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Accessibility of paclitaxel and other taxoids from natural resources is restricted. Endophytic fungi are novel, rapidly growing resources for producing these compounds. Neopestalotiopsis vitis (N. vitis) has been recently isolated from Corylus avellana, and its ability to produce a variety of taxoids has been detected and confirmed by analytical methods. Simultaneous growth and high production of taxoids by application of different sorts and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen were targeted in the present research. These criteria were assessed in different acidities (pH 4.0–7.0), carbon sources (sucrose, fructose, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, and malt extract), and nitrogen forms (urea, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, and ammonium sulfate) by testing one parameter at a time approach. The first analysis introduced pH 7.0 as the best acidity of the medium for N. vitis, where the highest paclitaxel yield was generated. Further analysis introduced 3% Malt extract as the best carbon-providing medium. In the next step, the effects of nitrogen forms on the growth rate, paclitaxel yield, alkaloids, and amino acid contents were evaluated. Based on the results of this experiment, 5 mM ammonium sulfate was selected as the best nitrogen source to obtain the maximum biomass and paclitaxel yield. Overall, the results introduce a medium containing 3% (w/v) malt extract and 5 mM ammonium sulfate at pH 7.0 as the best medium in which N. vitis produces the highest paclitaxel yield coincident with rapid and sustainable growth. The findings pave the way for industrial manufacturing of taxoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing planting density is crucial for balancing resource competition, light penetration, and tree productivity in orchard systems. This study investigateed the impact of planting density on the yield and fruit quality of the hazelnut cultivar 'Tonda Francescana®' grafted onto Corylus colurna L. rootstocks. The research aimed to assess how different planting densities influenced light penetration, canopy volume, yield, and the nutritional profile of hazelnuts during their sixth growing season. Three planting densities were tested: 625, 1250, and 2500 trees per hectare (low, medium, and high density, respectively). The results show that medium-density planting provided the best balance between light availability, canopy development, and yield efficiency. The synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E) was more prominent in the medium-density system (80.2% and 10.3%, respectively), suggesting a favorable metabolic response to moderate competition for resources. In contrast, high-density planting yielded the most per hectare (2898 kg/ha) but exhibited lower individual tree productivity (1.16 kg). Low-density planting had the highest light penetration (53%) but lower overall yield (822 kg/ha) and quality, with greater starch accumulation in the fruit. In general, medium-density planting optimized both yield and kernel quality, with potential implications for orchard management and breeding strategies to enhance hazelnut production and nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeobotanical analyses in Italy are uneven in terms of geographical and chronological distribution. Amongst the different regions, Abruzzi is poorly represented, with only one study covering the Roman Age. In this framework, the analyses carried out on carpological remains collected from the Late Roman (late 5th–early 6th century AD) filling of a well in the Sanctuary of Hercules in Alba Fucens represents an important addition to the state of the art. The plant assemblage consists of over 1500 remains attributed to 68 different taxa. These are partly represented by gathered fruit plants, such as Corylus avellana, Juglans regia and Sambucus nigra, while cereals and pulses are missing. An interesting aspect is represented by evergreen plants (Pinus pinea and Cupressus sempervirens) that are likely to have been used for ritual purposes rather than for human consumption. Finally, the impressive amount of ruderal and spontaneous plants represents a unicum for this type of study, allowing us to describe the past environment surrounding Alba Fucens, characterized by substantial water availability, Apennine grasslands and influenced by human presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Hazelnut cultivation is quickly expanding worldwide due to increasing hazelnut demand. Despite its resilience and tolerance to many abiotic and biotic stresses, Corylus avellana expansion is continuously exposing the crop to new adversities, while climate change is causing the resurgence of many native pests and diseases. The mite pest Phytoptus avellanae is responsible for substantial yield reductions in many productive areas. Cultivar and pest management strategies can affect the incidence and the population dynamics of this pest, but to date understanding remains limited. This lack of knowledge inspired the present study. The big bud mite Phytoptus avellanae is a resurgent pest of hazelnut, Corylus avellana, causing substantial yields reductions in many productive areas. Mites colonise and develop within healthy buds which become swollen, with subsequent alteration to the plant's development. To date, there has been limited knowledge on how the cultivar and pest management strategies affect infestations. This study explored these aspects through two ad hoc experiments carried out in central Italy. In the first experiment, the susceptibility of 11 cultivars with different geographic origins was tested in a germplasm hazelnut collection. The second experiment assessed the infestation level in orchards with integrated pest management (IPM) and organic pest management strategies and in a renaturalised environment (a former agricultural area now converted in a natural park). The results showed that the most and the least susceptible cultivars were Tonda Gentile and Nocchione, respectively. No significant differences were found between IPM and organic management, but they were both different to the renaturalised environment. The outcomes of this research can serve as a valuable reference and can be applied to all current or potential hazelnut cultivation areas characterised by the same environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Training in school-based consultation may encompass instruction on various consultation models, aims, and work with various partners. However, it is unclear how trainers currently structure coursework and the extent to which social justice is embedded in class. Therefore, we conducted a systematic replication of Hazel et al. (2010) analyses of consultation training syllabi. We analyzed 63 syllabi from 55 school psychology programs. We found many course instructors grounded training in problem-solving models. Trainers assigned at least one reading or assignment related to multicultural considerations or social justice, but social justice was rarely centered as a training goal. As compared to the Hazel et al. previous findings, we noted more syllabi incorporating topics on teleconsultation and self-reflection, which may be critical to advancing social justice in consultation. Limitations and implications of findings are discussed, including the need to more comprehensively incorporate social justice themes in all aspects of school consultation training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal trunk disease (FTD) poses a significant threat to hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) production worldwide. In Chile, the fungus Diplodia mutila, from the Botryosphaeriaceae family, has been frequently identified causing this disease in the Maule and Ñuble Regions. However, control measures for D. mutila remain limited. This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical and biological fungicides against D. mutila under in vitro, controlled pot experiment, and field conditions. An in vitro screening of 30 fungicides was conducted. The effectiveness was assessed by measuring the length of vascular lesions in hazelnut branches inoculated with D. mutila mycelium disks under controlled and field conditions. Field trials were conducted in a hazelnut orchard in Ñiquén, Ñuble Region, Chile. The results showed that three biological and five chemical fungicides were selected in vitro with >31% inhibition after 14 days. In pot experiments, all fungicides reduced necrotic lesions on branches by 32% to 61%. In field experiments, the most effective systemic fungicides were fluopyram/tebuconazole, fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole, while the effectiveness of antagonists Pseudomonas protegens ChC7 and Bacillus subtilis QST713 varied with seasonal temperatures. Effective conventional and biological fungicides against D. mutila could be integrated into disease management programs to protect hazelnut wounds from infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazelnuts are glycophytic and sensitive plants to salt, especially to chloride ion. However, the genotypes might be different in responses to salt stress. This search attempted to understand the behavior of four hazelnut commercial widely grown cultivars ('Segorb', 'Ronde de Piemant', 'Fertile de Coutard' and 'Negret') under salinity stress. The experimental four-year-potted plants were treated with four levels of NaCl (0, 30, 60, and 90 mM). Variations were found in the values of morphological and physiological indicators between the studied cultivars. The 'Fertile de Coutard' leaves contained the lowest accumulation of sodium (0.48%) and chloride (1.1%) of dry weight (DW)), a high potassium content (1.4% DW), the smallest decrease of Fv/Fm (15.85% at 90 mM K+/Na+ ratio (2.91% DW), the lowest decrease in the relative water content (RWC) (22.5%), the highest proline content (4 μmol g−1) of fresh weight (FW), and a low amount of lipid peroxidation (0.6 μmol g−1 FW) compared to other cultivars. On the contrary, 'Segorb' contained the highest chloride content (1.63% DW), and recorded the greatest decrease of Fv/Fm (45.12% at 90 mM NaCl) and K+/Na+ ratio (1.45% DW). Changes in the expression rate of the studied transcription factors (TF) were observed. The drought-responsive element binding (DREB) transcript level significantly increased after 12 h in 'Fertile de Coutard', and 72 h in 'Segorb'. The APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) transcript abundance reached the highest level after 72 h of treatment in 'Fertile de Coutard', while it did not change in 'Segorb'. Thus, our results indicate that the 'Fertile de Coutard' has the greatest potential to resilient salinity stress among the studied cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of fires in southwestern Tuscany (Italy), from the Colline Metallifere to the coast of northern Maremma, is presented with an observational perspective at local and regional scale. The area was studied as part of the nEU-Med project, which investigates resources management, agricultural practices and political strategies in two coastal plains, the Cornia and Pecora valleys, between the 7th and 12th centuries AD. Four cores, selected for palaeoenvironmental studies, were analysed for microcharcoals (C3 and C7 - Cornia Valley, ∼last 7500 years; P3 and P4 - Pecora Valley, ∼last 3200 years). Microscopic charcoal particles are ubiquitous and particularly high in the most recent pollen zone of the diagrams: most records belong to the 10–50 μm size class (>90%), followed by the 50–125 μm size class (<7%) and the rest are records of size >125 μm. The last size class includes large microcharcoals indicating local fires. Several potential fire activity increases (PFAIs) are visible as peaks in the diagrams. In the Cornia Valley, ancient phases of local fires were recorded at ∼5600 BC; not strictly local fires were scattered in the valley at ∼4600 BC, ∼3500 BC, and until ∼400-1450 AD, when the peaks testify to the spread of fires with increasing human activity. In the Pecora Valley, scattered local fires are observed at ∼900 BC, between ∼300 BC and ∼50 BC, and in the later phases from ∼400 AD to ∼1050 AD. Therefore, the increase in fires is visible in the last millennium in both valleys. Fire was probably used to open the landscape, as fluctuations of pollen curves of mixed oakwood (mainly deciduous Quercus) and Erica suggest. The extensive presence of shrubby heather vegetation testifies to the occurrence of repeated fires. In the Cornia Valley, besides oaks, the main fuel source were Corylus avellana and Ostrya carpinifolia/Carpinus orientalis. In the Pecora Valley, cores show a synchronous increase in AP and NAP pyrophytes until ∼400-500 AD, followed by a decrease in AP pyrophytes. Considering forest dynamics, a too short return time for fires affects the biodiversity of woody plants, as woods could not fully recover and several tree species may not have reach sexual maturity, resulting in less sprouting and recolonization. In these valleys, the recovery of large-sized microcharcoals, the presence of heather shrub vegetation, and the trend of AP/NAP pyrophytes suggest that fires have increased significantly in the last ∼1200 years (∼800-1400 AD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to estimate the shoot weight of four selected hazelnut cultivars and to see if the morphological characteristics of the cultivar and the age of the shoots affect their quality when used as fuel. This study shows that the cultivar 'Olga' generated the highest amounts of woody biomass (6507 t·ha−1), while 'Olbrzymi z Halle' generated the lowest (3843 t·ha−1). 'Olbrzymi z Halle' had the highest calorific values (HHVs) (18.08 MJ·t·ha−1 for annual shoots and 18.03 MJ·kg−1 for perennial shoots) and 'Olga' had the lowest calorific values (16.64 MJ·kg−1 for annual shoots and 16.39 MJ·kg−1 for perennial shoots). The age of the shoots had a minimal effect on the chemical and energy parameters. Emissions were the highest for 'Olbrzymi z Halle' (CO: 57.74 MJ·kg−1 for perennial shoots, CO2: 1414.05 MJ·kg−1) and lowest for 'Olga' (CO: 50.57 MJ·kg−1, CO2: 1238.46 MJ·kg−1). The cultivar 'Olbrzymi z Halle', which generated the least amount of biomass compared to the other cultivars, stands out for its high energy value due to its low moisture and ash contents and its high carbon and hydrogen contents, making it attractive for the purposes of biofuel production and supporting sustainable agriculture. The practical implications of the research findings include the selection of suitable varieties for biofuel production, the management of biomass moisture content, and the optimisation of combustion techniques to reduce emissions. The potential for using hazelnut shoots as a biofuel highlights the importance of sustainable agriculture and renewable energy production. The results provide valuable information that can support decisions regarding the cultivation and use of hazelnut shoots for biofuel production while minimising negative environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corylus heterophylla, the majestic hazelnut tree, stands as one of the esteemed quartets of grand nuts reigning across the landscapes of temperate Asia, Europe, and North America. However, its relationship with endophytic fungi remains thinly explored. This study successfully identified a new species designated as Nigrospora coryli through conjoint analysis of morphology and systematics. The genetic regions examined encompassed ITS, TUB2, and TEF1-α. The detailed morphological description, colour photographs of Macro- and microcharacters are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a list of reviewers who have contributed their time and expertise to evaluate manuscripts submitted to the JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute and JNCI Monographs over the past year. The list includes the names of the reviewers, with asterisks indicating those who have completed four or more reviews. The purpose of this list is to acknowledge and express gratitude to these reviewers for their dedication and commitment to the peer review process. The given text is a list of names, presumably of individuals involved in cancer research or related fields. The list includes a diverse range of names from various cultural backgrounds. It is unclear what specific information or research these individuals are associated with, as the text only provides their names. Library patrons conducting research on cancer or related topics may find this list useful for identifying potential researchers or experts to explore further. [Extracted from the article]

Hazel dormice Muscardinus avellanarius have severely declined since 2000 leading to increased legislative protection in the UK and Europe. Artificial nestboxes are widely used for its conservation and monitoring. Previous research has focused on how to identify suitable areas for nestboxes, but where to place individual boxes to promote occupancy is less well understood. Here, we demonstrate the use of machine learning Random Forest regression to predict nestbox occupancy from a wide range of microhabitat variables using a UK woodland as a case study. Random forest models are powerful predictive tools that allow simultaneous testing of many predictors with relatively few observations. Field data included observed nestbox occupancy (2017–2021) and measurements of 76 microhabitat variables collected in the summer of 2021 from 45 occupied and unused nestboxes located in a deciduous woodland in Berkshire, UK. We applied Random Forest regression to identify important variables and predict nestbox occupancy demonstrating robust approaches to tune model hyperparameters and evaluate importance metrics. In our study area, nestboxes were more likely to be occupied in sites with more hazel Corylus avellana, greater overall tree abundance but not fully closed canopies (optimal 80–85%), more honeysuckle Lolium periclymenum and hawthorn Crataegus monogyna, and when located further from footpaths and woodland margins. Occupancy over the study period was well predicted using microhabitat variables (13.3% OOB error) but future occupancy was more uncertain (33.3% error for 2021–2023 records). Modelling approaches that allow consideration of numerous variables from few locations or observations can be help identify relevant features and predict desirable outcomes of conservation actions. Here we demonstrate this approach identifying microhabitat variables that influence artificial nestbox occupancy by hazel dormice in a UK woodland. Findings offer some recommendations for local management that could promote nestbox occupancy and improve monitoring and conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), fault tolerance and energy consumption are the two crucial challenges. For this, clustering is the most effective energy-saving techniques for extending throughput and enhancing fault tolerance. The most energy saving method for extending network lifespan is clustering method. Therefore, Cluster based Hybrid Flamingo Hazelnut Tree with Improved Marine Predators for Energy Efficient Fault Tolerant Routing in WSN (CHFHIM-EEFR) is proposed for Main Cluster Head (MainCH)election and optimum routing in the network. Initially Hybrid Flamingo Hazelnut tree search algorithm is utilized to elect the MainCH on the basis offitness function. Based on the selected MainCH, Back Up Node (BCH) is selected for improving the fault tolerant. A harmful node enters after the BCH-based MainCH selection; therefore, an Improved Marine Predators Algorithm (Im-MPA) is utilized for choosing the most efficient route out of the multiple paths. Finally, the secure data communication is done in the optimum trust path. The developed approach is executed in Network Simulator and validated with the existing protocols. The simulations outcomes show that the CHFHIM-EEFRmethod attains 2.2mslowerdelay, 99.95% higher PDR99% high throughput, 20.3 ms low time complexity and 99.98 Mbps high network life time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is an important nut crop due to its nutritional benefits, culinary uses, and economic value. Türkiye is the leading producer of hazelnut, followed by Italy and the United States. Quantitative trait locus studies offer promising opportunities for breeders and geneticists to identify genomic regions controlling desirable traits in hazelnut. A genome‐wide association analysis was conducted with 5,567 single nucleotide polymorphisms on a Turkish core set of 86 hazelnut accessions, revealing 189 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) associated with 22 of 31 traits (p < 2.9E−07). These QTNs were associated with plant and leaf, phenological, reproductive, nut, and kernel traits. Based on the close physical distance of QTNs associated with the same trait, we identified 23 quantitative trait loci. Furthermore, we identified 23 loci of multiple QTs comprising chromosome locations associated with more than one trait at the same position or in close proximity. A total of 159 candidate genes were identified for 189 QTNs, with 122 of them containing significant conserved protein domains. Some candidate matches to known proteins/domains were highly significant, suggesting that they have similar functions as their matches. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights for the development of breeding strategies and the improvement of hazelnut and enhances the understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits by proposing candidate genes and potential functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrids between Corylus avellana and Corylusamericana are one of several new perennial and winter annual crops being developed as part of the Forever Green Initiative at the University of Minnesota. As a woody perennial shrub, hazelnuts in agroforestry systems can provide a new revenue source for rural landowners; continuous living cover to prevent soil erosion, sequester soil carbon, protect water quality, and provide wildlife habitat; and a delicious and healthful new local food. If hazelnuts are to fulfill their potential, better germplasm and better nitrogen fertilization recommendations are both needed. We modeled these trials after trials by R.E. Worley, who showed that yields of pecan trees fertilized only when leaf nitrogen (N) fell below critical thresholds were maintained with lower levels of applied N, benefitting both the environment and growers' profits. Results of trials at three Minnesota sites, comparing N applied only when leaf N fell below 1.8%, 2.0%, or 2.2% with annual N applications and no N over 4 years, support using 2.2% leaf N as the critical threshold for N fertilization. Our results showed that whereas only 8% of N applied annually ended up in the harvested nuts and husks, N that was applied to plants that demonstrated hunger for it was more efficiently taken up. Our results suggest a need for more productive germplasm and further research to develop best management practices for N fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L. cv Tombul) is a widely used nut in the chocolate industry and is also rich in polyphenol content, which promises anticancer effects. The anti-cancer and apoptotic effects of hazelnut leaves extracts examined on lung and breast cancer cells. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) and Adenosine 5'- triphosphate (ATP) assays were carried out for cell viability measurement. The mode of cell death was shown morphologically by the double fluorescence staining. Apoptosis was determined by performing caspase-mediated cytokeratin 18 (M30 ELISA) and western blot analysis. PARP, caspase 3, caspase 8, DR4, and GAPHD (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase) protein bands were visualized as markers of apoptosis. A wound healing test was employed to measure cell migration. Methanol extract of hazelnut leaf exhibited inhibition of cell growth activities in a dose-dependent manner. IC50 values were determined as 32.17 µg/ml in MCF-7, 32.16 µg/ml in MDA-MB-231, 20.40 µg/ml in A549 and 12.04 µg/ml in H1299 cells for ethanol extract while it was determined as 21.08 µg/ml in MCF-7, 40.16 µg/ml in MDA-MB-231, 22.04 µg/ml in A549 and 5.91 µg/ml in H1299 cells in methanol extract. In comparison, methanol leaf extracts were more effective in H1299 cells (IC50 value was 5.91 µg/ml).In comparison, ethanol leaf extracts were more effective in H1299 cells (IC50 value was 9.722 µg/ml). Western blot analysis demonstrated that hazelnut leaf extract treatment of cancer cells led to cell death via apoptosis and inhibited cell migration in lung and breast cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic effects of hazelnut extract on breast and lung cancer cells might be valuable and promising in elucidating cell death mechanisms for the development of new methods in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Scleroderma bovista can form symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi with hazel roots. The mechanism through which S. bovista promotes hazelnut growth remains unclear. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ectomycorrhizal fungus S. bovista on the growth and development of hazel roots and gene expression changes through comparative transcriptome analysis. Results: After inoculation with S. bovista, the fungus symbiotically formed ectomycorrhiza with hazel roots. The fresh weights of the aboveground and underground parts of My treatment (inoculated with S. bovista and formed mycorrhiza) were much higher than those of the control, respectively. The length, project area, surface area, volume, forks, and diameter of the inoculated seedlings root were 1.13 to 2.48 times higher than those of the control. In the paired comparison, 3,265 upregulated and 1,916 downregulated genes were identified. The most significantly enriched Gene Ontology term for the upregulated Differentially Expressed Genes was GO:0005215 (transporter activity). Immunohistochemical analysis suggested that the expression levels of auxin and Auxin Response Factor9 were significantly increased by S. bovista after the formation of mycorrhizal fungi in hazelnut root tips. Discussion: These results indicate that genes related to auxin biosynthesis, transport and signaling, and transport of nutrients may contribute to root development regulation in hazel ectomycorrhiza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research presents weight estimation and analysis of the energy and carbon potential of the pericarp cover of four hazelnut varieties. A technical and elementary biofuel analysis was carried out for the biomass studied, as well as a correlation and principal component analysis to demonstrate the influence of individual characteristics on the parameters achieved. In addition, emission factors and the composition and volume of flue gases from the combustion of the material studied were estimated based on stoichiometric equations. The research showed that the highest calorific value (LHV) was characterised by the pericarp cover of the 'Olga' variety (14.86 MJ·kg−1) and the lowest by the 'Kataloński' variety (14.60 MJ·kg−1). In the case of exhaust volume, the highest volume was obtained from the 'Olbrzymi z Halle' variety (250.06 Nm3·kg−1) and the lowest from the 'Kataloński' variety (12.43 Nm3·kg−1). The correlation analysis carried out showed that the HHV and LHV parameters in the covers showed a very strong positive correlation with sulphur content and SO2 emissions, and a moderate correlation with nitrogen content and its associated NOx emissions, indicating their direct influence on the higher calorific value of biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indented growth rings were found long ago to be experimentally induced in Pinus halepensis Miller by thin parallel axial scratching of the bark up to the vascular cambium with a sharp blade. Here, we show that when the bark and vascular cambium of P. halepensis are wounded by wide and long parallel axial wounds ("windows") rather than by thin scratches, the induced indented growth rings become dramatically more indented. All ten trees that were wounded by long parallel "windows" responded with very strong growth (especially in the first two years) that resulted in the formation of very conspicuous, extremely indented growth rings in the wood formed in between the long and wide woundings. This is true for both the trunks that were wounded all around their circumference and those that were wounded only in part of their circumference. We also suggest further lines of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out in order to select superior clones with breeding aims in terms of late leafing, nut quality and yield in the Yomra hazelnut population of Düzce province and Akçakoca districts in 2020-2021. In the study, 98 Yomra hazelnut clones were examined and 20 clones were selected. Average yield per trunk cross-sectional area of selected clones changed from 83.25 to 32.43 g/cm², kernel ratio varied between 48.89 and 55.90%. It was determined that the nut weight, nut size and nut shape index, shell thickness, kernel weight, kernel size, and good kernel ratio of selected clones were respectively: 1.82 g to 3.90 g, 16.45 to 20.06 mm, 0.96 to 1.06, 0.87 mm to1.25 mm; 0.97 g to 1.91 g, 12.52 mm–14.88 mm, and 91.38% - 99.14%. It was determined that 5 clones (MZ 06, MZ 24, MZ 30, MZ 42 and 35 MZ 47) were superior to other clones. As a results, a significant genetic difference was observed in the Yomra hazelnut population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the anticancer taxane profiles of edible and non-edible parts of seven Turkish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) genotypes. Hazelnut is one of the healthy foods rich in nutrients and antioxidants. Its regular consumption is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease and cancer. Hazelnut has been described as a plant source that produces taxanes which are widely used in many cancers. Türkiye is a homeland of hazelnut culture and has its own cultivars. Investigation of anticancer taxane profiles in different parts of Turkish hazelnut genotypes is important to show the potential and value of this plant from the perspective of the pharmaceutical and food industries. Materials and Methods: In this study, green leafy covers (GLCs) and hard shells (HSs) (non-edible parts), skinless kernels (SKs), brown-skins (BSs), and brown-skinned kernels (BSKs) (edible parts) of Çakıldak, Sivri, Tombul, Palaz, and Kalınkara as standard and Ham and Sivri Yağlı as local genotypes were used. The five parts of each genotype were ground to powder and eliminated to a size of less than 80 mesh. Each part was extracted using hexane and methanol for 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB III), baccatin III (BAC III), cephalomannine, and paclitaxel analyses in three replicates. Samples and standards were analyzed by acetonitrile: water gradient method on NOVA Spher 100 Phenyl-Hexyl C18 column inhigh-performance liquid chromatography reverse phase system with 228 nm ultraviolet detector and 1.0 mL/min flow rate. Microsoft Office Excel, 2016, and analysis of variance Jamovi Version 2.3 were used for statistical and data analysis, consecutively. Results: Hazelnut parts differed to a very high degree from each other in terms of the highest amount of 10- DAB III (Ham HSs, 9,15 μg/g), BAC III (Kalınkara BSs, 7.24 μg/g), cephalomannine (Sivri Yağlı BSs, 6.37 μg/g), and paclitaxel (Ham BSKs, 4.36 μg/g) they contained. While HSs, BSKs, and BSs were rich in taxanes in all of the analyzed genotypes, SKs, and GLCs remain limited for anticancer taxanes. Conclusion: This is the first report that revealed the differences in taxane contents of Turkish hazelnuts including previously untested standard and local genotypes and their parts. Significant differences between genotype and hazelnut parts are expected to highlight the health benefits of consuming raw Turkish hazelnut with BSs and their possible use as a functional food. These results add more information to elucidate the bioactive potential of Turkish hazelnuts and their by-products and provide a promising resource for the food and pharmaceutical industry with an anticancer perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a diagnostic protocol for Anisogramma anomala, a pathogen that causes eastern filbert blight on European hazelnut trees. It provides information on identifying and detecting the pathogen, including its symptoms and characteristics. The document includes molecular tests for confirmation in critical cases and emphasizes the importance of early detection. It also provides guidance on reporting and documentation, as well as contact information for further information. The appendices provide instructions for isolating the organism and describe the media used for its growth. The document also includes instructions for conducting a real-time PCR test to detect A. anomala, with information on controls, interpretation of results, and performance characteristics. The test has been validated and shown to have high sensitivity and specificity. [Extracted from the article]

Nowadays, in parallel with the rapid increase in industrialization and human population, a significant increase in all types of waste, especially domestic, industrial, and agricultural waste, can be observed. In this study, microwave drying, one of the disposal methods for agricultural waste, such as prina and hazelnut shell, was performed. To reduce the time, energy, and cost spent on drying processes, two recently prominent machine learning prediction methods (Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)) were applied. In this study, our aim is to model the disposal of waste using artificial intelligence techniques, especially considering the importance of environmental pollution in today's context. Microwave power values of 120, 350, and 460 W were used for 100 g of hazelnut shell, and 90 W, 360 W, and 600 W were used for 7 mm thickness of prina. Both ANN and ANFIS approaches were applied to a dataset obtained from the calculation of moisture content and drying rate values. It was observed that the ANFIS and ANN models were applicable for predicting moisture levels, but not applicable for predicting drying rates. When the coefficient of determination (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values for moisture level are examined both for ANN and ANFIS models' predictions, it is seen that the R2 value is between 0.981340 and 0.999999, the RMSE value is between 0.000012 and 0.015010 and the MAPE value is between 0.034268 and 23.833481. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focussing on the life-long activism of former suffragette and feminist Hazel Hunkins-Hallinan this article presents an innovative re-appraisal of histories of the women’s movement in England during the 1960s and 1970s. Adopting a micro-history approach the article uses Hunkins-Hallinan’s experience of feminist activism to make two connected arguments. The first is to challenge the suggestion that post-suffrage feminist societies such as the Six Point Group lost their ability to participate in and influence campaigns for gender equality into the second half of the twentieth century. The second is to ensure that the contributions made by older women to the women’s movement during the 1960s and 1970s are no longer obscured by the emergence of the Women’s Liberation Movement. Drawing on both arguments the article reveals the previously hidden co-operation and intersection between older and younger generations of women campaigning for women’s rights during these two pivotal decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is of great agroeconomic importance, prized for its nutritional value and antioxidant properties. Its yield and quality may differ due to factors such as season (S), locality (L) and cultivar (C). Our objective was to determine the adaptive behavior of morphological features and antioxidant properties in nuts of the Barcelona and Tonda di Giffoni (TDG) cultivars planted at two localities (Cunco and Perquenco) during three productive seasons (S1, S2 and S3). Barcelona grown in Perquenco in S1 and S3 (less precipitation, more solar radiation) performed better than in Cunco with respect to most morphological nut, kernel and shell features, and the same parameters generally had the same trends for TDG in S2 and S3. Among the seasons at the same localities, the differences between the predominant condition defects for both cultivars were in the decreasing order wrinkled/deformed kernels, double kernels, blank and mold kernels, with about 75% of hazelnuts without defects. In both cultivars, the shell had higher antioxidant properties that increased in S1 and S3 at both localities and were consistently higher than in the kernels. Lipid peroxidation was higher in the kernel than shell in both cultivars and localities for S1 and S3. The results of this study suggest that the different hazelnut cultivar features including physical and chemical components depend on season and locality, which offers important clues for all those interested in the hazelnut industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interspecific American‐European hazelnut (Corylus americana × C. avellana) hybrids are being developed for the Upper Midwest region of the United States, which have potential economic and ecological benefits. Currently, researchers are working on pre‐commercialization initiatives to create a local hazelnut industry. However, a lack of knowledge on the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of the hybrid hazelnuts have been identified as potential limitations to production. This study investigated consumer responses to hybrid hazelnuts, employing hedonic ratings and check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) questions. Twelve roasted hazelnut hybrids were subjected to consumer evaluation for liking (aroma, color, flavor, texture, and overall) and aroma and flavor descriptors. Consumers also evaluated two European hazelnut varieties for comparative purposes. Liking scores were significantly different (p < 0.05) across different hybrid varieties and when comparing specific hybrids with European varieties. CATA sensory profiles specific to different varieties were also observed and discriminating attributes were identified using multiple‐response methodologies. Penalty analysis based on CATA further identified the attributes roasty, hazelnut‐like, caramel‐like, chocolate‐like, sweet, and salty as primary drivers of aroma/flavor liking, while earthy, burnt, and bitter were identified as primary drivers of disliking. Overall, unique flavors that impacted liking were found in hybrid hazelnuts and, when compared with European hazelnuts, provided insights for breeding and post‐processing strategies to optimize product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed a detailed study on the distribution and current state of Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. (Botrychiaceae) populations in Ukraine. From the beginning of floristic studies to the present day, only 28 localities of Botrychium virginianum have been recorded in Ukraine, and only two of these populations have survived to the present day. The population of the aspen and birch forest in Chernihiv Region consists of nine individuals. We discovered a new small population in Corylus avellana stands in Rivne Region, consisting of 50 individuals. The status of this population was described, and the habitat characteristics were analysed. A comparison of the known populations of Botrychium virginianum in Ukraine with populations of this species in other parts of its range shows that they are declining throughout Eurasia and South America. Recommendations for conserving Botrychium virginianum populations in Ukraine were developed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The demand for common hazel (Corylus avellana) fruit increases constantly. Powdery mildew (PM) on hazels in Hungary and throughout Europe was previously caused mainly by Phyllactinia guttata. However, less than a decade ago, another fungus of Asian origin, Erysiphe corylacearum, appeared on hazels in Europe, including Hungary. Our investigation aimed to develop a species-specific PCR (ssPCR) to aid the identification of P. guttata and E. corylacearum, and to assess the presence of the latter, non-native fungus in Hungary. For this study, 59 samples were collected from Hungary between 2021 and 2023. The chasmothecial morphology of the PM fungi was observed, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA was sequenced in representative samples. Morphological analysis distinguished two types of chasmothecia. Parts of the chasmothecia, typical of P. guttata, were flattened and spherical with bristle-like appendages, while other chasmothecia, characteristic of E. corylacearum, were distinctly smaller, bearing appendages with branched apices. Sequence data also verified the presence of P. guttata and E. corylacearum in our samples. The developed ssPCR revealed that E. corylacearum was present in more than three-quarters of the samples, more than a quarter of the samples contained both fungi and about one-fifth carried solely P. guttata. The alien fungus E. corylacearum was found in all but one of the sampled regions and was found on C. avellana and also on C. colurna. Erysiphe corylacearum spreads rapidly and can be considered an invasive pathogen. Its practical importance lies in its ability to infect hazelnuts, potentially causing economic losses. Our ssPCR ensures accurate and quick identification of the fungus, which is essential for effective plant protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a self-incompatible, wind-pollinated species of significant economic-productive interest, mainly cultivated between the Mediterranean basin and the Black Sea. Hazelnut breeding programs and high cropping in commercial orchards are necessarily linked to the availability of fertile pollen with wide germinability and high viability. The objective was to develop an improved method to determine the germinability of pollen, comparing the results with those found in the literature. Pollen germinability was firstly evaluated on a wild-type accession using boric acid (H3BO3), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), potassium nitrate (KNO3), casein hydrolysate and different concentrations of sugars, including sucrose (10, 15 and 25%) and two monosaccharides, glucose (15%) and fructose (15%). The optimal composition included 15% sucrose in a semi-solid medium composed of 1% animal gelatin, containing collagen. This formulation was then tested on three cultivars of commercial interest, evaluating the effect of different concentrations of sucrose. The comparison between different in vitro germination methods showed that the hanging drop technique in a semi-solid medium provides a statistically higher germination index compared to the liquid and solid/agarized techniques. This study proposes an easy-to-use medium for the in vitro germination of Corylus avellana L. pollen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the number of reports of Fusarium in association with hazelnut (Corylus avellana) has been increasing worldwide, related to both pathogenic aptitude and endophytic occurrence. However, the assessment of the real ecological role and relevance to plant health of these fungi has been impaired by uncertainty in species identification, deriving from both the evolving taxonomic structure of the genus and an inaccurate use of molecular markers. In this paper, the characterization of two hazelnut endophytic strains isolated in Poland is reported with reference to their secondary metabolite profiles and interactions with pests and pathogens. Our results are indicative of a possible role of these strains in defensive mutualism which could be related to the production of several bioactive compounds, especially cyclohexadepsipeptides of the enniatin family. At the same time, these biochemical properties create some concern for the possible mycotoxin contamination of hazelnut products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Over the course of four consecutive years, a comparative study, for the first time, was carried out to assess their growth characteristics, vegetative and productive performances. Material: Micropropagated, grafted on not suckering rootstock and own-rooted plants by layering from three Italian hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars were established in the same orchard and environmental condition. Results: We found that the micropropagated plants, regardless of the variety considered, even being smaller than the other plants at the beginning of the plantation, reached similar sizes as the other plants after four growing seasons. Furthermore, micropropagated plants exhibited greater uniformity in growth compared to grafted ones, while own-rooted plants displayed more variability. No significant differences in yield performance and canopy volume were observed among the three propagation methods. These results suggest that the in vitro propagation technique, even in hazelnut, allows standardizing the plant material while preserving cultivar characteristics. Finally, in vitro propagation as well as grafting can be safely recommended for the cultivation of hazelnut cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In September 2022, hazelnut trees in six orchards in the Çarşamba district of Samsun province, a major hazelnut production area in the Black Sea region of Türkiye, showed symptoms of leaf yellowing, shoot dieback, decline, basal stem rot and the presence of brown bracket‐like sessile basidiocarps. Approximately 5%–10% of hazelnut trees were affected, highlighting the significant impact of the disease. A comprehensive morphological analysis was conducted to characterize fungal isolates obtained from symptomatic tissues as G. adspersum. This analysis incorporated features observed in basidiomata from declining trees and those reproduced after isolates were cultivated on wheat grain for spawn production and grown on an oak sawdust‐based substrate. Confirmation of identification was achieved through the utilization of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU) loci, along with sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. The G. adspersum isolates generally exhibited no significant growth differences at similar temperatures but demonstrated enhanced growth at 30°C, while growth was completely inhibited at 40°C. Incompatible reactions between isolates confirmed that distinct genotypes were present, highlighting genetic diversity within the species. In the pathogenicity trials, employing a single infested wheat grain per inoculation at the wounded site, hazelnut suckers exhibited distinct brown discolouration surrounding the inoculation site following a 2.5‐month incubation period. Significantly, lesions exceeding 3 cm in length were observed, providing clear evidence of vigorous pathogenic activity by G. adspersum. This study is the first report of G. adspersum causing butt rot in hazelnuts, underscoring the significance of this finding for hazelnut cultivation and providing a foundation for future research and disease management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazelnut shells (HS), scientifically known as Corylus avellana L. shells, are waste produced by companies that process nuts. The main objective of this study was to find an efficient way to maximize the chemical potential of HS by solubilizing the hemicelluloses, which could then be used to recover sugars and, at the same time, increase the lignin content of this material to produce adhesives or high-strength foams. In order to optimize the pre-hydrolysis process, two different temperatures (160 and 170 °C) and times varying from 15 to 180 min were tested. All the remaining solid materials were then liquefied using polyalcohols with acid catalysis. The chemical composition of hazelnut shells was determined before and after the pre-hydrolysis. All of the process was monitored using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) by determining the spectra of solids and liquids after the pre-hydrolysis and liquefaction steps. The highest solubilization of hazelnut shells was found for 170 °C and 180 min, resulting in a 25.8% solubilization. Chemical analysis after the hydrolysis process showed a gradual increase in the solubilization of hemicelluloses as both the temperature and time of the reactor were increased. Simultaneously, the percentages of α-cellulose and lignin in the material also increased with rises in temperature and duration. FTIR-ATR allowed for the detection of significant spectral changes in the hazelnut shells from their initial state to the solid residue and further into the liquefied phase. This confirmed that pre-hydrolysis was effective in enhancing the chemical composition of the material, making it more suitable for the production of adhesives, polyurethane foams, or in the production of bioplastics and composite materials, combined with other biopolymers or synthetic polymers to enhance the mechanical properties and biodegradability of the resulting materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is an important tree nut crop. Hazelnut production in North America is currently limited in scalability due to Anisogramma anomala , a fungal pathogen that causes Eastern Filbert Blight (EFB) disease in hazelnut. Successful deployment of EFB resistant cultivars has been limited to the state of Oregon, where the breeding program at Oregon State University (OSU) has released cultivars with a dominant allele at a single resistance locus identified by classical breeding, linkage mapping, and molecular markers. C. avellana cultivar "Jefferson" is resistant to the predominant EFB biotype in Oregon and has been selected by the OSU breeding program as a model for hazelnut genetic and genomic research. Here, we present a near complete, haplotype-resolved chromosome-level hazelnut genome assembly for " Jefferson". This new assembly is a significant improvement over a previously published genome draft. Analysis of genomic regions linked to EFB resistance and self-incompatibility confirmed haplotype splitting and identified new gene candidates that are essential for downstream molecular marker development, thereby facilitating breeding efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate alternative methods to control longhorn beetle (Oberea linearis) infestations in walnut orchards. Wild isolates of entomopathogenic fungi obtained from soil samples from Greece and Cyprus were tested for their efficacy against adults and larvae of O. linearis. Insect populations were acquired from a heavily infested walnut orchard and individuals were placed in Petri dishes provided with ground walnut wood for larvae and fresh leaves for adults. The tested insects were subjected to 16 different wild isolates from the genera Beauveria, Cordyceps, Metarhizium, and Purpureocillium, where 108 conidia/mL were applied by spraying, and insects were monitored daily for 16 days. The results showed that all the tested fungi resulted in a mortality rate of 66–100%, with Cordyceps fumosorosea exhibiting the highest virulence, causing complete mortality to both larvae and adults. These findings suggest that the management of O. linearis, which has traditionally relied on chemical applications, could transition to an organic approach by utilizing entomopathogenic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eyelid dermatitis is a common, multifactorial, chronic, and/or relapsing condition with a considerable impact on life quality that represents a diagnostic and treatment challenge. Methods: We carried out a single-blind, controlled, randomized, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy of two dermo-cosmetics (cream for the eyelids and eye contour area and cleansing face cream) in which the key ingredient was witch hazel extract, compared to generic cream, in the treatment of patients affected by eyelid dermatitis. Enrolled subjects were treated and followed-up for 4 weeks; dermatological evaluation was objectively performed using the DLQI, OSDI, NRS–itch, and EDSI indicators. Results: The products tested proved to be more effective than the placebo in ameliorating the dermatitis in the treated patients, based on all considered dermatological scores. In the treatment arm, we observed a reduction in both DLQI score and in the indicators related to the extension of dermatitis, greater than that observed in the control arm. Conclusions: This comparative study demonstrates the role of dermo-cosmetic products tested not only as a support treatment, but also as a first-choice clinical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivation has grown worldwide in recent years, even though the world's production is still fulfilled by a few dozen cultivars well adapted to the local environments of their selection. After Turkey, Italy is the second largest producer of hazelnuts, and the province of Viterbo, in central Italy, is recognized as one of the most suitable districts for hazelnut cultivation. The production in this area relies almost entirely on local cultivar 'Tonda Gentile Romana', whereas cultivar 'Nocchione' is used as the main pollinizer. More recently, cultivar 'Tonda di Giffoni' has been introduced in new local plantations. Cultivation of many cultivars in different areas is of fundamental importance to test their adaptability to different environmental conditions, a need currently accentuated by ongoing climate change. With this aim, a European hazelnut collection field was established in 2000 in Caprarola municipality (Viterbo province), where plants of twelve hazelnut cultivars were observed over four growing seasons for their phenological, agronomic and nut traits. The cultivars studied, namely 'Barcelona', 'Camponica', 'Ennis', 'Merveille de Bollwiller', 'Negret', 'Nocchione', 'Riccia di Talanico', 'San Giovanni', 'Tombul', 'Tonda di Giffoni', 'Tonda Gentile' and 'Tonda Gentile Romana', showed a high diversity in their phenological behaviour, yield efficiency and nut and kernel traits. Cultivars 'Negret', 'Tombul' and 'Tonda Gentile', with poor yields over the years of research, do not seem suitable to be cultivated as main cultivars in the studied environment, contrary to 'Camponica' and 'San Giovanni', which produced abundantly, reaching a total of almost 30 and 25 kg plant—1 of in–shell hazelnuts, respectively. Cultivars 'Tonda Gentile Romana' and 'Nocchione' confirmed their yield consistency, whereas 'Ennis', 'Barcelona' and 'Tombul' seem suitable to be introduced as pollinizers thanks to their male blooming overlapping with the female blooming of the main cultivar 'Tonda Gentile Romana'. Cultivar 'Tonda di Giffoni' did not perform well in the studied environment, despite being recognized as one of the highest-yield cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derived from hazelnuts, hazel leaf has been utilized in traditional folk medicine for centuries in countries such as Portugal, Sweden, and Iran. In our previous investigations, we conducted a preliminary assessment of the hazel leaf polyphenol extract (referred to as ZP) and identified nine compounds, such as kaempferol and chlorogenic acid, in its composition. ZP has shown promising properties as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Our research has revealed that ZP has protective effects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). We conducted a comprehensive examination of both the pathological and ultrastructural aspects and found that ZP effectively ameliorated renal tissue lesions and mitigated mitochondrial damage. Moreover, ZP significantly suppressed malondialdehyde levels while increasing glutathione and catalase concentrations in the kidneys of AKI-induced mice. ZP decreased the number of apoptotic cells and decreased pro-apoptotic protein expression in the kidneys of mice and human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). Furthermore, treatment with ZP increased the levels of proteins marking anti-ferroptosis, such as GPX4, FTH1, and FSP1, in experiments both in vivo and in vitro. We elucidated the underlying mechanisms of ZP's actions, revealing its inhibitory effect on Yap phosphorylation and its regulation of Lats expression, which exert a protective influence on the kidneys. Furthermore, we found that inhibiting the Hippo pathway compromised ZP's nephroprotective effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies. In summary, this research shows that ZP exhibits renoprotective properties, effectively reducing oxidative damage, apoptosis, and ferroptosis in the kidneys by targeting the Hippo pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Priming is a simple operation that partially hydrates seed in a controlled environment, followed by seed drying, allowing germination processes to commence without the development of radicles. In this study, the germination of shelled and kernel seeds of the Kara and Tombul cultivars was examined in relation to the effects of hormonal and hydro-priming treatments. According to the results, the control group produced the best shelled seed of the Kara cultivar in terms of germination rate, root length, root fresh and dry weight, plant fresh and dry weight, and number of leaves. The seeds of the Kara cultivar kernel, 60 minutes of Perlan + 2 days of soaking in water in the control group (56.0 pcs), and the kernel seeds of the Kara cultivar, respectively, and the seeds with shelled of the best Tombul cultivar (53.6 pcs), produced the best results when the root diameters were measured. The application of 30 minutes of Perlan + 2 days of soaking in water to the seeds kernel of the Kara cultivar produced the best results in terms of leaf area, and the control group produced the best results for the chlorophyll value in the seeds kernel of the Tombul and Kara cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to survey the composition of oil and partially defatted cakes obtained by cold-pressing various tree nuts to enable their use as ingredients for modulating the nutritional properties of final food products. Different types of pistachios (Pistacia vera) , hazelnuts (Corylus avellana) , and apricot kernels (Prunus armeniaca) were evaluated in terms of colour, water activity, moisture, ash, fat, protein, fibre, total phenolic, and tocopherol contents. They were extracted by hydraulic presses, giving oils rich in vitamin E and defatted cakes with high nutritional potential: the cakes preserved significant antioxidant compounds, as well as fat, protein, and fibre levels based on the oil extraction yield. Products derived from cold-pressed nuts revealed promising compositions that could be exploited to develop healthy foods with improved sensorial and techno-functional properties, increasing the sustainability of the process and zeroing waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenological research is engaged in monitoring the influence of climate change on the natural environment. The International Phenological Gardens (IPG) network provides a valuable dataset of standardized tree phenology records dating back to the mid-20th century. To make best use of this actively growing record, it is important to investigate how network data can be applied to predict the timing of phenological events in natural populations. This study compared clonally propagated IPG downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) and hazel (Corylus avellana L.) specimens of central European provenance to nearby wild populations at the western-most margin of the IPG network, in the south-west of Ireland. In addition to monitoring by trained scientists, observations by citizen scientists were included. The order of the timing of phenological events among sites was consistent across 2 years, confirming reproducibility of the results. IPG trees had the earliest B. pubescens leaf unfolding and C. avellana flowering dates of the sites studied. In addition, leaf unfolding occurred later in the wild populations than expected from the temperature responses of the B. pubescens and C. avellana IPG clones. Natural variation in phenology also exceeded the historical change observed at the IPG site, suggesting a potential genetic basis for climate adaptation. Trunk circumference, reflecting the age-dependent increase in tree size, was found to influence C. avellana phenology, with earlier timing of phenological events in larger trees. This finding highlights tree size as an important consideration in the management of phenological gardens and tree phenology research in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hazel allergen Cor a 1 is a PR-10 protein, closely related to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1. Hazel allergies are caused by cross-reactive IgE antibodies originally directed against Bet v 1. Despite the importance of PR-10 proteins in allergy development, their function and localization in the plant remain largely elusive. Therefore, the presence of Cor a 1 mRNA and proteins was investigated in different tissues, i.e., the female flower, immature and mature nuts, catkins, and pollen. Four yet unknown Cor a 1 isoallergens, i.e., Cor a 1.0501–1.0801, and one new Cor a 1.03 variant were discovered and characterized. Depending on the isoallergen, the occurrence and level of mRNA expression varied in different tissues, suggesting different functions. Interestingly, Cor a 1.04 previously thought to be only present in nuts, was also detected in catkins and pollen. The corresponding Cor a 1 genes were expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified proteins were analysed by CD and NMR spectroscopy. Immunoblots and ELISAs to determine their allergenic potential showed that the new proteins reacted positively with sera from patients allergic to birch, hazel and elder pollen and were recognized as novel isoallergens/variants by the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the nutrient and fatty acid profiles of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana) and walnuts (Juglans regia) subjected to continuous drying. Samples from two consecutive years (2020 and 2021) were analyzed for nutritional value both before and after conduction drying. Thermal conduction drying was performed at 60 and 80°C at intervals of 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. The results showed that hazelnuts had increased ash, protein (from 16.4 to 18.7%), carbohydrate and starch content, while walnuts had a higher pH and fat content (from 60.97 to 71.02%). After drying, increasing temperatures resulted in significant changes in nutrient concentrations for both nuts, including changes in ash, protein, fat (hazelnuts from 58.69 to 71.48% at 60°C for 60 min), carbohydrate and starch content, and pH. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid content varied by sample and year, with notable trends such as the increase in oleic acid in walnuts from 82.26 to 83.67%. Longer drying times and higher temperatures correlated with an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids in both nut types. In conclusion, conduction drying, especially at higher temperatures and longer durations, significantly affects the nutrient and fatty acid profiles of hazelnuts and walnuts. The study provides new insights into the effects of drying conditions on the nutrient composition and fatty acid profiles of hazelnuts and walnuts and reveals significant changes that warrant further investigation. It sets the stage for future research to extend these findings to other nut species and alternative drying processes and highlights the importance of optimizing processing parameters for improved health benefits and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Key message As a result of our research, we determined that Cryptosporiopsis tarraconensis—as a new species for Central Europe—is the causative agent of leaf lesions in natural populations of hazel (Corylus avellana). Until now, this species had not been described in a natural population of C. avellana or out of the temperate climate. This is the fifth notification of this rare fungus in the world and the first from Central Europe and the natural population of the host.

Hazel Kyrk's recognised contributions include a shift in analytic focus from production to consumption, pioneering work to measure household production as part of family income, empirical studies of family behaviour, and contributions to policy. But her account of 'wise' consumption and its intersection with 'high' living standards is not well understood. The three aims of this chapter are to explain 'wise' consumption across Kyrk's three major books, to consider its role in Kyrk's empirical studies, and to explain why it fell into oblivion. Tackling what Wesley Mitchell described as the 'most baffling of difficulties', Kyrk explained what constitutes a family's 'good' in a manner that was critical of mere emulation. Her 1923 book required that wise consumption include new and personal elements. Her 1929/1933 book detailed five qualitative criteria (balance between interests, full and varied experiences, originality, rational sources of satisfaction, and the use of scientific information). But her 1953 book weakened this normative language, reflecting Margaret Reid's view that Kyrk's account was too demanding. Although Kyrk felt wise consumption avoided paternalism, her peers disagreed (Hoyt, 1938/1945; Reid, 1938/1945). We close with some problems with Kyrk's account and a brief consideration of its continuing relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazel Kyrk's contribution is the most advanced formulation of the economics of consumption as a social phenomenon, an approach to the analysis of consumption that, originated from Veblen's theory, was developed in the US in the early 20th century. This approach was part of a wider stream of empirical analyses of consumption expenditure that had begun more than a century earlier. Along with elements that can be traced back to the neoclassical tradition, in Keynes' analysis of consumption, we find original elements. The dependence of consumption expenditure on the level of income, which is essential for asserting the principle of effective demand, can also be found in a long tradition of empirical studies. In qualifying this relationship, Keynes uses theoretical elements echoing key insights of the economics of consumption as a social phenomenon. There is no documentary evidence that Kyrk or the economics of the social relevance of consumption came to Keynes' attention. It is possible, however, to develop reasonable speculative considerations to argue a link between Keynes' elaboration and both the empirical literature on the determinants of consumption and the economics of consumption as a social phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the years following the publication of A Theory of Consumption (1923), Hazel Kyrk's book became the flagship of the field that would later be known as the economics of consumption. It stimulated theoretical and empirical work on consumption. Some of the existing literature on Kyrk (e.g., Kiss & Beller, 2000; Le Tollec, 2020; Tadajewski, 2013) depicted her theory as the starting point of the economics of consumption. Nevertheless, how and why it emerged the way it did remain largely unexplored. This chapter examines Kyrk's intellectual background, which, we argue, can be traced back to two main movements in the United States: the home economics and the institutionalist. Both movements conveyed specific endeavors as responses to the US material and social transformations that occurred at the turn of the 20th century, notably the perceived changing role of consumption and that of women in US society. On the one hand, Kyrk pursued first-generation home economists' efforts to make sense of and put into action the shifting of women's role from domestic producer to consumer. On the other hand, she reinterpreted Veblen's (1899) account of consumption in order to reveal its operational value for a normative agenda focused on "wise" and "rational" consumption. This chapter studies how Kyrk carried on first-generation home economists' progressive agenda and how she adapted Veblen's fin-de-siècle critical account of consumption to the context of the household goods developed in 1900–1920. Our account of Kyrk's intellectual roots offers a novel narrative to better understand the role of gender and epistemological questions in her theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]