lookouts at all those interfaces where capture attempts to suture a conceit of seamlessness. It is also a stance against the everywhereness found in the proliferation of "dead exchanges"—where discourses of freedom and development become merely aspects of continuous assessment of the exercised efficacies of particular bodies and their trajectories and interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having realized that most Nigerian seaports are congested and the problem of moving goods have been difficult, the Federal Government through Bureau of Public Enterprises and Nigerian Shippers’ Council were mandated to identify Inland Container Depots (ICDs) and Container Freight Stations (CFSs) across the country with connectivity to rail transport. Since 2004 to date, these have mostly not been functioning. This paper therefore examined the constraints and possible factors responsible. The Nigerian Ports Authority, Road Haulage Association, Terminal Operators, selected Shipping companies were used as respondents. 34.1% (253) from the population of 743 respondents were sampled with the use of Cochran formula and stratified random sampling technique. Shaphiro Test and multiple regression were used to analyze the constraints against the use of ICDs and CFSs. Principal Component Analysis was used to extract the major factors hindering port-hinterland logistics in Nigeria. It was observed that 50% of general logistics constraints emanated from lack of efficient rail system, enforcement and finance combined. Extracted causative factors against port-hinterland movements of goods are: inadequate terminal capacity, parking and inadequacy of cargo handling facilities. The research concluded that both general constraints and causative factors are to be looked into with stringent policy enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective management of National Parks requires an understanding of visitors to provide safe and enjoyable visitor experiences. Risk and preparedness of snow-based recreation is not well understood outside of the context of avalanches. This study investigated the risk perception and preparedness of snow-based backcountry visitors in the Snowy Mountains of Australia through the theoretical lens of recreation specialisation. The recreation specialisation index was an appropriate tool for segmenting snow-based backcountry visitors into intermediates and experts along behavioural, cognitive and affective dimensions. We identified an overall low perception of risk and discuss the reasons and implications of this. In contrast, level of preparedness was of a high standard among both intermediate and expert snow-based backcountry visitors. This pertained to pre-trip planning and the carrying/use of safety equipment and trip notification behaviour. The findings provide insights for land managers to enhance visitor safety and risk management for snow-based backcountry visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]