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Thermal processing is still the most important method to ensure food safety, however, there is a need for further improvements, from basic data to advanced optimization methods. Due to the competitive market, customer demands and environmental concerns, several challenges have been raised. In this review, some important topics are discussed, including inactivation kinetics, engineering properties, process design and control, packaging systems and regulatory, environmental, and economic aspects. This position paper describes our opinion about the main challenges associated with thermal processing (conventional and alternative technologies, as microwave and ohmic heating), as well as some possibilities to deal with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an analysis of the problem of selecting the parameters of the model describing the heating process. Heating is treated as a part of the process of heat treatment of elements such as axles and shafts using a heat source in the form of an electric arc. For this purpose, an experimental stand was made and research was carried out to analyse the temperature in the control node. Cylindrical specimens with a constant cross-section made of medium carbon steel AISI 1045 were used as the test objects. A device using TIG technology was used as the heat source. Due to the heating of the element—its rotational movement—it was necessary to use a non-contact measuring device. The construction of the research stand is a representation of the developed industrial stand. In addition, calibrations of the non-contact measuring system were performed using a thermocouple system. Comparing the results obtained from the experiment and the numerical model showed a fairly high convergence of the adopted numerical parameters (the difference between the experiment and the numerical model did not exceed 6.5%). In addition, an analysis of the surface of the samples was performed for the occurrence of remelting by determining its roughness and waviness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using alternative and clean energy resources is considered the most effective method to deal with the environment and energy crises nowadays. In this study a comparative analysis of FPC data for DHW are theoretically and experimentally evaluated to optimise the design parameters. A forced circulation solar heating system using flat-plate collector, is modelled using T*SOL as a new approach, for hot water requirements of a laboratory unit at Szent Istvan University, in Gödöllő, Hungary. The modelling shows 69% solar fraction and 510 kWh annual solar gain. Furthermore, the comparison study was based on these two factors, and the two results matched with 93.12% accuracy. After the modelling, practically, the exergy analysis was conducted to determine and highlight the losses of the system. Since Hungary is considered a cold climate country, it was found that the thermal and optical losses from the collector and the piping system were tremendous. Then all the necessary design parameters were studied to achieve the optimal working points using non-linear correlation response surface method (RSM, which has never been used as an analysis tool in the solar field) at two perspectives (solar fraction and annual yield) for seven factors using R script. The factors were collector surface area, inclination angle, glycol-water ratio, tank capacity, boiler capacity, desired hot water temperature, and volume flow-rate. We identified the most influential single factors using ParetoPlot and each two-factorsꞌ interaction using contour plots. The most influential factors on the solar yield are solar collector surface area, tank capacity, desired hot water temperature and volume flow rate by magnitude effects of +129.7, +125.3, +50.9 and +17.2 kWh per annum, respectively.

While milk is the most consumed human drink, industrial food processes exist everywhere. It consumes a massive amount of hot water at moderate temperature levels, essential to generating the final product. The integration of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with solar thermal systems creates noticeable savings in fuel and electricity. Identifying the integration system employed can be solved using innovative engineering simulation tools like T*sol. And the maximum points and configuration can be adjusted to achieve the maximum solar yield. This paper compares the middle east and central Europe for a medium-size pasteurising plant with an average daily consumption of 20 kWh and an annual energy requirement of 7.3 MWh. The processed heating system is supported parallelly with a 25 kW boiler for two main cities, Damascus and Budapest, with different standard collector types, FPC, ETC, and CPC. It shows that for a small-medium-sized pasteurising plant with 20 kWh daily consumption, a solar system consists of 30 m2 and 20 m2 for Budapest and Damascus. With the performance of annual solar fraction 64% and 82%, and total system efficiency 14.9% and 17.2%, respectively. It shows the importance of having solar thermal technologies in the abovementioned regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main issues addressed by the recent COVID-19 pandemic which affected the whole world is the availability of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (e.g., face masks, white coats, or disposable gloves). This issue impacts on sustainability from different perspectives, such as more generated waste or environmental pollution, both for manufacturing and disposal, or more inequalities deriving from who can afford and access PPE and who cannot, since many shortages were recorded during the pandemic as well as fluctuating unit prices. Moreover, quite often PPE intended for single use are improperly used more times, thus generating a biological risk of infection. In an attempt to propose an innovative solution to face this problem, in this paper the re-design of an oven originally intended for food purposes is presented, with the aim of operating a thermal sanitization of PPE. The machinery and its components are detailed, together with physical and microbiological tests performed on non-woven PPE to assess the effect of treatment on mechanical properties and viral load. The pilot machinery turned out to be effective in destroying a bovine coronavirus at 95 °C and thus reducing contaminating risk in one hour without compromising the main properties of PPE, opening perspectives for the commercialization of the solution in the near future.

The paper presents an analysis of the problem of selecting the parameters of the model describing the heating process. Heating is treated as a part of the process of heat treatment of elements such as axles and shafts using a heat source in the form of an electric arc. For this purpose, an experimental stand was made and research was carried out to analyse the temperature in the control node. Cylindrical specimens with a constant cross-section made of medium carbon steel AISI 1045 were used as the test objects. A device using TIG technology was used as the heat source. Due to the heating of the element—its rotational movement—it was necessary to use a non-contact measuring device. The construction of the research stand is a representation of the developed industrial stand. In addition, calibrations of the non-contact measuring system were performed using a thermocouple system. Comparing the results obtained from the experiment and the numerical model showed a fairly high convergence of the adopted numerical parameters (the difference between the experiment and the numerical model did not exceed 6.5%). In addition, an analysis of the surface of the samples was performed for the occurrence of remelting by determining its roughness and waviness.

The objectives were to investigate the lutein content of bovine milk as affected by the cows' dietary lutein supplementation in the presence or absence of antioxidants, vitamin E (Vit E), tea polyphenols (TP) and ethoxyquin (EQ), and to assess the impact of subsequent pasteurisation on the lutein content and sensory quality of the bovine milk. Among the dietary supplement formulations studied, lutein plus Vit E was the most effective, lutein plus TP was moderately effective, and lutein plus EQ was adversely effective at improving the milk's lutein content by 53–88%, relative to the basal diet. Co‐supplementation with antioxidant also mitigated the lutein loss caused by the milk's processing and storage. This study showed that supplementation of bovine feed with Vit E plus lutein resulted in milk with high lutein content, and a superior ability to resist heat‐induced lutein loss and sensory changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat equation with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions is well known to preserve non-negativity. Besides, due to infinite velocity of propagation, the heat equation is null controllable within arbitrary small time, with controls supported in any arbitrarily open subset of the domain (or its boundary) where heat diffuses. The following question then arises naturally: can the heat dynamics be controlled from a positive initial steady state to a positive final one, requiring that the state remains non-negative along the controlled time-dependent trajectory? We show that this state-constrained controllability property can be achieved if the control time is large enough, but that it fails to be true in general if the control time is too short, thus showing the existence of a positive minimal controllability time. In other words, in spite of infinite velocity of propagation, realizing controllability under the unilateral non-negativity state constraint requires a positive minimal time. We establish similar results for unilateral control constraints. We give some explicit bounds on the minimal controllability time, first in 1D by using the sinusoidal spectral expansion of solutions, and then in the multi-dimensional case. We illustrate our results with numerical simulations, and we discuss similar issues for other control problems with various boundary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the potential of solar concentration technologies--compound parabolic collector (CPC), linear Fresnel collector (LFC) and parabolic trough collector (PTC)--as an alternative to conventional sources of energy for industrial processes in Latin America, where high levels of solar radiation and isolated areas without energy supply exist. The analysis is addressed from energy, economic and environmental perspective. A specific application for Argentina in which fourteen locations are analyzed is considered. Results show that solar concentration technologies can be an economically and environmentally viable alternative. Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) ranges between 2.5 and 16.9 c/kWh/m2 and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions avoided range between 33 and 348 kgCO2/(m2€year). CPC technology stands out as the most recommendable technology when the working fluid temperature ranges from 373 K to 423 K. As the working fluid temperature increases the differences between the LCOE values of the CPC and LFC technologies decrease. When 523 K is reached LFC technology is the one which presents the lowest LCOE values for all analyzed sites, while the LCOE values of PTC technology are close to CPC technology values. Results show that solar concentration technologies have reached economic and environmental competitiveness levels under certain scenarios, mainly linked to solar resource available, thermal level requirements and solar technology cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the possible applications of medium temperature solar concentration technologies, Compound Parabolic Collector, Linear Fresnel Collector and Parabolic Trough Collector in the Spanish industrial sector. Results of this study allow evaluating whether or not solar technologies are an alternative to conventional sources. This possibility is analyzed energetically, economically and environmentally. Results show that the percentage of solar use is decisive in determining the true thermal energy generation cost. The other essential parameter is the solar field area due to produce economy of scale that reduces investment costs. Fluid temperature has significant influence mainly in Compound Parabolic Collector technology. Results obtained in this paper collect multiple alternatives and allow comparing for different scenarios the suitability to replace conventional energy sources by thermal energy obtained from medium temperature solar concentration technologies from an economic perspective. For instance, for percentage of solar use equal to 100%, the lowest thermal energy generation costs for each technology are 1.3 c€/kWh for Compound Parabolic Collector technology, fluid temperature of 100 °C and industrial process located in Seville, 2.4 c€/kWh for Linear Fresnel Collector technology, fluid temperature of 170 °C and industrial process located in Jaen, 3.3 c€/kWh for technology, fluid temperature of 350 °C and industrial process located in Jaen. These costs are lower than conventional energy sources costs.

This paper evaluates the potential of solar concentration technologies—compound parabolic collector (CPC), linear Fresnel collector (LFC) and parabolic trough collector (PTC)—as an alternative to conventional sources of energy for industrial processes in Latin America, where high levels of solar radiation and isolated areas without energy supply exist. The analysis is addressed from energy, economic and environmental perspective. A specific application for Argentina in which fourteen locations are analyzed is considered. Results show that solar concentration technologies can be an economically and environmentally viable alternative. Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) ranges between 2.5 and 16.9 c€/kWh/m2 and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions avoided range between 33 and 348 kgCO2/(m2·year). CPC technology stands out as the most recommendable technology when the working fluid temperature ranges from 373 K to 423 K. As the working fluid temperature increases the differences between the LCOE values of the CPC and LFC technologies decrease. When 523 K is reached LFC technology is the one which presents the lowest LCOE values for all analyzed sites, while the LCOE values of PTC technology are close to CPC technology values. Results show that solar concentration technologies have reached economic and environmental competitiveness levels under certain scenarios, mainly linked to solar resource available, thermal level requirements and solar technology cost.

Thickness loss (TL) is one of the most important mechanical properties in each carpet. In this research, four types of ATY polyester pile yarns were used to prepare the cut-pile carpet samples. They were normal ATY polyester filament pile yarns and three yarns that modified by heat processes including friezing, heat setting, and twist heat setting. Woven carpet samples are subjected to standard dynamic loading test. Results show that friezing and heat setting processes have no significant effects on carpet dynamic recovery or TL after dynamic loading. Also, decreasing temperature of twist heat setting, the polyester pile yarns could not modify carpet TL after dynamic loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carpet as a home textile is usually subjected to static loading. Therefore, compression behavior or thickness loss after a long-term loading is important from point of view of carpet appearance as well as its lifetime. In this study, four types of cut-pile carpet were woven based on face-to-face weaving system. Pile yarns were air-jet textured polyester filament yarns that were modified by different heat processes. Then, the carpets’ compression behavior was investigated by static loading test. Results show that by increasing the temperature in setting of pile yarns twist at the autoclave process, the carpet static recovery increases. However, the friezing and heat-setting processes of pile yarns have no significant effect on the carpet static recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Araştırmada Erzurum ve yöresinde doğal olarak yetişen Kuşburnu (Rosa ssp.) çeşitleri materyal olarak kullanılarak marmelat üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Materyal olarak kullanılan kuşburnu meyvelerinin bazı kimyasal özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Pulp üretimi ısıl işlem uygulanmadan mekanik karıştırma işlemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Böylece askorbik asit kaybının minimum düzeye indirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Üretilen pulplardan daha sonra 1/0.33, 1/0.50, 1/0.75 ve 1/1.00 oranlarında meyve pulpu/ticari şeker ilavesi ile marmelat üretilmiştir.Üretilen marmelat örneklerinde çeşitli kimyasal analizler yapılmış ve örnekler normal oda şartlarında 5 ay depolanmış ve bu süre zarfında askorbik asit, titrasyon asitliği ve pH ile renk değerleri olan L, a ve b değerlerinde oluşan değişiklikler belirlenmiştir. Yine, üretilen marmelatların duyusal değerlendirmeleri üretimi müteakiben ve 5 aylık depolama süresi sonunda yapılmıştır. Örneklerin 5 ay depolanmalarından sonra yapılan analizlerde, askorbik asit değerinin en fazla 1/0.50 pulp/ticari şeker muamelesinde korunduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, duyusal değerlendirmede en yüksek beğeniyi, ortalama 90.1 puan/100 puanla yine 1/0.50 pulp/ticari şeker muamelesi görmüştür.

Araştırmada Erzurum ve yöresinde yetiştirilen Rosa dumalis ssp. boissieri var. antalyensis (RDA), Rosa dumalis ssp. boissieri var. boissier (RDB) ve Rosa canina (RC) meyvelerinin bazı kimyasal özellikleri belirlenerek, bu meyvelerden pulp elde edilmiştir. Üretilen pulpa farklı oranlarda ticari şeker ilave edilerek marmelat üretimi yapılmıştır. Üretilen marmelatların çeşitli fiziksel, kimyasal ve duyusal özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Marmelatlar oda şartlarında 5 ay süre ile depolanmıştır. Depolama başlangıcında 1/0.33, 1/0.50, 1/1.75 ve 1/1.00 pulp/ticari şeker muamalelerinde askorbik asit değerleri sırasıyle ortalama, 356; 266; 147 ve 168mg/100g, pH değerleri sırasıyla ortalama, 3.35; 3.42; 3.28 ve 3.42, titrasyon asitliği değerleri sırasıyla ortalama, % 1.28; % 0.77; % 0.68 ve % 0.45 olarak saptanırken, aynı muamelelerde depolamanın 5. ayında askorbik asit değerleri sırasıyla ortalama, 249; 153; 81 ve 103 mg/100g, pH değerleri sırasıyla ortalama, 3.32; 3.40; 3.27 ve 3.39; titrasyon asitliği değerleri ise sırasıyla ortalama, % 1.13; % 0.75; % 0.58 ve % 0.50 olarak tesbit edilmiştir. Aynımuamelelerde yapılan duyusal değerlendirmede ise muameleler sırasıyle, 87.4; 86.8; 87.8 ve 84.7 puan/100 puan'la değerlendirilmişlerdir.

Araştırmada Erzurum ve yöresinde yetiştirilen Rosa dumalis ssp. boissieri var. antalyensis (RDA), Rosa dumalis ssp. boissieri var. boissier (RDB) ve Rosa canina (RC) meyvelerinin bazı kimyasal özellikleri belirlenerek, bu meyvelerden pulp elde edilmiştir. Üretilen pulpa farklı oranlarda ticari şeker ilave edilerek marmelat üretimi yapılmıştır. Üretilen marmelatların çeşitli fiziksel, kimyasal ve duyusal özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Marmelatlar oda şartlarında 5 ay süre ile depolanmıştır. Depolama başlangıcında 1/0.33, 1/0.50, 1/1.75 ve 1/1.00 pulp/ticari şeker muamalelerinde askorbik asit değerleri sırasıyle ortalama, 356; 266; 147 ve 168mg/100g, pH değerleri sırasıyla ortalama, 3.35; 3.42; 3.28 ve 3.42, titrasyon asitliği değerleri sırasıyla ortalama, % 1.28; % 0.77; % 0.68 ve % 0.45 olarak saptanırken, aynı muamelelerde depolamanın 5. ayında askorbik asit değerleri sırasıyla ortalama, 249; 153; 81 ve 103 mg/100g, pH değerleri sırasıyla ortalama, 3.32; 3.40; 3.27 ve 3.39; titrasyon asitliği değerleri ise sırasıyla ortalama, % 1.13; % 0.75; % 0.58 ve % 0.50 olarak tesbit edilmiştir. Aynımuamelelerde yapılan duyusal değerlendirmede ise muameleler sırasıyle, 87.4; 86.8; 87.8 ve 84.7 puan/100 puan'la değerlendirilmişlerdir.

[Display omitted] • The hyperfine splitting constants (aN, aH) observed by ESR were adopted to identify free radical. • This study presents the range of hyperfine splitting constants (aN, aH) of alkyl, alkoxyl, oxygen-centered free radicals. • The transition pathway of alkyl free radical of camellia oil under heating process was revealed. In this study, the radicals formed in camellia oil upon a heating process were identified and quantified using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy coupled with spin-trapping technique. PBN and DMPO were served as spin traps. The total amounts of free radicals of heated camellia oil showed an increasing trend with the extension of heating time at 140 °C, 150 °C and 160 °C. In accordance with hyperfine splitting constants (aN, aH) ─ the crucial parameter for identifying free radical species ─ of free radical, it was definitely confirmed that alkyl, alkoxyl, oxygen-centered and DMPO oxidate free radicals were present in heated camellia oil. A free radical transition pathway was proposed that alkyl free radical is initially generated, then, alkyl peroxy free radical is subsequently generated in the presence of oxygen which eventually shifts into alkoxyl free radical by means of an intermediate formed from H-capture reaction of alkyl peroxy free radical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of boiling on nitrofuran 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) residues in eggs. The use of furazolidone in food-producing animals is banned within the EU andTurkey.The nitrofuran AOZ residues in raw and boiled eggs were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in a chromotographic run of 20 min.The method validation was done according to the criteria laid down in Commission Decision No. 2002/657 EC. Linearity was proved between 0 to 1.5 μg/kg, decision limit (CCα) was 0.70 μg/kg, detection capability (CCβ) was 0.77 μg/kg, recovery values ranged between 88-97.9% and repeatability (CV) was 3-4.3%. The detected avarage nitrofuran AOZ residue level in 13 uncooked eggs by LC-MS/MS was 0.86±0.017 μg/kg which was increased to 2.42±0.037 μg/kg after boiling. In this study, it was surprisingly found that protein-bound side-chain metabolite, nitrofuran AOZ levels in eggs were significantly increased after boiling.This finding runs counter to the claim that heat process in general should decrease various antibiotic levels in food. The observed increase (P<0.001) in nitrofuran AOZ levels in boiled eggs relative to uncooked eggs may be due to enhanced efficiency of extraction in boiled samples. Therefore boiled eggs should be used for analysis of nitrofuran AOZ levels in order to obtain more reliable and more predictive results [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental results applied to an electron-optical system sensitive to the ultraviolet (UV) and visual spectra are presented. This system makes it possible to detect defects in electrical equipment at the stage of its being created and to estimate equipment reliability. The idea of the diagnostic technique is to record the electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet spectrum band if surface partial discharge and corona discharges appear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid free-form fabrication (SFF) technology is used to fabricate scaffolds with controllable characteristics including well-defined pore size and porosity. The multi-head deposition system (MHDS), one form of SFF technology, may be more advantageous than others for fabricating scaffolds because a MHDS does not require the use of a cytotoxic solvent. This method, however, may induce the thermal degradation of raw materials and a subsequent decrease in the material's molecular weight, whereby hydrolytic degradation, resulting in acidic by-products, might be accelerated. This study investigated whether fabrication of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds using a MHDS with various residence times in the heating step induces thermal degradation and affects the proliferation of cells seeded on the scaffold in vitro. To answer this question, we fabricated porous three-dimensional PLGA scaffolds using residence times of 1, 3, 5 and 7 days for groups 1 through 4, respectively. Degradation behavior of the scaffolds was observed for 7 weeks in phosphate-buffered saline solution (pH 7.4) at 37°C. The molecular weight, glass transition temperature and mechanical properties were compared for PLGA scaffolds fabricated with each of the four residence times at 120°C. The proliferation rate of MC3T3-E1 cells grown on each group of scaffolds was compared to investigate the effect of acidic by-products on the growth of seeded cells in vitro. The heat process applied in fabrication of SFF-based PLGA scaffolds induced considerable thermal degradation followed by a decrease in molecular weight and mechanical compressive strength of the scaffolds in groups 3 and 4, which had more than 3 days residence time. Moreover, the cell proliferation rate was significantly higher for group 1 than for groups 3 and 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat process is a safe method of food preservation. The use of mathematical modeling for heat transfer by finite elements analysis (FEA) makes it possible to determine the cold spot of conventional and non conventional packages, evaluate their thermal history, microbial and enzyme inactivation and nutrients retention for an optimum process design. Several works use simplifications during mathematical modeling, such as adiabatic headspace, considering the thermal resistance of package negligible. The impact of these simplifications is rarely evaluated. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of these simplifications on sterilization value (Fp) for a conductive food. Two commercial glass bottles (G1 and G2) were selected for the assays. FEA model was built using the bottles' real geometries. Three methodologies were evaluated, considering (i) the four components of the system, i.e., product, glass wall, headspace and metal cap, and uniform heating (PGHM); (ii) adiabatic headspace, i.e., a model considering product and glass wall, with its upper side adiabatic (PG); and (iii) only product, with adiabatic upper side (P). A tomato concentrate industrial pasteurizator profile was used as boundary condition. The Fp was determined by using two values of thermal coefficient (z), 5.5°C and 12.5°C, representing a possible range of contaminant's z-value. The cold spot of the two packages was located at 32% (G1) and 46% (G2) of the product height. For the same process, the differences of Fp for the two packages ranged between 62 and 320%. Comparing the Fp by PGHM and PG models, differences were observed between 4 and 13%. These differences were over 45% when comparing PGHM with P models, even with similar thermal history. The results indicated the importance of the previous evaluation of the impact of each simplification on the accuracy of the model. Due to exponential relationship between temperature and reactions during the heat process, the need for Fp evaluation instead of thermal history in conductive food was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidative properties and total phenolic contents of two varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) were examined. The raw, dry heated and hydrothermal treated samples were extracted with 70% acetone and the extracts were freeze-dried. The unprocessed light brown seeds (LB) contained significantly higher level of total phenolics and tannins than the dark brown seeds (DB). The extracts were screened for their potential antioxidant activities using tests such as O2⠐-, OH⠐, α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH⠐ ), ABTS⠐+, FRAP, linoleic acid emulsion and β-carotene–linoleic acid in vitro model systems. At 800 μg of extract in the reaction mixture, the superoxide anion radical scavenging activity was found to be significantly higher in the raw and dry heated seed extracts than the hydrothermally processed seed samples of the respective varieties. The DPPH radical and ABTS cation radical scavenging activities were well proved and correlated with the ferric reducing antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Interestingly, among the various extracts, dry heated samples of LB and DB showed the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of 83.6% and 68.2%, respectively. All extracts exhibited good antioxidant activity (74.3–84.6%) against the linoleic acid emulsion system. Using the β-carotene method, the values were significantly lower than BHT, BHA and Trolox. Owing to this property, the studies can be further extended to exploit not only the phenolic extracts but also the residual phenolic constituents associated with processed seed samples as health supplements and nutraceuticals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, we will consider Laplace''s method for a class of heat processes on loop spaces. We will obtain the first term of the asymptotics under assumptions that the function under consideration attains its minimum at a unique point and that the Hessian at the point is non-degenerate. This kind of process was first introduced by P. Malliavin in 1990 for the loop group case and then gradually generalized by various authors. Our tool is the rough path theory of T. Lyons. This technique was pioneered by S. Aida for finite-dimensional processes in his unpublished paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this study was to determine changes in the quality of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) during precooking and sterilization. Samples were obtained at three stages: after thawing, after precooking and after sterilization. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N), histamine and pH analyses were performed in order to determine the quality of the samples. At the end of the study, TVB-N values of the thawed, precooked and canned fish samples were 11.56 ± 4.83, 19.25 ± 4.46 and 35.82 ± 2.18 mg/100 g; TMA-N values were 4.14 ± 0.35, 5.91 ±1.76 and 5.75 ±1.71 mg/100 g; histamine values were 11.80 ± 1.68, 10.69 ±1.94 and 9.63 ±1.86 ppm; and pH values were 5.90 ±0.07, 6.07 ±0.01 and 5.89 ± 0.1. According to these results, the effects of precooking and sterilization on the TVB-N and pH values of fish were significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main issues addressed by the recent COVID-19 pandemic which affected the whole world is the availability of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (e.g., face masks, white coats, or disposable gloves). This issue impacts on sustainability from different perspectives, such as more generated waste or environmental pollution, both for manufacturing and disposal, or more inequalities deriving from who can afford and access PPE and who cannot, since many shortages were recorded during the pandemic as well as fluctuating unit prices. Moreover, quite often PPE intended for single use are improperly used more times, thus generating a biological risk of infection. In an attempt to propose an innovative solution to face this problem, in this paper the re-design of an oven originally intended for food purposes is presented, with the aim of operating a thermal sanitization of PPE. The machinery and its components are detailed, together with physical and microbiological tests performed on non-woven PPE to assess the effect of treatment on mechanical properties and viral load. The pilot machinery turned out to be effective in destroying a bovine coronavirus at 95 °C and thus reducing contaminating risk in one hour without compromising the main properties of PPE, opening perspectives for the commercialization of the solution in the near future., (© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The application of food processes can lead to a modification of both the structure and the activities of flavonoids. In this article, the effect of heat treatment and exposure to light on the antioxidant activity of 6 model flavonoid solutions (rutin, naringin, eriodictyol, mesquitol, luteolin, and luteolin 7-O-glucoside) was studied. The evolution of the antioxidant activity measured after heat treatment of 130 °C at 2 h and an exposure to visible light for 2 weeks is measured by the ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) method and represented by a new parameter called ΔTEAC. The model solution of Mesquitol showed the highest increase in ΔTEAC after a heat treatment, a value of 200 mM was obtained. The increase in ΔTEAC is always greater with thermal treatment than with light exposure. Thus, temperature and light lead to different degradation pathways of the flavonoid. In vivo measurements were carried out with solutions of naringin, erodictyol, and luteolin 7-O-glucoside. Heated solutions of flavonoids do not exhibit toxicity on cells. The specific activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxide have been determined and have shown an increased impact on the potential anti-cancer of these solutions by enhancing their cellular antioxidant activity, as well as modulation of the oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tree nuts and peanuts are healthy foods with a proven track record of helping to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases, most notably cardiovascular disease. At the point of consumption, all nuts contain low moisture and ≥ 50% lipid contents, but this is where similarities end. The levels of key nutrients and bioactives including vitamin C, vitamin E, L-arginine, minerals (such as selenium and zinc), and phenolics can differ markedly. Distinctions in the types and quantities of phenolic constituents for tree nut species, as well as the impact of digestion, will affect the nuts' antioxidant potential in vivo. This work provides some insight into the different types of phenolics found in tree nuts and peanuts, the antioxidant potential of their phenolic extracts using in vitro chemical assays, the effect of thermal processing on the stability of the nuts' endogenous phenolics, and the impact on biomarkers of human health arising from randomized clinical trials. Key biomarkers include measures in the reduction of LDL oxidation as well as increases in the levels of vitamin E and selected phenolic compounds in blood plasma postprandially from those of baseline., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

This paper analyses the possible applications of medium temperature solar concentration technologies, Compound Parabolic Collector, Linear Fresnel Collector and Parabolic Trough Collector in the Spanish industrial sector. Results of this study allow evaluating whether or not solar technologies are an alternative to conventional sources. This possibility is analyzed energetically, economically and environmentally. Results show that the percentage of solar use is decisive in determining the true thermal energy generation cost. The other essential parameter is the solar field area due to produce economy of scale that reduces investment costs. Fluid temperature has significant influence mainly in Compound Parabolic Collector technology. Results obtained in this paper collect multiple alternatives and allow comparing for different scenarios the suitability to replace conventional energy sources by thermal energy obtained from medium temperature solar concentration technologies from an economic perspective. For instance, for percentage of solar use equal to 100%, the lowest thermal energy generation costs for each technology are 1.3 c€/kWh for Compound Parabolic Collector technology, fluid temperature of 100 °C and industrial process located in Seville, 2.4 c€/kWh for Linear Fresnel Collector technology, fluid temperature of 170 °C and industrial process located in Jaen, 3.3 c€/kWh for technology, fluid temperature of 350 °C and industrial process located in Jaen. These costs are lower than conventional energy sources costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]