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In the present paper, the authors develop a methodology for stability monitoring of the hydrotechnicaldefensive embankment that is exposed to heavy frequent traffic. The proposed methodology envisages several phases of observation, work and monitoring: (1) macroscopic observations, (2) geophysicalgeoelectric tests, (3) group of exploration works, (4) model formation, (5) establishment of a monitoring system, (6) acquisition data processing and modeling. Four of the six proposed phases are illustrated by the example of the left-bank Danube embankment used by the Kovin coal mine for the needs of coaltruck haulage. The results of the performed research indicate that there are no deformations that endanger the defensive function of the embankment. In order to ensure safe coal truck haulage and preserve the function of the embankment, it is proposed to establish a system for geophysical, hydrogeological and geotechnical monitoring, to form a model for simulating the behavior of the embankment for different hydrometeorological conditions (consequently, for different consistency states and materialcompaction), and for different load conditions. Keywords: defensive embankment, traffic, stability, methodology, monitoring, modeling

Despite the upward trend in using semi-mobile in-pit crushing and conveying system (SMIPCC), some mining companies still hesitate to use SMIPCC in their operations. Therefore, a framework is needed...

The use of dogs in haulage at the end of the Pleistocene is viewed as a pivotal event that facilitated the spread of modern humans into new environments. Using historic records and comparative data from 56 ethnographic cases, this study examines how canid haulage influenced different dimensions of populations mobility. These data show that while hauling dogs did not increase travel speed, they did improve the transport capacity of human populations. Improvements in transport capacity from canids is associated with the use of larger territories and longer distances in annual residential moves but not frequency of movement. Reductions in the energetic costs of transport for long residential and logistical moves benefited human populations, especially women, who are often tasked with carrying household burdens, more than men. The importance of hauling dogs in daily household activities likely had profound evolutionary impacts on prehistoric human-canid interactions.

The purpose of the study is to review and analyze the experience of specialists in the field of spatial design of haulage roads for further improving the methodological foundations by providing clarity and visually acceptable degree of spatial curves. Drivers perception of the haulage road as well as overspeeding lead to critical situations or road accidents. A decrease in speed at seemingly abrupt bends on the road affects the efficiency of the log trucking transport. Therefore, the perspective view of the road should clearly orient the driver, that is, be visually clear, clearly changing, ensuring the constancy or modulated reduction of the traffic condition. The need for an optimal spatial solution of the road increases. It is required to determine the conditions under which the visual smoothness and clarity of the most common simple spatial curves when looking from points corresponding to the normal position of the eyes of car drivers is ensured.

Heavy and oversized transportation requires solving a whole range of tasks, such as choosing a suitable method of customs clearance and of a customs post, determining the optimal route, correctly selecting vehicles, ensuring safety of related infrastructure, and road traffic, such as the width of the carriageway, height and width of bridges, tunnels, power lines, ordering permits for travel on certain road segments, ordering heavy and oversized cargo escorting service, providing the special labour regime and working conditions for drivers.The objective of the study was to provide options for solving the listed issues and offer choice of best modes of transport, routes of delivery of heavy and oversized cargo.This article based on the example of multimodal supply of components of wind power plant through the Russian national and foreign territory analyses issues of choosing a mode of transport for multimodal transportation of heavy and oversized cargo; of individuality of routes for movement of goods with non-standard weight and size characteristics; of developing a survey route, and of preliminary preparing transportation of heavy and oversized cargo. Identification of difficulties faced by participants in similar projects, helped to reveal preliminary solutions which might increase the efficiency of any individual transportation. Described features of transportation of this kind of cargo in Russia focused particularly on customs regulations governing crossing of the border of the Russian Federation by multicomponent goods. Since about 70 % of total «door-to-door» transportation, comprising haulage of heavy and oversized cargo, are performed by road transport, the article highlights the road transportation segment.The conclusion suggests that the main task when developing a route is to ensure safety of cargo transportation. The identified phases comprise choosing and calculating the route, the coordination of obtaining permits for transportation of heavy and oversized cargo with various organisations on different segments of the route. Solutions for import customs clearance of multicomponent disassembled cargo, particularly in case of non-simultaneous delivery, are examined.

Matrix converter is an attractive choice for motor drives with weight/size restrictions and high efficiency requirements, such as electric haulage vehicles used in mining. However, the use of matrix converters requires addressing a potential issue with input resonance, which can be exacerbated when using long feeders or trailing cables. This article addresses this problem by proposing a novel solution based on principles of modern control but shaped as a classical feedback architecture. Along with high quality reference tracking, the proposed solution utilizes the frequency changing properties of matrix converters to attenuate the input filter resonance by spectral shaping of the output current. This article shows that the solutions achieves its goals. Design and implementation details are discussed. This article results are validated by simulations and experiments.

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For many years now, the mining industry has seen a boost in exploring and developing the systems for monitoring operational parameters of mining machines, in particular load-haul-dump machines. Therefore, further researches on algorithmics have also advanced dynamically regarding effective performance management as well as predictive maintenance. Nonetheless, the issue of road conditions is still being neglected. That issue has a substantial impact on both the overall operator’s convenience, their performance, and machinery reliability, especially its construction node and tire damages. Moreover, such negligence pertains also to the maintenance of mine infrastructure, including the network of passages. The paper explains the use of the portable inertial measurement unit (IMU) in evaluating road conditions in the deep underground mine. The detailed descriptions of the road quality classification procedure and bump detection have been included. The paper outlines the basic method of tracking the motion trajectory of vehicles and suggests the method of visualization of the results of the road conditions evaluation. This paper covers the sample results collected by the measurements unit in the deep underground mine during six experiments. This paper is an extended version of a paper presented at the ACIIDs 2020 conference [P. Stefaniak, D. Gawelski, S. Anufriiev and P. Śliwiński, Road-quality classification and motion tracking with inertial sensors in the deep underground mine, Asian Conference on Intelligent Information and Database Systems, March 2020, Springer, Singapore, pp. 168–178].

This study identifies the potential economic advantages and environmental/social aspects of three different scenarios for coal slurry pipelines as an alternative to current truck haulage system in ...

The open pit mining load and haul system has been a mainstay of the mining industry for many years. While machines have increased in size and scale and automation has become an important development, there have been few innovations to the actual load and haul process itself in recent times. This research highlights some of the potential productivity and safety benefits that the incorporation of a surge loader may bring to the load and haul system through an analysis of the system, discussion of component characteristics, and mine planning aspects. The incorporation of the surge loader into open pit loading and haulage operations also enables improved safety. This is a result of a reduction in shovel–truck interactions and the reduced likelihood of truck overfilling and uneven loading. This paper details the number of mine worker deaths that a surge loader may have prevented within the Peruvian and Chilean mining industries.

The presence of expansive soils on construction sites is problematic in geotechnical engineering. The swell-shrink behaviour makes these soils not suitable to be used in their natural state. The expansive soil damages cause financial loss yearly more than floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakes combined. Moreover, the cost of cut to spoil of expansive soils during construction projects has continued to rise because of the high cost of earthworks, haulage, and the increasing scarcity of spoil areas because of the built environment. Nonetheless, a proper stabilization technique can significantly enhance the expansive soil's properties. The research project attempts to review, report the limits and merits of mechanical and chemical methods utilized to stabilize expansive soils in line with their efficiency, environmental concerns, and cost-effectiveness. A review of mechanical and chemical treatment techniques is conducted in this regard. Ultimately, each stabilization method exhibits its merits and limitations. The lack of standards for the treatment of swelling soils is a significant problem in engineering practice. Specialists in the domain of soil treatment must work together to obtain an optimized stabilization approach and protocol. Moreover, engineers should perform a geoenvironmental assessment appropriate for chemical stabilization methods and additives utilized. This research work contributes as a guideline in the selection and application of chemical and mechanical stabilization methods.

Ceres has developed a novel and highly differentiated SteelCell™ solid oxide fuel cell technology based upon the use of thick-film ceramics deposited upon a ferritic stainless-steel substrate, using doped ceria as the predominant oxygen-ion conducting ceramic within the cell. The use of ceria allows operation of the SteelCell at lower temperatures (500 - 620 °C) than conventional SOFCs, and the use of a metal support allows much greater mechanical robustness and lower production cost than is typically the case with a planar ceramic SOFC, whilst maintaining the high volumetric power density typical of planar SOFCs. Ceres Power are now qualifying their SteelCell™ technology for use in steam electrolysis operation with encouraging results. Tests suggest that functional electrochemical and physical processes of the SteelCell are equally efficient in SOFC and SOEC mode meaning there is no major difference in the area specific resistance and degradation within the nominal operating space. As a next step, the development of a 1MW-class Solid Oxide Electrolysis (SOEL) system is proposed that offers a path to green hydrogen production costs of H2 with equally compelling capital equipment costs enabled by the SteelCell technology. One of the clear advantages of solid oxide electrolysis systems is the ability to thermally integrate with industrial processes such as steel, ammonia and e-fuels production. Integration with existing low pressure “waste” steam feeds available at industrial plants combined with available high grade heat streams may enable system efficiencies of greater than 90% to be achieved. A study of predicted system efficiencies and associated techno-economics of green hydrogen production under various industrial use cases is presented. The first-of-a-kind 1MW-class Solid Oxide Electrolysis system under consideration will be packaged within a 40ft ISO shipping container and is expected to produce approximately 600 to 800kg of green hydrogen per day. The system will be made up of a number of Electrolysis Cell Modules (ECM). Each ECM will contain an array of Ceres’ standard Gen1B stacks along with hot balance of plant components such as heat exchangers and heaters. This modular approach allows each module to be constructed and tested prior to installation at the demonstration site. It also allows for a high degree of fault tolerance and redundancy that is particularly valuable for prototype systems. Furthermore, it also enables a distributed supply chain to be developed for various elements up and down the system structure. Finally, a roadmap to the first commercial SOEL systems is presented setting out predicted system CapEx costs, hydrogen production costs and possible arrangements for systems in the 100+ MW range.

Haulage system in open pit mining corresponds mainly to shovel-truck type systems, which can represent a high percentage of the operating cost of the mine. In addition, long-term open-pit mining tends to lower productivities because of deepening extraction, so improving the efficiency and productivity of the equipment is essential. However, these systems are complex to analyze, which is due both to the existing operational uncertainty and to the internal interactions that the equipment has. This paper proposes an integrated simulation and optimization model that maximizes productivity in the extraction of material, which is achieved by optimizing the dispatch of trucks during the simulation, subject to operating conditions in real time. Different dispatch strategies are presented and compared, and the results show that the use of this integrated approach translates into better operating results than deterministic methods and traditional simulation.

One of the most important influencing factors on the economy of mines with surface and underground exploitation is the correct choice of haulage technology of ore and waste.The paper analyzes the haulage of ore and waste in the Lead and Zinc Mine “Sase” Srebrenica and determines the optimal haulage length on the four excavation blocks for the application of the new haulage system by using the mine trucks from the aspect of set criteria, increasing capacity and reducing haulage costs through the techno – economic analysis and optimization.The optimal haulage length is determined through the calculations of the loader capacity and the possible choice of the truckdepending on the stated criteria.

Based on the 88,302 working face of Baode coal mine, in order to provide the basis for the auxiliary roadway maintenance of the working face, this paper introduces the test principle, test method, test process and result analysis of the loose circle. The analysis shows that the loose range of the two ribs of the auxiliary haulage roadway in 88,302 working face increases gradually with the reduction of the distance from the working face. Affected by mining, the maximum loosening range of roadway coal pillar side is 2.4 m, and the maximum loosening range of coal wall side is 2.2 m. It provides the basis for determining the reasonable bolt support parameters, and provides the practice for the loose circle test of the roadway under similar conditions.

This study focuses on trailers’ utilization turn-around and fleets deployment of haulage industry in Malaysia. The study proposes a framework for Drop Trailer Method (DTM) which is suitable at present competitive business and suggest for specific mechanism in maximizing of fleets capacity. The ratio of 1:7 for prime movers and trailers was suggested which suitable for movement planning and better scheduling. It reflects with a complete system that requires in monitoring on the deployment of the machineries especially on the timing of DTM. Haulage industry involved with huge capital investment which therefore an appropriate planning and optimizing the trailers are significant. This is an exploratory study where the interviews were carried out among the 12 nominated haulage companies and its customers and at the end a qualitative research was adopted. Through the implementation on the proposed framework of DTM, the operational in haulage industry will be more effective and better impacts on trailers’ performance. The results indicated that the effectiveness of DTM is based on coordination and utilization of trailers. The DTM framework is suggested to be used in the measurement on the performance of trailers’ turn-around of haulage industry in future.

The haulage industry has the biggest fleets as compared to the others road trucking operators in Malaysia. The history of haulage industry started in 1971 until 2004 with five operators and in 2019 and above was recorded to 220 operators in the market. It was demonstrated with the open market which the growth of total fleet from 2,131 prime movers and 10,701 trailers before 2004 and more than 4,500 over prime movers and 31,500 over trailers in 2018 (AMH, 2018). The total number of prime movers and trailers had increased to 111% to overall fleets’ capacity. Haulage market which relate to container throughputs form 2009 - 2019 (ten-year) recorded at 16 million tues to 25 million teus in 2019 (UNCTAD 2019) which increased only by 65%. It was calculated on the surplus by 46 % of holding of prime movers in haulage industry at present. Apparently the market of haulage industry has stagnant and invite further sluggishness on haulage movements. The haulage operators had initiated to downsizing on the fleets due to unstable market and difficulty to sustain in their business. Therefore, the research suggests on appropriate ways to improve on the present condition and making more competitiveness of haulage industry. This research will investigate into three (3) segmentations such as reduction number of fleets, improvement on present activities and changing on other types of trucking businesses. The key respondents of the survey were the haulage operators, customers, government agency and other stakeholders. The survey was conducted among 200 respondents and at the end only 170 answers were accepted. The research uses SPSS version 25 and PLS-SEM to analyze from the collected data. The finding of the research has suggested that the three segmentations are the most appropriate ways to improve the present condition in haulage industry.

La commission de transport soulève aujourd’hui d’importantes difficultés de qualification. Si certains la rattachent encore à la figure du mandat, d’autres insistent au contraire sur ses particularités propres. Loin d’être strictement contemporaines, ces incertitudes semblent avoir constitué une difficulté pour l’ensemble des auteurs ayant écrit sur cette notion, depuis l’Ancien Régime. Dès lors, l’examen de cette longue controverse doctrinale entend apporter un éclairage sur les causes de ce désaccord persistant, sans pour autant chercher à déterminer la véritable nature de ce contrat. Today, the freight forwarder status raises some legal classification troubles. While some still attach it to the figure of the mandate, others insist on the contrary on its own particularities. These uncertainties seem to have been a difficulty for all the authors who wrote about this notion since the 16th century. Therefore, the examination of this long doctrinal controversy intends to shed light on the cause of this persistent disagreement.

In surface mining operations, the haul truck contributes the largest share to the overall operating cost, along with being a significant contributor to the injuries and fatalities to the operators; therefore, measures need to be taken for improving truck haulage safety and efficiency. In the absence of any major advancement in the automation technology for the mining sector, this study attempted to eliminate the existing technology lull by developing a novel DeepHaul framework for inducing smartness and intelligence within any dump truck, using the advanced algorithmic knowledge of artificial intelligence and machine learning. The DeepHaul framework consisted of two major components: first, inducing an object recognition ability by using deep learning methodology, for any dump truck. Experiments were conducted with different deep learning architectures, different training batch size ranges, and various image sizes for developing an optimum deep learning model with state-of-the-art performance for the haul truck. The second component consisted of the steering action decision making ability for the dump truck based on the given state of the haulage route. A reinforcement learning-based algorithm was designed, implemented, and tested for achieving the aforementioned objective. The algorithm exhibited an accuracy of 100% regarding safety and an average accuracy score of more than 97% regarding haulage efficiency. With the implementation of this DeepHaul framework, the existing autonomous haulage truck control technology can be greatly enhanced by inducing intelligence and smartness within the haul trucks, which would result in improved safety, efficiency, and the effectiveness of mining operations.

The Subtropolis Mine is a room-and-pillar mine extracting the Vanport limestone near Petersburg, Ohio, at a depth of approximately 59.4 m (190 ft). In February of 2018, mine management began implementing a new layout to better control the negative effects of excessive levels of horizontal stress. Almost immediately, the conditions in the headings improved. Conversely, and as expected, stress-related damage concentrated within crosscuts. Over the last 18 months, the mine operator has diligently experimented with different techniques/methods to lessen the impact of the instabilities in the outby crosscuts. The range of controls used by the mine operator include angled crosscuts, crosscut offsets, increase distance between crosscuts, arched crosscuts, cable bolted crosscuts, altered blasting pattern, and windows. A window is used to resist roof deformation by leaving a strong brow of roof rock within the crosscuts. A window reduces the crosscut dimensions vertically and, in some applications, horizontally. With each application of engineering controls, conditions were monitored and analyzed using observational and measurement techniques. In every case, the advantages in ground conditions were weighed against its impacts to haulage, ventilation, and other mining considerations. This paper examines how each engineering control was implemented and assessed. All these controls are based on well-established geomechanics principles, but experience has shown that local modifications are needed to deal with the unique local conditions such as geology, mining method, mine equipment, and in situ stress conditions.

With the increasing depth of underground engineering, the risk of coal–rock dynamic disasters such as rockburst is becoming more and more serious and complex, which seriously threatens the safety of coal resource, mine production and the surface ecological environment. However, the existing risk indices and methods used for evaluating rockburst risk cannot be fully applied to deep goal seam group (DCG) mining. For the safe exploitation of coal resources, in this paper, based on statistical analyses of 300 cases of rockburst, six new indices are proposed for evaluating rockburst risk in the DCG, namely dip angle, moisture content, stability of coal seam, advancing speed of working face, disturbance factors and support patterns. In addition, the influence of multiple factors coupling and superposition on rockburst risk was considered. Thus, the Comprehensive Index Method of rockburst risk of Deep Coal seam Group (DCG–CIM) based on analytic hierarchy process was established. Finally, rockburst risk in the evaluation area was quantitatively assessed into four grades, including “No rockburst risk”, “Weak rockburst risk”, “Medium rockburst risk” and “Strong rockburst risk”. Taking the 2233 working face of Hengda Coalmine as an example, the evaluation results show that the ranges of 0–184 m, 224–284 m, 324–384 m, 424–484 m, 524–584 m and 594–624 m from terminal line of haulage roadway on 2233 working face were the medium rockburst risk zones, which are in accordance with the on-site impact damage results and are more accurate than the traditional method. The DCG–CIM can consider more inducing factors and obtain more accurate and reliable evaluation results and is more suitable for deep coal seam group mining.

Simulation has been used for decades in the mining industry to improve the design of haulage systems and optimize their operations. There are in the market many simulation environments for carrying out these tasks. Despite the existence of these advanced tools, there is a need of having more flexible environments that could be easily integrated with other tools such as optimization, advanced data analysis and real-time systems. In this work, the use of SimEventsTM is explored to build basic models of the main components of a haulage system. Using the unique abstraction mechanism of this environment, the main components are programmed as blocks that can be used to configure mining haulage systems. A hypothetical open-pit haulage system is simulated using Arena and the proposed simulation environment. Several simulation scenarios are used to compare the different features of these simulation tools and demonstrate the flexibility of the SimEventsTM models to address different operational scenarios including the integration of dispatching and maintenance operations. In addition, these models, unlike the Arena ones, have the potential to be seamlessly integrated with other MatlabTM toolboxes for optimization and analysis.

The paper presents input-state feedback linearization for a nonlinear, linear DC machine haulage trolley. The nonlinear haulage trolley model is based on a friction model as a function of dynamic slip. The novelty in our study in addition to finding the conditions for input-state linearization is the dynamic slip model based friction modeling. The key condition for input-state linearization is found to be that the friction coefficient must not be constant. A negative feedback control based on pole placement is designed for the linearized trolley for practical demonstration of concept.

In this paper we provide a singular optimal control analysis for a class of electric, linear DC machine trolleys characterized by an input translational force. The key goal in our study is to optimize performance by minimizing the energy associated with the drag losses. In so doing, a novel drag model is formulated. The necessary and sufficient conditions for singular optimality are formulated. The linear DC machine powered trolley is demonstrated to have minimal energy for superior state trajectories under varying haulage load.

Opening an underground mine or part of it presents complex and responsible issue, which affects the economy and effectiveness of the mine operation. This paper presents a methodology for selecting the optimal variant for opening, the lead-zinc ore mine Toranica, Macedonia. Six variants of opening and haulage of ore and waste rocks in the deeper parts of the ore deposit have been considered. After the performed analysis, the optimal variant for opening and haulage for the Toranica mine was determined.

Remote sensing data have allowed detecting and monitoring of arrangement of mining and haulage machines in open pit mines producing coal and iron ore in Russia. In coal mining, the highest concentration of mining and haulage equipment is revealed in open pit mines in Kuzbass; in the iron ore industry, open pit mines in the Belgorod and Kursk Regions operate 70% of the total equipment employed in the mining sector. The authors draw a conclusion on the essentiality of strengthening of in-house mining machine engineering in Russia and on creation of interregional centers for maintenance and repair of mining and haulage equipment.

Accurate knowledge of the distribution characteristics of structural planes in rocks is beneficial in the evaluation of rock mass quality and roadway support decision-making. In this study, in situ monitoring results were used to analyse the deformations and failure characteristics of the rock surrounding the main haulage roadway in the Huahong coal mine to establish a deformation and failure model for the surrounding rock affected by mining. According to an analytic hierarchy process, a comprehensive evaluation index for the degree of fracturing in the rock surrounding the coal seam roadways was proposed. Additionally, a classification method based on the comprehensive widths of the structural planes (CWSPs) inside the complete rock mass was proposed to determine the quality of the surrounding rock. The structures of the rocks surrounding the main haulage roadway in the mine before and after coal mining were observed in situ at monitoring station no. 22. Borehole imaging technology was used to classify the surrounding rock quality using the CWSP-based evaluation method. The results indicated that the roof rock was mildly affected by mining; the corner rock had a large degree of fracturing in the central part of the borehole and a small degree of fracturing at both ends; the rib rock was highly fractured. These evaluation results were consistent with the macroscopic characteristics of the surrounding rocks, indicating the reliability of the deformation and failure model for characterizing the surrounding rocks affected by mining.