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Among the harmful plants recorded in Cuba Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit is described due to its invasive nature in open areas of secondary or semi-natural vegetation in various crops. The work was carried out with the objective of determining the spatial and temporal distribution of Leucaena leucocephala in sugarcane plantations in Cuba. For the study, a survey of the species was carried out and the frequency of appearance between the years 2007-2020 was determined. The spatial distribution by zones was realized with the professional MapInfo Geographic Information System version 12.5. The results describe that in the evaluated period the frequency of appearance of L. leucocephala showed an ascending dynamic over time after its appearance in 2011 and was classified as Accidental with values below 25 %. The presence of L. leucocephala is reported in 39 Sugar Agroindustrial Companies, with greater intensity in the eastern zone of Cuba. The Argelia Libre company of Las Tunas province presented the highest values of frequency of occurrence (59.2 %) classified in the moderately frequent category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between those involved in the management of living organisms and biodiversity is a central issue in the future of urban spaces: not only do the majority of humankind lives in or under the influence of an urban space, but urbanization is one of the main causes of biodiversity erosion on a global scale. This article examines the issues of sorting and caring for the living, which organize and influence the changing relationship between managers and, ultimately, city dwellers, towards urban biodiversity. Firstly, we explore the heritage of the different management working cultures, through a review on hygienism and its evolutions (post-hygienism and neo-hygienism). We then analyze regulations and the ways in which managers apply or fail to apply them. Finally, we present the results of a survey of public and semi-public stakeholders in the management of urban public spaces in several French local authorities. It reveals a diversity of representations and even narratives that produce different ways of legitimizing the sorting of non-human beings within the city.

The management of harmful species, including invasive species, pests, parasites, and diseases, is a major, global challenge. Harmful species cause severe damage to ecosystems, biodiversity, agriculture, and human health. The control of harmful species is challenging and often requires cooperation among multiple agents, such as land-owners, agencies, and countries. Agents may have incentives to contribute less, leaving more work for other agents, which can result in inefficient treatment. Here we present a dynamic game theory model and we show that slow treatment may promote a stable solution (Markovian Nash equilibrium) where all agents cooperate to remove the harmful species. The efficiency of this solution depends critically on the life history of the harmful species that determines the speed of optimal treatment. Furthermore, this cooperative equilibrium may coexist with other Nash equilibria, including one dictating no treatment of the harmful species, which implies that coordination among agents is critical for successful control.

Recently, there have been recorded findings of the pleustonic siphonophore Physalia physalis Linnæus, 1758, in different regions of Algeria. Several colonies washed ashore during March and May 2021 along the Algerian coast. Thirty colonies were observed on surface water and stranded on the beach between March and May from Beni Saf (35.30182° N;-1.40293° W) to Skikda (36.916557° N;7.162915° E). The highest number of such strandings of this species was recorded in Tipaza and Algiers. This is the first record of P. physalis in Algeria, extending the previously known distributions from the tropical and sub-tropical latitudes of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans and may represent a danger to human health and the coastal economy. Strandings of P. physalis were notably associated with sea surface current and wind forces pushing P. physalis to become stranded on beaches. Our findings highlight the need for a monitoring program to be developed to understand more about trends associated with changes in the distribution and impact of this species. This work provides an update on the spatial distribution of P. physalis in the Mediterranean Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature is a fundamental variable for all biological processes. It influences the metabolism and tolerance limits of all living organisms, affecting species phenology and distribution patterns. It also facilitates the spread of non-indigenous species and the proliferation and expansion of native outbreak-forming species. Pennaria disticha is a colonial benthic cnidarian reported to be invasive in different Indian and Pacific coastal areas, as well as a harmful member of fouling communities found in Mediterranean marine aquaculture farms. Using the most basal functional trait (i.e., thermal tolerance), we explored the potential of P. disticha to colonize different habitats across the Mediterranean Sea in future warming scenarios. Respiration rate was measured as a proxy of P. disticha metabolism under 12 different experimental temperatures. The obtained thermal tolerance dataset was used to create a thermal performance curve (TPC). We then scaled modeled curve to occurrence probability to map species potential metabolic habitat suitability and phenological shifts within the Mediterranean Sea when subjected to different warming scenarios. Prediction maps for future climatic conditions showed a potential temporal and spatial expansion of P. disticha in the Western and Central Mediterranean. The present data increases our understanding of the ecological performance and potential distribution of an invasive and outbreak-forming species. This information will contribute to the development of early warning systems and to the design and implementation of risk assessment and management plans.

This paper presents the results of the research on a meadow entomofauna, in the Ciuperceni, Golj area. From our research we found that the most numerous species belong to the order Coleóptera (11 species), followed by Heteroptera (9 species), Homoptera (2 species), Lepidoptera (2 species), Neuroptera and Diptera each with one species. Of the total species identified (26 species), it was found that 19species are harmful, five species are beneficial and two species are indifferent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From our observation regarding the entomofauna of Pestisani (Gorj County) area during the research, 100 species of Arthropods were collected and identified (belonging to the orders: Coleoptera with 40 species, Lepidoptera with 24 species collected, Heteroptera with 12 species collected, Hymenoptera with 10 species collected, Orthoptera with 7 species collected, Diptera with 4 species collected, Neuroptera with 2 species collected), the order Dermaptera with one species collected, of which 80 species are harmful and 20 species are useful parasites or predators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences (EgeJFAS) / Su Ürünleri Dergisi is the property of Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences (EgeJFAS) / Su Urunleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From our observation regarding the entomofauna of F. D. Vulturesti (Olt County) area during the research, 72 species of Arthropods were collected and identified (belonging to the orders: Coleoptera with 27 species (37.5%), Lepidoptera with 14 species collected (19.44%), Heteroptera with 11 species collected (15 .27%), Hymenoptera with 9 species collected (12.5%), Orthoptera with 5 species collected (6.94%), Diptera with 3 species collected (4.16%), Neuroptera with 2 species collected (2.77%), the order Dermaptera with one species collected (1.38%), of which 55 species (76,38%) are harmful and 17 species (23,61) are useful parasites or predators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of harmful species, including invasive species, pests, parasites, and diseases, is a major global challenge. Harmful species cause severe damage to ecosystems, biodiversity, agriculture, and human health. In particular, managing harmful species often requires cooperation among multiple agents, such as landowners, agencies, and countries. Each agent may have incentives to contribute less to the treatment, leaving more work for other agents, which may result in inefficient treatment. A central question is, therefore, how should a policymaker allocate treatment duties among the agents? Specifically, should the agents work together in the same area, or should each agent work only in a smaller area designated just for her/him? We consider a dynamic game-theoretic model, where a Nash equilibrium corresponds to a possible set of contributions that the agents could adopt over time. In turn, the allocation by the policymaker determines which of the Nash equilibria could be adopted, which allows us to compare the outcome of various allocations. Our results show that fewer agents can abate the harmful species population faster, but more agents can better control the population to keep its density lower. We prove this result in a general theorem and demonstrate it numerically for two case studies. Therefore, following an outbreak, the better policy would be to split and assign one or a few agents to treat the species in a given location, but if controlling the harmful species population at some low density is needed, the agents should work together in all of the locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted in 2019 during the months of May to September in Brădești (Dolj) area. In this vegetable farm there is a strong correlation between areas of vegetation (which provides food and shelter) and territorial distribution of entomofauna. During our research we have captured a total of 33 species belonging to 10 orders and 21 families. Following our studies we hve determined the abundance and the dominance of the collected species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From our observation regarding the entomofauna of Ghidici area during the research, 89 species of Arthropods were collected and identified (belonging to the orders: Acari, Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Thysanoptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera) of which 72 species are harmful and 17 species are useful parasites or predators. The most numerous order was Coleoptera (44.18%), followed by the order Lepidoptera (13.95%), the order Heteroptera (12.79%), the order Orthoptera and Hymenoptera (7.8%), the order Acari (4, 4%), the order Diptera (3.37%), the orders Homoptera and Neuroptera and Thysanoptera (2.2%) and the order Dermaptera (1.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The diversity of free-living dinoflagellates in the coastal areas of the central Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, was studied from April 2016 to March 2017. A total of 106 dinoflagellates belonging to 36 genera, 20 families and 7 orders were identified and characterized using light microscopy. Of these, 47 taxa were potentially harmful, and 60 taxa were recorded for the first time from the Red Sea. The unexpectedly high species diversity, including new records, was due to the benthic species. The monthly variability of planktonic species records exhibited negative correlations with temperature and salinity, although in most cases, the links between them were insignificant. Subsequently, the dinoflagellates checklist for the entire Red Sea was updated and showed that there were currently 395 taxa and 66 genera. The results of this study provide a solid foundation for future studies of dinoflagellate biodiversity in the Red Sea, particularly for benthic and harmful species. Highlights • High species diversity of dinoflagellates found in the central Red Sea. • 106 species and 36 genera of dinoflagellates were recorded. • 47 potentially harmful and 60 newly recorded species were identified. • The dinoflagellate species checklist for the entire Red Sea was updated, comprising 395 species and 66 genera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina ( Arthrospira ) platensis is the most commonly produced microalgae for commercial applications, such as nutraceuticals and feed. While crop productivity of commercial Spirulina farms is often compromised by grazers and contaminating microzooplanktons, the biodiversity and identity of the most harmful microzooplanktons in Spirulina farms have not been extensively studied. As China is the number one producer of Spirulina in the world, comprehensive information on the biodiversity and identity of microzooplanktons in Spirulina farms is essential for the long-term commercial viability of these farms. Therefore, we determined the biodiversity and identity of the major microzooplanktons that are present in eight commercial Spirulina cultivation sites throughout China. Furthermore, we identified the major grazers that appear to directly affect the productivity of Spirulina cultures. Among twenty-three species that include 2 flagellates, 2 amoebae, 15 ciliates, and 4 rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis , Frontonia sp. and one unknown Heterolobosean amoeba appeared to be the most harmful to Spirulina due to their high density and ability to graze Spirulina . The similarity of the biodiversity and abundance of the microzooplankton was > 80% among two out of eight mass cultivation sites (C and D), while the remaining cultivation sites exhibited their own unique microzooplankton biodiversity characteristics. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that there was a positive relationship between harmful species of Brachionus plicatilis and salinity, while the other two harmful species of Heterolobosean amoeba and Frontonia sp. had a positive relationship with oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). As this is the first report to identify the major harmful microzooplankton species in commercial Spirulina farms, our study not only provides a theoretical basis for the relationship between environmental factors and biodiversity of harmful grazers but also lays a scientific foundation for developing effective monitoring and management strategies for commercial Spirulina farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioaerosols were collected between April and November 2015 on land (Gdynia) and at sea (Southwestern Baltic), using six-step microbiological pollutant sampler. It was determined that picoplanktonic cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus, Synechocystis, Aphanocapsa, Aphanothece, Microcystis, Merismopedia, Woronichinia and Cyanodictyon were the most commonly found in aerosols both over land and at sea. Chlorophyta were also numerous ( Chlorella vulgaris , Stichococcus bacillaris ), as were Bacillariophyta and Ochrophyta ( Phaeodactylum sp., Navicula cf. perminuta and Nannochloropsis cf. gaditana ). As primary production and phytoplankton concentration in sea water grew, so did the diversity of the microorganisms identified in bioaerosols. Over the sea cyanobacteria and microalgae occurred more often in large aerosols (> 3.3 μm). Over land they were mainly the components of smaller particles. In respirable particles species both capable of producing harmful secondary metabolites and potentially toxic ones were identified. We assume that bioaerosols pose the actual threat to human health in Baltic Sea region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente trabajo está abocado al estudio morfológico, taxonómico y distribucional de las especies de diatomeas pertenecientes a los géneros Asterionellopsis, Cerataulina, Ceratoneis y Leptocylindrus halladas en aguas costeras marinas de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Las muestras planctónicas fueron colectadas en San Clemente del Tuyú, Santa Teresita, La Lucila del Mar, Mar de Ajó, Nueva Atlantis, Pinamar y Villa Gesell, entre noviembre de 1994 y septiembre de 2000. Material sin tratar y tratado fue analizado con microscopio óptico y microscopio electrónico de barrido. Seis taxa correspondientes a los géneros mencionados fueron determinados, de los cuales Cerataulina dentata es citada por primera vez para Argentina y Leptocylindrus minimus es citada por primera vez para el área costera de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Todas las especies reportadas como nocivas no toxígenas para otras áreas geográficas fueron encontradas. Cerataulina pelágica, Ceratoneis closterium y Leptocylindrus minimus, componentes ocasionales del plancton del área siempre en bajas densidades, no fueron nunca asociadas a episodios de floración. Asterionellopsis glacialis, componente habitual del plancton, fue causante de discoloraciones nocivas para el turismo y las actividades recreacionalesThe present work is devoted to the morphological, taxonomic, and distributional study of the diatom species belonging to the genera Asterionellopsis, Cerataulina, Ceratoneis and Leptocylindrus found in the marine coastal waters of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Planktonic samples were collected from November 1994 to September 2000 at San Clemente del Tuyú, Santa Teresita, La Lucila del Mar, Mar de Ajó, Nueva Atlantis, Pinamar and Villa Gesell. Raw and cleaned samples were analysed with light and scanning electron microscopy. Six taxa of the mentioned genera were determined, of which Cerataulina dentata is reported for the first time for Argentina and Leptocylindrus minimus is a new record for the coastal waters of Buenos Aires Province. All the species mentioned as harmful non toxigenic in other geographical areas were found. Cerataulina pelágica, Ceratoneis closterium and Leptocylindrus minimus, occasional members of the plankton in the area always in low densities, were never associated with bloom events. Whereas Asterionellopsis glacialis, usual member of the plankton in the area, has been responsible of the noxious blooms that affected tourism and recreational activities during summer months at this touristic region

A bloom of Trichodesmium erythraeum with average densities of 3.5 x 106 trichomes L-1 was recorded in February 2014, in an extensive range of beaches on the northern coast of Bahia, Brazil. High water temperatures and rainfall, associated with wind frequency and intensity may have triggered the bloom, which lead to a strong odor and change in the color of the water, it obliged the authorities to shut down the affected beaches. These blooms negatively affected tourism and fishing, the main economic activities in the region, highlighting the importance of monitoring these events in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los fitoflagelados son un grupo heterogéneo de flagelados autotróficos, heterotróficos y mixotróficos, con importancia ecológica para los niveles tróficos en diferentes ecosistemas. Los fitoflagelados en costas del Pacífico mexicano (y en Latinoamérica en términos generales) son virtualmente desconocidos, sólo se tienen pocos registros. El estudio de los fitoflagelados requiere de métodos complicados de recolección y análisis. Esta es, probablemente, la causa de la escasez de conocimiento de este grupo en áreas tropicales y subtropicales. Material recientemente recolectado a lo largo del Pacífico mexicano sirvió para el estudio de fitoflagelados marinos, incluyendo algunos tóxicos y potencialmente tóxicos. Se usaron muestras de plancton filtradas por gravedad y con bomba de vacío utilizando diferentes métodos de fijación y análisis. Se registran aquellas especies presentes o con posibilidad de estarlo que son potencialmente nocivas para el ecosistema marino pertenecientes a los Phyla Euglenophyta, Heterokontophyta y Haptophyta. Estas especies están distribuidas en el plancton, en aguas oceánicas y costerasThe phytoflagellates are a heterogeneous group of autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixothrophic flagellates of trophic importance in several ecosystems. As in the rest of Latin America, the phytoflagellates that occur in the Mexican Pacific coasts are virtually unknown except for a few records. Their study require complicated collection and analysis methods, a probable cause for the scarce knowledge of this group in tropical and subtropical areas. Material recently collected from various localities along the Mexican Pacific coasts was used to study phytoflagellates, including toxic and potentially toxic species. Plankton samples were treated by gravity and pump filtration, using different methods for fixation and analysis. The phyla Euglenophyta, Heterokontophyta and Haptophyta were found. They occur as plankton in oceanic and shallow coastal waters

Temporal and spatial distribution of planktonic and epiphytic microalgae coupled with environmental factors was studied at five stations in Ghar El Melh Lagoon (Tunisia). Phytoplankton was monitored for a year and epiphytic microalgae were sampled during phases of proliferation of the seagrass Ruppia cirrhosa in summer 2011. Microalgae assemblages were dominated by dinoflagellates and diatoms both in the water column and on Ruppia leaves. A significant difference was found in phytoplankton distribution among stations and seasons with (i) maximum proliferation in the inner parts of the lagoon, (ii) spring–winter association of the majority of species including the dominant harmful species Prorocentrum micans and (iii) summer diatom proliferation. Redundancy analysis indicates that temperature and nutrients have a substantial effect on distribution. Epiphyte distribution roughly follows the development cycle of R. cirrhosa . A list of harmful planktonic and epiphytic microalgae found in the water column and Ruppia leaves was compiled. This study highlights the role of Ruppia in the dissemination of harmful species in the lagoon's water column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The distribution and abundance of dinoflagellate cysts in recent sediments from Visakhapatnam harbour, east coast of India was investigated and compared with sediment characteristics and physico-chemical variables of the overlying water column. The cyst abundance varied from 11 to 1218cystsg–1 dry sediment. Changes in the cyst assemblages from phototrophic to heterotrophic forms were observed from inner to outer harbour stations, and related to changes in environmental characteristics. Enhanced cyst production of potentially harmful dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum was recorded in the inner harbour stations with higher nutrient concentrations. Protoperidinium cysts were the most diversified group, and were dominant in the outer harbour stations having improved water conditions and circulation. This study points out the potential use of dinoflagellate cyst populations in providing information on environmental conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Winter rape has many pests in the spring, can cause great harm, causing to compromised harvest insecticide treatments are essential in controlling pests of the crop population. In the 2004-2011 were executed research on the efficacy of systemic and non-systemic insecticides in the conditions Câmpia Brăilei. There are significant differences between the mode of action of various substances fall protection on rape frequency, intensity and degree of pests that attack crops of great economic importance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper describes the morphology, taxonomy, and distribution of species belonging to the diatom genera Rhizosolenia s. str., Neocalyptrella, Pseudosolenia and Proboscia, found in the marine coastal waters of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The phytoplankton samples were collected from October 1994 to September 2000 at seven locations and were analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Rhizosolenia antennata f. antennata, R. bergonii, R. hyalina, R. imbricata, R. setigera f. setigera, R. setigera f. pungens, Neocalyptrella robusta, Pseudosolenia calcar-avis, Proboscia alata and P. indica were studied and compared with allied taxa. Morphology of the frustule and of the resting spore of R. setigera, which is considered by some authors incerta sedis, shows that this species might be included into the genus Rhizosolenia s. str. Rhizosolenia hyalina is reported for the first time from Argentinean coastal waters. R. setigera f. setigera, R. setigera f. pungens, P. alata, and P. calcar-avis, cited as harmful non-toxigenic taxa in other geographical areas, were never associated with harmful events in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a study of paddy vegetation in central Laos. Plants were inventoried and vegetation types classified. Relationships between vegetation and agricultural practices were identified. A total of 184 wild herbaceous species and 17 cultivated species were recorded in two villages. Of the wild species, 19 were used by local people, four were rare species, and three were major weeds. Paddy vegetation was arranged in order of water regime from shorter to longer hydroperiod by DCA. The factors contributing to high species diversity were: (1) the presence of species unique to different paddy types; (2) the presence of remnant species from original vegetation; and (3) the impact of agricultural practices. Thus, at this study site, multiple plant species coexisted in paddy fields under various agricultural practices, and some species were essential sources of food or were used in other ways to support the subsistence livelihoods of local residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased globally in recent years. In Hong Kong, a record algal bloom, caused by Gymnodinium mikimotoi and Gyrodinium sp. HK'98 (subsequently described as Karenia digitata) occurred in March and April 1998. Almost all fishes died in the affected cages, and the estimated economic loss caused by the HAB was HK$$315 000 000 (equivalent to US $$40 000 000). Most of the known toxic or harmful algal species are dinoflagellates. Some common dinoflagellate species such as Ceratium furca, Gonyaulax polygramma, Noctiluca scintillans, Heterocapsa triquetra, Prorocentrum minimum, Prorocentrum sigmoides, and Prorocentrum triestinum frequently bloom in Hong Kong waters. Others, such as Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium tamarense, Gymnodinium mikimotoi, Gymnodinium cf. breve, Gymnodinium catenatum, Dinophysis caudata, Dinophysis acuminata, and Gambierdiscus toxicus bloom only occasionally, but their toxic effects or potentially toxic and harmful effects are very significant. Some important toxic and harmful, or potentially toxic and harmful dinoflagellate species are described. Among them, Gambierdiscus toxicus, a potential ciguatera fish poison producing species, and Gymnodinium cf. breve, a neurological shellfish poison producing species were new records from Hong Kong waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dead Sea has a hypersaline environment where only extremophile species like Archaea, Bacteria, and fungi can survive. The Red Sea-Dead Sea Water Conveyance (RDSC) is constructing a pipeline of 180 km to import water from the Red Sea in the shrinking Dead Sea. Both seas exhibit highly different hydrographic features that determine their biodiversity. Using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding and amplifying a fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) from water samples, we compared the communities of the Red Sea and the Dead Sea to understand the potential impact of the water conveyance project on biodiversity, following by an identification of potential biopollutants able to enter the Dead Sea for their small size. The results suggest a high likelihood of acquiring harmful algae into the Dead Sea. This study alerts about the real risk of losing the unique Dead Sea biota when the conveyance is actually undertaken. • The Red Sea-Dead Sea Water Conveyance will import Red Sea water in the Dead Sea. • The two seas are very different in hydrology and biodiversity. • DNA metabarcoding identified nuisance species of small size from Red Sea waters. • Fungi species adapted to saltwater were found from Dead Sea waters. • Red Sea invasive fungi and harmful algae could threat the unique Dead Sea biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major challenge in ecosystem management is to promote cooperation among the multiple agents that manage the ecosystem. In particular, sharing information among the agents is often essential for reaching a desirable collective treatment. However, it is unclear how the sharing of information affects the incentives of selfish agents to cooperate and contribute to the common environmental project. Here, we consider a harmful species population that migrates across lands and causes damages to multiple agents, each of which aims to minimize her/his own costs due to both treatment and damages over time. We use game-theoretical models and compare the resulting collective treatment in three scenarios that differ in the information that agents have about (1) the true contribution of their neighbors to the treatment and (2) the true damages inflicted on their neighbors by the harmful species. We demonstrate that sharing such social information may incentivize the agents to free ride on their neighbors' contributions, thereby reducing the efficiency of the collective treatment. This implies that monitoring and sharing information may have negative consequences, and the extent to which information should be shared in joint projects necessitates a careful examination. • Sharing information among managers may be essential for harmful species eradication. • But sharing certain kinds of information may also incentivize managers to free ride. • Thus, policymakers need to examine carefully which information should be shared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]