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Purpose: To assess the knowledge and confidence level regarding the basic first-aid for treating epistaxis among medical staff, including nurses and physicians across various medical disciplines. The study focused three aspects of first aid management: location of digital pressure, head position and duration of pressure. Methods: The study involved 597 participants, categorized into five groups according to their specialties: emergency medicine, internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, and community-based healthcare. A paper-based multiple-choice questionnaire assessed knowledge of managing epistaxis. Correct answers were determined from literature review and expert consensus. Results: Most medical staff showed poor knowledge regarding the preferred site for applying digital pressure in epistaxis management. For head position, pediatricians and internal medicine physicians were most accurate (79.4% and 64.8%, respectively, p < 0.01), and nurses from the emergency department outperformed nurses from other disciplines; internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, and community-based healthcare (61.1%, 41.5%, 43.5%, 60%, 45.6%, respectively, p < 0.05). While most medical staff were unfamiliar with the recommended duration for applying pressure on the nose, pediatricians and community clinic physicians were most accurate (47.1% and 46.0%, respectively, p < 0.01), while ER physicians were least accurate (14.9%, p < 0.01). Interestingly, a negative correlation was found between years of work experience and reported confidence level in managing epistaxis. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a significant lack of knowledge concerning epistaxis first-aid among medical staff, particularly physicians in emergency departments. This finding highlights the pressing need for education and training to enhance healthcare workers' knowledge in managing epistaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: - Despite the competence-building framework and interventions, the success of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment programs remains unsatisfactory with scanty empirical evidence on the significance of professional competence to the success of HIV/AIDS control programs. Methods: - Using a triangulation of quantitative and qualitative data, from 40 health-care workers and 9 managers of the HIV/AIDS program in Kagadi District, this article analyzes the professional and cultural competencies among health-care workers and the significance of the competencies to the success of HIV/AIDS control programs. Descriptive statistics were generated to describe health-care workers' opinions on their competence and success of HIV/AIDS control programs. In addition, a regression model was fitted to estimate the contribution of health-care workers' competence to the success of HIV/AIDS control programs. This quantitative analysis was triangulated with a thematic analysis of key informants' views. Results: - Findings indicate that health-care workers' competence bears a positive statistically significant contribution to the success of HIV/AIDS control programs. Employee competence is necessary but not sufficient to foster the full realization of desired results from HIV/AIDS control programs. Conclusion: - Managers of HIV/AIDS control programs need to prioritize and continuously train health-care workers to boost their professional and cultural skills to effectively deliver interventional activities under HIV/AIDS control programs. Additionally, improving the working environment of health-care workers is critical to improve their motivation towards greater success of HIV/AIDS control programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unprecedented circumstances necessitate extraordinary measures. Professionals in health care have been the frontline fighters against COVID-19. They have worked tirelessly, putting their own and family members’ lives at risk. We would like to share our personal experience with using lessons from Lord Hanuman’s life and how they can be applied during the COVID-19 era. The easy connection between a person’s mental health and the almighty, combined with a deep faith in mythology, appears to make it an easy way to boost fighters’ morale.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with needle stick and sharps injuries (NSSIs) among health-care workers (HCWs) in a tertiary hospital in China. Materials and methods This retrospective survey was conducted with 562 HCWs at a tertiary hospital in China in July 2023. Information was collected using a self-designed questionnaire, and all enrolled members were required to fill in the demographic characteristics, occurrence of NSSIs and other associated factors in the past year. Logistic analysis was used to identify variables associated with NSSIs. Results The proportion of participants with at least one injury within the year preceding the investigation was 21.2%. Male (AOR = 2.116 [1.265, 3.538]), working hours per week > 40 (AOR = 1.718 [1.056,2.796]), rarely checking blood-borne infections before invasive operations (AOR = 2.219 [1.303,3.782]) were significantly associated with NSSIs. Conclusion The prevalence of NSSIs was not low in the survey area, especially in male, individuals with longer working hours, and rarely checking blood-borne infections before invasive operations. Therefore, it is necessary to promote educational programs to enhance awareness of standard prevention measures, especially for key populations, and reduce heavy workloads to decrease the occurrence of such injuries.

Background: During the first wave of the pandemic, health-care workers (HCWs) experienced high levels of stress, depression, and anxiety. These frontline workers remained a vulnerable group with the second wave of the pandemic being more severe than the first wave across the globe. There is a need to assess the psychological impact of the second wave of COVID-19 on HCWs and identify risk factors associated with higher morbidity. This will be beneficial in planning appropriate prevention and remedial measures. Materials and Methods: Consecutive 1275 HCWs (between the age group of 18 and 60 years) responded to the online survey. After the collection of sociodemographic data, participants were administered the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale. Results: Moderate-to-severe stress, depression, and anxiety were reported by 40%, 31.7%, and 24.3% of participants, respectively. Regression analysis revealed that female gender, nurses, high COVID-19 exposure, history of COVID-19, chronic medical illness, and work experience between 10 and 20 years were risk factors for increased psychological morbidity. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms remained high among HCWs during the second wave of COVID-19. Certain risk factors predicted higher mental health morbidity. There is a need to develop appropriate interventions targeting these groups.

Background: Mobile phones used by health-care workers can harbor pathogenic bacteria. Effective techniques are therefore needed to prevent bacterial transmission through mobile phones, including the development of new or modified disinfectants. Methods: In total, 100 swabs were collected from the mobile phones of health-care workers. All samples were directly cultured and incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The samples were divided into two groups (n = 50 each): one disinfected with 70% ethanol alone and the other with 70% ethanol containing 2% potassium aluminum sulfate (alum). Results: Bacterial growth before disinfection with 70% ethanol alone was observed in 92% of samples, which decreased to 66% after disinfection. With 70% ethanol plus 2% alum, bacterial growth before disinfection was 88%, decreasing to 16% after disinfection. The mean number of colonies before disinfection with 70% ethanol alone was 22.80 ± 10.38, while after disinfection, it was 3.48 ± 1.40 (P < 0.00001). Similarly, the number of colonies before disinfection with 70% ethanol plus 2% alum was 19.84 ± 9.34, while that after disinfection was 0.68 ± 0.33 (P < 0.00001). Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the combination of 70% ethanol with 2% alum to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of ethanol as a new modified disinfectant.

Background: Health-care workers (HCWs) in India have been heavily impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, facing significant psychological distress due to their challenging work, exposure to the virus, and isolation. This study examines the emotional states and coping strategies of HCWs and the potential effects of religious coping mechanisms on their mental health. Aim: To explore the emotional state, coping strategies, and impact of religious beliefs on the mental health of junior doctors in a COVID-19-designated tertiary care hospital in Mysore. Methods: The cross-sectional survey-based observational study included residents and house surgeons working in COVID-19 wards. Sociodemographic data along with their emotional state and coping strategies were assessed using Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Brief COPE Inventory, and the Brief Religion COPE. Chi-square test and Pearson’s correlation were used to evaluate the relationship between variables. Results: Majority (57.2%) of the participants were between 21 and 25 years and of male gender (61.6%), with Hinduism being the most prevalent religious affiliation (88.4%). Most (71.7%) tested positive for COVID-19. A significant prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression among HCWs. Significant associations were found between stress, anxiety, and factors such as living alone, working in emergency care, substance use, and associations between religious coping and emotional status. Conclusion: The study highlighted the psychological distress faced by HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic and proposes that religious coping techniques may help their mental health amid emergencies. Promoting an integrated strategy that incorporates psychological and religious coping mechanisms may improve health-care personnel’s overall resilience and mental well-being in the face of future challenges.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with needle stick and sharps injuries (NSSIs) among health-care workers (HCWs) in a tertiary hospital in China. Materials and methods: This retrospective survey was conducted with 562 HCWs at a tertiary hospital in China in July 2023. Information was collected using a self-designed questionnaire, and all enrolled members were required to fill in the demographic characteristics, occurrence of NSSIs and other associated factors in the past year. Logistic analysis was used to identify variables associated with NSSIs. Results: The proportion of participants with at least one injury within the year preceding the investigation was 21.2%. Male (AOR = 2.116 [1.265, 3.538]), working hours per week > 40 (AOR = 1.718 [1.056,2.796]), rarely checking blood-borne infections before invasive operations (AOR = 2.219 [1.303,3.782]) were significantly associated with NSSIs. Conclusion: The prevalence of NSSIs was not low in the survey area, especially in male, individuals with longer working hours, and rarely checking blood-borne infections before invasive operations. Therefore, it is necessary to promote educational programs to enhance awareness of standard prevention measures, especially for key populations, and reduce heavy workloads to decrease the occurrence of such injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: As the primary carers, the health-care workers (HCWs) are interacting directly with the patients and are consequently more susceptible to infection. By enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) about COVID-19, the HCWs can prevent or significantly minimize their risk of contracting it. Objective: This research was carried out to assess KAP about various aspects of the COVID-19 infection among HCWs and their association vis-à-vis different sociodemographic variables. Methodology: The study used a prospective cross-sectional design and the participants were the HCWs working in the department of obstetrics and gynecology at a tertiary care referral and academic hospital. A pretested questionnaire comprised 35 items, with 14 items about knowledge, 13 about attitude, and 8 about practices adopted by HCWs. Statistical Analysis: For the analysis, we used descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson Chi-square tests. Results: The study involved a cohort of 209 HCWs. Based on the results of descriptive statistical analysis, the participants had an average knowledge score of 9.59 with a standard deviation (SD) of 2.07. The observed scores ranged from 2.00 to 14.00. On further subgroup analysis, the mean knowledge was highest among the 19–25-year age group (mean: 9.97, minimum: 4.00, and maximum: 14.00; SD: 2.13), MBBS students (mean: 10.69, minimum: 8.00, and maximum: 14.00; SD 1.74), male participants (mean: 9.97, minimum: 5.00, and maximum: 13.00; SD: 1.62), and unmarried respondents (mean: 9.77, minimum: 2.00, and maximum: 14.00; SD 2.24). Conclusions: It is vital to evaluate the present KAP of health-care professionals regarding COVID-19 in the global fight against the pandemic. The study identified a few gaps in the KAP of HCWs.

Abstract 24-h shift (24 hS) exposed emergency physicians to a higher stress level than 14-h night shift (14 hS), with an impact spreading on several days. Catecholamines are supposed to be chronic stress biomarker. However, no study has used catecholamines to assess short-term residual stress or measured them over multiple shifts. A shift-randomized trial was conducted to study urinary catecholamines levels of 17 emergency physicians during a control day (clerical work on return from leave) and two working day (14 hS and 24 hS). The Wilcoxon matched-pairs test was utilized to compare the mean catecholamine levels. Additionally, a multivariable generalized estimating equations model was employed to further analyze the independent relationships between key factors such as shifts (compared to control day), perceived stress, and age with catecholamine levels. Dopamine levels were lower during 24 hS than 14 hS and the control day. Norepinephrine levels increased two-fold during both night shifts. Epinephrine levels were higher during the day period of both shifts than on the control day. Despite having a rest day, the dopamine levels did not return to their normal values by the end of the third day after the 24 hS. The generalized estimating equations model confirmed relationships of catecholamines with workload and fatigue. To conclude, urinary catecholamine biomarkers are a convenient and non-invasive strong measure of stress during night shifts, both acutely and over time. Dopamine levels are the strongest biomarker with a prolonged alteration of its circadian rhythm. Due to the relation between increased catecholamine levels and both adverse psychological effects and cardiovascular disease, we suggest that emergency physicians restrict their exposure to 24 hS to mitigate these risks.

This document provides information on the risk assessment, prevention, and post-exposure prophylaxis of needle-stick injuries (NSI) among healthcare workers. It highlights the higher risk for NSI among staff nurses and laboratory technicians, with blood withdrawal and suturing being major causes. The document emphasizes the importance of workplace prevention programs, continuous training, and following guidelines for risk assessment, prevention, and post-exposure prophylaxis. It also suggests the need for mandatory reporting, improved safety practices, and collective measures to prevent NSI. The document aims to provide useful information to healthcare professionals and contribute to reducing the transmission of blood-borne diseases in the workplace. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: Recent studies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported that symptoms persisted for weeks or even months in some patients and they are called long COVID, post-acute COVID-19, etc. The aim of this study is to examine the frequency of long COVID in health-care workers, identify the common symptoms, and assess the possible factors that may be associated. Methods: In this cross-sectional study a self-administered questionnaire was carried out. About half (48.1%) of the 131 participants evaluated had long COVID. The 41.3% of long COVID cases had chronic COVID. Results: The percentage of those who were hospitalized in inpatient clinics or intensive care units during infection was higher in long COVID patients (31.7% vs. 14.3%) as well as frequency of oxygen need (36.5% vs. 17.9%). Fatigue was the most frequent symptom (54%), followed by myalgia (47.6%) and arthralgia (42.9%). Conclusion: The study showed that approximately half of health-care workers who had COVID-19 suffer from long COVID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The main objective of this study was to investigate the association between night sleep of less than 7 hours and insomnia with metabolic syndrome and its components in health-care workers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 410 health-care workers in an educational hospital. Insomnia (inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or poor sleep quality) and obstructive sleep apnea were evaluated by the insomnia severity index and the STOP-BANG questionnaire, and average hours of sleep were classified as <7 (short sleep), 7-8 (normal sleep), and ≥9 (long sleep) hours. The metabolic syndrome was determined using the Adult Treatment Panel III standards of the National Cholesterol Education Program. The multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between sleep duration and insomnia with metabolic syndrome. Results: The findings showed that the frequency of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher among health-care workers with insomnia (OR = 2.02; 95% CI 1.32-2.48) and short sleep duration (OR = 1.64; 95% CI 1.33-2.17) compared with those without insomnia and with normal sleep duration after adjusting for confounders. Additionally, workers with insomnia and short sleep duration had significantly higher waist circumference levels, systolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels than those without insomnia and normal sleep duration (P < .05). Conclusion: The current investigation showed night sleep of <7 hours and insomnia in shift workers increase the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Therefore, paying attention to sleep hygiene, periodic screening for insomnia, and access to physical activity can prevent the occurrence or exacerbation of metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

24-h shift (24 hS) exposed emergency physicians to a higher stress level than 14-h night shift (14 hS), with an impact spreading on several days. Catecholamines are supposed to be chronic stress biomarker. However, no study has used catecholamines to assess short-term residual stress or measured them over multiple shifts. A shift-randomized trial was conducted to study urinary catecholamines levels of 17 emergency physicians during a control day (clerical work on return from leave) and two working day (14 hS and 24 hS). The Wilcoxon matched-pairs test was utilized to compare the mean catecholamine levels. Additionally, a multivariable generalized estimating equations model was employed to further analyze the independent relationships between key factors such as shifts (compared to control day), perceived stress, and age with catecholamine levels. Dopamine levels were lower during 24 hS than 14 hS and the control day. Norepinephrine levels increased two-fold during both night shifts. Epinephrine levels were higher during the day period of both shifts than on the control day. Despite having a rest day, the dopamine levels did not return to their normal values by the end of the third day after the 24 hS. The generalized estimating equations model confirmed relationships of catecholamines with workload and fatigue. To conclude, urinary catecholamine biomarkers are a convenient and non-invasive strong measure of stress during night shifts, both acutely and over time. Dopamine levels are the strongest biomarker with a prolonged alteration of its circadian rhythm. Due to the relation between increased catecholamine levels and both adverse psychological effects and cardiovascular disease, we suggest that emergency physicians restrict their exposure to 24 hS to mitigate these risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had widespread negative impacts on the mental health of healthcare workers (HCWs), there has been little research on psychological interventions during the pandemic for this population. The current study examines whether a brief coping-focused treatment intervention delivered in a virtual individual format would be associated with positive changes in Canadian HCWs' mental health during the pandemic. Method: Three hundred and thirty-three HCWs receiving the intervention at 3 large specialty tertiary care hospitals in Ontario, Canada, completed measures of anxiety, depression, perceived stress, work/social impairment, insomnia and fear of COVID-19. After completing treatment, HCWs rated their satisfaction with the treatment. Results: The intervention was associated with large effect size improvements in anxiety, depression, perceived stress, insomnia and fear of COVID-19, and moderate effect size improvements in work/social impairment. At treatment session 1, prior mental health diagnosis and treatment were both significantly correlated with depression, anxiety, and work/social impairment scores. Secondary analyses of data from one of the sites revealed that treatment-related changes in anxiety, depression, perceived stress and work/social impairment were independent of age, gender, occupational setting, profession and the presence of a previous mental health diagnosis or treatment, with the exception that nurses improved at a slightly greater rate than other professions in terms of work/social impairment. HCWs were highly satisfied with the treatment. Conclusions: A large number of HCWs experiencing significant distress at baseline self-referred for assistance. Timely and flexible access to a brief virtual coping-focused intervention was associated with improvements in symptoms and impairment, and treatment response was largely unrelated to demographic or professional characteristics. Short-term psychological interventions for HCWs during a pandemic may have a highly positive impact given their association with improvement in various aspects of HCWs' mental health improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The importance of vitamin D in maintaining overall health cannot be overstated, as its deficiency is a significant contributor to mortality and morbidity. There is a paucity of literature on vitamin D deficiency among healthcare workers (HCWs) in India, especially those working in emergency settings and day-night shifts. Aims and Objectives: This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to assess the levels of vitamin D among emergency healthcare workers (HCWs) and evaluate their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding vitamin D deficiency. The study sought to address the limited literature on vitamin D deficiency among HCWs in emergency settings in India. Materials and Methods: A total of 105 randomly selected healthy HCWs from the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital in north India participated in the study. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect demographic information and assess the participants' knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to vitamin D. Serum vitamin D levels were measured using a 2 ml venous blood sample. Results: The mean serum vitamin D level was 15.08 ± 8.52 ng/ml, indicating a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (94.3%) among the participants. While most participants were aware of the active form of vitamin D, its sources and critical functions, knowledge about non-skeletal manifestations and measurable forms of vitamin D deficiency was limited. A majority of the participants (85.3%) recognized the importance of vitamin D as a micronutrient, and 69.3% expressed the need for education on its role. However, only 48.5% emphasized regular vitamin D intake. Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among HCWs in the emergency department and identifies knowledge gaps regarding its critical functions. There is a need for an effective system to identify and address vitamin D-related health issues among HCWs, which could potentially enhance their overall efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the importance of respecting and observing patients’ rights, this study aimed to assess the level of observance of hospitalized patients’ rights from both patients’ and health-care workers' (HCWs) perspectives. This cross-sectional descriptiveanalytic study reports the responses of 486 patients and 887 HCWs in a public referral university hospital. The study illustrates that patients and HCWs think patients’ rights are respected at a medium level; however, HCWs reported lower levels of respect for patients’ rights than patients, and senior HCWs reported even lower levels than their younger colleagues. Older patients and those hospitalized in internal medicine wards reported lower respect for autonomy and responsiveness, and patients’ companions reported lower levels of respect for patients’ rights than the patients themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The first two cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) were identified in Indonesia on March 2nd, 2020. Health Care workers (HCWs) are at risk of contracting COVID-19 infection. This study analyzed the risk factors, compared the prevalence rate of COVID-19 between HCWs and non-HCWs, and investigated survival analysis describing the time risk of COVID-19. Methods: This prospective cohort study retrieved data from the Hospital Surveillance Team (one of the largest hospitals in West Jakarta) which were analyzed using descriptive, bivariate analysis, Survival Analysis through the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariate Cox analysis. Results: Observations were conducted on 1,080 employees from March 2021 to March 2022. There were 192 employees (17.78%) of 40±11 years tested positive for COVID-18, of which 126 cases (16.84%) were HCWs of ≤ 40 years of age, with females dominating. There was no difference between HCW and Non-HCW; ARR=1.08; [95% IK, 0.83-1.43]; p=0.591. Workers on shift work (> 38 hours in a week) were likely to be affected by COVID-19 with RR=1.37; [95% IK, 1.06-1.78]; p=0.018. Kaplan–Meier method and the log-rank test showed the difference between Shift and Non-shift groups HR=1.43; [95% IK 1.06-1.94]; p=0.019. Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease appeared as the independent factor of COVID-19 infection with RR=1.82; [95% IK, 1.10-3.02]; p=0.031. Conclusion: The probability of contracting COVID-19 was found equal to HCW and Non-HCW. Employees who are on shifts have a greater probability of contracting COVID-19. Survival analysis showed a statistically different Hazard Ratio between shifts with Non-shift workers.

Background: Health-care workers' psychological status is essential to Preventive control measures in a weak and unstable health system with poor infrastructural constraints. This study examines the psychological impact of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the health-care providers working in primary health-care settings in Sudan. Materials and Methods: This is a health facility–based cross-sectional study conducted in primary health-care units in White Nile State, Sudan. The psychological impact of stress and anxiety was determined using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21). A self-administered questionnaire measured depression, anxiety, and stress. The population of this study included health professionals working in health centers, including physicians, nurses, technicians, pharmacists, and other support staff. Results: A total of 167 health professionals were systematically recruited. The mean anxiety score in the study population was 8.26 & 9.0 (corresponding to mild anxiety). Participants without anxiety constituted 26.35% (n = 44) of the participants. Women were significantly more likely to be affected than men (P = 0.0). Age (21–40 years), female nurses, and other health-care workers (anesthesiology, public health, health education, occupational health, psychiatry, etc.) could be strong predictors of psychological disorders (P-value of 0.0). Conclusion: This study provided evidence for primary health care at its preparatory levels, as they are the first line of protection against the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing the high-risk population is a high priority in the preliminary phase.

Unprecedented circumstances necessitate extraordinary measures. Professionals in health care have been the frontline fighters against COVID-19. They have worked tirelessly, putting their own and family members' lives at risk. We would like to share our personal experience with using lessons from Lord Hanuman's life and how they can be applied during the COVID-19 era. The easy connection between a person's mental health and the almighty, combined with a deep faith in mythology, appears to make it an easy way to boost fighters' morale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health-care workers' psychological status is essential to Preventive control measures in a weak and unstable health system with poor infrastructural constraints. This study examines the psychological impact of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the health-care providers working in primary health-care settings in Sudan. Materials and Methods: This is a health facility–based cross-sectional study conducted in primary health-care units in White Nile State, Sudan. The psychological impact of stress and anxiety was determined using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21). A self-administered questionnaire measured depression, anxiety, and stress. The population of this study included health professionals working in health centers, including physicians, nurses, technicians, pharmacists, and other support staff. Results: A total of 167 health professionals were systematically recruited. The mean anxiety score in the study population was 8.26 & 9.0 (corresponding to mild anxiety). Participants without anxiety constituted 26.35% (n = 44) of the participants. Women were significantly more likely to be affected than men (P = 0.0). Age (21–40 years), female nurses, and other health-care workers (anesthesiology, public health, health education, occupational health, psychiatry, etc.) could be strong predictors of psychological disorders (P-value of 0.0). Conclusion: This study provided evidence for primary health care at its preparatory levels, as they are the first line of protection against the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing the high-risk population is a high priority in the preliminary phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Many psychological problems including stress, anxiety, insomnia, depression, frustration, denial, anger, and fear emerged during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) outbreak. Aims: This study was done to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, and fear experienced by health‑care workers (HWs) during COVID‑19 in Nepal. Settings and Design: This was web‑based analytical cross‑sectional study conducted among health‑care workers from December 27, 2020, to February 28, 2021, all over Nepal. Subjects and Methods: All the HWs including doctors, nurses, and allied health‑care professional from 7 provinces were selected using convenience sampling technique. Data collection was done using the validated questionnaires. Statistical Analysis Used: Univariate and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to find the association between the different variables. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 608 HWs completed the survey with a mean age of 30.82 ± 6.68. About 27% had symptoms of depression, 28% anxiety, 10% stress, 18% insomnia, and 49.8% fear of COVID‑19. Resident doctors and health workers who had bachelor level of education and working experience <2 years were significantly associated with higher odds of experiencing depression and anxiety. Health workers working 2–5 years and with more than 5 years’ experience had significantly lower odds of experiencing fear. History of tobacco use or medical condition had significantly higher odds of experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, and fear. Conclusions: This study concluded that the prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and fear was found to be high. Resident doctors and health workers with bachelor level of education, working experience <2 years, and history of medical condition were significantly associated with experiencing adverse mental health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Health-care workers (HCWs) across the country were administered Covishield (COVID vaccination) in a phased manner. This study aimed to explore the trends in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection postvaccination among HCWs, with a view of the demographic and clinical features among a subset of those affected. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed at a tertiary care center among HCWs who were affected following vaccination during the period April 2021–October 2022. A Google Form was sent out to assess the disease profile and transmission dynamics of which a subset was returned. Results: A total of 1657 HCWs tested positive for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) during the period April 2021–October 2022. Of these, 77.42% were females and 92.67% were completely vaccinated. Nurses were the majority (46.30%) and the least-doctors (6.63%). The most common symptom presentation was cough (76.90%) and fever (73.50%), whereas anosmia, ageusia, and breathing difficulty were minimal. The mean duration between second dose and turning positive was between 165.54 ± 121.98 days. Among HCWs who turned positive, only 7.10% required hospital admission and only one person needed intensive care unit admission. Among those who reported positive, 54.60% mentioned that their close contacts subsequently turned positive. Of these, workplace and household contacts were 49.2% and 46.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The predominant symptoms in COVID-19 infection postvaccination are fever, cough, and myalgia. However, the severity of the infection was decreased, requiring mostly home isolation. Transmission of infection was mainly to household and workplace close contacts.

Individuals with a satisfactory level of job satisfaction are much less likely to feel hopeless about their future and are more likely to perform efficiently in the workplace. General work stress (i.e., the work-related stress subjectively experienced) is a significant predictor of suicide cognitions. Furthermore, it has been posited that satisfaction and hope are fundamental to life from an existential perspective. We, therefore, tested a hypothetical model of general work stress, suicide cognitions, hopelessness, and job satisfaction. The data were collected from 416 health-care workers through a convenience sampling method. The mediation analysis results revealed significant negative and positive relationships among general work stress, suicide conceptions, hopelessness, and job satisfaction. The findings indicate that hopelessness and job satisfaction have a parallel mediating effect in the relationship between general work stress and suicide cognitions. The result of the study is of great importance, which suggests that interventions to alleviate hopelessness and work stress and to boost the job satisfaction of medical staff may help prevent suicide cognitions.

Objective: To study SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in health-care workers (HCWs) of the University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), covering the provinces of Trieste and Gorizia (northeastern Italy) routinely screened for SARS-CoV-2 via nasopharyngeal swab. Design: Cohort study of HCWs (N = 8205) followed since the start of the pandemic (1 March 2020) through 31 January 2023. The risk of reinfection during the Omicron transmission period (after 30 November 2021) among HCWs previously infected by SARS-CoV-2 was estimated based on days since last dose of COVID-19 vaccine received, adjusting for age, sex, job task, workplace, number of doses of COVID-19 vaccines and number of swab tests performed. In the crude as well as adjusted incidence rate analysis, reinfections occurring 15+ days after a first dose of COVID-19 vaccine or 8+ days following a second or more dose were counted. Results: In a highly vaccinated population, during the entire study period (1 March 2020–31 January 2023) 5253 HCWs incurred at least one SARS-CoV-2 infection, 4262 HCWs were infected only once, and 1091 were reinfected. Reinfections almost entirely (99.1% = 1071/1091) occurred after 30 November 2021, peaking in July 2022 (N = 161). Six hundred eighty-three reinfections followed a pre-Omicron primary event against 408 reinfections following an Omicron event. Reinfections during the Omicron transmission period occurred a mean of 400 ± 220 days after primary SARS-CoV-2 infection; 512 ± 205 days following a pre-Omicron primary event, as opposed to 218 ± 74 days after an Omicron primary infection. Thirty-four hospitalizations were observed, all before the Omicron wave, following 18 (0.4%) primary SARS-CoV-2 infections and 16 (1.5%) reinfections. By excluding events occurring <15 days after a first dose or <8 days after a further dose of COVID-19 vaccine, 605 reinfections followed a pre-Omicron primary event (raw incidence = 1.4 × 1000 person-days) against 404 after a primary Omicron infection (raw incidence = 0.3 × 1000 person-days). Apart from nurse aids (slightly enhanced biological risk) and academic HCWs (remarkably lower risk with pre-Omicron primary events), the effect of occupation in terms of job task and workplace was marginal. Furthermore, whilst the risk of reinfection was lower in males and HCWs < 60 years old following a pre-Omicron primary infection, HCWs aged 30–50 were more likely to be infected after an Omicron primary event. Regardless of timeline of primary SARS-CoV-2 event, the risk of reinfection decreased with higher number of doses of COVID-19 vaccines, being lowest after the second booster. In particular, VE was 16% for one dose, 51% for two doses, 76% for the booster and 92% for the second booster with a pre-Omicron primary SARS-CoV-2 event. The latter figures increased to 72%, 59%, 74% and 93%, respectively, with Omicron primary infections. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 reinfections were frequent during the Omicron transmission period, though featured by mild or no symptoms. Whilst the impact of occupation on biological risk was relatively marginal, COVID-19 vaccination had the strongest protective effect against reinfection, with a 93% VE by second booster following an Omicron primary infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The study was aimed at calculating the levels of stress, anxiety, and depression among medical and health-care workers working in hospitals that catered to COVID-19 patients. Methodology: A total of 471 healthcare and medical personnel filled up an online socio-demographic pro forma and answered the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test where appropriate. Results: The sample consisted of medical personnel and nurses. Majority were married and male. The levels of anxiety and stress were reported to be higher in males while depression was reported higher in females. Being unmarried and not having children were factors that showed higher depression levels while no socio-demographic factors showed a trend with anxiety and stress. Conclusion: Depression, anxiety, and stress are common in medical personnel and health-care workers working in the COVID-19 pandemic. Sound mental health interventions for these workers and large studies in specific populations are needed to corroborate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a flood of—often contradictory—evidence. HCWs had to develop strategies to locate information that supported their work. We investigated the information-seeking of different HCW groups in Germany. Methods: In December 2020, we conducted online surveys on COVID-19 information sources, strategies, assigned trustworthiness, and barriers—and in February 2021, on COVID-19 vaccination information sources. Results were analyzed descriptively; group comparisons were performed using χ 2-tests. Results: For general COVID-19-related medical information (413 participants), non-physicians most often selected official websites (57%), TV (57%), and e-mail/newsletters (46%) as preferred information sources—physicians chose official websites (63%), e-mail/newsletters (56%), and professional journals (55%). Non-physician HCWs used Facebook/YouTube more frequently. The main barriers were insufficient time and access issues. Non-physicians chose abstracts (66%), videos (45%), and webinars (40%) as preferred information strategy; physicians: overviews with algorithms (66%), abstracts (62%), webinars (48%). Information seeking on COVID-19 vaccination (2700 participants) was quite similar, however, with newspapers being more often used by non-physicians (63%) vs. physician HCWs (70%). Conclusion: Non-physician HCWs more often consulted public information sources. Employers/institutions should ensure the supply of professional, targeted COVID-19 information for different HCW groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral injury (MI) is a relatively new concept in the nascent stages of development. MI is a trauma-based phenomenon, distinct from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as it is not a physiologically fear-based disorder, but often co-exists with PTSD. MI is primarily concerned with the transgression of deeply held moral beliefs and negative mental health sequelae. Recent significant global events are highlighting the need for a greater understanding of the concept of MI and the associated mental health consequences. Thus, this article provides a narrative review of the concept of MI. This article reviews the concept of MI including definitions of MI and associated concepts. The similarities and differences between MI and PTSD are considered. This article also examines MI within a military context and a civilian context, which is necessitated in the context of current events; namely the fall of Afghanistan and the current COVID-19 pandemic. The article also discusses the importance of MI in a treatment setting. Theory and research in the field of MI highlight the impact of MI on those who are exposed to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs). This impact is evident in symptoms beyond the realm of PTSD. Further it is apparent that certain sectors of society are more at risk of being exposed to PMIEs and that MI may differ between military and civilian populations. As such research into MI in both populations is needed, especially within the context of current events.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), spread rapidly leading to a pandemic in March 2020. To combat this, the COVID-19 vaccination drive was conducted in India and had its first recipients as the health-care workers who represent a high-risk population for the same. It included both Covishield and Covaxin. This study draws attention to the COVID-19 attack rate among health-care workers in a teaching Medical hospital, Basaveshwara Medical College and Hospital, in Chitradurga, Karnataka, India. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess breakthrough COVID-19 infection after vaccination among health-care workers. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Basaveshwara Medical College and Hospital in October 2021 and December 2021. The study participants were more than 18 years old. The participants include BMCH staff including doctors, nurses, watchman, and ward boys. A sample size of 200 was obtained. Results: Most of the sample lies in the age group of 18–30 years, consisting of more females than males. 191/200, i.e., 95.5% of the population have been vaccinated against COVID-19, of which 69.5% have taken Covishield vaccine and 26% have Covaxin vaccine. Only 9/200 tested positive for COVID-19, postvaccination, whereas 2/200 were hospitalized for complications of COVID-19, postvaccination. Conclusion: Breakthrough COVID-19 among BMCH staff members shows that the vaccination has reduced COVID-19 infection.

Context: Many psychological problems including stress, anxiety, insomnia, depression, frustration, denial, anger, and fear emerged during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Aims: This study was done to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, and fear experienced by health-care workers (HWs) during COVID-19 in Nepal. Settings and Design: This was web-based analytical cross-sectional study conducted among health-care workers from December 27, 2020, to February 28, 2021, all over Nepal. Subjects and Methods: All the HWs including doctors, nurses, and allied health-care professional from 7 provinces were selected using convenience sampling technique. Data collection was done using the validated questionnaires. Statistical Analysis Used: Univariate and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to find the association between the different variables. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 608 HWs completed the survey with a mean age of 30.82 ± 6.68. About 27% had symptoms of depression, 28% anxiety, 10% stress, 18% insomnia, and 49.8% fear of COVID-19. Resident doctors and health workers who had bachelor level of education and working experience

Aim: The study was aimed at calculating the levels of stress, anxiety, and depression among medical and health-care workers working in hospitals that catered to COVID-19 patients. Methodology: A total of 471 healthcare and medical personnel filled up an online socio-demographic pro forma and answered the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test where appropriate. Results: The sample consisted of medical personnel and nurses. Majority were married and male. The levels of anxiety and stress were reported to be higher in males while depression was reported higher in females. Being unmarried and not having children were factors that showed higher depression levels while no socio-demographic factors showed a trend with anxiety and stress. Conclusion: Depression, anxiety, and stress are common in medical personnel and health-care workers working in the COVID-19 pandemic. Sound mental health interventions for these workers and large studies in specific populations are needed to corroborate these findings.

Background: Hand hygiene protocols, if followed stringently reduce the possibility of the spread of infection from healthcare workers (HCWs) to patients, to almost 99%. However, in actual practice, compliance of these protocols is poor. Aims: (1) To observe the practice of hand hygiene among HCWs and (2) assess knowledge and awareness regarding hand hygiene protocol and identify the factors hampering its effective practice. Prospective observational study at an multispeciality hospital. Patients and Methods: Consultants, junior doctors, nursing in-charges and nurses and ancillary staff like ward attendants, ward secretaries, housekeeping staff and lift operators were (1) Observed during their hand hygiene practice and (2) 200 of these HCWs were provided a written questionnaire, in order to assess their depth of hand hygiene knowledge. Data were studied and analysed. Results: Female HCWs, right from consultants to ward attendants and ancillary workers showed better knowledge and compliance with hand hygiene practices. The junior nurses, interns and junior residents were more compliant with hand hygiene procedures in comparison to consultants and in-charge nurses. Hand hygiene compliance was poor in outpatient department, particularly on days with heavy workloads. Lack of knowledge regarding hand hygiene was observed amongst ancillary staff. Conclusions: The study emphasised stringent compliance and constant re-enforcement of protocol of correct hand hygiene practice amongst HCWs including ancillary staff.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed a significant global challenge, necessitating the development and administration of vaccines to halt its spread. Nevertheless, there is limited information on the predictors, patterns, and personality variables influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Nigerian health-care workers (HCWs). Aim: The study set to assess level of factors including personality factors that influence acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccines among.HCWs in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: From August 9 to October 11, 2021, a web-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted on 300 HCWs in Nigeria, aged 19 and above, with social media access and English language proficiency. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and binary logistic regression were used to analyse the data on the SPSS version 20. Results: The findings revealed that while 64% of those who participated in the study received the first dosage of the COVID-19 vaccine, only 48.3% returned for the second dose. The impression of heightened susceptibility to contracting COVID-19 was the primary reason for vaccination uptake. Although education level was associated with vaccination uptake, it did not predict it independently. The age distribution, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and high vulnerability as a rationale for receiving a vaccine were all the independent predictors of vaccine uptake. Conclusion: This study reveals that despite their role as vaccination advocates, HCWs can exhibit hesitancy toward novel vaccines. To increase vaccine uptake among HCWs and the general population, it is crucial to recognise the factors that influence vaccine acceptance among them, including individual personality variables, and incorporate this understanding into vaccination promotion programs.

During the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) crisis, health-care workers (HCWs) across the world are facing a high risk of infection and increased workload. This makes them vulnerable to the psychological effects of the pandemic. This review attempts to gather insights into the psychological impact of the past and current infective outbreaks reported on HCWs. A PubMed search was conducted to identify relevant published articles on the effects of major infective outbreaks that occurred in the last two decades on the mental health of HCWs. After a critical review of 47 selected articles, a narrative synthesis was undertaken. The outbreaks included in this review were related to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, H1N1 influenza, Ebola virus disease, and COVID-19. The studies were reported from 14 different countries. Except for four cohort studies, all other studies were cross-sectional in design. It was found that HCWs across the studies were at high risk of the development of various psychiatric morbidities, including stress-related, anxiety-related, and affective disorders. Certain groups of HCWs were at a relatively higher risk, like those posted in high exposure settings, nurses, those with a history of psychiatric illness, and those who have been quarantined. The organizational and social supports were important factors in reducing the negative mental health impact of the outbreak. HCWs deserve special attention concerning their mental health during and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis. Adequate preparedness at the organizational and individual levels is an essential measure to prevent the negative psychological effects of an infective outbreak on HCWs.

Background: Public health emergencies are known to affect mental health and well-being at the individual (anxiety, loneliness) and societal level (income loss, reduced access to services). The socioeconomic and health-care impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are unprecedented with worldwide economic loss, closure of business activities, travel restrictions, social distancing, quarantine and isolation, fear of shortage of basic needs, and rapid spread of mental health problems. Materials and Methods: Qualitative phenomenological research with the overall aim to explore the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare workers in India was undertaken in a selected tertiary care hospital, in India. Qualitative in-depth interview was conducted to elucidate the mental health issues and problems of healthcare workers as experienced by them. We used phenomenological methodology to conduct in-depth face-to-face interview to focus on individual versions of experience combined with thematic analysis techniques for analyzing and framing the research data. Thematic analysis was carried out on data collected from 29 healthcare workers from different disciplines such as doctors, nurses, laboratory technician, paramedics, and operation theatre technicians. Results: Health-care workers reported various psychosocial issues and problems that they have experienced from the onset of COVID-19. From the analysis, we have generated three overarching themes, each with five subthemes. Conclusion: The study concludes that the health-care workers exposed to pandemic situation are vulnerable for a range of mental health issues from distress to sleep disturbances, fear and anxiety to social isolation and stigma, and loss of hope to helplessness.

Background: The unprecedented onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had a huge impact on health-care facilities, leading to different psychosocial challenges among health-care workers (HCWs) during this pandemic. Aim: This study aimed to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the work, family, and personal life of HCWs engaged in COVID-19 duties during the first wave in India and gain insights on the coping strategies. Materials and Methods: The findings from 12 qualitative in-depth interviews were analyzed and presented in this article. This study is a part of a mix-method design study conducted at two hospitals and one community site in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The present qualitative sample was drawn conveniently from the randomly selected quantitative sample chosen from the three sites. Results: This study highlights that in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, HCWs experienced transition in work life, burnout, disruption in family life, negative emotions such as fear, and experiences of stigma. The findings also reveal that while institutional workers faced discrimination and stigma outside their workplace, noninstitutional workers faced discrimination at multiple sites during traveling and at in their residential places and additionally faced harassment while working in the community. The findings also suggest that despite numerous challenges faced by HCWs, they were driven by a sense of responsibility and displayed resilience. Conclusion: Considering the HCWs as the backbone of the health-care system, it is crucial to boost and maintain the mental well-being of HCWs by providing timely and tailored interventions to sustain their resilience and build better responses to future pandemic.

Background: Health-care workers (HCWs) working in COVID care are vulnerable to various psychological stressors. The novel nature of infection and exponential increase in cases add to the workload and psychological distress. Hence, assessing the psychological consequences and methods of coping in these HCWs is important. The detection can help in devising appropriate psychological interventions for them. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the psychological reactions, symptoms, and coping strategies of HCWs in COVID section of a tertiary hospital. Objectives: The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) to explore various psychological reactions, stressors, psychological symptoms, and coping skills of doctors, nurses, and support staff working in COVID section of a tertiary care hospital and (2) to correlate the psychological reactions, stressors, and psychological symptoms with sociodemographic factors. Methodology: This was a qualitative study. A total of 100 HCWs including doctors, nurses, and support staff working in COVID section of hospital were interviewed for psychological consequences and their coping strategies. Their narratives were coded into themes and analyzed. Statistical Analysis: Frequency and percentages for quantitative variables were used for statistical analysis. Chi-square test was used for correlation of qualitative variables. Results: The HCWs reported various psychological reactions of worries about their own health which was significant in HCWs in intensive care unit (χ2 = 12.35, P = 0.002) and had concern of nature of work, which was a significant concern in doctors (χ2 = 9.59, P = 0.008). The stressor of uncomfortable personal protective equipment was found to be reported more significantly by support staff (chi2 = 11.1, P = 0.03), and that of long and burdensome work reported more significantly by females (chi2 = 4.64, P = 0.03). They had prominent psychological symptoms of irritability significantly reported by doctors (χ2 = 9.91, P = 0.007), sleep disturbances significantly reported by unmarried (χ2 = 6.76, P = 0.009), and by nurses (χ2 = 9.7, P = 0.008). The most common coping strategies used were acceptance, problem-solving strategies, and communicating with family members and colleagues. Conclusion: The HCWs in COVID section had stressors with psychological reactions and symptoms and used various coping strategies to deal with them.

Background and Objectives: The study was aimed to evaluate the role of stress, lifestyle as well as traditional risk factors in the development of hypertension among health-care workers (HCWs). Methods: This nested case–control study was done at a tertiary care university teaching hospital in South India. Cases were hospital employees diagnosed with hypertension and who were taking antihypertensive medications. Controls were age- and sex-matched HCWs who were not diagnosed with hypertension. They were identified preferably in the same department where its case was presently working. One hundred and twenty-eight cases and 128 controls were enrolled. We collected data on risk factors for hypertension, physical activity, diet, and stress. Those significant on the bivariate analysis were entered into a logistic regression analysis. Results and Interpretation: In the logistic regression, we found that living in a joint family (2 siblings and their families), family history of hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus, and family history of ischemic heart disease were independently predictive of hypertension developing in the study HCWs. Occasional or regular walking/cycling to work and milk consumption were independent factors that protected against the development of hypertension. Extra added salt to food and stress more than normal in any domain tested were not associated with the development of hypertension in our cohort. Conclusions: HCWs have some novel and other similar risk factors to general population for developing hypertension. Simple preventive measures seem effective. Neither stress nor self-reported salt consumption seemed to play a role in the development of hypertension.

Health-care providers or health-care workers (HCWs) are at higher risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection when compared to the general population. An early routine screening of both symptomatic and asymptomatic HCWs is essential to prevent transmission of infection and thus the nosocomial spread. The cumulative prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among Indian HCWs is unknown. This systematic review was aimed to analyse the prevalence of SARS-Co-V2 disease (COVID-19) among Indian HCWs. Data were collected from a comprehensive computerised search in PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Scopus and Web of Science using the terms 'Prevalence of COVID-19 among HCWs in India' and 'prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among HCWs in India'. Results of original research papers and meta-analysis published were collected and data analysed. Results of seven studies on 31656 HCWs in India were pooled. Overall, average prevalence of COVID-19 among the HCWs was 12.3%. Majorities were frontline workers irrespective of the gender. Most of the cases were symptomatic, with cough and fever as major clinical presentations. Findings suggest that adequate organisation of clinical wards and personnel, appropriate personal protective equipment supply and training of all workers directly and repeatedly exposed to COVID-19 patients should be prioritised to decrease the risk of infection. Furthermore, the duty time of HCWs who works in COVID treating area should be minimised.

Background: Timely and accurate identification of people with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is essential for controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Hence, it is important that health-care workers have the latest and adequate knowledge about the existing diagnostic modalities. Methods: In this prospective, questionnaire-based study, various health-care workers were asked to respond to a 25-item questionnaire before the sensitisation programme (workshop) regarding knowledge, procedure and interpretation of screening tests for LTBI (tuberculin skin test [TST] and interferon-gamma release assay [IGRA]). The same questionnaire was repeated on the completion of the workshop to assess its impact. Results: The mean baseline knowledge among technicians, nurses, postgraduates and interns was 42.9%, 42.1%, 51.9% and 53.6%, which improved significantly to 84.2%, 83.4%, 89.4% and 89.5%, respectively after the workshop. Statistically, a significant difference was observed between pre- and post-workshop proprtion of all health-care workers with respect to the knowledge of TST and IGRA (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This questionnaire-based study highlights the importance of training various health-care workers on diagnostic modalities for LTBI since the current study findings revealed that training increased the knowledge scores of the participants significantly.

Introduction: The pandemic of COVID-19 has caused both physical and psychological suffering not only to the general population but also to health-care workers (HCWs). Assessment of mental stress in HCWs is important as they have played a crucial role during this pandemic. Hence, this study was planned to assess the level of stress in HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: A total of 312 subjects were included by purposive sampling method in this cross-sectional study. A self-designed pro forma was used to collect sociodemographic details of subjects. The Hindi version of the perceived stress scale (PSS)-10 was used to assess stress. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 28. Results: The level of perceived stress was significantly higher in HCWs working in government hospitals and quarantine services. Similarly, paramedical personnel and nursing staff were found to have more median PSS levels (18 and 16, respectively) as compared to doctors and others (15 and 16, respectively), and this observation was also significant in our study (P = 0.007). Although not statistically significant, stress was more among female HCWs, those from nuclear family, younger age group, and those who had been taking treatment for some psychiatric illness. Conclusion: There is a need to assess the ongoing stress among HCWs and address the contributing factors, thus enabling them to perform their duties more effectively and optimally.

Introduction: Personal protective equipment (PPE) has become a necessity in the COVID pandemic for containing, protecting, and preventing the spread of the virus among the health-care workers; however, there are limitations to its use due to its associated adverse effects. The objective is to determine the adverse effects of PPE and its effect on work efficiency in health-care workers. Methods: This is a single-center descriptive cross-sectional survey done among 384 health-care workers by a consecutive sampling method. A semi-structured questionnaire was sent through the Google platform and the data were analyzed using SPSS 20. Results: 79.7% of study participants reported irritability and 59.9% had difficulty reading and writing during working hours in PPE, both factors had a significant association with their work efficiency (P = 0.019, P = 0.031). A feeling of being in a closed tight environment (85.7%), headache (71.95%), difficulty in drawing samples and intravenous cannulation (60.2%), and difficulty in adjusting the ventilatory settings and infusion pumps (39%) were reported by the study participants. However, these factors did not affect their work efficiency. On multivariate analysis, most health-care workers (HCWs) in the intensive care unit had more adverse effects than the others posted in other clinical areas. Conclusion: Our survey has identified several factors affecting HCWs during their working hours. These physical and cognitive adverse effects need to be alleviated to maintain a healthy, productive, and efficient work environment. We need to encourage reporting and find ways to mitigate their difficulties regarding PPE.

Introduction: Since December 2019, people throughout the world has been encountering COVID-19 pandemic different populations, especially health care workers have been facing psychological challenges such as high amount of anxiety. In this study, we assessed impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on first-line health care workers psychological well-being in the north of Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 4 hot-spot major hospitals of Rasht, during first month of the outbreak in Iran. Physicians and nurses were divided into two categories as low and high risk groups based on their level of exposure to the virus. Standard general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) and defense style questionnaires (DSQ-40) were also used. Results: The mean age of participants was 30.2 ± 6.6. Of total 199 subjects, 73.4% were females and 26.6% were males. 63.23% of participants were nurses and 36.86% were physicians. Base on the mental health questionnaire, 60.8% and 10.55% of participants experienced mild to moderate psychological stress. There were no significant differences between high risk and low risk groups. Females those who had lost a family member due to COVID-19 and nurses with less developed defense mechanisms were found to be associated with psychological morbidity (P