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Temperature is one of the most common indicators for the health of electrical equipment in the substation. By now, infrared thermography has been an important monitoring tool due to its real‐time temperature measurement and noncontact manner. However, at present, portable thermal imagers are usually used to collect and store the status image of single equipment at a certain time, which cannot continuously track the condition of the equipment and the efficiency is very low. In order to solve this problem, our team proposed a method for online condition of electrical equipment based on the visualization and processing of infrared image temperature data. We developed video inspection software, equipped with an infrared camera for automatic inspection to obtain infrared images. After that, the target equipment in a whole image are automatically extracted based on the reference image and the equipment type of each target is classified. Then, in order to visualize temperature data and extract temperature information for different types of equipment, the concepts of heating spot, heating section, and heating area are defined. Finally, diagnosis rules based on relevant related thermal fault diagnosis standards and past experience are proposed to evaluate the condition of each target equipment, using the temperature rise and heat generation percentage. The method has been applied in a real substation and proved its effectiveness. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat metering of heating is a main link in energy conservation of ventilating airconditioning (VAC) heating. It is of great practical significance to study the heat metering of heating. However, not many scholars have estimated the heat index based on building heating area, in the light of thermal comfort. Therefore, this paper estimates the heat index of VAC heating area considering thermal comfort. Firstly, we analyzed the various factors affecting human thermal comfort. Then, four environmental factors were selected, namely, indoor air temperature, relative air humidity, mean radiation temperature of envelope surface on human body, and indoor vertical air error. In addition, we selected suitable thermal comfort indices to predict and assess the thermal environment under indoor VAC heating. After that, we analyzed the indoor heat flow under VAC heating, examined the components of energy consumption of indoor VAC heating, and estimated the heat index of VAC heating area. Next, a mathematical model was constructed for heat metering, according to the heat consumption of the building VAC, and the composition of the heat consumption of occupants. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed thermal metering model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low temperature waste-heat heating is an important technology for clean heating.But the resource potential of low temperature waste-heat used for heating will be affected by time, space, temperature, industrial development and other factors.Therefore, the resource potential of low temperature waste-heat for long-term, effective & stable heating should be studied.In this study, the resource potential of low temperature waste-heat for heating was studied by the scenario analysis method and the results show that, the low temperature waste-heat resources available for heating in the northern region are about 62.262 million tce, and the heating area is about 8.12 billion square meters in 2017.Among them, the low temperature waste-heat resources above 80℃ account for 25.2%.In the future, the low temperature waste-heat resources available for heating will be 68.98 million tce, and the heating area is about 12.14 billion square meters in 2020.The low temperature waste-heat resources available for heating will be 66.487 million tce, and the heating area is about 11.7 billion square meters in 2030.

Geothermal energy is one of the most potential renewable energy resources. How to efficiently extract and utilize geothermal energy has been a worldwide hot topic. Co-axial closed-loop geothermal system is a novel method using a continuously closed wellbore without water exchange with. It is more suitable for reservoirs with medium or low temperature and permeability because many problems could be avoided such as lack of in situ groundwater or low infectivity of the reservoir. Many companies and research institutes have applied closed-loop geothermal system in building heating engineering and some fine results have been gained. However, in practical engineering construction, the area of a closed-loop geothermal system heating system is a very important parameter. It directly determines the cost accounting and initial design of the project. Accurate and reliable estimation of heating capacity becomes very important. In this study, a wellbore–reservoir coupling model is established, which is calibrated using measured data from a short-term field trial operation. We have carried out mixed convective–conductive fluid-flow modeling using a wellbore flow model for TOUGH2 called T2Well to investigate the heat extraction performance of closed-loop geothermal system. The system evolution and the effect of flow rate and injection temperature on heat production performance are discussed. The result shows that the intermittent production cycles are more beneficial for heat extraction and system maintenance, and the temperature recovery between two heating seasons is enough to maintain system heating. And we can calculate that a geothermal well can ensure heating of buildings of 10,000–20,000 m2 and the heating area of intermittent operation is 4000 m2 more than continuous operation. Besides, the sensitivity analysis of parameters is also carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of calculating the parameters of the heating zone for protecting titanium against oxidation in welding, in particular the areas of solid metal with the temperature of 400°C and higher, is described. The method is based on computer modelling of the temperature fields in automatic argon-shielded arc welding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of the exact location of the heatings that occur in often inaccessible locations several hundred meters deep in goaf areas is a key to allowing effective control measures to be taken. Radon technique provides the only solution for remotely locating underground sponcom from surface. The results of Chaili mine indicated that a total area of 66 000 m has been surveyed and exact locations of spontaneous combustion have been detected. This has enabled the successful implementation of various control measures against spontaneous combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moxibustion, one of the traditional Chinese medicine therapy, plays an important role in the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions, particularly the chronic and deficiency problems. In the present paper, the author reviewed the history of development of moxibustion therapy, and the related materials and heating temperature in ancient China, and also reviewed the history of heating therapy (similar to moxibustion) appearing in ancient Egypt, Greek, Libya, India, Europe, etc. The author thinks that the efficacy of moxibustion intervention mainly depends on the heating temperature and the heated area of the skin (not the heating materials) according to his own research group's experimental outcomes. Some problems of moxibustion should be noted, for example, the ignited moxa-smoke induced environmental contamination which may lead to chronic injury particularly to the health of the related practitioners. The author forecasts that some succedaneous materials of mugwort as physical heating energy (mechanical, electrical, microelectronic, solar energy), chemical, biological and medical heating reagents (acupoint receptor-activator), etc., high technique medical devices are probably developed in the future, minimizing some defects of moxa and expanding clinical application of moxibustion therapy.