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Objective: This study aims to examine studies that evaluated salt therapy (speleotherapy and halotherapy) and exercise together in chronic respiratory diseases. Material-Methods: The research is a descriptive screening study aiming to examine studies that address salt therapy (speleotherapy and halotherapy) and exercise together between 2020 and 2024. For this purpose, studies in Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Reseachgate, and Scopus academic databases were examined. The keywords ''Halotherapy'', ''Speleotherapy'', ''Salt therapy'', and ''Exercise'' were used. Results: The findings of the obtained studies showed that the combination of salt therapy (speleotherapy and halotherapy) and exercise increased the functionality, muscle strength (respiratory, upper extremity, and lower extremity), flexibility, balance, chest mobility, and endurance of individuals with chronic respiratory diseases. However, it is noteworthy that the studies addressing salt therapy and exercise together are quite limited. Conclusion: Studies that examine the combination of salt therapy (speleotherapy and halotherapy) and exercise show that the combination of both types of treatment can further strengthen the therapeutic effect obtained. In this direction, more studies with high evidence are needed in which salt therapy, called speleotherapy and halotherapy, is considered together with exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the wound healing process, outlining the four distinct phases of the healing cascade: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. The different types of closure method are described and, specifically, the various types of surgical suture that can be used for wound closure, as well as the strengths and limitations of each. The article explains aspects of patient care that need to be considered such as obtaining informed consent, and the importance of nurses maintaining appropriate clinical skills. It concludes with a step-by-step outline of best practice on how to remove sutures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of congenital chloride diarrhea (CCD) that was misdiagnosed as Hirschsprung's disease, highlighting the importance of accurate diagnosis to avoid unnecessary surgery. Topics discussed include the clinical presentation and genetic factors of CCD, diagnostic challenges associated with distinguishing CCD from similar conditions, and the management strategies that can be employed to treat the disorder effectively.

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Halotherapy (HT) is part of salt therapy derived from speleotherapy/speleoclimate, which comes from using a micro size of dry salt in aerosol form (such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sodium chloride) with stable air temperature (18--24ºC) and moderate to high humidity (40--60%) for inhalation inside a cave/imitation cave since the nineteenth century. The benefits of HT as an adjuvant may help patients with many medical conditions, especially respiratory and dermatology diseases. This therapy is believed to alleviate inflammation and the immune response and improve respiratory function, etc. The clinical benefits of HT are advocated, but the mechanisms still need to be explicitly elucidated. This study's main objective is to critically review and evaluate the evidence from existing literature of HT efficacy as an adjuvant therapy for respiratory disease in a narrative review. This review used a systematic approach and narrative synthesis. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched. Based on preset selection criteria, two reviewers separately looked over abstracts and chose relevant papers. HT improves mucociliary elimination, diminishes airway inflammation, and improves pulmonary function. This adjuvant therapy is safe and does not cause serious adverse events. Therefore, this therapy should be considered an adjuvant therapy for respiratory diseases because of its potential effects. However, scientific evidence of the effectiveness of HT is limited. High-quality further research is required to ascertain the effectiveness of this treatment for respiratory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1A (PHA1A) is caused by haploinsufficiency of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Heterozygous small insertions/deletions, transitions, and/or transversions within NR3C2 comprise the majority (85%-90%) of pathogenic copy number variants. Structural chromosomal abnormalities, contiguous gene deletion syndromes, and microdeletions are infrequent. We describe a neonate with PHA1A due to a novel NR3C2 microdeletion involving exons 1-2. Methods Literature review identified 39 individuals with PHA1A due to NR3C2 microdeletions. Transmission modality, variant description(s), testing method(s), exon(s) deleted, and affected functional domain(s) were characterized. Results In total, 40 individuals with NR3C2 microdeletions were described: 19 involved contiguous exons encoding a single MR domain; 21 involved contiguous exons encoding multiple MR domains. Transmission modality frequency was familial (65%), de novo (20%), or unknown (15%). Sequencing (Sanger or short-read next-generation) failed to detect microdeletions in 100% of tested individuals (n = 38). All were detected using deletion/duplication testing modalities. In 2 individuals, only microarray-based testing was performed; microdeletions were detected in both cases. Conclusion Initial testing for PHA1A should rely on sequencing to detect the most common genetic alterations. Deletion/duplication analysis should be performed when initial testing is nondiagnostic. Most NR3C2 microdeletions are parentally transmitted, thus highlighting the importance of familial genetic testing and counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To date, there is no developed program and in-depth analysis of the complex impact of the effect of the combination of halotherapy and respiratory gymnastics in children with bronchial asthma, and the effect of its application on the disease has not been tracked. For this reason, referring to the successful results of the combined application of physiotherapeutic techniques, natural and reshaped physical factors in the recovery process in bronchial asthma in childhood, the following research goal was set: to implement the combined application of respiratory gymnastics and halotherapy for more effective rehabilitation program and optimal functional recovery in children with bronchial asthma and to track the effect of its impact. Material/Methods. The study was conducted from October 2018 to March 2020 in the city of Razgrad, Bulgaria, in the Resonance after-school training center. Results. The results show that properly conducted respiratory rehabilitation, combining the application of respiratory gymnastics and aerosol therapy, can contribute to the improvement of clinical indicators, reducing the frequency and severity of paroxysmal conditions, improving ventilation indicators, some gas parameters, physical capacity and quality of life. Conclusions. There are objective grounds for asserting that the tested physiotherapy program with an emphasis on respiratory gymnastics and halotherapy has a positive effect on the functional status of children with bronchial asthma and contributes to achieving independence in daily activities and improving their quality of life.

Paediatric supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a common arrhythmia of great clinical significance. If not treated promptly, it can cause heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Depending on the patient's condition, SVT treatment involves vagal manoeuvres, pharmacological, or direct current cardioversion. The goal of acute SVT management is to immediately convert SVT to a normal sinus rhythm (NSR) and prevent its recurrence. Adenosine is recommended as the first-line treatment for stable SVT by the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) and American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines, when vagal manoeuvres have proven ineffective. The ERC and AHA guidelines recommend the intravenous route of administration. The intraosseous (IO) administration technique is also possible, but still relatively unknown. The aim of this paper is to describe a 3.5-year-old child with SVT that was converted to NSR following IO administration of adenosine. Successful conversion was achieved after the second attempt with the adenosine dose. In the described case, there was no recurrence of SVT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of topical application of common salt (CS) in comparison to silver nitrate (SN) for treating infants with umbilical granuloma (UG). Materials and Methods: We conducted an open-label, prospective, single-center, pilot randomized controlled trial. Thirty-seven infants with a clinical UG diagnosis were enrolled between October 2022 and July 2023, excluding those previously treated for UG. Patients were randomly assigned (using the Randomizer® app) to receive either topical CS (applied thrice daily by caregivers at home for 5 days) or SN (applied by pediatric surgeon in clinic and kept under occlusive dressing for 48 h). Patients with partial/no healing received an additional session of the same treatment. Nonresponders transitioned from CS to SN, and vice versa, for two more applications. Healing rates were compared with a significance level of a =0.05. Results: Out of 34 patients (18 CS and 16 SN), 32 successfully completed the trial (17 CS and 15 SN). No significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics. Efficacy rates of CS (19/22; 86.36%) and SN (11/17; 64.71%) did not significantly differ (P = 0.056; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.4832-0.0502). No major adverse events were reported. CS showed superior healing outcomes in infants below 3 months of age (19/22; 86.36%) compared to SN (11/17; 64.71%) (P = 0.056; 95% CI - 0.4832-0.0502). The timing of umbilical cord detachment did not significantly affect healing rates. Conclusion: Widespread availability, ease of access, suitability for safe home application, and cost-effectiveness make CS a primary treatment option for UG. Larger patient cohorts are needed for conclusive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing popularity of healing methods involving salt, the importance of salt mines has grown significantly over time. Today, as salt therapy (Speleotherapy) becomes more widespread, salt caves in many countries around the world have begun to transform into salt therapy centers. Salt caves in Spain (Cardona), Belarus (Soliharsk), Romania (Slanic, Salina Turda, and Praid), Poland (Wieliczka), Pakistan (Khewra), Germany (Berchtesgaden), Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan), and Turkey (Çankırı and Iğdır Tuzluca) are used for therapeutic purposes. Particularly, Çankırı Salt Cave and Iğdır Tuzluca Salt Cave are important resources in Turkey that can be evaluated within the scope of health tourism. In this study, a literature review, official website analysis, and on-site observations were conducted. In the literature review, previous research on the subject was examined. Through website analysis, the spatial units and recreational activities of the salt caves were identified. The spatial units and recreational activities of each salt cave were determined using the collected data. Subsequently, on-site observations were made by visiting the salt caves in Çankırı and Iğdır. During these observations, the spatial units within the salt caves were visited and photographed individually. Then, the data obtained from the literature, official website analyses, and on-site observations were combined. Finally, the characteristics of all the examined caves were tabulated, and based on the created table, the caves were evaluated. As a result of the evaluation, the Cardona Salt Mine in Spain stands out for its historical and cultural activities; the Nakhchivan in Azerbaijan, Soligorsk in Belarus, Slanic and Praid Salt Mines in Romania are treatment centers offering salt therapy services; the Salina Turda Salt Mine in Romania is an underground theme park; the Wieliczka Salt Mine in Poland, Khewra Salt Mine in Pakistan, and Berchtesgaden Salt Mine in Germany are primarily used for recreational purposes; while the developing Çankırı and Iğdır Tuzluca Salt Mines in Turkey are also noted for their recreational use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halotherapy is the use of dehumidified oxygen or salt aerosol microparticles attached to a face to treat pulmonary conditions. It was first reported as a substitute to oxygen masks for speleotherapy, a healing technique utilized in saline in Eastern Europe since the early nineteenth century. Micronized NaCl (1-5 m) is effortlessly inhaled by the proximal and distal respiratory tracts. At this juncture, it disintegrates in the mucosal sol layer of the upper airways that coats the respiratory epithelium. The objective of this study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of halotherapy in chronic respiratory disease as an adjuvant to physiotherapy. Literature search engines-PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were used to select articles that reviewed or used halotherapy as the key point in the publications. Database searches were performed to assess the literature available on halotherapy for chronic respiratory disease. 8 studies were included in the narrative review. Studies included in the review held strong evidence for using halotherapy as an alternative to traditional physiotherapy measures. The synthesis of this study shows fair support for the use of halotherapy as an adjunct to physiotherapy in Chronic Respiratory Disorders (CRD), by including salt rooms, Halogenator and traditional halotherapy managements as accustomed to the patient in relieving and resolving symptoms of the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, halotherapy (HT) has shown promise in the treatment of respiratory and dermatological diseases. However, its widespread acceptance remains limited due to the absence of official guidelines and awareness among doctors and patients. Among the patented systems of administration of HT, Aerosal® is the only one consisting of 3 certified elements, all classified as Medical Devices Class 2A: a dry saline dispenser called Aerosalmed®, a 30 g salt dose named AeroNaCL®, and a confined environment in marine multilayered construction with walls coated in salt called Aerosal®. We conducted an online survey of subjects undergoing Aerosal® HT across 80 Italian centers. Participants provided demographic data, reasons for choosing HT, and perceptions of its effectiveness. Following 10 treatment sessions, they rated improvements in various aspects, such as skin condition, sleep quality, relaxation, and respiratory benefits. Most participants learned about HT through word of mouth rather than medical advice, suggesting a discrepancy between patient satisfaction and medical endorsement. Over 92% reported resolution of their health issues post-treatment, with significant improvements in sleep quality and relaxation, particularly in adults. The therapy showed promise in various conditions, including respiratory and skin disorders, possibly attributed to stress reduction and intrinsic therapeutic effects. Despite skepticism, HT administered through the Aerosal® system has shown therapeutic potential. The psycho-physical benefits observed in patients advocate for greater consideration of this therapy by clinicians, emphasizing its safety, tolerability, and absence of notable side effects. In this context, standardized systems like Aerosal® are crucial for ensuring treatment safety and efficacy.

Objective: The aim of this literature review was to establish the evidence for using tap water as opposed to normal saline for cleansing wounds in adults. Tap water is widely available and non-toxic to wounds, making it a cost-effective solution for wound cleansing. Despite that, contrary opinions exist with regard to its safety, such as: fear of wound colonisation by Pseudomonas spp. found in plumbing systems of healthcare facilities; damage to the wound bed; or increased pain when tap water is used for wound cleansing. Method: A PICO model was used as a guide to form the title, and the standards for inclusion and exclusion of studies were prespecified to form the eligibility criteria. The search was conducted using a range of databases, including CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Results: Included were seven studies: five randomised controlled trials (RCTs), a quasi-RCT and a cross-sectional study. Of these, six studies demonstrated that use of tap water had no significant influence on wound infection rates when compared to normal saline; four studies established no adverse results or benefits when using tap water or normal saline for wound cleansing; and one study demonstrated that tap water did not increase wound contamination. Also, one study reported no impact on wound healing when tap water or normal saline were used for cleansing; four established that tap water was cost-effective compared to normal saline; and one demonstrated increased patient satisfaction when tap water was used for wound irrigation. Conclusion: Current evidence supports tap water as a safe and cost-effective solution for wound cleansing. Declaration of interest: The author has no conflicts of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Acute hyponatremia can lead to severe neurological symptoms such as confusion, obtundation, seizures, coma, and respiratory depression, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. Patients with acute hyponatremia should be evaluated based on volume status and serum osmolality to determine potential causes and appropriate treatment. The aim of this case report is to illustrate the importance of using a multidisciplinary approach to evaluate medication formulation and the potential impact on a patient's clinical course. Summary A 34-year-old male was admitted for type A aortic dissection and was treated with an esmolol infusion and underwent operative repair. Two days after initiation of esmolol, the patient developed seizures and antiepileptics were initiated. The patient's serum sodium concentration was found to have decreased by a total of 14 mEq/L since admission. The patient had received more than 6 L of esmolol formulated in sterile water over the course of 2 days. The esmolol infusion was converted to another antihypertensive agent, and 0.9% sodium chloride injection was initiated, after which the serum sodium concentration began to recover. No further seizures were observed on continuous electroencephalography, and all antiepileptic drugs were discontinued with no seizure activity. Conclusion The esmolol product utilized in this case was formulated in 250 mL of sterile water, which is suspected to have contributed to the patient's hyponatremia. It is important to be aware of the formulation and excipients of medications and their potential for adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary salt (NaCl) is essential to an organism's survival. However, today's diets are dominated by excessive salt intake, which significantly impacts individual and population health. High salt intake is closely linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially hypertension, through a number of well‐studied mechanisms. Emerging evidence indicates that salt overconsumption may also be associated with metabolic disorders. In this review, we first summarize recent updates on the mechanisms of salt‐induced CVD, the effects of salt reduction and the use of salt substitution as a therapy. Next, we focus on how high salt intake can impact metabolism and energy balance, describing the mechanisms through which this occurs, including leptin resistance, the overproduction of fructose and ghrelin, insulin resistance and altered hormonal factors. A further influence on metabolism worth noting is the reported role of salt in inducing thermogenesis and increasing body temperature, leading to an increase in energy expenditure. While this result could be viewed as a positive metabolic effect because it promotes a negative energy balance to combat obesity, caution must be taken with this frame of thinking given the deleterious consequences of chronic high salt intake on cardiovascular health. Nevertheless, this review highlights the importance of salt as a noncaloric nutrient in regulating whole‐body energy homeostasis. Through this review, we hope to provide a scientific framework for future studies to systematically address the metabolic impacts of dietary salt and salt replacement treatments. In addition, we hope to form a foundation for future clinical trials to explore how these salt‐induced metabolic changes impact obesity development and progression, and to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms that drive these changes, with the aim of developing novel therapeutics for obesity and CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Rest, ice, compression, and elevation are commonly recommended immediately after injury. Traditionally, ice bag (IB) with elastic wrap compression has been utilized; however, recently intermittent cryocompression units are being used. Limited research has evaluated tissue temperature decreases with intermittent cryocompression units. Objective: Evaluate magnitude of muscle and skin cooling. Design: Repeated-measures counterbalanced study. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or OtherParticipants: Twelve healthy college-aged participants (4 males and 8 females; age = 23.08 [1.93] y; height = 171.66 [9.47] cm; mass = 73.67 [13.46] kg; subcutaneous thickness = 0.90 [0.35] cm) without compromised circulation or injury. Intervention(s): Salted IB, GameReady (GR), and PowerPlay-ice bag (PP-ice) were applied to the posterior aspect of the nondominant calf for 30 minutes; participants underwent each treatment in counterbalanced order. Main Outcome Measure(s): Muscle temperature measured via 21-gauge catheter thermocouple; skin temperature measured via a surface thermocouple. Temperatures were recorded at baseline and during a 30-minute treatment. Correlations were evaluated between muscle and skin temperatures. Results: Nonsignificant treatment × time interaction and nonsignificant main effect of treatment for intramuscular cooling. Mean Decrease From Baseline: IB, 6.4°C (±2.8); GR, 5.4°C (±1.1); PP-ice, 4.8°C (±2.8). Nonsignificant treatment × time interaction for skin cooling (F20,200 = 1.440, P =.65, η p 2 =.346 , and observed β = 0.773), but significant main effect for treatment (F10,100 = 5.279, P =.03, η p 2 =.883 , and observed β = 1.00). Mean Decrease From Baseline: IB, 17.0°C; GR, 16.4°C; PP-ice, 14.6°C. No significant correlation between intramuscular and skin temperatures in any condition at any time point. No significant correlation between adipose tissue thickness and maximum temperature decrease with any modality. Conclusions: Salted IB with elastic wrap compression, GR, and PP-ice produced equivalent intramuscular temperature decreases during the treatment period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of State & Society / Państwo i Społeczeństwo is the property of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, AFM Publishing Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hyperhydration has been demonstrated to improve work capacity and cardiovascular and thermoregulatory functions, enhance orthostatic tolerance, slow or neutralize bone demineralization, and decrease postdive bubble formation. Adding sodium or glycerol to a hyperhydration solution optimizes fluid retention. Sodium and glycerol produce their effect through different physiological mechanisms. If combined into a hyperhydration solution, their impact on fluid retention could potentially be greater than their singular effect. We compared the effect of salt-induced hyperhydration (SIH), glycerol-induced hyperhydration (GIH), and salt + glycerol-induced hyperhydration (SGIH) on fluid balance responses during a 3-hr passive experiment. Using a randomized, crossover, and counterbalanced experiment, 15 young men (22 ± 4 years) underwent three, 3-hr hyperhydration experiments during which they ingested 30 ml/kg fat-free mass (FFM) of water with an artificial sweetener plus either (a) 7.5 g of table salt/L (SIH), (b) 1.4 g glycerol/kg FFM (GIH), or (c) 7.5 g of table salt/L + 1.4 g glycerol/kg FFM (SGIH). After 3 hr, there were no significant differences in plasma volume changes among experiments (SIH: 11.3% ± 9.9%; GIH: 7.6% ± 12.7%; SGIH: 11.3% ± 13.7%). Total urine production was significantly lower (SIH: 775 ± 329 ml; GIH: 1,248 ± 270 ml; SGIH: 551 ± 208 ml) and fluid retention higher (SIH: 1,127 ± 212 ml; GIH: 729 ± 115 ml; SGIH: 1,435 ± 140 ml) with SGIH than either GIH or SIH. Abdominal discomfort was low and not significantly different among experiments. In conclusion, results show that SGIH reduces urine production and provides more fluid retention than either SIH or GIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a model of artificial radioactive particles, the effectiveness of the use of a saline laxative, Glauber's salt, as an antidote therapy agent was studied. Internal irradiation of laboratory animals (guinea pigs) and sheep was carried out under laboratory conditions with oral intake of particles simulating the radiation characteristics of young nuclear fission products, at doses that cause medium, severe, and extremely severe forms of radiation ulcerative gastroenterocolitis. During the first four days after radiation exposure, Glauber's salt was administered to each animal once a day either as 3 mL of 20% aqueous solution (for guinea pigs) or as a 0.5 L of 12% aqueous solution (for sheep). In all animals, the drug demonstrated a statistically significant antidote effect. Glauber's salt decreased the severity of radiation-induced ulcerative damage to the gastrointestinal tract, enhanced the speed of healing of radiation ulcers, and increased the survival of animals. The approach applied can be used in the search for new antiradiation antidotes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High salt intake increases the active coping behavior during psychological stress. Acute fear-related severe stress enhances passive coping behavior during subsequent inescapable stress. Methods: We investigated the effect of high salt intake (2%) for 5 consecutive days on the coping behavior in C57BL6 mice which employing the tail suspension test (TST) at 1 h after the exposure to inescapable innate fear using 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT), a synthetic component of fox feces. By using a different mouse group, to investigated whether anxiety-like behavior was correlated with coping behavior during the TST, we performed the elevated-plus maze (EPM) test at 1 h before the TST without TMT. Results: Both the distance traveled and the number of entries in the central zone of test box during TMT were negatively correlated with freezing time in both sodium- and water-intake mice. Sodium-intake increased the preference for central zone during TMT exposure, but did not change fear sensitivity and locomotor activity. Sodium-intake also prevented that TMT-induced increase in the immobility time during TST. The immobility time during TST was positively correlated with freezing time during TMT exposure in sodium-intake, but not in water-intake mice. Furthermore, the immobility time during TST in sodium-intake mice correlated with the distance traveled and with the number of entries in the central zone during TMT. Sodium intake also increased the number of entries and the time spent in the open arm of the EPM, indicating that high salt intake had an anxiolytic effect. However, neither the number of entries nor the time spent in the open arm of the EPM were correlated with immobility time during TST in sodium-intake mice. Conclusions: We conclude that a high salt intake induces active coping behavior after experiencing fear stress by enhancing stress resilience rather than by reducing the anxiety level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The rapid development of the pharmaceutical industry has increased the need to assess and monitor the use of medicines. Thus, necessitates the importance of monitoring the appropriate use of medicines including antimicrobials. Objective: Pharmacoeconomic analysis of pharmacotherapy in the nephrology department at a multidisciplinary hospital. Methods: The study is a retrospective analysis of medicine use and expenditure. The study utilized the ABC-VEN analysis of medical use and the WHO-AWaRe-2021 analysis of antibiotic use, to determine the prescription and financial trends of the nephrology department (30 beds) of a multidisciplinary regional hospital (total 844 beds) in Turkestan, Kazakhstan 2018-2021. Results: The analyzed costs of drugs included 116 international nonproprietary names prescribed to patients from the nephrology department during the study period. In total, pharmacotherapy costs increased by 52.6% in 2021 compared to 2018. Five INN drugs were purchased without their inclusion in the Kazakhstan National Medicinal Formulary, such as atropine sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride (crystalline salt), nitroxoline, and nitrofural. The pharmacoeconomics analysis of antibiotics usage for 2018-2021 showed a sharp increase in the%age of costs. Conclusion: The study showed an increase in funding for pharmacotherapy in the department of nephrology, which increases the availability of medicines. However, the trend in prescribing drugs with poor evidence base level, and the increase in the proportion of antibiotic prescription, require immediate intervention including the utilization of clinical pharmacy services for regular assessment of the pharmacoeconomic feasibility of antibiotic therapy. This will improve the quality of medical care and reduce the financial costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Management of patients with chronic pathology requires development of long-term programs with organic combinations of medicamental and non-medicamental influences. Haloaerosoltherapy is a group inhalation of rock salt aerosol with concentration of more than 2-3mg/m3 and certain dispersion (with presence of large-, medium- and small-grained aerosol) aboveground. Material and method. On the basis of literature data review and results of own researches a comprehensive description of haloaerosoltherapy, its mechanisms, available technologies, indications and effectiveness at pulmonary pathology was given. Results and discussion. Basis of haloaerosol curative influence is hyperosmolar stimulus that improves drainage function of bronchi and provides sanitizing effect, which causes further changes at local and systemic levels. This justifies haloaerosoltherapy usage as method of rehabilitation treatment. Comparison of haloaerosoltherapy and other methods of halotherapy (use of halite), in particular, "salt rooms (caves)" was made. It has been proven that "salt rooms" can be used only as spa procedure. Conclusions. Application of term "halotherapy" to all methods that use halite or underground treatment is incorrect. This determines necessity for stop using this term. It is necessary to differentiate clearly applied methods of treatment using terms that reflect the essence of therapeutic effect. Haloaerosoltherapy should be considered a method of respiratory rehabilitation with a proven mechanism of action and effectiveness. Haloaerosol is obtained using specific devices - halogenegenerators. The effectiveness of haloaerosoltherapy immediately after the course of treatment and in remote period is testified.

Helicobacter pylori infections are a major cause of gastrointestinal disorders, including gastric ulcers, gastritis, and gastric cancer. Triple therapy, using two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor, is recommended for the treatment of H. pylori infections. However, antibiotic resistance in H. pylori is an emerging issue. Bamboo salt, a traditional Korean salt made by baking solar sea salt in bamboo barrels, can ameliorate the symptoms of various gastrointestinal diseases. Herein, we compared the anti-H. pylori activity of triple therapy (clarithromycin, metronidazole, and omeprazole), solar salt, and bamboo salt in vivo as a preliminary study. Four-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were inoculated for eight weeks with the H. pylori Sydney Strain 1 (SS-1) and orally administered triple therapy drugs and salts for five days. The transcript levels of the H. pylori-expressed gene CagA and inflammatory cytokines Tnfα and Il-1β significantly decreased in the bamboo salt treated mice than those in the H. pylori-infected control group. This effect was further enhanced by using triple therapy and bamboo salt together. Solar salt caused modest inhibition of H. pylori-induced inflammation. We also demonstrated the synergistic effects of bamboo salt and triple therapy against H. pylori. Thus, bamboo salt may be a potential candidate agent against the treatment of H. pylori-associated gastritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context • Spleen-stomach vacuity cold is the primary TCM pattern for epigastric pain, accounting for 75% of the patients. According to the TCM theory of treating both the tip and the root, epigastric pain requires the caregiver to dissipate cold and relieve pain, the treatments for the tip, which warm and supplement the spleen and stomach, the treatments for the root. Objective • This study aimed to explore effectiveness of traditional Chinese nursing care using fennel mixed with coarse salt for ironing, with umbilical moxibustion, for epigastric pain, with a pattern of spleen-stomach vacuity cold. Design • The research team designed a randomized control trial (RCT). Setting • The study was conducted at Ruikang Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine in the capital city of the Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region in the People’s Republic of China. Participants • Participants were 96 patients who had been admitted to the hospital between October and November 2020 with epigastric pain resulting from the TCM spleenstomach vacuity cold pattern, equivalent to chronic atrophic gastritis in Western medicine. Intervention • The research team randomly divided participants into an intervention group (n = 48) and a control group (n = 48) using a random digits table. The intervention group received fennel mixed with coarse salt for ironing, combined with umbilical moxibustion, whereas the control group received routine care. Outcome Measures • The study’s instruments included the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Syndrome Score Scale (TCMSSS), Medical Outcome Study (MOS) Short Form 36 (SF-36), and Satisfaction with TCM Nursing Program (STCMNP). Data were collected and analyzed through descriptive statistics a Chi-square test and independent t test. A significance level of P < .05 was accepted for all statistical analyses. Results • The intervention group had mean scores that indicated significantly higher decreases in epigastric pain, and increases in quality of life and level of satisfaction with the traditional Chinese nursing care than the control group did (P < .05). Conclusions • The traditional Chinese nursing care was able to improve epigastric pain, enhance quality of life, and increase satisfaction with the traditional Chinese nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The salt therapy is a form of the aerosol therapy using sodium chloride in different forms. The beginnings of the halotherapy date back to the nineteenth century when it has been practised as a medical treatment in the old salt mines of Central and Eastern Europe. The salt therapy as an adjuvant method seems to have positive impact on treatment of respiratory system diseases and dermatological conditions. We distinguish two types of the dry salt therapy: halotherapy and speleotherapy. Purpose of the article: We aimed to evaluate efficacy of the salt therapy in treatment of pulmonary and dermatological disorders. Material and methods: We searched three electronic databases: Pubmed, Web of Science and Google Scholar from inception to the August 2022 and conducted a review. The following descriptors were used: „halotherapy”, „speleotherapy” and „salt therapy”. Results and conclusions: The salt therapy improves mucociliary elimination, pulmonary functions and reduces airway’s irritation. It also reduces intensity of the dryness, redness and stimulates regenerative processes in the skin. This method is safe and do not cause the serious adverse effects. Therefore, due to its potential benefits, it should be considered as an additional therapy beside standard treatment procedures inter alia in the asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis. Moreover, halotherapy has positive impact on children’s general development as it enhances the growth and weight gain. However, scientific evidences for effectiveness of the salt therapy are limitted. There is a need of further studies assessing effectiveness of the long-therm salt therapy on the larger group of patients.

The paper presents on the basis of studies conducted in recent years in our team on the generation, chemical, physical and structural characterization and dynamics of saline aerosols, their role in increasing the anatomical structural performance for students. Halotherapy is performed by inhaling saline aerosols through the airways, as well as by absorbing them on the skin. The salt nanoparticles have a considerable negative charge (6-10 nK / m³), and the surface of the airway has a slight positive charge, with a wide range of dimensions, from the Aitken type (between the single ion, as such or solvate, and nanostructural aggregates smaller than 50 µ to the sedimentable aggregate (with a diameter greater than 500 µ to 1000 µ) [1].Regarding these nanoparticles, a series of artificial halochambers were developed, which were experimented in teaching activities with students, in Physical Education classes and for other study disciplines. Thus, a series of diaphragm generators containing porous NaCl granules were used, obtained by recrystallization from supersaturated solutions and which were arranged in the classrooms (two in number), as well as in the gym, which operated. as halochambers. Students were monitored twice a week for the evolution of morphostructural and biometric characteristics. For each work program, the level of saline aerosols / solions was correlated with the average data of the biometric characteristics of the students, separated by sex. For Aitken particles, the lifespan varies between 12 and 72 hours. Thus, it was proved by the obtained results that these nanoparticles have a beneficial influence on the development of high school students, females having higher receptivity to the effect of improving human performance.

The article "Hand rheumatoid nodules" published in the Oxford Medical Case Reports discusses a case of a 78-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis who developed extensive subcutaneous nodules on both hands over two decades. Despite low disease activity, the patient experienced significant hand-specific activity limitations, leading to her admission to a hand rehabilitation program. Rheumatoid nodules are a common extra-articular manifestation in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, typically occurring in late stages of the disease. The article provides clinical images and radiographs illustrating the nodules and joint damage in the patient's hands. [Extracted from the article]

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BACKGROUND: One of the most common causes of respiratory distress in newborns is transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN). Salbutamol is often suggested to increase the rate of pulmonary fluid absorption in newborns with TTN. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of inhaled salbutamol in TTN management. METHODS: This double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 52 newborns admitted to the neonatal ICU of Fatemieh Hospital of Hamadan, Iran. The newborns were randomly assigned to 2 groups of equal members: one group received 2 mL of nebulized sodium chloride concentration (control group), and the other group was treated with 0.1 mg/kg of salbutamol (treatment group). The clinical outcomes were then compared before and 0.5, 1, and 4 h after the intervention. The data were recorded in a checklist and then were statistically analyzed in SPSS 16: the significant level was decided to be P < .05. RESULTS: The comparison of TTN scores revealed a significant difference between the 2 groups 1 h (P = .005) and 4 h (P < .001 per Table 3) after the intervention. Moreover, the mean FIO2 1 h after the intervention was 53.3 ± 6.6 in the treatment group and 57.7 ± 7.5 in the control group (P = .02). The mean duration of respiratory support in the treatment and control groups was 2.4 ± 2.7 and 3.1 ± 0.8 d, respectively, (P = .002). The findings suggested no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the adverse effects, length of stay (LOS), duration of antibiotics intake, oral feeding resumption time, and maximum oral feeding time (P > .05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: The study results indicated that inhaled salbutamol significantly decreased the TTN clinical score, oxygen demands, and duration of respiratory support, whereas there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of LOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Whether the use of balanced multielectrolyte solution (BMES) in preference to 0.9% sodium chloride solution (saline) in critically ill patients reduces the risk of acute kidney injury or death is uncertain.Methods: In a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, we assigned critically ill patients to receive BMES (Plasma-Lyte 148) or saline as fluid therapy in the intensive care unit (ICU) for 90 days. The primary outcome was death from any cause within 90 days after randomization. Secondary outcomes were receipt of new renal-replacement therapy and the maximum increase in the creatinine level during ICU stay.Results: A total of 5037 patients were recruited from 53 ICUs in Australia and New Zealand - 2515 patients were assigned to the BMES group and 2522 to the saline group. Death within 90 days after randomization occurred in 530 of 2433 patients (21.8%) in the BMES group and in 530 of 2413 patients (22.0%) in the saline group, for a difference of -0.15 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], -3.60 to 3.30; P = 0.90). New renal-replacement therapy was initiated in 306 of 2403 patients (12.7%) in the BMES group and in 310 of 2394 patients (12.9%) in the saline group, for a difference of -0.20 percentage points (95% CI, -2.96 to 2.56). The mean (±SD) maximum increase in serum creatinine level was 0.41±1.06 mg per deciliter (36.6±94.0 μmol per liter) in the BMES group and 0.41±1.02 mg per deciliter (36.1±90.0 μmol per liter) in the saline group, for a difference of 0.01 mg per deciliter (95% CI, -0.05 to 0.06) (0.5 μmol per liter [95% CI, -4.7 to 5.7]). The number of adverse and serious adverse events did not differ meaningfully between the groups.Conclusions: We found no evidence that the risk of death or acute kidney injury among critically ill adults in the ICU was lower with the use of BMES than with saline. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and the Health Research Council of New Zealand; PLUS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02721654.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context • Halotherapy (HT) is a form of speleotherapy, a respiratory therapy involving breathing inside a cave, and its therapeutic environment is similar to that of a natural salt cave. Natural crystallized salt is inhaled via aerosols or from the environment directly to enhance breathing and respiratory health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Clinicians need to be aware of its potential benefits, with relatively few or no adverse effects and consider its use an adjuvant therapy for standard care. Objective • The current review intended to compile the existing literature on HT’s use in various chronic respiratory diseases. It examines the use of dry salt inhalers; the use of saline nebulizer therapy is already well established in the literature. Design • The research team performed a literature review to identify all articles published in the English language between January 1980 and December 2018 that used HT or heliotherapy and speleotherapy in the title. Pseudonyms such as salt cave therapy and salt mine therapy were also included. The source of data was the National Library of Medicine’s MEDLINE/PubMed. Setting • Literature search took primarily from the main campus of Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center and the Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine Results • Literature search and review yielded a total of 13 manuscripts that were completely assessed and incorporated into this review. Overwhelmingly studies comparing various methods of halotherapy showed improvement in various pulmonary function measures including forced expiratory volume in one second, forced vital capacity and peak expiratory flow. Other measures were also seen to improve such as HRQoL as assessed by questionnaires. Conclusions • HT has been found to have a positive effect on patients suffering from chronic respiratory diseases, improving mucociliary elimination and lung function in common chronic respiratory diseases and also HRQoL. Currently, no official guidelines exist on the use of HT in the form of salt rooms (halo chambers) or dry powder inhalers, but evidence exists for its use as a possible adjuvant therapy. More structured research in the form of randomized clinical trials is required. (Altern Ther Health Med. 2022;28(3):52-56). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Management of patients with chronic pathology requires development of long-term programs with organic combinations of medicamental and non-medicamental influences. Haloaerosoltherapy is a group inhalation of rock salt aerosol with concentration of more than 2-3mg/m3 and certain dispersion (with presence of large-, medium- and small-grained aerosol) aboveground. Material and method. On the basis of literature data review and results of own researches a comprehensive description of haloaerosoltherapy, its mechanisms, available technologies, indications and effectiveness at pulmonary pathology was given. Results and discussion. Basis of haloaerosol curative influence is hyperosmolar stimulus that improves drainage function of bronchi and provides sanitizing effect, which causes further changes at local and systemic levels. This justifies haloaerosoltherapy usage as method of rehabilitation treatment. Comparison of haloaerosoltherapy and other methods of halotherapy (use of halite), in particular, "salt rooms (caves)" was made. It has been proven that "salt rooms" can be used only as spa procedure. Conclusions. Application of term "halotherapy" to all methods that use halite or underground treatment is incorrect. This determines necessity for stop using this term. It is necessary to differentiate clearly applied methods of treatment using terms that reflect the essence of therapeutic effect. Haloaerosoltherapy should be considered a method of respiratory rehabilitation with a proven mechanism of action and effectiveness. Haloaerosol is obtained using specific devices - halogenegenerators. The effectiveness of haloaerosoltherapy immediately after the course of treatment and in remote period is testified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt therapy has been used for millennia, but modern salt therapy can be traced to the salt mines and caves in Europe and Russia from the early 19th century. Today, breathing in the microclimate of caves with their stable air temperature and moderate to high humidity in the presence of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium and the absence of airborne pollutants and pollen is called speleotherapy. The inhalation of natural pure sodium chloride (NaCl) in a controlled environment (air temperature 18° to 24°C and relative humidity 40% to 60%) is called halotherapy. The main active ingredient in halo- and speleotherapy is NaCl aerosol particles, which penetrate all layers of the respiratory tract. In addition to their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, salt particles also facilitate mucociliary transport and reduce immunogloblin E (IgE) levels. Clinical trials have confirmed that salt therapy is an effective option for relieving symptoms and improving functional parameters in sinusitis, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, mild and moderate asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Rinsing with hypertonic saline has been found to be beneficial in reducing airway inflammation in patients with bronchiolitis. In addition to avoidance, salt therapy should be recommended as a complementary therapy in patients with prolonged exposure to indoor air dampness microbiota, which may cause damage to the respiratory mucosa. Salt therapy is safe and well tolerated. (Altern Ther Health Med. 2021;27(S1):233-239) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the times of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and related cases of coronavirus infection with its complications affecting patients effective ways to relieve these symptoms are being searched. The article presents a review of publications on the effectiveness of inhalation with dry salt aerosol, one of the forms of halotherapy, in relation to the alleviation of symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases which often coincide with symptoms after COVID-19. The results of the analyzed studies show the effectiveness of halotherapy in the indicated form in relieving the symptoms of respiratory diseases such as dyspnoea or cough. More and more popular in Poland generally accessible inhalatoria with a dry salt aerosol can be considered as part of rehabilitation for patients after COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents on the basis of studies conducted in recent years in our team on the generation, chemical, physical and structural characterization and dynamics of saline aerosols, their role in increasing the anatomical structural performance for students. Halotherapy is performed by inhaling saline aerosols through the airways, as well as by absorbing them on the skin. The salt nanoparticles have a considerable negative charge (6-10 nK / m³), and the surface of the airway has a slight positive charge, with a wide range of dimensions, from the Aitken type (between the single ion, as such or solvate, and nanostructural aggregates smaller than 50 µ to the sedimentable aggregate (with a diameter greater than 500 µ to 1000 µ) [1].Regarding these nanoparticles, a series of artificial halochambers were developed, which were experimented in teaching activities with students, in Physical Education classes and for other study disciplines. Thus, a series of diaphragm generators containing porous NaCl granules were used, obtained by recrystallization from supersaturated solutions and which were arranged in the classrooms (two in number), as well as in the gym, which operated. as halochambers. Students were monitored twice a week for the evolution of morphostructural and biometric characteristics. For each work program, the level of saline aerosols / solions was correlated with the average data of the biometric characteristics of the students, separated by sex. For Aitken particles, the lifespan varies between 12 and 72 hours. Thus, it was proved by the obtained results that these nanoparticles have a beneficial influence on the development of high school students, females having higher receptivity to the effect of improving human performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition and distribution of airborne particles in different locations in a salt mine were determined in terms of their origin, the distance from the air inlet, and the adaptation of post-mining chambers and corridors for tourists and general audience. The composition of aerosols in air was also evaluated from the perspective of human health. Air samples were collected on filters by using portable air pumps, in a historical underground salt mine in Bochnia (Poland), which is currently a touristic and recreation attraction and sanatorium. The particulate matter (PM) concentration was determined using the gravimetric method by weighing quartz filters. The content of carbon, water-soluble constituents, trace elements, and minerals was also determined. A genetic classification of the suspended matter was proposed and comprised three groups: geogenic (fragments of rock salt and associated minerals from the deposit), anthropogenic (carbon-bearing particles from tourist traffic and small amounts of fly ash, soot, and rust), and biogenic particles (occasional pollen). The total PM concentration in air varied between 21 and 79 μg/m3 (with PM4 constituting 4–24 μg/m3). The amount of atmospheric dust components coming from the surface was low and decreased with the distance from the intake shaft, thus indicating the self-cleaning process. NaCl dominated the water-soluble constituents, while Fe, Al, Ag, Mn, and Zn dominated the trace elements, with the concentration of majority of them below 30 ng/m3. These metals are released into air from both natural sources and the wear or/and corrosion of mining and tourists facilities in the underground functional space. No potentially toxic elements or constituents were detected. The presence of salt particles and salty spray in the atmosphere of salt mine, which may have anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties, is beneficial to human health. This study will allow for a broader look at the potential of halotherapy in underground salt mines from a medical and regulatory point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of topical surfactant and 3% sodium chloride (NaCl) in the treatment of corneal edema occurring after cataract surgery. Methods: Ninety eyes of 90 patients with no corneal disease who underwent cataract surgery were included in the study. Thirty eyes without corneal edema comprised group 1. Patients with corneal edema were divided into two groups: those treated with 3% NaCl (group 2, 30 eyes) and those treated with surfactant drop (group 3, 30 eyes). Results: The mean age was 70.8 ± 6.6 years, with no significant age difference between the groups. Preoperatively, there was no significant difference in mean central corneal thickness (CCT) or mean endothelial cell count (ECC) among the groups (P = 0.999). On postoperative day 1, CCT was significantly lower in group 1 (P < 0.001) but did not differ between groups 2 and 3 (P = 0.999). There was no significant difference between groups in terms of ECC (P > 0.05). At postoperative day 7 and 14, CCT differed significantly between groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.001) and between groups 2 and 3 (P = 0.001), with no significant difference between groups 1 and 3 (P = 0.474). ECC was significantly higher in group 1 (P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference between groups 2 and 3 (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Topical pulmonary surfactant may be a more effective treatment option than 3% hypertonic NaCl for the treatment of corneal edema that develops after cataract surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacques Forestier (1890–1978) was a well-known rheumatologist and radiologist whose innovations have revolutionized spinal neurosurgery and rheumatology. He was well known as "Doctor Lipiodol" for his accidental discovery of spinal myelography, which he later extrapolated for use in many body cavities and their pathologies. He was the first to describe "senile ankylosing hyperostosis of the spine," which was later renamed "diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis." Furthermore, he is credited with the first use of gold salts as a disease-modifying therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. We have presented a historical vignette to chronicle the life of Jacques Forestier and his contributions to the field of spinal neurosurgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anticancer effects of Shinan (Shinan-South Korea) sea salts on azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) with high fat diet (HFD)-induced colon cancer and obesity in C57BL/6N mice were studied. We prepared three types of sea salt: generally manufactured sea salt (GS), generally manufactured after filtering seawater (FS), and manufactured with only new seawater (NS). Sea salt intake increased colon length and reduced colon length/weight ratio, tumor number, and progression of colon cancer in colon tissue. The differently prepared sea salts also ameliorated liver injury. In addition, the mineral composition of each salt was different. Moreover, the sea salts enhanced activation of natural killer cell (CD56) expression in colon and spleen tissues. However, the mineral compositions of sea salts were not simply associated with anticancer effects in AOM/DSS+HFD induced mice. Thus, the anticolorectal cancer effects of sea salts may be mediated by different factors, which remain to be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]