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We analyze measures of socioeconomic disadvantage over the course of childhood in the United States. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we estimate the proportion of childhood spent in income poverty, low food spending, and multidimensional disadvantage from 1998 to 2018, as well as the degree to which these measures coincide. We also report associations between correlates of childhood disadvantage and early adulthood implications for health and education. On average, one-fifth of childhood is characterized by some socioeconomic disadvantage. 10% of all children spend at least half of their childhood in poverty, and the 10% most persistently disadvantaged Black children spend at least 85% of their childhood in poverty. Childhood disadvantage has strong negative associations with continuing education, both at the extensive and intensive margins of exposure, and a broader classification of childhood disadvantage is suggestive of negative health outcomes in early adulthood, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food insecurity has many causes, including insufficient incomes, competing expenditure needs, and inadequate facilities to store and prepare food. The characteristics that contribute to food insecurity may also contribute to other co‐occurring hardships. This article examines people's experiences of food insecurity, poor financial wellbeing, poor physical health and long‐term disability, low social support, inadequate economic resources, and housing stress, using 2020 data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. It finds that food insecurity typically co‐occurs with other hardships. Nearly two‐thirds of food‐insecure Australians experience another hardship, and just under one‐third experience multiple other hardships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaining financial independence is a prominent marker of adulthood. This study explored the experiences of a group of South African students (MAge = 22.24), with a specific focus on how the psychological tasks of emerging adulthood are embedded in the socio-economic context. Through the thematic analysis of 26 interviews, participants' hopes, fears, and well-being (while managing student life shaped by an economically contentious situation) were unpacked. Considering the academic, personal, and social threats in their quests for independence, participants appreciated the support from parents, the university, and funders. Despite financial obstacles, they portrayed a strong personal commitment and resilience to excel academically, be financially liberated, and break the cycle of poverty. Hardship inspired dreams to secure a better future, a 'soft life', for themselves and others. Findings are discussed in juxtaposition with the responsibility of institutions to ensure a just society where emerging adults can flourish into financially stable adulthoods and futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a lack of up-to-date information on the prevalence and burden of headache in Norway. Here we describe the methods and validation of the diagnostic tool of the PopHEAD study, a study designed to determine the prevalence and burden of migraine, tension-type headache, and medication-overuse headache. Method: PopHEAD is a Norwegian population-based cross-sectional study conducted in Vestfold and Telemark County in 2023. A random sample of 28,753 individuals aged 18 to 70 was invited to participate. The study used a digital version of the Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire, translated into Norwegian using the Lifting The Burden translation protocol. A subsample of participants was contacted by telephone within four weeks for an interview with a headache neurologist blinded to the questionnaire responses. Headache disorders were diagnosed according to the criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders version 3. Validity was expressed by sensitivity, specificity and Cohen's kappa (κ). Results: In total, 8,265 (3,344 men and 4,921 women) responded. Most men (75.0%) and women (89.7%) reported having had a headache in the past year. Of 667 participants contacted for a telephone interview, 505 responded. The sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaire-based diagnoses were 97% and 72% for self-reported headache in the previous year (Cohen's kappa κ = 0.72), 77% and 85% for migraine (κ = 0.61), 77% and 74% for tension-type headache (κ = 0.51), and 58% and 99% for medication-overuse headache (κ = 0.63), respectively. Conclusion: The PopHEAD questionnaire is a valid tool for identifying individuals with lifetime headache, migraine, tension-type headache, and medication overuse headache. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In 2013 the UK government introduced a household benefit cap to restrict the benefit income of its poorest people. Although taking different forms, such restrictions are not new there. Drawing upon files held at the UK's National Archives, this article focuses upon the years 1935 to 1975 during which the main benefit restriction that operated was the wage stop. The wage stop affected claimants categorised as unemployed. As the article demonstrates, those claimants not expected to do wage‐labour, such as lone mothers and sick people, could also have their benefit limited, though not via the wage stop. The article examines these benefit restrictions through notions of discretion. In doing so, it engages with the misconception that the wage stop was wholly discretionary. And through discussion of the main decisions that were embedded in discretion demonstrates how the discretionary potential to mitigate the impact of benefit restrictions, was often constrained by broader state concerns with labour and social discipline. Consequently, the potential positive use of discretion was limited by a desire not to incentivise behaviours and lifestyles deemed problematic. Hence, like the operation of today's benefit cap, wage‐stopped households faced lives marked by poverty, by, for example, poor diets, and inadequate clothing and essential household items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refugees living in Aysaita camp in Ethiopia and Dadaab in Kenya struggle to meet their own basic needs. Despite severe hardship, interviewees describe sharing the little they have with others in more severe need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telomere length (TL) serves as a biomarker of exposure to stressors, including material hardship. Data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (1998–2015) were utilized to determine whether prior material hardship was associated with shorter salivary TL at years 9 and 15. 49% of the year 9 study population were female, 49% were Black, and 25% were Hispanic. At year 9 (N = 1990), regression analyses found a significant association between prior material hardship and shorter TL (β = −.005, p <.01). Additionally, at year 15 (N = 1874), material hardship experienced during infancy and toddlerhood was associated with shorter TL (β = −.009, p <.01), pointing toward infancy and toddlerhood as a sensitive period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does becoming poorer always cause people to shift their attitudes towards higher demand for redistribution? Through a systematic review of the literature on this question, we reveal five important themes in existing research: a person's current income, their future expectations, their expectations about redistribution benefits, their income in early life and their attitudes towards beneficiaries. Identifying these themes helps explain why responses to economic hardship are variable and heterogeneous, and can very usefully guide future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participation in competitive, integrated employment contexts is chronically low for adults with extensive support needs (ESN). Prior research indicates that adults with ESN face pervasive hardships in accessing employment opportunities that promote meaning, well-being, and dignity in their career trajectories. Experiencing dignity is a fundamental part of feeling included and valued in the workplace. This article provides recommendations for vocational practitioners and educators for how to advance dignity for people with ESN when working in or preparing to work in inclusive employment settings. These recommendations are aligned with the Elements of Dignity and voiced by people with intellectual and developmental disabilities who have lived experiences in competitive, integrated employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study elucidates relations among playtime, bedtime, and cortisol levels for children facing economic hardship. Background: Poverty‐related stressors overburden physiological systems that respond to stress, with implications for child health and development. The family microsystem can offer protection, yet no prior published studies have explored whether time allocated to various home activities might relate to stress levels. Method: The study included 130 children aged 3 to 5 years who attended a Head Start preschool, and their primary caregivers. Trained research assistants completed daily telephone interviews with the caregivers across 10 days near the start of the preschool year to assess activities at home and, at a midyear time point, collected child saliva samples upon preschool arrival on 2 weekdays to assess morning levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Results: Zero‐order correlational and linear regression analyses indicated that a greater proportion of playtime and earlier bedtime relative to waketime (i.e., more sleep time) related to lower morning cortisol levels. Conclusion: Greater playtime and sleep time may mitigate the tax of poverty on physiological stress response systems. Implications: Implications concern family strengths that might be built upon to promote the well‐being of children facing economic hardship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Golf is a global game that is dominated by technology. Even in times of economic hardship, golfers flock to golf courses around the world, and the golf industry continues to churn out advancements in golf technology with the promise of making players better and the game more enjoyable. Nonetheless, golf has its barriers and challenges. For example, it is a game that is exclusive, expensive, requires a lot of time, and puts a strain on the environment. Grounded in Media Ecology Theory, this article examines the relationship between golf and technology by taking a McLuhanesque trip to the world of TopGolf, the popular chain of electronic driving range entertainment centers, and arguing that TopGolf demonstrates one way in which technology is being used to make the game more accessible, affordable, and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research revealed the significance of the words of general calamities and hardships in the Holy Qur'an through the induction of words and structures in the Holy Qur'anic verses. The research showed the subtle differences and semantic shades between words and structures, and it is impossible for two words to differ while the meaning is the same in the Holy Qur'an; because the language of the Qur'an has gathered the sources of eloquence with great wisdom and that it was chosen by the Almighty, the Wise. The research was divided into two parts, the first of which dealt with the significance of calamity in the Holy Qur'an, and the second revealed the significance of the words of general calamities and hardships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People who were disabled from working reported substantially worse depression in recent research [1] despite adjustment for demographic covariates, cognitive-appraisal processes, and COVID-specific stressors, thus motivating the present work. Objective: This study sought to "drill down" to understand employment-group differences (employed, retired, unemployed, disabled) in cognitive factors, and how these factors played into paths to depression during COVID early in the pandemic and depression trajectories over 15.5 months of follow-up. Methods: This longitudinal cohort study (n = 771) included chronically ill and general-population samples in the United States, characterized into the same depression-trajectory groups as the earlier study [1]. The Quality-of-Life Appraisal Profilev2 Short-Form assessed cognitive-appraisal processes. COVID-specific scales assessed hardship, worry, and social support. Chi-square, Analysis of Variance, classification and regression tree, and random effects modeling investigated factors associated with reported depression over time specifically by employment group, rather than in the whole sample which was the focus of the earlier study. Results: Disabled participants were disproportionately represented in the stably depressed trajectory group, reporting more hardship and worry, and lower social support than employed and retired participants (p < 0.0001). They were more likely to focus on health goals, problem goals, and emphasizing the negative (p < 0.001). They had different paths and cut-points to depression than employed/unemployed/retired participants. Even mild endorsement of emphasizing the negative and recent changes predicted higher depression. COVID-specific stressors and cognitive-appraisal processes were less implicated in depression among disabled participants compared to others. Conclusions: Disabled participants were at greater risk of stable depression during the COVID pandemic. Small increases in emphasizing the negative were a path to worse depression, and disabled participants' depression may be less reactive to external circumstances or ways of thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active stabilization of heave/pitch motions and parametric roll resonance of nonlinear ship dynamics is crucial for various maritime applications to ensure the safe operation of vessels under high sea conditions. This paper highlights a new model-based control synthesis to mitigate dynamic instability associated with parametric resonance in a container ship model presented in descriptor form, ensuring safety and efficiency in maritime transport. A novel control strategy has solved the peak phenomena of sliding variables and the hardship in suppressing displacement/angle and velocity, especially in pitch motion. The adaptive fractional-order super-twisting algorithm is realized by guaranteeing several potential advantages over other approaches, such as non-overestimating adaptive gains, smooth control action with chattering reduction, stability, and robustness against disturbances. The Lyapunov theory proves the robust stability of the proposed control algorithm. The effectiveness of the new ship controller is verified via numerical simulation tests. Finally, an active control mechanism guarantees the safe maneuvering of large container ships on heavy seas with big waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the issues raised under the topics of "ijtihād and taqlīd" is the invalidity of an obligatory act in the absence of taqlīd and caution, which almost all Shi'a jurists believe is invalid. The need to address this issue is because a person, after years of acting without imitation and caution, decides to perform actions with imitation of a mujtahid or caution from then on. Now, if his past deeds are invalid, he will suffer a lot of hardship to make up for his past deeds. In this article, in an analytical-descriptive method and citing library sources, the theories and arguments of Shi'a jurists have been criticized, and the basic question has been answered that, "in the case of action without imitation and caution, are all the past actions of the obligee (mukallaf) are considered void and should be made up for?" "And what is the criterion of the validity or invalidity of such a person's action the opinion of the mujtahid during the action or during the recourse?" By examining the evidence, it has been concluded that if such an action is in accordance with the facts or in accordance with the opinion of one of the two mujtahids during the action and during the reference (valid evidence), it is permissible and valid and does not require the compensation of past actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rape crisis advocates (RCAs) are high-stakes volunteers (HSVs) that provide advocacy services to survivors of sexual violence during forensic examinations. Given that supporting survivors can be emotionally difficult, practicing resilience is foundational to their volunteerism. Drawing on 23 interviews with RCAs, results demonstrate that RCAs communicatively construct resilience through practicing Buzzanell's (2010) five communication processes of resilience. This interpretive analysis contributes theoretically and practically to feminist organizational communication research by illuminating how work meaningfulness is embedded within resilience in RCA volunteerism. In offering how RCAs distinctly practice each resilience communicative process, we reveal sources and mechanisms through which RCAs construct work meaningfulness. Thus, our results problematize previous resilience research by demonstrating its critical connection to meaningful work, yet lack of scholarly attention to it. We also offer theoretical implications for HSVs through suggesting that the motives attracting volunteers to high-stakes volunteerism help them communicatively enact resilience when they endure hardships at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late-life material hardship captures older adults’ inability to afford necessities. Using data from the Understanding America Study, this study shows that while older women experienced higher levels of hardship than older men, the prevalence of hardship decreased as age increased. Older women had more hardship at an earlier age (65–69), highlighting the intersectional disadvantage experienced by older women. The chance of any hardship for older women was higher than that for older men in 2021–2022, concurring with recent rises in inflation and cost-of-living. Policies and interventions to alleviate deprivation should pay greater attention to older women’s disproportionate experience of material hardship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores major challenges facing students, such as mental health, financial hardship and employability. It suggests that well supported and appropriately funded students' unions can play a vital role in improving the experience of students. Their work can be crucial in ensuring students have influence on university decision making, it can help improve mental and physical wellbeing, support enhanced employability, and contribute to a stronger sense of belonging and community. It recommends that universities should support students' unions, by providing more training, support and funding, and enabling them to take on increased responsibilities for extracurricular activity and providing more campus services. This could make a significant difference in improving the experience of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Wife to Be Lett (1723), Eliza Haywood’s first original comedy, is often viewed as a casual early investment in drama more productively reoriented to novel writing. Taking a contrary view, this article shows how this early play is a sophisticated, self-reflective piece in which the author rehearses what became a recurrent motif in her writing: the unique hardships besetting women’s authorship. By drawing attention to the shared predicaments of wives and women writers, Haywood’s play offers a metaphoric figuration of the woman author as a wife, providing a twist to the common trope of the writer as prostitute. A Wife to Be Lett voiced a powerful criticism against the hypocrisy of a society that relied on women (as wives and writers) for the production and circulation of capital but obstructed their efforts to do so. The play’s radical depiction of women as figures of authority and social respectability in the twin markets of marriage and literature sheds light on the moderate success it had on the stage and its far longer afterlife in print. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Comprehensive cancer-related financial toxicity (FT) measures as a multidimensional construct are lacking. The aims of this systematic review were to (1) identify full measures designed explicitly for assessing FT and evaluate their psychometric properties (content validity, structural validity, reliability, and other measurement properties) using Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN), and (2) provide an analysis of the domains of FT covered in these measures. Methods: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched for quantitative studies published from January 2000 to July 2023 that reported psychometric properties of FT measures in cancer survivors. The psychometric properties of FT measures and study risk of bias were analysed using COSMIN. Each FT measure was compared against the six domains of FT recommended by Witte and colleagues. Results were synthesized narratively. The detailed search strategies are available in Table S1. Results: Six FT tools including the COST-FACIT, PROFFIT, FIT, SFDQ, HARDS, and ENRICh-Spanish were identified. The COST-FACIT measure had good measurement properties. No measure reached an excellent level for overall quality but was mostly rated as sufficient. The SFDQ, HARDS, and ENRICh-Spanish were the most comprehensive in the inclusion of the six domains of FT. Conclusion: This review emphasizes the need for validated multidimensional FT measures that can be applied across various cancer types, healthcare settings, and cultural backgrounds. Furthermore, a need to develop practical screening tools with high predictive ability for FT is highly important, considering the significant consequences of FT. Addressing these gaps in future research will further enhance the understanding of FT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores with the journey of solitude and reconstructing the self in Paul Auster’s Moon Palace. Solitude was the state of being alone from the society. The main protagonist Marco was emotionally hidden, avoids to contact others. It was the story about families and generations. It talks on the series of lost chances and tragedies. At each stage of his life, his thoughts and emotions drastically changes. He retreats from the society and spend all his time all alone. He stopped thinking on future and avoids commitments. Then, he reconstructs his self from mishaps. Finally, he tolerates his own ambiguities, and accepts the reality. This paper brings out the inner and outer exposure, hardships, sufferings, challenges in reconstructing the self to pave the way for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Using a community‐based participatory research (CBPR) approach, this study documents Latine immigrant families' work, childcare, and education experiences during the COVID‐19 pandemic to inform policy and practice to support Latine families. Background: Latine immigrant communities, comprising undocumented and mixed‐status families, were among the hardest hit by the COVID‐19 pandemic. In addition to employment and housing challenges, children and families lost access to the important academic supports and social services built into childcare programs and schools. Method: For this study, we collected in‐depth qualitative interview data from mothers who were immigrants from Central America and Mexico (N = 23) as part of an ongoing CBPR project. Using community coding techniques, data were analyzed in partnership with our Community Advisory Board, Amigas de la Comunidad. Results: In the context of illegality, participants and their families who already feared deportation and family separation, faced added burdens during the pandemic including job loss, school and childcare closures, and isolation. Parents worried about meeting their families' basic needs, getting sick, losing loved ones to COVID‐19, and being evicted from their housing. Conclusion: While participants shared stories of resilience and resistance, they also reflected on stories loss and hardship—experiences that were exacerbated by anti‐immigrant laws and policies that made navigating the pandemic especially punishing for immigrant families. Implications: On the basis of study findings, program and policy implications for serving Latine children and youth and their immigrant parents, especially those with mixed documentation status, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

∴ Introduction ∴ In the wake of the Coronavirus pandemic, the global legal framework has been put to the test, revealing the vulnerabilities of ongoing contracts, such as leases, to sudden and unforeseeable emergencies. These emergencies can disrupt the economic equilibrium of contracts, making the fulfillment of contractual obligations challenging, if not impossible, without necessarily leading to their annulment or dissolution. This paper outlines the potential for adjusting lease agreements under extraordinary circumstances induced by global health crises. ∴ Research Question ∴ The core research question addresses whether the economic balance of lease contracts, which has been disrupted by the outbreak of pandemics like Covid-19, can be readjusted. It seeks to explore the legal avenues available for such adjustment, particularly in the context of Islamic jurisprudence. This question is pertinent in understanding the extent to which legal frameworks can provide flexibility and fairness in the execution of contracts amidst unforeseen global health emergencies. ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ The hypothesis posits that, contrary to traditional enforcement mechanisms like contract dissolution or termination due to force majeure or other changing circumstances, the legal and jurisprudential foundations of Islamic law, including no harm principle [La-Za'rar], hardship [Osr va Haraj], implied condition, and unjust enrichment, support the adjustment of lease contracts. This approach aims at maintaining the contract while preventing harm to any party involved, thus offering a balanced solution that prioritizes the contract's survival over its termination. The novel concept of "Segmentation of Benefits" introduced in this research underscores the divisibility and interconnection of benefits derived from leased property, providing a foundational basis for adjusting lease contracts in the face of pandemics. ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ The research employs a doctrinal methodology combined with a descriptive-analytical approach to explore the feasibility of adjusting rent in epidemic conditions. By scrutinizing the works of Islamic jurists and analyzing existing legal precedents and theories, the study aims to uncover jurisprudential and legal bases for contract adjustment in the context of lease agreements affected by pandemics. This investigation is structured around a three-part framework: firstly, examining the change in circumstances of lease contracts during pandemics; secondly, exploring the Islamic jurisprudential bases for lease contract adjustment; and finally, clarifying the legal bases for such enforcement. This comprehensive framework allows for a detailed exploration of the subject matter, facilitating a nuanced understanding of the potential for contract adjustment in unprecedented times. ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ The study meticulously examined the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the economic balance of lease contracts, recognizing the necessity of adapting legal practices to address unforeseen disruptions. The key findings highlight the importance of a dynamic approach to contract law, one that acknowledges the unpredictable nature of such global crises and their potential to render existing contractual agreements inequitable or unfeasible. The investigation revealed that the principles of "no harm," "hardship," "unjust enrichment and abuse of rights," "implied condition," and "segmenting the benefits of the lease contract" provide robust jurisprudential and legal bases for the adjustment of lease agreements in response to the pandemic. These principles collectively advocate for a balance between the contractual obligations and the unforeseen circumstances that may disadvantage one party disproportionately. Specifically, the study found that: No harm principle necessitates avoiding any contractual adjustments that would unfairly disadvantage one party, advocating for equitable solutions in the face of adversity. Hardship and implied condition principles support the notion that contracts can and should be adapted when fundamental assumptions underpinning the agreement change unexpectedly. Unjust enrichment and abuse of rights principles warn against leveraging the pandemic for disproportionate gain at the expense of the other party. Segmenting the benefits of the lease contract emerges as a novel approach, suggesting that the divisibility of the leased property's benefits can guide the proportional adjustment of rent, aligning with the actual utility received by the lessee during the pandemic. This study underscores the critical role of social solidarity in contract law, especially during crises that affect the fundamental conditions of lease contracts. It proposes a paradigm shift towards viewing contracts not merely as static agreements but as dynamic instruments that must adapt to ensure fairness and equity between the parties. The emphasis on adjusting rent according to new conditions reflects a commitment to preserving the contractual relationship and ensuring its sustainability over termination or dissolution. ∴ Conclusion ∴ The research conclusively demonstrates that the adjustment of lease contracts in response to pandemics like the coronavirus is not only feasible but necessary to uphold the principles of fairness, equity, and social solidarity in the face of unforeseen events. It argues against the outright termination of contracts due to the hardships imposed by the pandemic, advocating instead for a more nuanced approach that seeks to maintain the contractual bond through equitable adjustments. This study's conclusions contribute significantly to the field of contract law, offering a blueprint for navigating the legal challenges posed by pandemics and other similar crises. It lays the groundwork for future legislative and jurisprudential developments that could incorporate these principles into the legal fabric, ensuring that lease contracts remain viable and equitable under the most challenging conditions. Ultimately, this research highlights the importance of flexibility, fairness, and foresight in contract law, calling for a legal framework that is responsive to the needs of both parties and the broader community during times of crisis. The proposed model of rent adjustment, grounded in Islamic jurisprudence and supported by legal principles, provides a viable path forward that honors the spirit of contractual agreements while adapting to the realities of an ever-changing world. In sum, the findings and conclusions of this study not only address the immediate concerns posed by the pandemic but also offer a timeless consideration for contract law: the need for adaptability, empathy, and a deep commitment to justice and equity in the face of unforeseeable challenges.

Abstract Background There are no robust population-based Australian data on prevalence and attributed burden of migraine and medication-overuse headache (MOH) data. In this pilot cross-sectional study, we aimed to capture the participation rate, preferred response method, and acceptability of self-report questionnaires to inform the conduct of a future nationwide migraine/MOH epidemiological study. Methods We developed a self-report questionnaire, available in hard-copy and online, including modules from the Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire, the Eq. 5D (quality of life), and enquiry into treatment gaps. Study invitations were mailed to 20,000 randomly selected households across Australia’s two most populous states. The household member who most recently had a birthday and was aged ≥ 18 years was invited to participate, and could do so by returning a hard-copy questionnaire via reply-paid mail, or by entering responses directly into an online platform. Results The participation rate was 5.0% (N = 1,000). Participants’ median age was 60 years (IQR 44–71 years), and 64.7% (n = 647) were female. Significantly more responses were received from areas with relatively older populations and middle-level socioeconomic status. Hard copy was the more commonly chosen response method (n = 736). Females and younger respondents were significantly more likely to respond online than via hard-copy. Conclusions This pilot study indicates that alternative methodology is needed to achieve satisfactory engagement in a future nationwide migraine/MOH epidemiological study, for example through inclusion of migraine screening questions in well-resourced, interview-based national health surveys that are conducted regularly by government agencies. Meanwhile, additional future research directions include defining and addressing treatment gaps to improve migraine awareness, and minimise under-diagnosis and under-treatment.

Leaving marital life without reason by the husband can threaten the consolidation of the family and cause hardship to the wife. One of the ways to prevent such actions in the society is criminalization in this field. Considering the legal gap in this article, we peruse the possibility of criminalizing leaving marital life without reason by the husband, and in what form and under what title is it possible to criminalize it? Considering that leaving the marital life without reason does not provide the wife's main rights, Jurisprudence books have ruled to Noshuz. In this case, the wife advises the husband to return to life. If the advice is not useful, she will refer to the judge. At first, the judge prohibits the husband from this action, if the prohibition does not lead to any result, the judge can punish (ta'zir) the husband according to the expediency and circumstances. If the ta'zir was not useful, judge has decided to divorce But in Iranian law, first the judge forces the husband to divorce, and finally judicial divorce is prescribed.

Previous studies have shown that older people are more satisfied with their finances than younger individuals, even when they have a low income. We examine to what extent this can be observed when studying the risk of subjective economic hardship among the adult population in 28 European countries. Our study describes the association between age and the risk of subjective economic hardship and how the association varies by level of income. Additionally, we examine the role of assets and debt in explaining the association. The data come from the 2020 EU-SILC survey and its ad-hoc module on over-indebtedness, consumption, and wealth. We estimate logistic regression models that control for country-level variation. We show that there is substantial variation across Europe regarding how the likelihood of experiencing subjective economic hardship varies by age. The income position of different age groups explains, to a large extent, the different age patterns for hardship across countries. When controlling for country-level variation and level of income, older people are less likely than younger age groups to experience subjective economic hardship. We find indications that older people have a lower risk of subjective economic hardship especially in the lower bottom of the income distribution. Older people's lower risk seems to be largely explained by their more frequent ability to use savings to maintain their standard of living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Mental health issues among older adults have been widely reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines the relationship between material hardship and three mental health measures among older Americans. Method: Data are from the Health and Retirement Study collected between 2020 and 2021. Respondents ages ≥ 50 years (N = 1,504) reported whether they had experienced seven types of material hardship (e.g., missed rent or mortgage payments) and self-assessed their mental health (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety, and loneliness). We used confounder-adjusted regression models to examine the associations of the sum and each specific type of material hardship with mental health. Results: About 26% of respondents (mean age = 69.36 , 65% female, 63% non-Hispanic white) experienced at least one type of material hardship during the pandemic. The number of material hardships was associated with more depressive symptoms and higher levels of anxiety and loneliness. Among the types of difficulties, having trouble buying food was negatively associated with mental health scores. Conclusion: Material hardship during the pandemic, especially food insecurity, was a significant mental health stressor among older Americans. Targeted supportive interventions and services for disadvantaged older adults may mitigate mental health burdens during public health crises, such as pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an absolute measure of deprivation poverty fails to capture the impact pandemic-related disruptions had on households. In this study, we use data from the Ypsilanti COVID-19 Study, a cross-sectional survey of 609 residents taken during the summer of 2020, to control for pandemic-related disruptions on bill-paying and food hardship. Using logistic regression models in which specific forms of bill-paying (i.e. late paying rent, late paying utilities) and food hardships (i.e. eating less over 7 days, worried food will run out) served as dependent variables, we find that disruptions to household finances, particularly job loss, significantly increased the likelihood of experiencing bill-paying and food hardship, respectively. Our study also controls for the type of hardship experienced to see which strategies households employed during the pandemic to exit material hardship. Through logistic regression models on methods of exiting material hardship, we find the type of hardship experienced was not predictive of applying for either SNAP or UI. Moreover, we find UI was less accessible to low-income individuals experiencing hardship. The findings from our study elaborate the relationship between pandemic-related disruptions and material hardship, and indicate to policymakers that preventing hardship in the first place is much more meaningful to households than attempting to use policy to bring households out of hardship once they experience it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Understanding people's response to the pandemic needs to consider individual differences in priorities and concerns. The present study sought to understand how individual differences in cognitive-appraisal processes might moderate the impact of three COVID-specific factors—hardship, worry, and social support—on reported depression. Methods: This longitudinal study of the psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic included 771 people with data at three timepoints over 15.5 months. Participants were recruited from panels of chronically ill or general population samples. Depression was measured by an item response theory validated depression index created using items from existing measures that reflected similar content to the Patient Health Questionnaire-8. COVID-specific factors of hardship, worry, and social support were assessed with items compiled by the National Institutes of Health. The Quality of Life Appraisal Profilev2 Short-Form assessed cognitive appraisal processes. A series of random effects models examined whether appraisal moderated the effects of hardship, worry, and social support on depression over time. Results: Over time the association between low social support and depression was greater (p = 0.0181). Emphasizing the negative was associated with exacerbated depression, in particular for those with low social support (p = 0.0007). Focusing on demands and habituation was associated with exacerbated depression unless one experienced greater hardship (p = 0.0074). There was a stronger positive connection between recent changes and depression for those people with higher worry scores early in the pandemic as compared to later, but a stronger positive correlation for those with lower worry scores later in the pandemic (p = 0.0015). Increased endorsement of standards of comparison, emphasizing the negative, problem goals, and health goals was associated with worse depression scores (all p < 0.0001). People who were younger, disabled, or had greater difficulty paying bills also reported worse depression (p < 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.002, respectively). Conclusion: At the aggregate level, COVID-specific stressors changed over the course of the pandemic, whereas depression and social-support resources seemed stable. However, deeper analysis revealed substantial individual differences. Cognitive-appraisal processes showed considerable variability across individuals and moderated the impact of COVID-specific stressors and resources over time. Future work is needed to investigate whether coaching individuals away from maladaptive cognitive-appraisal processes can reduce depression and lead to better overall well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article establishes equanimity as an important emotional ideal in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In showing how equanimity served to strengthen positive emotions and temper disruptive states, it promotes a more positive view of the era's emotional landscape. The article employs the pursuit of equanimity as an intimate analytical device for uncovering the agency of ordinary people, and thus offers historians a new perspective on momentous change and adversity in the early modern period. It charts personal experiences of adversity—from physical and spiritual threats to familial disputes, uncertain patriarchal power and economic precarity—alongside individual management of religious, social and political change following the English Reformations and during the Civil War. Where other scholars have examined how different social groups reactively negotiated new realities, this microhistorical study of one gentry family in the North West of England urges historians to refocus their attention on the proactive courses that people took. Through a detailed examination of 541 manuscript letters, domestic decorative schemes, and archaeological evidence of ritual practices of protection, the article uncovers how the Moretons of Little Moreton Hall in Cheshire managed change and mitigated disaster. It discusses instances where equanimity played a persistent role in motivating the family's actions and behaviours in daily life, and argues that practices designed to promote emotional harmony were crucial for preserving kinship networks and managing personal well-being, as well as gender relations within households, in early modern England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined the longitudinal trajectories of economic hardship for low‐income families with a college education. Background: The relation between parental education and family income to parenting behaviors and children's achievement is well documented. Less is known on how high education and low income interact within families, particularly over time. Method: The sample consisted of 537 families who were low‐income and college‐educated when their child was in kindergarten. We used latent growth curve analyses to classify families into different trajectory classes based on economic hardship over several years. We then examined predictors and outcomes of each class. Results: Within this sample of low‐income, college‐educated families, there were two economic hardship trajectories: Transient (i.e., short‐term) and Chronic (i.e., long term). Parents in the transient class were more likely to work an occupation requiring a postsecondary degree and had higher educational expectations than the chronic class. We conducted additional analyses to test for generalizability and comparison to other family types. Conclusion: Parental education attainment may provide a protective buffer for parents and children when facing short‐ or long‐term economic hardship. Implications: This study highlights the sustained importance of educational attainment and the need for policy and program solutions to address families' diverse needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the U.S., means-tested cash, in-kind assistance, and social insurance are part of a patchwork safety net, often run with substantial involvement of state and local governments. Take-up-participation among eligible persons in this system is incomplete. A large literature points to both neo-classical and behavioral science explanations for low take-up. In this paper, we explore the response of the safety net to COVID-19 using newly-collected survey data from one U.S. state-Utah. The rich Utah data ask about income and demographics as well as use of three social safety net programs which collectively provided a large share of relief spending: the Unemployment Insurance program, a social insurance program providing workers who lose their jobs with payments; the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, which provides benefit cards for purchasing unprepared food at retailers; and Economic Impact Payments, which provided relatively universal relief payments to individuals. The data do not suffice to determine eligibility for all of the programs, so we focus on participation per capita. These data also collect information on several measures of hardship and why individuals did not receive any of the 3 programs. We test for explanations that differentiate need, lack of information, transaction costs/administrative burden, stigma, and lack of eligibility. We use measures of hardship to assess targeting. We find that lack of knowledge as well as difficulty applying, and stigma in the UI program each play a role as reasons for not participating in the programs.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with widespread social disruptions, as governments implemented lockdowns to quell disease spread. To advance knowledge of consequences for households in resource-limited countries, we examine food insecurity during the pandemic period. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study and used logistic regression to examine factors associated with food insecurity. Data were collected between August and September of 2021 through a Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) using a survey instrument focused on knowledge regarding the spread of COVID-19; food availability; COVID-19 related shocks/coping; under-five child healthcare services; and healthcare services for pregnant women. The study is set in two communities in Eastern Ethiopia, one rural (Kersa) and one urban (Harar), and included a random sample of 880 households. Results Roughly 16% of households reported not having enough food to eat during the pandemic, an increase of 6% since before the pandemic. After adjusting for other variables, households were more likely to report food insecurity if they were living in an urban area, were a larger household, had a family member lose employment, reported an increase in food prices, or were food insecure before the pandemic. Households were less likely to report food insecurity if they were wealthier or had higher household income. Conclusions After taking individual and household level sociodemographic characteristics into consideration, households in urban areas were at higher risk for food insecurity. These findings suggest a need for expanding food assistance programs to more urban areas to help mitigate the impact of lockdowns on more vulnerable households.

In India, the rising double burden of diseases and the low fiscal capacity of the government forces people to resort to hardship financing. This study aimed to examine the factors contributing to the reduction in hardship financing among inpatient households in India. The study relies on two rounds of National Sample Surveys with a sample of 34,478 households from the 71st round (2014) and 56,681 households from the 75th round (2018). We employed multivariable logistic regression and multivariate decomposition analyses to explore the factors associated with hardship financing in Indian households with hospitalized member(s) and assess the contributing factors to the reduction in hardship financing between 2014 and 2018. Notably, though hardship financing for inpatient households has decreased between 2014 and 2018, households with catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) had higher odds of hardship financing than those without CHE. While factors such as CHE, prolonged hospitalization, and private hospitals had impoverishing effects on hardship financing in 2014 and 2018, the decomposition model showed the potential of CHE (32%), length of hospitalization (32%), and private hospitals (24%) to slow down this negative impact over time. The findings showed the potential for further improvements in financial health protection for inpatient care over time, and underscore the need for continuing efforts to strengthen the implementation of public programs and schemes in India such as Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Gittel Dinowitz, a prominent but relatively unknown figure in pre-state Jerusalem, whose leadership stemmed from her management of a thriving store. Topics include the scarcity of streets named after women in Israel compared to men, Gittel's journey from Odessa to Jerusalem, her successful establishment of the Dinowitz Trading House, and her resilience during times of hardship, such as World War I and her husband's death.

For those fleeing violent political conflict home-country politics may be uniquely challenging. Given the high stakes which refugees are more likely to engage in home country politics? This article focuses on two sets of factors: experiences of hardship in the context of emigration, transiting and settling to their destination country; and the ongoing social ties to family and friends left behind. For our analysis, we draw on a recently collected nationally representative survey of Syrian refugees in Canada (N = 1974). We find that among those resettled in Canada, experiences of hardships in Syria and while in transit in their interim country are associated with less engagement in the political affairs of Syria. On the other hand, those who have a harder time settling into life in Canada also tend to remain more interested in home-country politics. In contrast to some findings in research on labour migrants, those who maintain close personal ties to friends and family back in Syria remain more engaged with politics. Together, the findings highlight the unique pressures refugees face and the role these pressures may have on continued interest in the political affairs of their home country after migrating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought overwhelming concerns regarding food insecurity and economic impacts for young adults. This study examined food insecurity and economic hardship before and during the pandemic, using data from a cross-sectional survey with college students (N = 375). We employed two analytic approaches, a Latent Class Analysis and a cumulative risk approach. The findings suggest that food insecurity and economic hardship increased during the pandemic and, more importantly, the patterns of economic hardship differ in nature before and during the pandemic. Economic hardship significantly explained food insecurity, and the pandemic intensified the association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Trauma represents a profound and emotionally intense experience within the human condition. Beyond its evident impacts on both the physiological and psychological dimensions of an individual, this complex phenomenon encapsulates moments of resistance and strength in the face of adversity. From a narrative standpoint, individuals invariably manifest unique responses to trauma, which necessitate a close and nuanced examination for recognition and comprehension. This article proposes a framework for the systematic collection and organisation of diverse responses to trauma through a checklist of innovative moments of social and psychological resistance, contributing to a greater comprehension of this intricate phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia closed its international border for almost two years in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, causing immense hardship for many groups of people inside and outside the country. What, if anything, could have been done differently? Constitutional commentary on the issue has tended to focus on rights and federalism. A bill of rights could have given citizens stranded outside the country a right of return. No federal division of responsibility for international arrivals would have avoided conflict between the Commonwealth and states. This article argues that the episode provides weak evidence for a bill of rights and for the failure of federalism. To help make this argument, it draws a comparison with New Zealand, which imposed similar restrictions even though it had a bill of rights with a right of return and no federal division of responsibilities. The article puts forward two alternative constitutional lessons for consideration. First, legislative specification of what government is and is not obliged to do to assist overseas citizens in an emergency may have helped set expectations. Second, a structural mechanism to represent affected persons may have improved the quality of debate by providing comprehensive, accurate and current information about their situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]