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Control measures for disinfectant pollution and related anthropogenic behaviors are required. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) with widespread use especially in hand sanitization is highlighted as a representative disinfectant emerging contaminant. This cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitudes, practice regarding BAC use for hand hygiene among medical students from the perspective of environmental sustainability. Of the 703 responding students, only 3.7% had never used hand sanitizer products containing BAC. But few students paid attention to the “environmental friendliness” property of products when consumption. Mean knowledge test score was 1.90 out of 5, suggesting poor knowledge regarding BAC use. Most students had positive attitudes toward source control of BAC pollution and strong intentions to learn more about environmental knowledge related to BAC and other disinfectants. Data indicated that medical students had positive attitudes but lacked knowledge and practices towards eco-friendly disinfectant use, thus further training and practice standards are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Candida auris, a multidrug-resistant yeast, poses significant challenges in healthcare settings due to its ability to form biofilms and resistance to common disinfectants. Understanding its susceptibility to biocides used in hospital disinfection practices is crucial for infection control. We investigated the biocide sensitivity of eight clinical C. auris strains from different patients and one reference strain (CDC B11903) using the biocide activity tests. Methods: Species identification was confirmed through MALDI-TOF MS, while clade differentiation and phylogenetic classification were determined via whole-genome sequencing. Biofilm formation was assessed using the MTT assay. Antifungal susceptibilities were tested according to CLSI standards. The effectiveness of biocides, including chlorine, chlorhexidine, and benzalkonium chloride, was evaluated through broth microdilution following CLSI standards and quantitative suspension and carrier tests, following EN standards. Results: All clinical strains were identified as clade 1, and the reference strain as clade 4, with all exhibiting biofilm formation. Clade 1 strains showed resistance to fluconazole, with MIC values ranging from 8 to 32 µg/ml, while being susceptible to other antifungals. Broth microdilution MIC assays for biocides demonstrated that all strains exhibited resistance to benzalkonium chloride. Chlorine and chlorhexidine showed variable efficacy, dependent on concentration and environmental cleanliness. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers demonstrated effectiveness against C. auris from the first minute of application. Conclusion: The study highlights the variable susceptibility of C.auris to different biocides, underscoring the challenge in eradicating this pathogen from healthcare environments. Our findings advocate for the careful selection of disinfectants in hospital settings, emphasizing the need for high-concentration chlorine and chlorhexidine solutions to combat C. auris, even in especially clean environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic and other infectious diseases continue to threaten public health, particularly in densely populated informal settlements. Effective hand hygiene, supported by alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS), plays a critical role in preventing disease transmission. This study assessed the quality, safety, and compliance of ABHS used in informal settlements around Cape Town. A total of 78 samples were collected from spaza shops, with 72 analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The results showed that 76% of ethanol-based sanitizers met compliance standards, while 24% did not. Isopropanol compliance (≥70%) was only observed in 36% of samples, with 64% failing to meet Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. Overall, 74% of hand sanitizers complied with recommended alcohol concentrations by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and CDC, while 26% posed a health risk due to non-compliance. These findings emphasize the urgent need for stricter regulation and public education to ensure effective hand sanitizers are used, thereby reducing infection risks in vulnerable populations. The study aims to inform public health policies and improve regulatory standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work introduces a Nafion‐coated copper(I) oxide nanoparticle electrode (Nafion/Cu2O/GC) designed for the electrochemical detection of methanol (CH3OH). The responses of the composite material toward CH3OH were enhanced by the selective permeation of CH3OH through the hydrophilic channels of the Nafion membrane in combination with the electroactivity of Cu2O nanoparticles. The sensor displayed a linear detection range of 0.33–100 mM CH3OH with a sensitivity of 0.17 μA·mM−1 and a detection limit (3 s/m) of 0.10 mM. It exhibited excellent reproducibility with a relative standard deviation of <5%. The sensor's practical applicability was demonstrated through recovery studies on hand sanitizer samples, achieving ca. 100% recovery. The sensor was further used to elucidate CH3OH adsorption on activated carbon, revealing that the process conforms to the Langmuir isotherm model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has spread globally, with over 695 million confirmed cases and 6.9 million deaths as of September 2023. Compliance with protective measures is considered essential to combat the pandemic. Objectives: To assess the adherence of the Jordanian population to preventive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey specifically focused on the habits and practices of Jordanians during the pandemic, as mentioned in the introductory sentence of the Google Forms questionnaire. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among the general population in Jordan aged 18 and above using an online questionnaire distributed from March to July 2022. The questionnaire was divided into two sections: demographic characteristics and practice-related questions. Data were collected using Google Forms and analyzed using R Statistical Software. Results: Most of the 409 participants were under 30 years old (65.5%), female (70%), and held a college diploma or higher degree (80%). Around 57% had been infected with COVID-19 at least once, while 60% had a relative, friend, or colleague who died due to COVID-19. More than half of the participants (54%) demonstrated favorable practices. The multivariate analysis revealed that a previous COVID-19 infection significantly increased the odds of having favorable practices (OR=2.44; CI[1.59-3.77]; p<0.001). Conclusion: This study evaluated how Jordanians adhered to COVID-19 preventive measures during the pandemic. It was found that roughly half of the population effectively followed precautions such as using masks and hand sanitizers, although adherence to a balanced diet was less frequent. The likelihood of taking precautions increased after having had COVID-19. The study also reported high vaccine acceptance rates. These findings underscore the importance of public adherence to preventive measures, especially in areas like nutrition, and provide insights for future pandemic responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbopol® is a typical jelly agent belonging to the family of cross-linked polyacrylic acid copolymers. It is largely used in antibacterial gels due to its self-wetting properties. In its pristine physical form, Carbopol® falls under the definition of microplastics, though significant changes could occur once added to hydroalcoholic solvents of the liquid formulations. To date, no life-cycle data regarding the physical state are available for this substance or for other similar polymers of the same chemical class. The aim of the present study was the investigation of the fate of Carbopol®-derived microplastics used in the formulation of typical hand sanitizer gels available in the Italian market, such as Amuchina® X-Germ, along the product life cycle. An experimental model was designed to detect the presence of Carbopol® microparticles from product manufacturing to the final use. FTIR and µ-FTIR were used to detect and characterize solid particles after the optimization of the sample preparation of different experimental matrices. While Carbopol® as such can be classified as a microplastic, in the commercial product, Carbopol® particles were not detected. Ten volunteers used the product according to the instructions reported on the label, and finally they rinsed their hands. Carbopol®-based particles were not detected in the water rinse, indicating that, after usage, the original form of the Carbopol microparticles was not retrieved. The study proposes, for the first time, a simple and comprehensive experimental approach to identify and characterize microplastics in finished products and along the life cycle by simulating their real-life usage. This approach could be also useful to evaluate the release of chemical components into the environment through the use of dermal products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne disease is caused by consuming pathogenic microorganism-contaminated food that generates poisoning. Escherichia coli is a bacterium that causes foodborne disease, which is neutralized using gel hand sanitizer containing a bacteriophage with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and active glycerin ingredients. Phages are viruses that infect bacteria naturally. This study aims to examine the effect of HPMC and glycerin on the physical properties and activity of bacteriophage ɸPT1b-based hand sanitizer gel, as well as determining the optimum composition of the combination of HPMC and glycerin in the same. The results of the study shows that the HPMC and glycerin factors show a positive value for inhibitory response, with the HPMC factor showing the best results. The optimum formula results using Design Expert 12.0 software were 0.75% for HPMC and 7.5% for glycerin, while the values for viscosity, dispersal power, and inhibitory power were 32,500 dPas, 7,737 cm, and 1.300 cm, respectively. In conclusion, an increase in HPMC concentration affects the increment of the viscosity score and decreases spread response. However, the glycerin concentration increment reduces the viscosity score but raises the spread value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of composite films consisting of crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol and magnetite as sensitive elements in the determination of the composition of aqueous solutions by digital colorimetry is described. A novel approach to fabricating composite materials of the composition hydrophilic polymer–magnetite is proposed; it involves the precipitation of Fe3O4 particles in ammonia vapors. The sensor films produced by this method were employed for determining the volume fraction of alcohol in products characterized by high alcohol content. The limit of detection for ethanol was determined at 63 vol %, while for isopropanol, it 24 vol %. The efficacy of the proposed sensor materials was assessed through in an analysis of liquid hand sanitizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number and location of facilities is a fundamental problem in transportation and logistics. While many authors argue that customer demands depend on location choices, efforts to determine the dependencies empirically have been limited. We study the problem of optimal experimentation on facility locations and find that it relates to a novel type of split plot experiment, where the whole plots are the time periods. Our empirical models include so-called "network effects" which derive from the period-specific configurations of facilities. We propose a modified exchange algorithm that accounts for network effects. We use numerical examples to study to identify relatively robust settings to assumptions about uncertainties. Also, we provide a case study involving the placement of two types of Alcohol Based Hand Sanitizer (AHBS) dispensers over four periods. In our study, our model involving the site attributes and period effects achieves approximately 50% R-squared on the log demand. Further, we compare demands in periods with two co-located dispensers compared with the same site having only a single dispenser. A paired t-test reveals statistical significance (p-value < 0.001), indicating a robust difference in average demand. Notably, average demand substantially increases by 2.3 times when facilities are strategically co-located (placing two facilities in the same place). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hands are in fact the main route of transmission of pathogenic infections. By using proper hand sanitization, we can break the virus's transmission chain, which is especially important in the ongoing COVID pandemic outbreaks. The effectiveness of hand sanitization is solely dependent on the use of sufficient antibacterial agents, which come in a variety of levels and types, including antimicrobials commercial, water-based, or alcohol-based hand sanitizer, the latter being widely used during pandemics. Therefore, the sudden overuse of sanitizers also could lead to an increase in the tolerance limit for normal hand flora and the new development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In this study, we investigated the relationship between hand sanitizer-tolerant bacteria and their antibiotic resistance profile to multiple antibiotic agents. On a timely basis before and after using different hand sanitizers, bacterial strains were collected from the volunteers of CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI). Sanitizer tolerant bacterial strains were observed also just after the application of sanitizers, which also showed the AMR phenomenon. The resultant sanitizers' resistant microbiome showed the dominant presence of Bacillus sp., Staphyloccocus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Exiguobacterium sp. and Leclercia sp. All 36 nos of bacterial strains showed MDR (> 5 nos). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study employs sensitivity analysis and optimal control algorithms to understand the dynamics of COVID-19 comprehensively. It assesses the stability of equilibrium points and computes the basic reproduction number using a nextgeneration matrix. Additionally, it investigates both the global and local stability of the disease-free equilibrium point and identifies the potential emergence of an endemic equilibrium if the basic reproduction number surpasses one. Sensitivity analysis of the fundamental parameters is conducted, and the model is calibrated with actual COVID-19 case data from India. Furthermore, the study extends the model to include optimal control utilizing the Pontryagin maximum principle. This optimal control strategy integrates the use of face masks, hand sanitizers, and isolation as control measures. Mathematical simulations are employed to evaluate the effectiveness and costefficiency of various control strategies. Based on the analysis and simulations, the study suggests that the most effective and economically feasible approach to curbing the spread of COVID-19 involves a combination of wearing face masks, using hand sanitizers, and practicing social isolation. This research provides valuable insights into the dynamics of COVID-19, emphasizing the significance of adopting control measures such as wearing face masks, using hand sanitizers, and adhering to social distancing to mitigate the virus’s spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Improvements in standard precaution related to infection prevention and control (IPC) at the national and local-level health facilities (HFs) are critical to ensuring patient's safety, preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), mitigating Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), protecting health workers, and improving trust in HFs. This study aimed to assess HF's readiness to implement standard precautions for IPC in Nepal. Methods: This study conducted a secondary analysis of the nationally-representative Nepal Health Facility Survey (NHFS) 2021 data and used the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) Manual from the World Health Organization (WHO) to examine the HF's readiness to implement standard precautions for IPC. The readiness score for IPC was calculated for eight service delivery domains based on the availability of eight tracer items: guidelines for standard precautions, latex gloves, soap and running water or alcohol-based hand rub, single use of standard disposal or auto-disable syringes, disinfectant, safe final disposal of sharps, safe final disposal of infectious wastes, and appropriate storage of infectious waste. We used simple and multiple linear regression and quantile regression models to examine the association of HF's readiness with their characteristics. Results were presented as beta (β) coefficients and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: The overall readiness scores of all HFs, federal/provincial hospitals, local HFs, and private hospitals were 59.9±15.6, 67.1±14.4, 59.6±15.6, and 62.6±15.5, respectively. Across all eight health service delivery domains, the HFs' readiness for tuberculosis services was the lowest (57.8±20.0) and highest for delivery and newborn care services (67.1±15.6). The HFs performing quality assurance activities (β = 3.68; 95%CI: 1.84, 5.51), reviewing clients' opinions (β = 6.66; 95%CI: 2.54, 10.77), and HFs with a monthly meeting (β = 3.28; 95%CI: 1.08, 5.49) had higher readiness scores. The HFs from Bagmati, Gandaki, Lumbini, Karnali and Sudurpaschim had readiness scores higher by 7.80 (95%CI: 5.24, 10.36), 7.73 (95%CI: 4.83, 10.62), 4.76 (95%CI: 2.00, 7.52), 9.40 (95%CI: 6.11, 12.68), and 3.77 (95%CI: 0.81, 6.74) compared to Koshi. Conclusion: The readiness of HFs to implement standard precautions was higher in HFs with quality assurance activities, monthly HF meetings, and mechanisms for reviewing clients' opinions. Emphasizing quality assurance activities, implementing client feedback mechanisms, and promoting effective management practices in HFs with poor readiness can help to enhance IPC efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to optimize the formulation of hand sanitizer by incorporating lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) essential oil in combination with essential oils of local Indonesian empon-empon: temu giring (Curcuma heyneana Val. & van Zipj.), temu kunci (Kaempferia pandurata Roxb.), and temu mangga (Curcuma amada Roxb.). The optimization of hand sanitizer formulation was done based on several tests. The first was organoleptic test by observing the aroma, color, and form; the second was pH, homogeneity, and spreadability testing, and; the third was testing the antibacterial activities of each hand sanitizer formula against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25922. The research stages encompassed isolation of essential oils, formulation and evaluation of hand sanitizers, antibacterial activities test, optimization of hand sanitizer formulation, and identification of the chemical compounds in the hand sanitizer with the optimum formulation using the GC-MS method. The study resulted in the hand sanitizer with the optimum formulation containing the essential oils of lemongrass (3%) and temu giring (3%), demonstrating very strong antibacterial bioactivities against both E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923, with inhibition zones measuring 29.70 mm and 60.08 mm, respectively. This hand sanitizer had a distinctive aroma, combining the scents of lemongrass and temu giring. It was in liquid form, clear, and homogeneous, with pH and spreadibility values of 5.4 and 6.4 cm, respectively. The quality complied with SNI quality standards No. 06-2588. The primary active ingredients were E-citral (22.10%), Z-citral (17.88%), and 1,8-cineol (17.63%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hand sanitizer is an essential item during the COVID-19 pandemic, posing potential side effects when containing synthetic ingredients. Therefore, this study aimed to replace hand sanitizer formulation with Citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus L.). Essential oil was fractioned into 3 components, namely F1 (67.07% of limonene), F2 (92.39% of citronellal), and F3 (62.41% of geraniol) while evaluation was conducted on antibacterial properties against E. coli. Antibacterial test was performed using the well diffusion method, showing inhibition zone diameters of 7.40, 10.76, and 8.30 mm for F1 to F3 fractions, respectively. The results showed that F2, selected as the reference for hand sanitizer formulation, had the most potential antibacterial activity and a MIC of 3.125%. Comparative test with commercial alternatives, including hedonic, characteristic, and antibacterial activity test, were conducted to assess the formulated hand sanitizer. F2 was discovered to have an inhibition zone diameter of 29.56 mm as opposed to 9.06 mm of commercial hand sanitizer. Based on hendonic test, hand sanitizer formulated with citronella oil had a distinct smell, which was less preferred than lime fragrance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 outbreak has changed how people live worldwide, making hand hygiene a must, whether it involves hand sanitizer (HS). The majority of HS are made of alcohol. Several side effects of alcohol are dryness and allergies. Alternative natural ingredients and HS are needed. Red betel (Piper crocatum) and white galangal (Alpinia galanga) are familiar and easy to be found. These two plants have the potential to be the composition of HS because of their compounds, such as antioxidants, antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals. However, there is a need for further research on their formulation and effectiveness in germ-killing. Purpose: To formulate and identify the antibacterial activity of HS containing red betel and white galangal extract. Method: This research was an in vitro laboratory experiment with several steps, including extraction, specific and nonspecific tests, formulation, and antibacterial activity tests. Results: Red betel and white galangal leaves had been extracted at a concentration of 10% and formulated into HS. The HS containing 10% red betel extract produced an inhibition zone of 0 mm against E. coli and 1.05 mm against S. aureus, and the HS containing 10% White galangal extract produced an inhibition zone of 1.47 mm against E. coli and 1.40 mm against S. aureus. Conclusion: The formulation of HS containing 10% of white galangal extract is more effective than the HS containing 10% of Red betel extract.

Objective: Unusual clinical course. Background: Ethanol intoxication is very common, and several forms of alcohol intoxication can lead to emergency department visits. Excessive alcohol users, when in withdrawal, might seek replacement alcoholic beverages; one of the common sources of ethanol is hand sanitizer, which contains 45-95% alcohol. It becomes even more challenging to deal with alcohol use disorder patients when they seek these replacement products inside hospital premises, and medical clinics and hospitals have increased their use of ethanol-based hand sanitizer since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Case Report: We report the case of a 26-year-old man with alcohol dependence presenting with a fictitious illness leading to hospital admission and consumption of ethanol-based hand sanitizer in the emergency department (ED). The patient initially presented reporting severe abdominal pain that persisted despite medications. The initial laboratory tests and imaging were non-significant. The patient was later caught stealing hand sanitizer bottles, consuming them within 4-6 h. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased alcohol intoxication, especially in EDs. Hand sanitizers, including ethanol, are toxic and hazardous when misused, mostly by adolescents and young adults. Treatments include glucose determination, dextrose infusion, and thiamine perfusion. Strategies to reduce ethanol intoxication include eliminating hand sanitizers, using wall-fixed sanitizers, and using sanitizer wipes. Conclusions: Patients with alcohol use disorder are known to develop alcohol-seeking behaviors. This report has highlighted that healthcare professionals should be aware that the increased availability of ethanol-based hand sanitizers, some of which contain toxic antiviral chemical agents, may be targeted by individuals with alcohol dependency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation and application of the composite material "crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol—magnetite" as a sensitive matrix for use in digital colorimetry and optical micrometry methods are discussed. The material was synthesized in the form of spherical granules (for micrometry) and thin films (for digital colorimetry). The obtained composites were characterized by the registration of magnetization curves. It was shown that the amount of grown Fe3O4 particles in the polymer gel is in linear dependence with the iron salt concentrations in the impregnating solutions. The composite granules were applied to determining monosaccharides using optical micrometry. The optimal pH value for the total amount of monosaccharides' determination was 8.6. The study of the analytical response of composite granules and films performed with a low limit of detection (7.9 mmol/dm3) of both glucose and fructose and a possibility of the control of high alcohol contention in water media. The granules were used to determine the total carbohydrate content in samples of natural honey and syrups with high fructose contents, while the films were used to control the alcohol content in hand antiseptics. The results obtained are in good agreement with the data provided by the manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pantoea agglomerans is recognized as an opportunistic pathogen with a significant impact on human health. Despite its ubiquity in various environmental sources, its role in nosocomial infections and the potential for antibiotic resistance necessitate a thorough investigation. This study aims to investigate the evolutionary history and identify various aspects ofthe bacterium, P. agglomerans. A comprehensive review of literature from 1994 to March 2022 was conducted to elucidate the evolutionary trajectory of the Pantoea genus. Key search terms included "Pantoea," "P. agglomerans," "Enterobacter," and "E. agglomerans" This study prioritizes human-related research, adhering to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Methods: A comprehensive review of literature from 1994 to March 2022 was conducted to elucidate the evolutionary trajectory of the Pantoea genus. Key search terms included «Pantoea,» «P agglomerans,» «Enterobacter,» and «E. agglomerans». This study prioritizes human-related research, adhering to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The results demonstrate that P. agglomerans are susceptible to imipenem, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, broad-spectrum cephalosporins, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Preventive strategies, particularly in hospital environments, are crucial to control the spread of this pathogen. These include stringent infection control practices, alcohol-based hand sanitizers, comprehensive hand hygiene education, and robust hospital-based surveillance protocols. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of advanced molecular diagnostic techniques in accurately identifying P. agglomerans. The findings also highlight the critical role of effective antibiotic therapy and rigorous infection control measures in managing and preventing P. agglomerans infections. Continuous surveillance and further research are essential to develop advanced diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, ensuring better clinical management and preventing infections caused by this pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antiseptics were introduced a long time ago, but their significance was noteworthy during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Hand sanitizer plays a pivotal role as a preventive measure. Multiple national authorities have advocated for the application of Alcohol‑Based Hand Sanitizers (ABHS). During the pandemic, a surge in demand and limited supply prompted numerous manufacturers to ramp up production. Consequently, it is imperative to scrutinize the composition, labeling, and price of hand sanitizers. Aims and Objective: To assess the contents, labeling, and price of hand sanitizers available in the Indian market. Methodology: Hand sanitizers, both online and offline, marketed in India between May 2019 and May 2022 were included. Hand sanitizers by local manufacturers without labeling were excluded. Contents and labeling of hand sanitizers were evaluated as per World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Price was assessed as a percentage cost variation. Result: Out of 79, the majority (98.73%) were ABHS, and 28.20% of them met the recommended criteria for “Adequate” alcohol concentration. Ethyl alcohol emerged as the most prevalent (69.23%), often accompanied by emollients, humectants, fragrances, and color additives. Notably, 69.62% of the hand sanitizers featured comprehensive labeling, while incomplete labels lacked essential details under “Warning and Cautions.” The average price of hand sanitizers was Rs 505.11 ± 255.36. Conclusion: Choosing ABHS with appropriate alcohol concentrations in line with recommendations is crucial. To ensure the proper and safe use of hand sanitizers, individuals should follow the instructions provided on the product labels; both manufacturers and regulators are responsible for adhering to standards for hand sanitizers made available to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a comprehensive stochastic model was developed to analyze the transmission dynamics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in both hospital-acquired and community-acquired contexts. The study explored the existence and uniqueness of solutions and established the presence of a global solution. The investigation focused on assessing the boundedness, extinction, and persistence of MRSA strains in terms of their means. The analysis of the model revealed a noteworthy phenomenon known as competitive exclusion, where the community-acquired MRSA strain gradually out-competes the hospital-acquired strain within hospital settings. In conclusion, effective interventions and preventive measures, such as improving hand hygiene compliance, implementing decolonization strategies, and enhancing disinfection rates, emerge as critical factors in controlling the transmission of these strains within hospital environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cohort study in deprived communities to investigate the persistence of food insecurity (FI) during the COVID-19 was conducted. Sample were derived from a list of mobile phone numbers provided by community leaders and local nonprofit organizations. Temporal trends and prevalence ratios of FI persistence, categorized as "never," "occasional FI," "consistent FI," were calculated. A total of 302 households completed three assessments, the majority nonwhite women. During the follow-up, families covered by social assistance increased; however, their income decreased (p < 0.05). 33% were "consistent," and 46% "occasional" FI. Permanent difficulties accessing gas canisters, hygiene products, and hand sanitizers were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This randomized controlled experimental study aims to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of ethyl alcohol solutions on bacterial growth. Alcohol solutions with different volüme concentrations were prepared as a preliminary process. In the first step, alcohol solutions of different concentrations by volume were prepared.. Microbiological agar was used as the medium. In the third process, sterile Petri dishes were obtained, and the dishes to be used were labeled with dirty hands, ethyl alcohol solutions of 10%, 30%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 96%. A laptop (monitor and keyboard), which is one of the devices frequently used in everday life, was chosen as the sample material. As a result, it was found that the number of colonies in the Petri dishes visibly decreased with increasing alcohol concentration. No bacterial colonies were observed at concentrations of ≥70%. The lowest and most effective ethyl alcohol concentration was found to be 70%. We think that observing bacterial growth at different alcohol concentrations with samples from different environments will provide us with more data on the effect of disinfectants and antiseptics in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mobility market, there is a demand from customers for antimicrobial protection. As a result, the market has grown considerably to provide antiviral and antimicrobial polymers and coatings. This study examines how the efficacy of a non‐commercial antimicrobial thermoplastic elastomer will change over the life of the application. Using an example application of an electric scooter handlebar grip, durability requirements were identified, and antiviral efficacy (exceeding a log value of 3 or >99.9 microbial growth reduction) was compared before and after testing. A scooter handlebar grip was selected as the ideal example application as it was a high‐touch surface, with several different riders. During the start of this study, scooter companies were encouraging their riders to disinfect scooter handlebars before riding, use hand sanitizer, and wear gloves. If the handlebar grip could be antimicrobial, then they could eliminate these steps and provide a safe ride for the users. In order to simulate long‐term durability, UV exposure, temperature, humidity, artificial sweat, sunscreen, insect repellent, and abrasion tests were performed and evaluated in terms of antiviral activity. Accelerated weathering reduced the virucidal activity of the sample versus unexposed antiviral thermoplastic elastomer (TPE). However, the efficacy increased with contact time from 90% to 96.83% at 30 and 120 min, respectively. Abrasion resistance of antiviral TPE showed a volume loss of 66 mm3 compared to control samples of 83 mm3. The antiviral TPE sample exhibited slightly lower efficacy compared to the control after exposure to the artificial sweat (99.43% vs. 99.95%). Additionally, a skin tolerance test conducted on rabbits showed that antiviral TPE was not an irritant and showed no dermal toxicity. The outcome of this study will lead to the development of long‐term durable antimicrobial material for the transportation industry. Highlights: The effectiveness of an antimicrobial material depends on various environmental factors.Accelerated weathering of the antiviral TPE reduced the efficacy.The antiviral TPE was non‐irritating to the skin.Significant research needs to continue in this area to provide safe and robust solutions.This approach to antimicrobial incorporation can now be applied to the transportation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to giving a pleasant scent, essential oils in hand sanitizer formulation could contribute to the increase on its efficacy. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial, as well as antiviral activities of eucalyptus oil (EO) and patchouli oil (PO), followed by their application in hand sanitizer formulation. Essential oils were obtained from a simple distillation and followed by fractionation using a rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities of the essential oils were determined based on a DPPH scavenging assay. The antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus as well as Escherichia coli were evaluated under the Kirby-Bauer method. The antiviral activities of EO and PO were based on the replication inhibition of Simian retrovirus-2 (SRV-2) in an A549 cells model. Our data suggest that the fractionation increases the purity of EO and PO based on the content of 1,8-cineole (from 54.08% to 85.05%) and patchouli alcohol (from 29.28% to 85.01%), respectively. IC50 values of fractionated EO and PO in DPPH scavenging activity were 131.21 and 118.20 ppm, categorized as moderately active antioxidants. The optimum inhibition zones against S. aureus along with E. coli were achieved by fractionated EO (10.49 and 15.79 mm, respectively). SRV-2 replication could be effectively attenuated even until day-7 post-infection. When applied in hand sanitizer formulation (in a small amount), only antibacterial activity against E. coli was found higher as compared with usual hand sanitizer. Moreover, in hand sanitizer formulation, the efficacy of antiviral activity against SRV-2 was reduced to only last for 5 days post-infection. EO and PO can be used as active ingredients in hand sanitizer formulation owing to their antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The consumption of alcohol-based hand sanitizers has increased significantly after the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Despite the conclusion of the health emergency declared by the WHO in 2023, the habit of sanitizing hands with ethanol-based gel sanitizers has been globally adopted by the population. Since general methods described in official compendia for ethanol determination such as gas chromatography or distillation are laborious and not-specific to carbomer-containing gels, this work proposes an alternative method based on digital image colorimetry. Method: The digital image (provided by ethanol-phenolphthalein reaction) was captured and transformed into an analytical signal based on the Red-Green-Blue system. The image acquisitions were performed using a Samsung Galaxy J6 smartphone, and the signals were generated using the Photometrix Pro® free program. The method was validated in accordance with ICH and applied in commercial samples. Additionally, the proposed method was evaluated for its environmental impact using the Green Analytical Process Index (GAPI) tool. Pictograms were generated using the ComplexGAPI® free program. Results: Green channel exhibited a linear response in the calibration curves for ethanol concentrations ranging from 5 to 40 % (w/w) in acidic medium. The method showed linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. Conclusions: The proposed method presented as main advantages the use of low-cost and easy-to-handle devices and reduced reagent consumption, in accordance with green analytical chemistry principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to develop a worksheet based on guided inquiry on colloidal class learning material. Hand sanitizer is one application of the colloid system. In this study, a hand sanitizer was made using an additional ingredient of mahogany seed extract as an active substance to replace alcohol as an antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to compile and determine the results of a guided inquiry-based worksheet validation test. The research method used was Design-Based Research (DBR). The results of the validation test by expert lecturers were declared valid with an average r-count value of 0.860. The worksheets produced are in accordance with the stages of guided inquiry-based learning and are feasible to be applied to colloid subjects in class XI science with a r-count of 0.83. The hand sanitizer produced was in accordance with SNI 2017 with a pH range of 6-8. This worksheet can later be applied in practical waste management and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early weeks of the 2020 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the Fox News Channel advanced a skeptical narrative that downplayed the risks posed by the virus. We find that this narrative had significant consequences: in localities with higher Fox News viewership—exogenous due to random variation in channel positioning—people were less likely to adopt behaviors geared toward social distancing (e.g., staying at home) and consumed fewer goods in preparation (e.g., cleaning products, hand sanitizers, and masks). Using original survey data, we find that the effect of Fox News came not merely from its long-standing distrustful stance toward science, but also due to program-specific content that minimized the COVID-19 threat. Taken together, our results demonstrate the significant impact that misinformation in media coverage can exert on viewers' beliefs and behavior, even in high-stakes situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to produce an alcohol gel hand sanitizer containing green glycerol. Crude glycerol was purified using chemical and physical treatments. The sanitizer was prepared using 71.100 g of 99.3° GL ethanol, 28.0 g H2O, 0.5 g of Carboxypolymethylene [Carbopol 940® or Carbomer], 5 drops of triethanolamine (pH 5–7), and glycerol (1.5% w/w). The thermal behavior of the ethanol, carbopol, triethanolamine, glycerol, and alcohol gels were evaluated using Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis. The apparent viscosity was obtained using a rotary viscometer. The determination of in vitro spreadability was achieved by an adaptation of the Knorst method. The ethanol content was measured by headspace gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector. The thermal behavior of the gels was influenced by the presence of glycerol, which confirms the possible network interactions formed. The relative densities of the samples were between 0.887 and 0.890 g/cm3. No alteration of the pH of the formulation resulted from the incorporation of glycerol. The apparent viscosities of the alcohol gels were greater than 20,000 cP. No alteration in the in vitro spreadability of the gel alcohol (530.6 mm2) resulted from the addition of glycerol. Hand sanitizer was produced using glycerol from a transesterification reaction. It represents an alternative use for the glycerol being produced in biodiesel processes. The product satisfied the requirements of WHO that preconize a formulation containing 1.45% glycerol as an humectant to protect skin against dryness and dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new sensor based on copper-zinc bimetal embedded and nitrogen-doped carbon-based composites (CuZn@NC) was prepared for triclosan (TCS) detection by pyrolyzing the precursor of Cu–Zn binuclear metal–organic framework (MOF). The performance for detecting TCS was evaluated using linear scanning voltammetry (LSV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and the proton and electron numbers during TCS oxidation have been proved to be one-to-one. The results indicated that CuZn@NC can present a satisfactory analysis performance for TCS detection. Under the optimized conditions, the linear response range was 0.2–600 µM and the detection limit was 47.9 nM. The sensor presented good stability (signal current dropped only 2.5% after 21 days) and good anti-interference of inorganic salts and small molecular organic acids. The good recovery (97.5–104.1%) for detecting spiked TCS in commercial products (toothpaste and hand sanitizer) suggested its potential for routine determination of TCS in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compliance with the recommended 30 s drying time of alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) is often suboptimal. To increase hand hygiene compliance at a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), we installed an Incubator Traffic Light (ITL) system which shows 'green light' to open incubator doors after the recommended drying time. To measure the impact of this visual feedback system on NICU healthcare professionals' compliance with the recommended ABHR drying time. Ten traffic light systems were installed on incubators at a NICU, five of which provided visual feedback, and five, serving as a control group, did not provide visual feedback. During a two-month period, the systems measured drying time between the moment of dispensing ABHR and opening the incubator's doors. The drying times of the incubators were compared with and without feedback. Of the 6422 recorded hand hygiene events, 658 were valid for data analysis. Compliance with correct drying time reached 75% (N = 397/526) for incubators equipped with visual feedback versus 36% (N = 48/132; P < 0.0001) for incubators lacking this feature. The ITL improves compliance with the recommended 30 s ABHR drying time in a NICU setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a main nosocomial pathogen exhibiting high rates of resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics. Six pandrug-resistant A. baumannii (PDR-A. baumannii) were recovered from three patients in a Tunisian Intensive Care Unit (ICU) between 10th and 16th of May 2018 resulting in one fatal case and raising the possibility of an outbreak. On 18th of May environmental screening of ICU surfaces was carried out. On 22nd of May a fourth patient was infected with PDR-A. baumannii and died. A second investigation was carried out for environmental screening and PDR-A. baumannii was isolated from the respirator. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to EUCAST (2019) guidelines. MIC of colistin was determined by broth microdilution method. PCR was used to detect 14 beta-lactamases/carbapenemases and mcr (mcr-1 to mcr-5) genes. The genetic relatedness of PDR-A. baumannii isolates was determined by PFGE and MLST. Seven PDR-A. baumannii isolates were recovered from four patients, one MDR strain from wash basin, a PDR strain from hand sanitizer bottle and another PDR strain from respirator. All PDR-A. baumannii (n 5 9) harbored blaOXA-69 gene and none carried mcr. Moreover, seven carried blaGES and blaOXA-23 genes. PFGE identified four pulsotypes (A, B, C, and D) with the pulsotype A gathering seven PDR-A. baumannii isolates: six from three patients and one from hygiene sample. MLST revealed that all PDR-A. baumannii isolates of pulsotype A belonged to the pandemic clone ST2. Systematic screening of MDR and PDR-A. baumannii is highly recommended to limit dissemination of such strains in ICUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic spread fast due to a lack of vaccines and a severe shortage of medical products to treat and combat the disease. Many studies have focused on the characteristics of extant global supply chains and trade networks that are determined by globalization drives for production to low-cost countries and the technological complexity of products with many components distributed globally. This, along with the lockdown of many sectors and national policies that divert exports for domestic use, are reasons for lack of access, especially, in Western countries to these products. Governments adopted policies that aim to mitigate vulnerability to imports of critical medical products that include self-sufficiency measures such as increased domestic production, stockpiling and reduction of exports. However, there is as yet no quantitative way to assess if a country's vulnerability to critical imports has been reduced by such drives for self-sufficiency, when other countries in the trade network follow similar policies. For this we develop a Google PageRank style centrality measure based on the Markose-Giansante eigen-pair method for a specially constructed global bilateral trade network to assess the vulnerability of net importers of critical medical products when they attempt to mitigate it by regional or domestic buffers. We use the network vulnerability centrality measure to quantify the regional self-sufficiency for EU27 countries over 2019–2021 for four Covid-19 critical medical products, viz. facemasks, personal protective equipment, ventilators and hand sanitizers. Despite, growth in value and share of intra-EU regional trade in most of these products by 2021, some countries did not achieve the reduction of vulnerability centrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the setting of healthcare, the use of hand sanitizers and antiseptics for hand hygiene is of paramount importance to avoid transfer of pathogenic microorganism through hand and skin contact. There is an increasing interest in the incorporation of essential oils in hand sanitizer's formula to avoid the adverse effect of conventional hand sanitizers on health. This study aimed to detect the chemical constituents of citrus peel essential oils and study their antimicrobial activity compared with commercial hand sanitizers. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the hydrodistillated essential oils of peels of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), and orange (Citrus sinensis) were carried out using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. The disc diffusion method was used to screen the antibacterial activity of the essential oils against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans compared with a 78% alcohol-based commercial hand sanitizer. The antimicrobial testing results were statistically analyzed. The highest yield percentage of the obtained essential oils was 1.09% obtained by orange oil. The GC-MS analysis indicated that monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons occupied the largest portion of the chemical composition of the three essential oils with D-limonene as the most predominant component. All essential oils showed activity against all tested organisms. Lime essential oil showed comparable antimicrobial activity relative to the commercial 78% alcohol hand sanitizer. In conclusion, essential oils obtained from citrus fruit peel represent a rich source of compounds possessing antimicrobial properties and could be an alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthrax is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. According to current knowledge, the disease originates in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Egypt and Mesopotamia. Laboratory tests involving direct staining or culture of samples taken from malignant pustules, sputum, blood, or patient discharge must be performed to establish a diagnosis. B. anthracis infection can enter the body through the skin, mouth, or nose. Human infection is usually caused by contact with infected animals or animal products. Anthrax causes a reduction in resource efficiency and decreases livestock productivity. B. anthracis spores are resistant to extreme temperatures, pressure, pH, drying, solvents, and ultraviolet light. The biological weapon of this disease may be fatal if it is designed to spread B. anthracis spores by aerosols. In the past, the treatment of human anthrax with penicillin at a high dose was the preferred method. The public can take several measures to prevent anthrax infection, such as purchasing and consuming meat that has been legally certified to have been slaughtered in a slaughterhouse, consuming healthy and properly cooked animal meat, and washing hands with antiseptic soap after handling, processing, and cooking animal products. This review aimed to describe the etiology, pathogenesis, mechanism of infection, epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, transmission, risk factors, public health importance, economic impact, potential as a bio-warfare agent, treatment, and control of anthrax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infectious diseases pose significant challenges in pediatric daycare centers due to high contact rates among children. Hand hygiene is a critical measure in preventing illness transmission. Methods: This cluster randomized trial involved 800 children across 20 daycare centers, divided into handwashing, hand sanitizers, educational program, and control groups. The study assessed the interventions' effectiveness in improving hand hygiene compliance, reducing microbial loads, and decreasing illness episodes and absenteeism. Results: Postintervention, hand hygiene compliance significantly increased in the handwashing (85 ± 4.3%, p<0.01), hand sanitizers (82 ± 4.7%, p<0.01), and educational program groups (83.5 ± 4.2%, p<0.01). The educational program most effectively reduced illness episodes (from 59% to 35%, p<0.01) and absenteeism (from 29% to 13%, p<0.01). Microbial load reductions were highest in the hand sanitizers group (hands: 55%, surfaces: 53%, p<0.01). Factors influencing compliance included age, gender, and the presence of visual reminders. Conclusion: While all interventions improved hand hygiene and reduced illness transmission, the educational program demonstrated the greatest efficacy. Incorporating visual reminders and tailoring strategies to demographic specifics can further optimize hand hygiene practices in pediatric settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 2020 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has become a global health crisis, so hand alcohol‐based sanitizers have become essential to preventive measures. Previous studies reported that hand sanitizers could kill bacteria and viruses; however, using them excessively can lead to health problems if misused. In light of sanitizer overuse, the availability of various products and qualities in the market, and the absence of data on skin problems, we conducted a survey study about the impact of commonly used sanitizers on skin health, particularly on hands. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and the correlation between hand sanitizer and skin health during the COVID‐19 pandemic at the National Guard Institute‐ Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted using a self‐administered online questionnaire by sending an invitation link to students and employees of the National Guard Institute‐ Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in 2021. A chi‐squared test was used to obtain differences concerning awareness of hand sanitizer use/type and hand skin health. Results: In the total 216 participants, there were considerably more skin conditions reported by women (62.5%) and respondents ages 31–40 (36.6%). For the types of hand sanitizers, 89.8%, 40.9%, 30.2%, 4.7%, and 6% were recorded: gel, spray, wipes, foam, and others, respectively, and the survey applicants were filled by 60.6% of non‐medical workers. According to the survey, 32.9% of participants experienced a hand crack, which was the most common hand side effect. The handwashing frequency was reported between 3 to 7 times per day during the COVID‐19 pandemic, and 9.3% of participants used hand sanitizers more than 10 times daily. Conclusion: It was found that during the pandemic, skin changes were common among the NGHA population and healthcare workers. Consequently, the adverse health effects of these hand sanitizers on human health may result in multiple infections and toxicity. The present study provides appropriate knowledge on the types and ingredients of hand sanitizers as essential factors for skin health, preventing health risks during this pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aims to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and compliance of the students working in the sterile area of the operating room on the surgical hand preparation procedure using the ultraviolet lamp method. Methods: The study was planned as a cross-sectional research and was carried out at the surgical technology department. This study was conducted with a total of 94 first- and second-year surgical technology students. The data was collected through “the introductory information, hand hygiene, and attitude form”, and photographs were taken under a ultraviolet lamp after a surgical hand preparation procedure using fluorescent alcohol-based hand antiseptic. Compliance with surgical hand rubbing was evaluated based on the duration, technique, and efficiency of this procedure. Results: The study was conducted on a total of 94 first- and second-year surgical technology students. Of the students, 67 (71.3%) were female, 52 (55.3%) were in the first year, and the most preferred surgical hand preparation procedure was surgical hand scrubbing (n=89, 94.7%). Only 19 (20.2%) of the students stated that they fully complied with the surgical hand preparation procedure. The students’ knowledge was moderate, and their attitudes were positive. The median value for students’ surgical hand preparation duration was 1.5 (1.24-2.51) minutes. The median alcoholbased hand antiseptic uncovered area percentage was larger for the left- and right-hand dorsal surfaces than the palmar surface. In both arms, the median percentage of the uncovered area was higher in the proximal than in the distal regions, whereas alcohol-based hand antiseptic intensity was lower in the proximal regions. The duration of surgical hand preparation was negatively correlated with the percentage of the area and positively correlated with the effectiveness of the procedure. Conclusion: Students had a lack of knowledge and practice regarding the surgical hand rubbing/scrubbing procedure. Since the duration of surgical hand preparation was closely related to the technique and effectiveness, prolonging this period may improve the correct execution of this procedure. This is the first study to evaluate the effectiveness of UV lamps in surgical hand preparation procedures, and additional studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]