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Intensive aquaculture causes a decline in the health status of fish, resulting in an increased disease incidence. To counteract this, feed additives have been utilized to improve the growth performance and health of aquaculture species. This work specifically investigates the impact of powdered Ficus deltoidea (FD) on various parameters related to growth, blood parameters, liver and intestine morphology, body proximate analysis, digestive enzymes, antioxidant capacity, and disease resistance to motile Aeromonad Septicemia (MAS) caused by Aeromonas hydrophila infection in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Four formulated diets were prepared: T1 (0% FD), T2 (0.5% FD), T3 (0.75% FD), and T4 (1% FD). After 8 weeks, the African catfish's growth performance fed with the T2 diet exhibited a substantial improvement (p < 0.05), along with a remarkably lower (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) when compared to the other treatment groups. Blood parameter analysis revealed notably higher (p < 0.05) levels of white blood cell (WBC), lymphocytosis (LYM), hemoglobin (HGB), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB), as well as total protein (TP) in the T2 diet group. While all treatment groups displayed normal intestinal morphology, liver deterioration was observed in groups supplemented with higher FD. The T2 diet group recorded the highest villus length, width, and crypt depth. Protease and lipase levels were also notably improved in the T2 diet group compared to other treatment groups. Additionally, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were remarkably elevated in all FD diet groups than in the control group. The expression of immune-related genes, including transforming growth factor beta 1, heat shock protein 90, nuclear factor kappa-B gene, and lysozyme G, was upregulated in all treatments. Overall, the results of this study indicate that incorporating dietary FD at 0.5% concentration in the diet of African catfish may enhance their productivity in intensive farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation can lead to climate change, air and water quality degradation, and biodiversity loss. The study aims to assess the impact of illegal oil extraction on environmental, social, economic, and public health dimensions in Peurelak, East Aceh, Indonesia. Using proportional random sampling techniques, 245 respondents were selected, representing owners and investors (9), tenant investors (18), workers/laborers (68), melters (6), public figures/community leaders (3), the community (138), and village government officials (3). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with AMOS software. The results revealed a significant negative effect of illegal oil mining on social, environmental, and health performance (p-values = 0.031, 0.029, and 0.010, respectively, at a 95% confidence level). Additionally, informal leadership and government support were found to positively influence illegal oil mining (p-values = .017 and .035, respectively, below the significance threshold of .05). Furthermore, illegal oil mining significantly affects economic performance (p-value = .021). This paper emphasizes the adverse impacts of unauthorized oil extraction on community well-being while highlighting the collusive role of informal leaders and government authorities. Additionally, the study reveals a worrisome positive relationship between illegal oil mining and economic performance in Indonesia.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the health performance of the Urban and Rural Residents Medical Insurance (URRMI) scheme in China and to make practical recommendations and scientific references for its full implementation in China.MethodsThis is a panel study that uses data from the China Family Panel Studies from 2018 to 2020, which is separated into treated and control groups each year, utilizing the key approach of propensity score matching and difference-in-difference (PSM-DID). Using 1-to-1 k-nearest neighbor matching, we proportionate the baseline data. Using difference-in-difference model, we examine the mean treatment impact of the outcome variables. Using a 500-time random sample regression model, we validate the robustness of the model estimation.ResultsThe result was credible after matching, minimizing discrepancies. Good overall performance of self-rated health with an average Hukou status of, respectively, 0.8 and 0.4 in the treated and control group, primarily in rural and urban regions separately. The participation of URRMI significantly impacted self-rated health of residents, with a 0.456-unit improvement probabilities observed (p

Purpose: The present study investigates the nexus between health performance dynamics and economic growth in 43 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2004–2018. Design/methodology/approach: Four health performance dynamics are used, notably: total life expectancy, male life expectancy, female life expectancy and risk of maternal death. The empirical evidence is based on quantile regressions (QRs) in order to put into perspective the conditional distribution of economic growth. Findings: The following findings are established: (1) total life expectancy and male life expectancy increase economic growth exclusively in the 10th and 90th quantiles of economic growth; (2) female life expectancy boosts economic growth in the 90th quantile of economic growth and (3) the risk of maternal death reduces economic growth in the 75th and 90th quantiles of economic growth. Policy implications are discussed. Originality/value: The study complements the literature on the nexus between health performance and economic growth by assessing the nexuses throughout the conditional distribution of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionInternal migrants constitute a significant generality in the socioeconomic development of developing countries. With the frequent occurrence of major public health emergencies, obstacles to labor supply due to health issues among internal migrants not only affect their livelihood stability but also urban economic resilience. Moreover, the design of basic public health service systems tends to favor local residents over internal migrants, further exacerbating the health and employment risks of internal migrants. As a result, urban economic resilience faces significant challenges.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to deconstruct economic resilience into economic resistance and recovery abilities, investigate the net effect and its heterogeneity of internal migrants' health on economic resilience in China's Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration (CYRD), and the mediating effect from labor participation rate and labor time supply, as well as the moderating effect of basic public health services.MethodsBased on the China Migrants Dynamic Survey data (CMDS), the study empirically estimated the effects of internal migrants' health on economic resilience in CYRD through microeconometric analysis methods, mediating and moderating effect model.ResultsOur findings indicate that internal migrants' health has a positive effect on economic resilience in CYRD. For each unit increase in migrants' health, it will drive up the average economic resistance ability by 0.0186 and the average recovery ability by 0.0039. Secondly, the net effects of migrants' health on economic resilience show significant structural differences, industry and city heterogeneity. The effect of migrants' health on economic resistance ability is significantly higher than that on economic recovery ability; The effect of migrants' health on economic resilience of the secondary industry is higher than that of the tertiary industry; The cities with high economic resistance and recovery abilities have more prominent positive effect from migrants' health. Thirdly, migrants' health not only has a direct effect on the economic resistance and recovery abilities, but also has a mediating effect on which through labor participation rate and labor time supply.DiscussionEnhancing the accessibility and quality of basic public health services is beneficial for enhancing the positive effects of internal migrants' health on economic resilience.

The province of North Sumatra has the lowest health performance in Sumatra, with disparities amongst districts /cities. This study aims to analyze the health performance factor of North Sumatra districts/cities using a Geographically Weighted Panel Regression (GWPR) model analysis in 33 districts/cities with a time series of 2012-2019. The analysis results showed that the determinants of health performance differed between districts/cities grouped into 15 groups based on influencing factors and four clusters based on the area of the development areas. The income variable has a significant positive effect on all 33 districts, the education variable has a positive effect on 19 districts, the human health resources variable has a positive effect on 12 districts, the immunization variable has a positive effect on 11 districts, the proper sanitation variable has positive on nine districts, the government spending in health sector variable has positive on five districts, and the medical facility variable has positive on one district namely Karo. Determinants in the Nias Island Area: income, government spending in the health sector, and human resources. West Coast area: income, education, and proper sanitation. East Coast Area: income, education, health, human resources, and immunization. The determinant Highland area differs between regencies/cities. To improve the performance of health development in the province, it is necessary to carry out a spatial approach based on cluster equations and influencing factors. Increased income, education, and human health resources must be prioritized in almost all district areas.

Insect lipid/oil is a by‐product of insect meal production. The quantity and nutritional quality of insect lipid varies with species, life stages, the kind of substrate used to raise the insects, as well as the extraction process. Insect lipid products have been successfully used in animal feeds as source of nutrients, notably energy and indispensable fatty acids. Further some insect lipid products are potential functional ingredients in feed formulations because of the existence of some functional compounds, for example, lauric acid and monolaurin in black solder fly larvae oil (BSFLO). To date, research on the effects of insect product inclusion in aquafeed mainly focused on insect meal as protein source rather than insect oil/lipid as a lipid source. Research to date indicates that insect lipids can replace traditional energy sources in fish nutrition without negatively affecting fish growth and feed utilization performance. By raising the amount of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish fillets, insect lipids can improve fillet quality. Insect lipids may also positively influence general health of fish by stimulating the immune system and manipulating the gut microbiota. As there is a crucial need for searching alternate lipid sources in aquafeed to extend limited global supplies of fish oil and due to the insect lipids content and its fatty acid quality, there is a pressing need to expand experimentation concerning their application in aquafeed to support sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary construction companies are placing emphasis on implementing various safety and health strategies in order to attain a favorable safety climate within the industry and enhance operational effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of operational safety (OS), health performance (HP), and safety preparation (SP) on the project performance of construction companies in Saudi Arabia. In order to effectively accomplish the stated objectives and yield optimal outcomes, data was gathered from a sample size of 316 employees employed in construction companies. The findings of the study emphasize that operating systems (OS), human resources practices (HP), and strategic planning (SP) have a significant influence on the project performance of construction companies. The mediation of open-source software (OSS) has demonstrated significant effects on the relationships between operating systems (OS), hardware providers (HP), software providers (SP), and platform providers (PP). This study renders a valuable contribution to the existing body of knowledge on safety by investigating the effects of pertinent factors within the construction industry. The results of this study provide valuable insights for professionals in the construction industry, enabling them to enhance the efficacy of safety management systems within their respective work environments. Furthermore, it serves as a driving force for the development of programs and policies aimed at facilitating the effective implementation of operating systems (OS), scheduling practices (SP), and health and safety protocols (HP) in order to attain optimal performance in construction projects.

IntroductionStressors predisposing to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) upon arrival in the feedlot, include the ranch to feedlot transition and mixing cattle from multiple sources. Preconditioning (PC) reduces multiple stressors, but commingling PC and auction-derived (AD) calves in a feedlot may increase BRD risk. Our objective was to evaluate PC calf performance over the first 40 days in the feedlot and determine impacts of commingling with varying proportions of AD calves (25, 50, and 75%).MethodsCalves were either preconditioned at one ranch (n = 250) or mixed-source and bought from a local auction (n = 250). At arrival, calves were assigned into 1 of 5 pens: 100 PC, 75 PC, 50 PC, 25 PC, and 0 PC, reflecting the percentage of PC calves in a 100-head pen.ResultsOver 40 days, morbidity in pen 100 PC was lower compared to 0 PC (24 vs. 50%, P < 0.001) and varied in commingled pens, being highest (63%) in 25 PC and least (21%) in 50 PC (P < 0.05). There were 3 AD deaths in 0 PC and 2 deaths in 25 PC. The AD calves in 0 PC were 3 times more likely to get BRD than PC calves in 100 PC; however, AD calves gained 0.49 kg/d more than PC calves (P < 0.0001). Ignoring pen placement, AD calves were 2.76 times more likely to get BRD but gained 0.27 kg/d more than PC calves (P < 0.0001). Commingling did not affect morbidity of PC (P = 0.5) or AD calves (P = 0.96), implying commingling did not affect health. Calves in 25 PC were 3.39 times more likely to get BRD than those in the 100 PC (P < 0.001). Furthermore, 25 PC calves gained the most (1.08 kg/d), followed by 50 PC (0.62 kg/d) and 75 PC (0.61 kg/d), compared to 100 PC (P < 0.05). Calf weight at arrival modified ADG (P < 0.05).DiscussionIn conclusion, PC calves had lower morbidity over the first 40 days, irrespective of commingling. With larger variations in arrival weight, there was no advantage of PC for ADG in the first 40 days. The unknown weaning strategies and comparable arrival weights of AD calves may have contributed to greater ADG in AD calves.

The study assesses the effect of inclusive education on health performance in 48 Sub Saharan African countries from 2000 to 2020. The study adopted the Driscoll/Kraay technique to address cross-sectional dependence and the GMM strategy to address potential endogeneity. The study employed three indicators of health performance which are the total life expectancy, the female life expectancy and the male life expectancy. Three gender parity index of educational enrolments are employed: primary education, secondary and the tertiary education as indicators of inclusive education. The findings of the study reveal that inclusive education enhances the health situation of individuals in Sub Saharan Africa. The findings further show that the health situation of both the male and the female are improved by inclusive education. The study recommends policymakers in this region to invest more in the education and the health sector so as to enhance the health performance of the citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of health services is increasing day by day. Services are provided in 81 provinces of Turkey with 1534 hospitals, 251.182 beds, and 171.229 doctors. Since health is a service feature, the services offered differ and are updated according to years, areas, countries, regions and hospitals. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of 81 provinces of Turkey in terms of health services. In the study, 81 province alternatives and 21 criteria were used suitable for health services. Classical and current methods were used to determine the criteria weights, such as MEREC, LOPCOW, Standard Deviation, CRITIC, and Entropy methods. The criteria weights were determined and integrated according to different methods. COPRAS, EDAS, TOPSIS, MOORA, MOOSRA, CODAS, OCRA, and ROV methods were used, so as to rank the alternatives. The findings of different ranking methods were integrated with the BORDA method for a compromise solution. The plenty of criteria, alternatives, and methods add originality to the study. According to the findings, among the 21 criteria, the rate of qualified beds (8.06%) was ranked first, followed by the number of assistant doctors (6.80%). Among the alternatives, Istanbul is in the first place, followed by Ankara and Izmir. The first 25 rankings were composed of metropolitan cities, but in this ranking, which stands out from the others (non-metropolitan cities), Isparta was ranked 15th, and Elazig was ranked 19th. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this present study was to evaluate the health performance of a city. The performance evaluation tool, which we propose to call "SaMU" (French abreviation for Health in Urbain Environment), is based on a system of criteria, indicators and indices for the evaluation of health performance in urban areas, which is scientifically valid and adaptable to the local context, in order to integrate it into the design, management and decision-making process relating to the improvement of the existing state, through the urban project approach. This method meets the World Health Organisation's objectives as well as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2015. The application of the method on the municipality of Gué de Constantine in Algiers relies on criteria and indicators representative of the quality of life which makes it possible to discover the level of health performance of a city, but also to identify the different factors that can lead to the success or the failure of the urban public health project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic medical insurance is the critical medical security system to realize common prosperity in China. This study explores the impact of basic medical insurance on elderly family income inequality in China using the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data in 2018. Our finding shows that basic medical insurance is significantly negatively correlated with elderly family income inequality, indicating basic medical insurance has a positive impact on narrowing the elderly family income inequality. The heterogeneity analysis shows that basic medical insurance has a more significant reduction effect among the eastern elderly and the younger elderly family. The results also suggest that health performance significantly mediates the relationship between basic medical insurance and elderly family income inequality. This study implies that the Chinese government should increase the proportion of basic medical insurance reimbursement and expand the scope of reimbursement for basic medical insurance to realize income fairness among elderly families.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the health performance of the Urban and Rural Residents Medical Insurance (URRMI) scheme in China and to make practical recommendations and scientific references for its full implementation in China., Methods: This is a panel study that uses data from the China Family Panel Studies from 2018 to 2020, which is separated into treated and control groups each year, utilizing the key approach of propensity score matching and difference-in-difference (PSM-DID). Using 1-to-1 k-nearest neighbor matching, we proportionate the baseline data. Using difference-in-difference model, we examine the mean treatment impact of the outcome variables. Using a 500-time random sample regression model, we validate the robustness of the model estimation., Results: The result was credible after matching, minimizing discrepancies. Good overall performance of self-rated health with an average Hukou status of, respectively, 0.8 and 0.4 in the treated and control group, primarily in rural and urban regions separately. The participation of URRMI significantly impacted self-rated health of residents, with a 0.456-unit improvement probabilities observed ( p  < 0.1). Additionally, the individuals are categorized into urban and rural, and those with urban hukou had a 0.311 expansion in the probability of having better health status compared to rural hukou ( p  < 0.05). Other factors, such as age, highest education, annual income, medical expenditure, hospital scale, clinic satisfaction, and napping, also impacted self-rated health. Moreover, elder individuals, higher education levels, and higher medical expenditure having a higher probability of improvement. The study utilized a placebo test to verify the robustness of the URRMI regression. The estimated coefficients showed that basic medical insurance did not significantly improve the health of insured residents under the URRMI scheme., Conclusion: The study demonstrates the crucial role of PSM-DID in determining the influence of URRMI on self-rated health status. It indicates that purchasing in URRMI has a favorable influence on the health of residents, advancing enhanced self-rated health effectiveness. It does, however, reveal geographical disparities in health, with urban dwellers faring far better than those who live in the suburb. Study suggests expanding URRMI coverage, narrowing urban-rural divide, increasing insurance subsidies, reforming laws, and developing effective advertising strategies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Si-Yuan, Ya-Ting, Xiao-Yue, Dan, Xin-hao, Wen, Tong and Xue-Hui.)

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Abstract Several clinical examinations have shown the essential impact of monitoring (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) in cancer patients. There are multiple risk factors associated with (de)hydration, including aging, excessive or lack of fluid consumption in sports, alcohol consumption, hot weather, diabetes insipidus, vomiting, diarrhea, cancer, radiation, chemotherapy, and use of diuretics. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance mainly involves alterations in the levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in extracellular fluids. Hyponatremia is a common condition among individuals with cancer (62% of cases), along with hypokalemia (40%), hypophosphatemia (32%), hypomagnesemia (17%), hypocalcemia (12%), and hypernatremia (1‐5%). Lack of hydration and monitoring of hydration status can lead to severe complications, such as nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, seizures, cell swelling or shrinking, kidney failure, shock, coma, and even death. This article aims to review the current (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) monitoring technologies focusing on cancer. First, we discuss the physiological and pathophysiological implications of fluid and electrolyte imbalance in cancer patients. Second, we explore the different molecular and physical monitoring methods used to measure fluid and electrolyte imbalance and the measurement challenges in diverse populations. Hydration status is assessed in various indices; plasma, sweat, tear, saliva, urine, body mass, interstitial fluid, and skin‐integration techniques have been extensively investigated. No unified (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) monitoring technology exists for different populations (including sports, elderly, children, and cancer). Establishing novel methods and technologies to facilitate and unify measurements of hydration status represents an excellent opportunity to develop impactful new approaches for patient care.

Occupational safety and health (OSH) aspects are key issues that organizations need to be given attention. Negligence in implementing OSH aspects will have a negative impact on workers and organizations. An increase in accidents at work, growing degrees of absenteeism, as well as higher levels of sickness and stress at work seem to indicate that even more urgent action is required. Previous studies have also indicated that ergonomics plays a significant role with respect to OSH problems, especially in the manufacturing sector. The implementation of certain initiatives based on ergonomics might well provide an avenue for solving, or at least alleviating, safety and health-related problems at work. This study will attempt to answer the question on does ergonomic work system (EWS) affects OSH performance? A total of 843 respondents from several companies and states in Malaysia were surveyed and analyzed. The results of the study show that the majority of employees are not aware of the problems related to ergonomics in the workplace. A study of the successes found the significant relationship between the dimensions of ergonomic work systems and the occupational safety and health performance in the manufacturing industry. Therefore, several initiatives should be taken by organisation to enhance workers' performance, especially in regards to implementation of ergonomics aspects as well as safety and health elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of development in health is an important criterion for countries. In a study aimed at measuring the performance of the health system in Azerbaijan on a provincial basis, the change in health efficiency of 56 cities between 2015-2019 was analyzed with the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index (MPI). As an input variable, the number of hospital beds, the number of health workers and the number of physicians were used in the provinces. The values used in input variables are figures per 10,000 people. As an output variable, the number of deaths of infants (under 1 year old), the number of deaths and the number of outpatient clinics were determined. The values used in the output variables are figures per 1000 people. The average MPI scores of the provinces covered by the study were 0.998 in 2015-2016, 1.002 in 2016-2017, 1.036 in 20172018 and 1.027 in 2018-2019. Out of the sample cluster of 56 provinces, Total Factor Productivity (TFP) increased in 36 (64.29%), remained constant in 1 (1.79%) and decreased in 19 (33.93%). Furthermore, TFP values were highest in Gazakh (20.6%), Aghdam (12,7) and Dashkesen (12,2). As a result of the study, it was found that there was an increase in productivity levels during the time period when the health performance of the provinces in Azerbaijan was evaluated. For this reason, it is proposed to develop actions and policies aimed at improving performance in low-productivity provinces and to allocate resources taking into account social needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several clinical examinations have shown the essential impact of monitoring (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) in cancer patients. There are multiple risk factors associated with (de)hydration, including aging, excessive or lack of fluid consumption in sports, alcohol consumption, hot weather, diabetes insipidus, vomiting, diarrhea, cancer, radiation, chemotherapy, and use of diuretics. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance mainly involves alterations in the levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in extracellular fluids. Hyponatremia is a common condition among individuals with cancer (62% of cases), along with hypokalemia (40%), hypophosphatemia (32%), hypomagnesemia (17%), hypocalcemia (12%), and hypernatremia (1‐5%). Lack of hydration and monitoring of hydration status can lead to severe complications, such as nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, seizures, cell swelling or shrinking, kidney failure, shock, coma, and even death. This article aims to review the current (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) monitoring technologies focusing on cancer. First, we discuss the physiological and pathophysiological implications of fluid and electrolyte imbalance in cancer patients. Second, we explore the different molecular and physical monitoring methods used to measure fluid and electrolyte imbalance and the measurement challenges in diverse populations. Hydration status is assessed in various indices; plasma, sweat, tear, saliva, urine, body mass, interstitial fluid, and skin‐integration techniques have been extensively investigated. No unified (de)hydration (fluid and electrolyte imbalance) monitoring technology exists for different populations (including sports, elderly, children, and cancer). Establishing novel methods and technologies to facilitate and unify measurements of hydration status represents an excellent opportunity to develop impactful new approaches for patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been reported to be one of the candidate genes for endurance performance. The ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism (rs4646994) is responsible for the variation in the ACE plasma level. The insertion (I allele) of ACE I/D gene polymorphism decreases the level of ACE plasma, thus reducing skeletal muscle vasoconstriction. Skeletal muscle vasoconstriction increases oxygenated blood supply to working muscles for endurance performance. On the other hand, the D allele of ACE I/D gene polymorphism increases the level of ACE plasma, leading to skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Therefore, the D allele may be helpful for strength or power performance. However, evidence for the involvement of these alleles in improving endurance performance and muscle strength is inconsistent and warrants further studies. These inconsistencies may be attributed to the small sample size and the potential causes of the racial and ethnic differences used in the previous studies. Therefore, this brief review reported a summary of the current literature on the association of the ACE I/D gene polymorphism on human physical performance across populations. The findings of this review may serve as a reliable platform and guidance for future research to provide a better understanding of the potential role of this variant on human physical performance concerning ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Internal migrants constitute a significant generality in the socioeconomic development of developing countries. With the frequent occurrence of major public health emergencies, obstacles to labor supply due to health issues among internal migrants not only affect their livelihood stability but also urban economic resilience. Moreover, the design of basic public health service systems tends to favor local residents over internal migrants, further exacerbating the health and employment risks of internal migrants. As a result, urban economic resilience faces significant challenges., Objective: The objective of this study was to deconstruct economic resilience into economic resistance and recovery abilities, investigate the net effect and its heterogeneity of internal migrants' health on economic resilience in China's Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration (CYRD), and the mediating effect from labor participation rate and labor time supply, as well as the moderating effect of basic public health services., Methods: Based on the China Migrants Dynamic Survey data (CMDS), the study empirically estimated the effects of internal migrants' health on economic resilience in CYRD through microeconometric analysis methods, mediating and moderating effect model., Results: Our findings indicate that internal migrants' health has a positive effect on economic resilience in CYRD. For each unit increase in migrants' health, it will drive up the average economic resistance ability by 0.0186 and the average recovery ability by 0.0039. Secondly, the net effects of migrants' health on economic resilience show significant structural differences, industry and city heterogeneity. The effect of migrants' health on economic resistance ability is significantly higher than that on economic recovery ability; The effect of migrants' health on economic resilience of the secondary industry is higher than that of the tertiary industry; The cities with high economic resistance and recovery abilities have more prominent positive effect from migrants' health. Thirdly, migrants' health not only has a direct effect on the economic resistance and recovery abilities, but also has a mediating effect on which through labor participation rate and labor time supply., Discussion: Enhancing the accessibility and quality of basic public health services is beneficial for enhancing the positive effects of internal migrants' health on economic resilience., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Zhang and Deng.)

Since 2006, the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework (HPF) reports have provided information about Indigenous Australians' health outcomes. The HPF was designed, in consultation with Indigenous stakeholder groups, to promote accountability and inform policy and research. This paper explores bridging the HPF as a theoretical construct and the publicly available data provided against its measures. A whole-of-framework, whole-of-system monitoring perspective was taken to summarise 289 eligible indicators at the state/territory level, organised by the HPF's tier and group hierarchy. Data accompanying the 2017 and 2020 reports were used to compute improvement over time. Unit change and confidence indicators were developed to create an abstract but interpretable improvement score suitable for aggregation and visualisation at scale. The result is an exploratory methodology that summarises changes over time. An example dashboard visualisation is presented. The use of secondary data inevitably invites acknowledgments of what analysis cannot say, owing to methods of collection, sampling bias, or unobserved variables and the standard mantra regarding correlation not being causation (though no attempt has been made here to infer relationships between indicators, groups, or tiers). The analysis presented questions the utility of the HPF to inform healthcare reform.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and attitude of the staff of a university of medical sciences about housing health in Kermanshah, Iran. Materials and Methods: For this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, based on Morgan Table 100 people were randomly selected and knowledge and attitudes about housing health were assessed based on a researcher-made questionnaire in 2017. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18 and paired t-test on Likert scale. Results: A total of 100 employees were studied, more than half of them (60%) were female and more in the group of 20–29 years. The mean scores of knowledge and attitude of the target group regarding housing health were 18.35 and 78.00, respectively. The mean score of knowledge in men and women is significantly different (P < 0.001). However, the attitude scores of the two groups were not statistically significant (P = 0.15). Although knowledge of housing quality was reasonable among respondents, the method of disposing of sanitary waste and housing maintenance was poor. The highest score of women's attitude was related to the groups with diploma and/or associate degree and the highest score of knowledge and attitude in men was related to the groups with bachelor's degree or higher. Conclusion: This study showed that people with higher education have better knowledge and attitudes about housing health than people with lower education. However, more research is needed to fully understand the link between housing and adverse health outcomes.

Background: Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is considered as one of the health indicators to evaluate health status of population. Indonesia had the highest MMR (305 per 100,000 live births) compared to other countries in South East Asia. Efforts to reduce MMR have been developed including increasing the quality of antenatal care (ANC). The high coverage of ANC through first and fourth visit only describe the accessibility of the ANC. This study aims to find a model of antenatal care, both from accessibility and quality of care in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Methods: This is an explanatory study using cross sectional design, with the population of all village midwifes in Aceh province. Cluster sampling was used for all midwife in Banda Aceh municipality, totaling 105 respondents. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, maternal and child health books, and mother’s cohort books. Statistical analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Model (SEM) Amos 16 to estimate the relationship of midwife’s characteristic, organization and psychology towards quality of antenatal care and midwife performances. Results: Individual midwife characteristics, organization, and midwife psychology had a significant and positive relationship with the quality of antenatal care and midwife performances. Quality of antenatal care also had a significant and positive relationship with midwife performance. The results indicated that variables of individual, organization and psychological midwife had direct and indirect relationship with midwife performance through the quality of antenatal care as the intervening variable. Antenatal care quality was significantly mediated the correlation between the individual, organization, and psychological variables with midwife performance. Conclusion: Variable of organization had the highest correlation with the quality of antenatal care and midwife performances. Thus, it is suggested the improvement of incentives, leadership and resources as the organization indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast-growing broilers faced with various leg health problems are in crucial need of an adequate nutritional supply of both calcium and phosphorus. The aim of the current work was to study the effect of different level of monocalcium phosphate supplementation on the health performance, haematology, and biochemistry changes of commercial broiler chickens. A total of 108 broiler birds (Cobb 500) were randomly divided into three treatment groups with six replicates consisting of six birds per replicates. Treatment 1 (control) was fed with available commercial starter and finisher diets containing dicalcium phosphate. Treatments 2 and 3 were fed with the same commercial diets but supplemented with 0.5% and 1.0% of monocalcium phosphate respectively. Throughout the 42 days of feeding trial, broilers from each treatment group were observed and recorded daily for any abnormal signs of leg disorders. Six broilers were randomly selected on days 21 and 42 from each treatment group where blood samples were collected via the brachial vein into anticoagulant (EDTA) and plain blood tubes for haematology and biochemistry analysis. Leg weakness, lameness, recumbency, and splay legs were the main findings observed in broiler demonstrating leg problems. The total broiler culled because of leg problem was relatively highest in T3 (4 broilers), followed by T1 (2 broilers), and T2 (none). There were significant differences (P ˂ 0.05) in the WBC, total protein, albumin, globulin, and alkaline phosphatase on day 21. Only WBC and alkaline phosphatase exhibited significant differences (P ˂ 0.05) between groups on day 42. Broilers supplemented with 0.5% MCP (T2) revealed the highest significant values compared to the other treatment groups for both starter and finisher phases. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the other parameters. In summary, 0.5% monocalcium phosphate was recommended as supplementation through this study; as it improves the overall health performances of the commercial broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to analytically explore and empirically test the relationship of state capacity with health outcomes using cross sectional and panel datasets of 156 countries from 1970 to 2015. This study uses three dimensions of state capacity namely amount, ability and position. The empirical analysis is conducted using OLS, 2SLS, Fixed Effects, Random Effects and System GMM. Overall results suggest that the role of state capacity is essential in boosting life expectancy and lowering infant mortality. Moreover, the results show that state capacity in terms of ‘ability’ has the largest impact on health outcomes while in terms of ‘position’ its effect is limited. Findings of the study are robust to different specifications, to alternative econometric techniques, and to regional controls. This research paper contributes the literature on health performance differences across countries by highlighting the heterogeneity of state capacity dimensions in shaping the links of state capacity with health outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, it is first study of its kind that provides an empirical analysis of life expectancy with state capacity. Moreover, this study uses Principal Components Analysis of different measures of state capacity and confirms the essential role of state capacity in improving health outcomes. The main implication of this research is that building state capacity is an essential prerequisite to achieve high health outcomes.

To construct a sustainable and healthy building, it is necessary to build a system capable of efficiently analyzing, assessing and managing health performance data over the life cycle of a building. To fulfill such needs, health-friendly resources database, life cycle health-performance tree, health performance evaluation and health management concepts were suggested. Such studies focused on health performance. Selecting building materials based only on their health performance while ignoring cost is likely to lead to not only rapid construction cost increases, but also higher maintenance costs. For cost-benefit management, the health performance and cost management model was proposed. However, while the model can be used in decision-making, it is unable to suggest an optimization solution. To supplement this need, this study proposes a health performance and cost optimization model for sustainable healthy buildings. The model proposed here is composed of simulation and optimization modules for health performance and cost using the concepts mentioned above.

Background: The unfair distribution and delivery of health-care resources have been recognized as a problem in the worldwide. In the past 18 years, Turkey has undergone rapid social, cultural, and economic changes. The lifestyle and dietary habits of its people have also been changing, and the rates of diabetes, obesity, cancer, and other chronic diseases have increased dramatically over the past two decades. The health transformation program (HTP) has improved the Turkish health-care system since 2003. The main goal of HTP was to progress government, to provide equality between citizens, to give satisfaction to users and providers, and to subsidise the health-care system in Turkey. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess health-care services and health care quality delivery in the Republic of Turkey with special emphasis on governmental hospitals, university hospitals, primary healthcare centers (PHC) and to make comparison with low-, medium- and high-income countries. Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive study. The ministry of health Annual Reports, websites of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), The World Fact Book, organization for economic cooperation and development report, Compendium of Health Statistics, the Google engine, and PubMed were searched for information about Turkey's health-care system and its history. Papers and websites in English were evaluated. There was no restriction on types of articles and sources. Results: Turkey has made outstanding reforms in health status in the last two decades, especially after the implementation of the HTP. The doctor's perception has more influence regarding consultation length and visit than the patient's. The results of consultations in volunteer practices in Istanbul showed that the mean and SD of the consultation length for the whole sample of 360 patients was 7.95 ± 4.38, (with range = 3-25 min). Consultation time has been affected by the patients' diseases, genders that women got longer consultation time, medical practices at the urban or rural areas, and ages which older patients required longer consultation time. The current study revealed that increasing doctor's workload leads to decrease the length of consultations. Moreover, average life expectancy reached 75.3 for men and 80.7 for women in 2015. The infant mortality rate decreased to 10.7/1000 live births in 2015, down from 117.5 in 1980. The leading causes of death are diseases of the circulatory system followed by cancer. Conclusions: The Turkish health system and health-care delivery have been improved over the last decade. Still far from perfect, there is a particular planning to increase medical workforce in PHC including well-trained staffs for a specific area. An urgent need is to acquire more accurate and reliable data from hospital and PHC centers in Turkey. Additional some attempts should be made to assess quality of healthcare in relation to services and process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The unfair distribution and delivery of health-care resources have been recognized as a problem in the worldwide. In the past 18 years, Turkey has undergone rapid social, cultural, and economic changes. The lifestyle and dietary habits of its people have also been changing, and the rates of diabetes, obesity, cancer, and other chronic diseases have increased dramatically over the past two decades. The health transformation program (HTP) has improved the Turkish health-care system since 2003. The main goal of HTP was to progress government, to provide equality between citizens, to give satisfaction to users and providers, and to subsidise the health-care system in Turkey. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess health-care services and health care quality delivery in the Republic of Turkey with special emphasis on governmental hospitals, university hospitals, primary healthcare centers (PHC) and to make comparison with low-, medium- and high-income countries. Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive study. The ministry of health Annual Reports, websites of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), The World Fact Book, organization for economic cooperation and development report, Compendium of Health Statistics, the Google engine, and PubMed were searched for information about Turkey's health-care system and its history. Papers and websites in English were evaluated. There was no restriction on types of articles and sources. Results: Turkey has made outstanding reforms in health status in the last two decades, especially after the implementation of the HTP. The doctor's perception has more influence regarding consultation length and visit than the patient's. The results of consultations in volunteer practices in Istanbul showed that the mean and SD of the consultation length for the whole sample of 360 patients was 7.95 ± 4.38, (with range = 3–25 min). Consultation time has been affected by the patients' diseases, genders that women got longer consultation time, medical practices at the urban or rural areas, and ages which older patients required longer consultation time. The current study revealed that increasing doctor's workload leads to decrease the length of consultations. Moreover, average life expectancy reached 75.3 for men and 80.7 for women in 2015. The infant mortality rate decreased to 10.7/1000 live births in 2015, down from 117.5 in 1980. The leading causes of death are diseases of the circulatory system followed by cancer. Conclusions: The Turkish health system and health-care delivery have been improved over the last decade. Still far from perfect, there is a particular planning to increase medical workforce in PHC including well-trained staffs for a specific area. An urgent need is to acquire more accurate and reliable data from hospital and PHC centers in Turkey. Additional some attempts should be made to assess quality of healthcare in relation to services and process.

Health performance prediction of a dynamical system aims at determining the probability or possibility that the system state will remain in a permitted area (safe set) or reach a forbidden area (unsafe set) at a future time instance. This paper proposes a health performance prediction algorithm for large-scale Stochastic Linear Hybrid Systems (SLHS) with small failure probability. In the studied SLHS, the continuous variable evolution is described by a set of stochastic linear differential equations, and the discrete state evolution is modeled by a first-order Markov chain. Furthermore, a safe set of the SLHS is described by a permitted area in the hybrid state space. Given an initial condition, a hybrid state evolution algorithm is proposed referring to the execution of stochastic hybrid systems. On this basis, a concept of health degree is introduced to evaluate the health performance of the studied SLHS. Finally, a multicopter with sensor anomalies is studied to validate the availability and effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In an environment with an ageing population, elderly care has become a focus of social attention. The combination of smart medical care with elderly care and how to encourage the elderly to participate in the systems and enjoy a higher quality of life have become social priorities. We aimed to analyse the perceived risk and value associations of self-health management-conscious older adults regarding smart medical and elderly care systems (SMECS) and to explore the mechanisms of SMECS affecting them., Methods: Using a Likert scale, we conducted a questionnaire-based survey and collected 387 valid responses. This was a cross-sectional study, and various key data were collected relating to the continued participation of older users in SMECS. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to explore the data., Results: According to the data analysis, price, operability and personalisation all have significant correlations with perceived value and perceived risk. Perceptions of value and risk influence the continuous participation of the elderly, and this has a potentially positive effect on their mental and physical health., Conclusions: Under the home-based care model, economic factors and technological accessibility were important factors affecting the elderly's continuous participation in SMECS. A personalised programme for the elderly warrants attention. In addition, the effect of perceived risk from the health-related systems was stronger than their perceived value. This research can help elderly users bridge the digital divide and enjoy smart health and medical care., Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Economic and environmental policy actions are often substitutionary in their impacts, as one man's food could be another's poison. One of the critical emphases at the recent Conference of Parties 26 (COP26) is the need for coal to be phased out in the energy consumption basket of nations to achieve environmental sustainability, but this could be at the expense of the positive performance of other socio-economic fundamentals. The best bet could then be to maintain an optimal consumption level to strike a balance. Relying on this, we examine the environmental, economic, and health impacts of coal consumption in the world's highest coal-consuming countries, putting the latter's threshold level into consideration. In summary, we find that there is a trade-off between pushing for a sustainable environment through a reduction in coal consumption and achieving better growth and health status. This implies that phasing out of coal totally will have severe economic and health costs. However, based on our threshold regression model results, it is most reasonable to maintain a lower level of coal use in the overall energy mix of these countries. This will definitely yield a relatively low level of carbon, but will still assure a certain level of economic growth and health performance. As such, reducing the intensity of coal gradually and simultaneously providing a substitute that can also serve economic and health needs are encouraged. • Implications of COP26 coal's phase-out agenda on the environment, economy, and health. • Coal consumption has a trade-off with environmental quality, economic growth, and health. • The phase-out of coal will reduce carbon emissions, but drag growth and impair health status. • However, a low level of coal use will create a balance among low carbon level, growth and health status. • Crucial policy implications for energy demand, energy transition, and environmental sustainability are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Stressors predisposing to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) upon arrival in the feedlot, include the ranch to feedlot transition and mixing cattle from multiple sources. Preconditioning (PC) reduces multiple stressors, but commingling PC and auction-derived (AD) calves in a feedlot may increase BRD risk. Our objective was to evaluate PC calf performance over the first 40 days in the feedlot and determine impacts of commingling with varying proportions of AD calves (25, 50, and 75%)., Methods: Calves were either preconditioned at one ranch ( n = 250) or mixed-source and bought from a local auction ( n = 250). At arrival, calves were assigned into 1 of 5 pens: 100 PC, 75 PC, 50 PC, 25 PC, and 0 PC, reflecting the percentage of PC calves in a 100-head pen., Results: Over 40 days, morbidity in pen 100 PC was lower compared to 0 PC (24 vs. 50%, P < 0.001) and varied in commingled pens, being highest (63%) in 25 PC and least (21%) in 50 PC ( P < 0.05). There were 3 AD deaths in 0 PC and 2 deaths in 25 PC. The AD calves in 0 PC were 3 times more likely to get BRD than PC calves in 100 PC; however, AD calves gained 0.49 kg/d more than PC calves ( P < 0.0001). Ignoring pen placement, AD calves were 2.76 times more likely to get BRD but gained 0.27 kg/d more than PC calves ( P < 0.0001). Commingling did not affect morbidity of PC ( P = 0.5) or AD calves ( P = 0.96), implying commingling did not affect health. Calves in 25 PC were 3.39 times more likely to get BRD than those in the 100 PC ( P < 0.001). Furthermore, 25 PC calves gained the most (1.08 kg/d), followed by 50 PC (0.62 kg/d) and 75 PC (0.61 kg/d), compared to 100 PC ( P < 0.05). Calf weight at arrival modified ADG ( P < 0.05)., Discussion: In conclusion, PC calves had lower morbidity over the first 40 days, irrespective of commingling. With larger variations in arrival weight, there was no advantage of PC for ADG in the first 40 days. The unknown weaning strategies and comparable arrival weights of AD calves may have contributed to greater ADG in AD calves., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Mijar, van der Meer, Pajor, Hodder, Louden, Thompson and Orsel.)

Due to its direct impact on the safety and function of organizations, occupational health has been a concern of the construction industry for many years. The inherent complexity of occupational health management presents challenges that make a systems approach essential. From a systems perspective, health is conceptualized as an emergent property of a system in which processes operating at the individual and organizational level are inextricably connected. Based on the fundamental behavior-to-performance-to-outcome (B-P-O) theory of industrial/organizational psychology, this study presents the development of an I-CB-HP-O (Input-Coping Behaviors-Health Performance-Outcomes) health management systems model spanning individual and organizational boundaries. The model is based on a survey of Hong Kong expatriate construction professionals working in Mainland China. Such professionals tend to be under considerable stress due not only to an adverse work environment with dynamic tasks, but also the need to confront the cross-cultural issues arising from expatriation. A questionnaire was designed based on 6 focus groups involving 44 participants, and followed by a pilot study. Of the 500 questionnaires distributed in the main study, 137 valid returns were received, giving a response rate of 27.4%. The data were analyzed using statistical techniques such as factor analysis, reliability testing, Pearson correlation analysis, multiple regression modeling, and structural equation modeling. Theories of coping behaviors and health performance tend to focus on the isolated causal effects of single factors and/or posits the model at single, individual level; while industrial practices on health management tend to focus on organizational policy and training. By developing the I-CB-HP-O health management system, incorporating individual, interpersonal, and organizational perspectives, this study bridges the gap between theory and practice while providing empirical support for a systems view of health management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry is a flourishing business. Demand for ‘sustainable healthy buildings’ is rapidly increasing with the growing population. As the population increases, problems associated with health impacts of a building would also increase. Addressing the health problems of buildings could require raising of construction cost. In order to maintain a reasonable cost, a construction project might possibly have to compromise health performance and cost, which thus illustrates the major dilemmas being faced in the construction industry. Proper building health management is obligatory to reduce and control health problems and to maintain comfort levels throughout a building’s life cycle. To achieve this, a health performance evaluation model has been proposed to measure the level of health performance throughout a building’s life cycle. However, detail solutions of cost issues are not within scope of this paper. The objective of this paper is to propose a health performance and cost management model to achieve satisfactory health performance level within the project budget. The main significance of this model is to establish a decision-making process for decision-makers to improve and identify problems that could affect the health performance of a building throughout a building’s life cycle, thus allowing stakeholders to resolve shortcomings and to apply advanced solutions for building upgrade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylight has a contradictory impact on human comfort, photobiological needs, and physical and mental health. Hence, "daylighting-thermal balance" has attracted attention in the construction of daylighting environment. Currently, the focus of daylighting-thermal balance is primarily on visual performance, comfort, and energy consumption, whereas the needs of health and pleasure have not been fully considered. Therefore, in this study, a new concept of daylighting-thermal balance was proposed from the perspectives of visual performance, visual comfort, thermal comfort, health, and pleasure. Considering a typical space in a cold region in winter as an example, a daylight regulation strategy for achieving daylighting-thermal balance was proposed, and its thermal and daylighting environment performances were explored by simulation. It was found that the photobiological demand-oriented daylight regulation strategy could not only effectively eliminate glare but also meet the photobiological demand. The thermal radiation of directional reflected sunlight outside the visual field could increase the surface temperature of a specific area on a wall facing the back of an occupant by 5.3–22.9 °C, and the ratio of the absolute value of the difference between the operative temperature and thermal neutral temperature before and after regulation (△T op-o /△T op-c) could reach 1.4–3.6. The results show that the daylight regulation strategy of daylighting-thermal balance can effectively improve the health performance and pleasure perception of the environment. The proposed strategy thus provides a theoretical basis and technical route for the construction of human-centered thermal and light environment in the future. • A new daylight regulation strategy for daylighting-thermal balance was proposed. • The health effect of photobiological demand-oriented daylight control was discussed. • Effect of thermal radiation of reflected daylight on pleasure was discussed. • The comprehensive performance of demand-oriented daylight control was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This descriptive study aimed to reveal the implementation of knowledge and skills from the Public Health Practitioner (PHP) training program for applying to health framework in the 21th century. Study samples consisted of 38 trainees. Data were collected via a questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics of frequency, percentage, average and standard deviation. The results showed most participants were men, age average 39.53 years, completed bachelor degree, public health technical officer professional level and work at sub-district health promoting hospital. The samples were able to apply knowledge and skills for practicing in the high level all 6 domains. The spiritual domain had the highest scores. The competence of the public health practitioners before training were at the moderate level (Mean 3.25, SD 0.59), and had improved to the highest level after completed program (Mean 4.05, SD 0.57). Therefore, the learning activities had been conducted successfully through the objective program. This training program should be performed continuously and expanded cover Thailand for improving health performance in primary care level. The implementation of training knowledge will utilize for people in community eventually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of specialized trades in home building can result in each building system being dealt with separately, resulting in the possibility of negative interaction among the systems As a result, many building systems may not function efficiently leading to deficiencies in the performance of the home. Deficient performance is one major impact that can affect indoor environment quality (IEQ), which in turn, has shown to have a direct influence on the occupants' health. In order to explore this impact, researchers have started focusing on the interactions between various building systems using the "whole house" approach. This approach views the home as a system composed of different components that must work together. In addition, green home guidelines, such as LEED-Homes, have resulted in better systems integration and improved IEQ. The main objective of this research is to propose a framework to demonstrate the impact of building systems on occupants in a home. This is accomplished through the understanding of indoor environment quality and human health, the "whole house" approach, and green building and home guidelines (e.g. LEED-Homes). Based on the proposed framework, a sample criterion was developed and applied to a case study house, in order to demonstrate the potential applications of the proposed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A residential environment configured under inappropriate architectural planning could have a harmful influence on the health of users. Such an issue has led to requirements to improve and to evaluate the health performance of buildings. A proper health performance evaluation would aid tenants or purchasers to make a suitable decision, while also providing building owners and house sellers with useful information regarding the health performance of the buildings. The overall health performance of a building should not merely be a total evaluation score of factors, but a framework that reflects the characteristics and importance of each health-affecting factor. In addition, the overall health performance should include a concept that would enable the use of the tool to estimate and improve the health performance not only at the actual operational stage after completion of a building but over the entire lifecycle including planning, design and construction. To this end, a lifecycle health performance tree (LHT) for sustainable healthy buildings has been developed by this study. Unlike the existing method, which measures the indoor air quality, light and noise factors of a completed space, LHT provides an overall evaluation of the health performance of a space during planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors provide an overview of Turkey's healthcare financing. After comparing financing data on Turkey and other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) member countries, they examine Turkey's performance on a wide range of healthcare input and outcome indicators using descriptive data drawn from the World Health Organization, World Bank, OECD, and Turkish Statistical Institute. The data analysis shows that Turkey ranks low by a number of key healthcare indicators across the OECD countries. Empirical analysis suggests that although many factors are associated with improvements in healthcare outcomes, a significant part of changes in life expectancy at birth are associated with higher spending on healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]