Search

Polyphenols are natural biomolecules known for circumventing several diseases including cancer with little adverse effects. This study aimed to investigate the polyphenol enriched fractions from the leaf extract of Asystasia gangetica for their composition, biological activities such as antioxidant activity, haemolytic effects, and in vitro cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines. LC–MS/MS analysis of the enriched fractions identified a total of 35 distinct polyphenols with caffeic acid, luteolin, apigenin, and protocatechuic acid at higher concentrations. Fractions AG-3 and AG-4 exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity with higher concentration of phenolics and flavonoids. The AG-4 fraction had the highest levels of DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 32.74 µg mL-1) and ABTS radical scavenging (IC50 = 29.45 µg mL–1) activity, in addition to a modest iron chelating activity and reducing power. The fractions exhibited the least haemolytic activity. The cytotoxic potential of enriched fractions against the HCT-116, HeLa, PC-3, and HDF cell lines was further examined. While the extract showed no inhibitory effect on normal HDF cells, the cytotoxic activity of fractions on cell lines varied, with HCT-116 cells having the strongest anticancer activity with an IC50 of 43.82 µg mL–1. Additionally, fractions induced apoptotic activity in HCT-116 cells, resulting in cell cycle arrest at the G2M phase and an increase in sub-G0/G1 cells, with an IC50 of 13.54 µg mL–1 after 48 h of incubation. The in silico molecular docking of the active compounds against the TNIK receptor protein and ADMET (Absorption–Distribution–Metabolism–Excretion–Toxicity) characteristics are described. Overall, the study highlights the enhanced biological and antiproliferative activities of polyphenols in Asystasia gangetica leaf extract, which could be further utilized as a potential cancer treatment strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The use of uncrewed aerial vehicles (drones) has increased over the last decade. However, their application in healthcare has not been fully examined, in part, due to regulations preventing flight beyond the visual line of sight. This prospective randomised controlled laboratory study aimed to determine whether the in vitro quality of packed red blood cell components is maintained when transported by drone, beyond visual line of sight. Ten identical pairs of packed red blood cell units were randomly allocated to transport by drone or by ground vehicle (1:1, allocation concealment) 68 km between two hospitals in Northumbria, UK. Markers of blood component quality were compared at 8, 14, 28 and 35 days following blood unit manufacture. There was no statistical difference in haemolysis, potassium concentration, total haemoglobin, glucose and lactate, haematocrit and mean cell volume, between the two groups, up to the date of unit expiry. The temperature of the packed red blood cell units did not deviate outside the recommended 2–10°C for transportation, regardless of the allocated group. Blood component transport was faster by drone, but did not reach statistical significance. This study demonstrates the feasibility and safety of flying blood components by drone between hospitals in the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Equine piroplasmosis is a haemoprotozoal disease caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. Clinical presentations vary in severity according to infectious load, host immunity and endemicity. In endemic regions, equine piroplasmosis is rarely acute or peracute in presentation. Here we report a case of a 10‐year‐old pony gelding presented for fever and acute inspiratory dyspnoea. Clinical signs of hypovolemic shock were observed. Blood smear examination revealed a mild anaemia and thrombocytopenia with the presence of intraerythrocytic inclusions resembling Babesia caballi merozoites. Acute lung injury, ischaemic myocarditis, acute renal failure, pancreatitis and myopathy were detected. We made a presumptive diagnosis of acute babesiosis, with secondary systemic inflammatory reaction and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes. Supportive therapy was initiated, but imidocarb was not administered due to potentially fatal adverse reactions in a horse in shock. Anaemia worsened, with the development of acute pulmonary oedema, respiratory distress and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The gelding was euthanised and post‐mortem examination confirmed the formation of microthrombi within small vessels, leading to venous stasis and vasculitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Mycotoxins, originating from contaminated raw materials or suboptimal feed storage, are a growing concern in tropical aquaculture. Common fungi such as Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. produce mycotoxins including aflatoxin, fumonisin, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. High doses or prolonged exposure (weeks) to low doses of these mycotoxins (< 20 μg/kg) can depress growth, immunity, and cause mortality. This study investigated poor growth and low survival in juvenile Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer fed two different diets (FM40 and ABS3) for 5 weeks. Analysis of these diets revealed high peroxide values, multiple mycotoxins and high histamine levels. Fish fed the FM40 diet, which was contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (13.2 μg/kg), aflatoxin B2 (1.9 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (29.5 μg/kg), alternariol (2.2 μg/kg), elevated peroxide value (45.91 mEq/kg), and histamine (129.51 mg/kg) developed mild bile duct hyperplasia, depressed total serum proteins (50.40 ± 10.06 g/L), markedly elevated blood potassium (8.2 ± 0.18 mmol/L), and heavy iron deposits in splenic melanomacrophage centres (Perl's stain) indicative of increased haemolysis. The presence of multiple cytotoxic mycotoxins in FM40 diet could explain the increased haemolysis and elevated blood potassium. In contrast, fish fed the ABS3 diet, which had high histamine levels (210.05 mg/kg), exhibited protein‐losing nephropathy with multifocal fibrin plugs (Martius scarlet blue stain) indicating acute renal damage, and elevated blood calcium and phosphorus levels. Histamine is metabolised and excreted through the kidneys and known to induce renal arteriolar constriction, disrupt glomerular filtration barrier and increase permeability resulting in protein loss. This study shows that blood biochemistry and histopathology are useful diagnostic tools for assessing the impact of mycotoxins and histamines on fish health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: To investigate the prevalence, genotype and haematological characteristics of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in the blood donor population of Wuxi area (Jiangsu Province, China) and to assess the impact of their red blood cell (RBC) units on clinical transfusion. Materials and Methods: We conducted genotyping and large‐scale screening for G6PD enzyme activity in the blood donors of Wuxi City. In addition, we assessed the haematological parameters of G6PD‐deficient and non‐deficient blood donors, and investigated the adverse transfusion reactions in patients transfused with G6PD‐deficient blood. Results: We investigated 17,113 blood donors, among whom 44 (0.26%) were tested positive for G6PD deficiency. We identified 40 G6PD gene variants, among which c.1388G>A, c.1376G>T, c.1024C>T and c.95A>G were common. In addition, we identified two novel G6PD gene variants, c.1312G>A and c.1316G>A. The G6PD‐deficient and non‐deficient blood samples showed a significant difference in the RBC, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular Hb (MCH), RBC distribution width, total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL) and indirect bilirubin (IBIL) values. However, the two samples showed no significant difference in the haemolysis rate at the end of the storage period. Finally, transfusion with G6PD‐deficient RBC units did not lead to any adverse transfusion reactions. Conclusion: The positive rate of G6PD deficiency in the blood donor population of Wuxi City is 0.26%, and the genetic variants identified in this population are consistent with the common genetic variants observed in the Chinese population. Blood centres can establish a database on G6PD‐deficient blood donors and mark their RBC units to avoid their use for special clinical patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is a major international public health problem. The risk of acquiring malaria varies depending on the intensity of transmission and adherence to mosquito precautions and prophylaxis recommendations. Severe malaria can cause significant multiorgan dysfunction, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Intravenous artesunate is the treatment of choice for severe malaria in non-endemic areas. One of the possible events connected with the lifesaving effects of artemisins is post-artesunate haemolysis (PADH), which may be potentially dangerous and under-recognised. We present a case of a seafarer with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria complicated with AKI and PADH, with a good response to steroid treatment. This case highlights the need for malaria prophylaxis in business travellers, e.g., seafarers to malara-endemic regions, and close supervision of patients with malaria even after the completion of antimalarial treatment due to the possibility of late complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrombocytopenia, defined as a platelet count of less than 1.5 L/mm3, is a common haematological disorder encountered during pregnancy. It can arise from a variety of causes, including immune-mediated destruction, gestational thrombocytopenia, and underlying medical conditions such as preeclampsia or Haemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzyme Levels and Low Platelet (HELLP) syndrome, with gestational thrombocytopenia being the most common. Hereby, the authors present a case series including six patients with thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. The clinical characteristics, diagnostic work-up, management strategies, and maternal and foetal outcomes in patients with varying aetiologies of thrombocytopenia were described in present series. Understanding the aetiology and management of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy is crucial for optimising maternal and foetal outcomes, and this series contributes valuable clinical insights into this important area of obstetric haematology. It underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach in managing complex obstetric cases involving thrombocytopenia and other co-morbidities. Effective collaboration among obstetricians, haematologists, physicians, and specialists is essential for addressing the challenges of thrombocytopenia during pregnancy and achieving the best outcomes for both mother and baby.

Abstract Polyphenols are natural biomolecules known for circumventing several diseases including cancer with little adverse effects. This study aimed to investigate the polyphenol enriched fractions from the leaf extract of Asystasia gangetica for their composition, biological activities such as antioxidant activity, haemolytic effects, and in vitro cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines. LC–MS/MS analysis of the enriched fractions identified a total of 35 distinct polyphenols with caffeic acid, luteolin, apigenin, and protocatechuic acid at higher concentrations. Fractions AG-3 and AG-4 exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity with higher concentration of phenolics and flavonoids. The AG-4 fraction had the highest levels of DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 32.74 µg mL-1) and ABTS radical scavenging (IC50 = 29.45 µg mL–1) activity, in addition to a modest iron chelating activity and reducing power. The fractions exhibited the least haemolytic activity. The cytotoxic potential of enriched fractions against the HCT-116, HeLa, PC-3, and HDF cell lines was further examined. While the extract showed no inhibitory effect on normal HDF cells, the cytotoxic activity of fractions on cell lines varied, with HCT-116 cells having the strongest anticancer activity with an IC50 of 43.82 µg mL–1. Additionally, fractions induced apoptotic activity in HCT-116 cells, resulting in cell cycle arrest at the G2M phase and an increase in sub-G0/G1 cells, with an IC50 of 13.54 µg mL–1 after 48 h of incubation. The in silico molecular docking of the active compounds against the TNIK receptor protein and ADMET (Absorption–Distribution–Metabolism–Excretion–Toxicity) characteristics are described. Overall, the study highlights the enhanced biological and antiproliferative activities of polyphenols in Asystasia gangetica leaf extract, which could be further utilized as a potential cancer treatment strategy.

Background and Aim: Haemolysis due to dapsone as a part of MDT in leprosy patients has been long recognized. However, the frequency and severity of this side effect and factors associated with it have not been well documented. We planned to determine the frequency of dapsone-induced haemolysis in leprosy patients on MDT and various risk factors associated with it. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a hospital-based retrospective analysis, conducted on 36 treatment completed or partially treated or on treatment leprosy patients in a tertiary care centre in Chhattisgarh. Results: Out of 36 patients, 83.3% showed a fall in haemoglobin from the baseline value (pre-treatment values). Dapsone was stopped in 33.3% of patients with a significant fall in haemoglobin. We found that the mean haemoglobin concentration for all patients fell from 13.05(+/−1.8) g/dl to 11.8(+/−1.9) g/dl (P < 0.05) which was statistically significant. A total of 25% of patients were labelled as confirmed cases of dapsone-induced haemolysis as per our definition. Conclusion: Our results underline the need to incorporate haematological investigations in leprosy management protocol, especially in primary care settings where the majority of leprosy patients are managed.

Kefiran is a heteropolysaccharide that is considered a postbiotic and is obtained by kefir grains fermented in cow’s milk, while little is known about the donkey milk (DM) variety. Postbiotics are recognised as having important human health benefits that are very similar to probiotics but without the negative effects associated with their ingestion. Donkey is a monogastric animal, as are humans, and when used as an alternative food for infants who suffer from cow milk protein allergies, DM could therefore display more biocompatibility. In this study, the DM kefiran was extracted by ultrasound from kefir grains cultured in donkey milk and fully characterized for its structural and physicochemical properties by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography- Refractive Index (HPLC-RI), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimeters (DSC) and rheological analyses. In addition, tests were conducted on keratinocytes cell lines and human red blood cells to assess the nontoxicity and haemolysis degree of the polymer. The extraction yield of the DM kefiran was 6.5 ± 0.15%. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the structure of the polysaccharide by showing that the stretching of the C-O-C and C-O bonds in the ring, which formed two bands at 1157 and 1071 cm−1, respectively, and the anomeric band at 896 cm−1 indicates the β configuration and vibrational modes of glucose and galactose. Results were confirmed by HPLC-RI analysis indicating that the ratio glucose/galactose was 1:0.87. Furthermore, the SEM analysis showed a porous and homogeneous structure. The rheological analysis confirmed the pseudoplastic nature of the polymer, while the DSC analysis highlighted excellent thermal resistance (324 °C). Finally, DM kefiran was revealed to have biologically acceptable toxicity, showing a haemolytic activity of less than 2% when using fresh human red blood cells and showing no cytotoxicity on human keratinocytes. Therefore, kefiran obtained by DM shows an excellent biocompatibility, establishing it as a promising polymer for bioengineering human tissue for regenerative applications.

Kefiran is a heteropolysaccharide that is considered a postbiotic and is obtained by kefir grains fermented in cow's milk, while little is known about the donkey milk (DM) variety. Postbiotics are recognised as having important human health benefits that are very similar to probiotics but without the negative effects associated with their ingestion. Donkey is a monogastric animal, as are humans, and when used as an alternative food for infants who suffer from cow milk protein allergies, DM could therefore display more biocompatibility. In this study, the DM kefiran was extracted by ultrasound from kefir grains cultured in donkey milk and fully characterized for its structural and physicochemical properties by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography- Refractive Index (HPLC-RI), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimeters (DSC) and rheological analyses. In addition, tests were conducted on keratinocytes cell lines and human red blood cells to assess the nontoxicity and haemolysis degree of the polymer. The extraction yield of the DM kefiran was 6.5 ± 0.15%. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the structure of the polysaccharide by showing that the stretching of the C-O-C and C-O bonds in the ring, which formed two bands at 1157 and 1071 cm−1, respectively, and the anomeric band at 896 cm−1 indicates the β configuration and vibrational modes of glucose and galactose. Results were confirmed by HPLC-RI analysis indicating that the ratio glucose/galactose was 1:0.87. Furthermore, the SEM analysis showed a porous and homogeneous structure. The rheological analysis confirmed the pseudoplastic nature of the polymer, while the DSC analysis highlighted excellent thermal resistance (324 °C). Finally, DM kefiran was revealed to have biologically acceptable toxicity, showing a haemolytic activity of less than 2% when using fresh human red blood cells and showing no cytotoxicity on human keratinocytes. Therefore, kefiran obtained by DM shows an excellent biocompatibility, establishing it as a promising polymer for bioengineering human tissue for regenerative applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) were prepared using the Carchorus hirsutus plant leaf extract and investigated for biomedical applications. The synthesized TiO2NPs were characterized by UV-visible, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS, and TEM methods and tested for haemolytic activity. The anticancer activity was investigated using MCF7 and HeLa cell lines. The antimicrobial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The degree of anaemia in sickle cell disease (SCD) is a well‐known contributor to morbidity and mortality. We aimed to explore the factors affecting haemoglobin (Hb) level in African SCD patients, considering haemolysis biomarkers (LDH and bilirubin level, and reticulocyte count), leucocyte and platelet counts and socio‐demographic characteristics (gender, age group, country of residence and BMI). The research was part of the CADRE multinational cohort and involved 3699 SCD patients living in Mali, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon and Cameroon: 2936 SS/Sβ0, 587 SC and 176 Sβ + patients with median Hb level of 8, 11.3 and 11.2 g/dL respectively (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis conducted in 1394 SS/Sβ0 patients, living in Cameroon, female gender, lower BMI, higher haemolysis markers (especially LDH) and higher leucocyte and platelet counts were independently associated with lower Hb level (all p < 0.05). In 497 SC and 156 Sβ + patients, female gender (p < 0.001), lower BMI (p < 0.05) and higher platelet counts (p < 0.001) were independently associated with lower Hb level. Anaemia in African SCD patients is not only associated with haemolysis but also with the country of residence, lower BMI and leucocyte or platelet counts which might reflect inflammation related to infectious burden in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of this research lies in the current lack of information regarding the pathological manifestations of fungal infections in the parenchymal organs of animals, the manifestations and the host's response to the fungus. Diagnosis of visceral mycoses is quite complex and insufficiently substantiated. A significant factor is the absence of clear criteria for pathological changes in visceral mycoses and differential diagnosis from similar diseases. This study aimed to reveal and establish the features of the clinical and morphological manifestation of the visceral form of candidiasis in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). The study employed the following main methods: morphologic and biochemical blood analysis, post-mortem examination, and cytological and histological studies. When conducting biochemical analyses of blood serum in dogs, it was found that the glucose concentration was 2.17 mmol/L, which is almost three times lower than the lower limit of the norm, while the creatinine content exceeded the norm by four times and corresponded to a value of 560.4 mmol/L. As a result of serum analysis, an increase in the content of total and direct bilirubin was also recorded. In particular, the content of total bilirubin exceeded the physiological limit by 20 times and amounted to 222.68 μmol/L, while the level of direct bilirubin increased almost 10-fold and corresponded to a value of 59.4 μmol/L. The activity of aminotransferases, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum of sick animals increased significantly. Key pathological features of visceral mycoses in domestic dogs include haemolytic jaundice with extensive haemorrhages in organs and tissues. Hepatitis and nephritis, diagnosed in sick dogs, are the result of a generalised infectious process, the etiological factor of which is visceral candidiasis. The obtained data are of practical value for practising veterinarians in the issue of differential diagnosis of candidiasis, revealing the features of clinical and morphologic changes in the visceral form of mycoses in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is one of the most aggressive diseases and is the primary cause of mortality around the world. This can be prevented by combining anti-cancer drugs to reduce the resistance to monotherapy and thereby reduce the toxic effects. Cytotoxic anticancer drugs can potentially elicit cancer cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. Our present study aimed to investigate the combined cytotoxic potential of cisplatin (CDDP) and diallyl disulfide (DADS) on MDAMB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The clonogenic assay was also performed to assess the effects of the drug on the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The results showed that CDDP/DADS (CDDP and DADS) markedly inhibited cell proliferation and significantly reduced the colony formation potential, migration, and invasion abilities of MDA-MB-231 cells. The apoptosis assay confirmed that cell death was through an apoptotic pathway. Cell cycle analysis results indicated that the combination effect of the drugs resulted in arresting cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Further, the haemolytic assay revealed that the CDDP/DADS is nontoxic to RBCs. In conclusion, combining these two drugs inhibits the oncogenic properties of TNBC cells, including their growth, survival, migration, and invasiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood Sampling Guidelines have been developed to target European emergency medicine-related professionals involved in the blood sampling process (e.g. physicians, nurses, phlebotomists working in the ED), as well as laboratory physicians and other related professionals. The guidelines population focus on adult patients. The development of these blood sampling guidelines for the ED setting is based on the collaboration of three European scientific societies that have a role to play in the preanalytical phase process: EuSEN, EFLM, and EUSEM. The elaboration of the questions was done using the PICO procedure, literature search and appraisal was based on the GRADE methodology. The final recommendations were reviewed by an international multidisciplinary external review group. The document includes the elaborated recommendations for the selected sixteen questions. Three in pre-sampling, eight regarding sampling, three post-sampling, and two focus on quality assurance. In general, the quality of the evidence is very low, and the strength of the recommendation in all the questions has been rated as weak. The working group in four questions elaborate the recommendations, based mainly on group experience, rating as good practice. The multidisciplinary working group was considered one of the major contributors to this guideline. The lack of quality information highlights the need for research in this area of the patient care process. The peculiarities of the emergency medical areas need specific considerations to minimise the possibility of errors in the preanalytical phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to describe a case of haemoglobinuria in a cat after near‐drowning. A 6‐year‐old male neutered domestic short hair cat weighing 6.5 kg with a pre‐existing seizure disorder presented to an emergency hospital after near‐drowning in a swimming pool during a seizure episode. On presentation, the patient was obtunded, dyspnoeic, bradycardic and hypothermic. Imaging revealed evidence of severe bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Treatment with intravenous diazepam, amoxicillin, fluid therapy, active warming and oxygen therapy was administered. The cat developed haemoglobinuria approximately 6 h after nearly drowning. Despite improvements in mentation, pulse quality and heart rate, respiratory compromise and poor oxygen saturation persisted, prompting euthanasia approximately 10 h after admission. To the author's knowledge, this is the first reported clinical case of haemoglobinuria following near‐drowning in veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, it is imperative to develop innovative therapeutic strategies against new targets to reduce selective survival pressures and incidence of resistance. In S. aureus, interbacterial communication relies on a quorum sensing system that regulates gene expression and physiological activities. Here, we identified that Visomitin, an antioxidant small molecule, exhibited bactericidal efficacy against methicillin-resistant S. aureus and its high tolerance phenotypes like intracellular bacteria and persister cells without inducing resistance. Critically, sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of Visomitin could serve as a potent quorum-quencher reducing virulence production (such as haemolysin and staphyloxanthin), along with inhibiting biofilm formation, self-aggregation, and colony spreading of S. aureus. These effects were probably mediated by interfering with the S. aureus accessory gene regulator quorum sensing system. In summary, our findings suggest that Visomitin shows dual antimicrobial effects, including bactericidal effects at the concentrations above MIC and quorum sensing inhibition effects at sub-MICs, which holds promise for treating MRSA-related refractory infections.

Propanil is an uncommon cause of poisoning, and the incidence of it in India is unknown. It is a low to medium toxicity agent; however, severe poisoning can lead to death, especially in areas with limited medical facilities. Hereby, the authors present a case of 15-year-old girl who presented to Emergency Department after 72 hours of ingesting an unknown quantity of propanil. She was noted to have peripheral cyanosis, laboured breathing, and a room air saturation of 62%, for which she was intubated and ventilated. Methaemoglobinemia was suspected in the child, which is considered a complication of propanil poisoning, and methylene blue was administered within six hours of admission. Exchange transfusion was performed via a femoral central line catheter when there was no improvement with methylene blue. Sulfhaemoglobinemia was also considered as a differential diagnosis. On day 4 of the hospital stay, her saturation improved to 80%. She experienced complications of haemolysis, which were managed conservatively. She improved clinically and was extubated on day 5. Her room air saturation was 93% on day 9, and she was discharged. She had a follow-up appointment in the outpatient clinic after two weeks, where her saturation on room air was recorded as 97%, and her methaemoglobin levels were 8.7% in the postexchange transfusion sample. Propanil has the potential to cause severe, life-threatening clinical symptoms. Exchange transfusions can be lifesaving in situations of severe poisoning. Early transfer of patients to tertiary care Institutions should be considered as peripheral hospitals may lack intensive care facilities and exchange transfusion capabilities.

Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia (AIHA) occurs when an individual’s immune system produces autoantibodies against antigens on Red Blood Cells (RBCs). It is a relatively rare haematological disease in the paediatric population. Case reports of paediatric warm AIHA are rare in general and are usually associated with other underlying conditions like haematological neoplasms, viral infections, and drug-induced conditions. This is a case report of a three-year-old male child with warm AIHA who presented with dark urine and decreased urine output for one day. Through laboratory and radiological investigations, it was found that this patient developed acute haemolysis following a bacterial lower respiratory tract infection. The patient was treated with corticosteroids, antibiotics, and Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIg). Peritoneal dialysis was also done. The patient was eventually discharged from the hospital on a maintenance dose of oral steroids, which was gradually tapered off. It was concluded that a bacterial lower respiratory tract infection can lead to warm AIHA in children. Even though this illness is rare, it may cause life-threatening complications if prompt treatment is delayed.

Summary: The hexokinase (HK) enzyme plays a key role in red blood cell energy production. Hereditary non‐spherocytic haemolytic anaemia (HNSHA) caused by HK deficiency is a rare disorder with only 12 different disease‐associated variants identified. Here, we describe the clinical features and genotypes of four previously unreported patients with hexokinase 1 (HK1)‐related HNSHA, yielding two novel truncating HK1 variants. The patients' phenotypes varied from mild chronic haemolytic anaemia to severe infantile‐onset transfusion‐dependent anaemia. Three of the patients had mild haemolytic disease caused by the common HK1 promoter c.‐193A>G variant combined with an intragenic HK1 variant, emphasizing the importance of including this promoter variant in the haemolytic disease gene panels. HK activity was normal in a severely affected patient with a homozygous HK1 c.2599C>T, p.(His867Tyr) variant, but the affinity for ATP was reduced, hampering the HK function. In cases of HNSHA, kinetic studies should be considered in the functional studies of HK. We reviewed the literature of previously published patients to provide better insight into this rare disease and add to the understanding of genotype–phenotype correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The pneumatic tube system (PTS) is an automated and fast modality of transportation of biological samples, but it has been reported to induce preanalytical errors. Aim: To study the influence of transportation by PTS on biochemistry tests which are particularly sensitive to haemolysis and atmospheric pressure variation. Materials and methods: We compared laboratory results of arterial blood gas, sodium, potassium, chloride, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose and haemolysis index of samples conveyed simultaneously by PTS and by courier. Results: We recruited 30 patients from the sampling room and 40 patients from the intensive care unit. Transport through PTS resulted in a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase and potassium without exceeding the limits of acceptability. Potassium was significantly more increased for samples transported in a higher speed line (p =.048) but without exceeding the limits of acceptability. No significant impact was noted on haemolysis indices. The pO2 variations due to PTS transportation exceeded the limit of acceptability with significant intra-individual variations. Conclusion: Our PTS is validated for biochemistry tests results. It reduces turnaround times without affecting sample quality. However, the interpretation of arterial blood gas results should be careful for samples transported by PTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nanotechnology has introduced innovative approaches to clinical applications and drug delivery systems, and among the various nano-materials, AgNPs have garnered significant attention due to their biocompatibility, antibacterial properties, and versatile applications in the medical field. A major cause of cancer related death in women and the fourth most prevalent malignancy worldwide is the cervical cancer, posing a pressing global health challenge. Materials and Methods: In our study, we employed a green synthesis approach to produce AgNPs using leaf extracts from NI and assessed their potential for both antioxidant and anticancer applications against cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Characterization of the AgNPs was conducted using various techniques, including zeta-sizer, UV-vis spectrophotometry, and FTIR analysis. Results: The UV-Vis spectroscopy results revealed peak value between 400-500 nm, affirming the successful synthesis of the nanoparticles. These AgNPs exhibited an average particle size of 300.4 nm with a PDI value of 0.610. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image reveal that synthesized nanoparticles are spherical in morphology. Further, assessing the anticancer potential of the NI AgNPs, the MTT assay revealed an IC50 value of 165 µg/mL, indicative of their effective anticancer activity against cervical cancer cells. Haemolytic inhibition assay showed that at lower doses particles has more haemolytic inhibition potential. Furthermore, we evaluated their impact on cancer cells by examining ROS generation, nuclear morphology with Hoechst staining, and apoptosis of HeLa cells with PI staining. Additionally, we assessed mitochondrial and acidic organelles' activity using MitoTracker and LysoTracker staining. Cell migration assay validated the inhibitory potential of NI AgNPs on the growth and migration of the cells. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that NI AgNPs possess notable potential as efficient anticancer agents against cervical cancer. This research underscores the promising role of green-synthesized AgNPs in the fight against cervical cancer and highlights their potential as a novel therapeutic strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the main blood disorders caused by hypophosphatemia (low P level in the blood) in dairy cows. Design/Methodology/Approach: Publications about blood disorders caused by hypophosphatemia in dairy cows were analyzed. Results: In addition to a decrease in milk production and several reproductive and metabolic disorders, hypophosphatemia can cause alterations in blood cells, mainly in erythrocytes, as a consequence of the decrease of the phosphorus (P) needed to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the alterations of the cell membrane phospholipids. Study Limitations/Implications: Few studies have described how P affects different blood cells or their components. Findings/Conclusions: Hypophosphatemia has been associated with structural and functional alterations in blood cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare autoimmune haemolytic anaemia mediated by the classical complement pathway (CP). Sutimlimab selectively targets complement C1s inhibiting classical CP activation. In CADENZA Part A (26-weeks), a placebo-controlled study in patients without recent transfusion history, sutimlimab reduced haemolysis, anaemia, and fatigue, and was generally well tolerated. Methods: The CADENZA study (NCT03347422) started in March 2018 (Part A) and completed in December 2021 (Part B). All patients in Part B were eligible to receive sutimlimab for up to 1 year after the last patient completed Part A. Efficacy and safety was assessed throughout Part B, until the last on-treatment visit with available assessment (LV), and after a 9-week washout. Findings: In total, 32/39 patients completed Part B; median treatment duration: 99 weeks. Similar sustained improvements in haemolysis, anaemia, and quality of life were observed in patients switching to sutimlimab and those continuing sutimlimab. Mean LV values for the combined group (ie, placebo-to-sutimlimab group and sutimlimab-to-sutimlimab group) improved from baseline for haemoglobin (≥11.0 g/dL on-treatment vs 9.3 g/dL at baseline), bilirubin (≤20.0 μmol/L on-treatment vs 35.0 μmol/L at baseline), and FACIT-Fatigue scores. Following a 9-week washout, inhibition of CP activity was reversed, and haemolytic markers approached baseline levels. Overall, sutimlimab was generally well tolerated throughout the study. No patients developed systemic lupus erythematosus or meningococcal infections. During the 9-week washout, most adverse events could be attributed to recurrence of underlying CAD. Interpretation: The CADENZA Part B results support the sustained efficacy and safety of sutimlimab for treatment of CAD; however, upon discontinuation disease activity reoccurs. Funding: Sanofi.

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a clinical condition characterized by red blood cell enzymatic defect resulting in haemolysis following exposure to oxidative stress from medications and infections. Some of the drugs used in anaesthesia and peri-operative pain management may also induce haemolysis in individuals who are G6PD deficient. In this report, an eight-month-old boy with G6PD deficiency who had bilateral herniotomy under spinal anaesthesia without untoward events is described. Intra- operative and postoperative courses were uneventful as there were no haemolytic complications, malignant hyperthermia nor methaemoglobinaemia. The focus of anaesthetic management in this child was avoiding drugs which may cause haemolysis in G6PD deficiency, reducing surgical stress with adequate analgesia, and adequate preparations to manage haemolysis should it occur. Therefore, it is recommended that subarachnoid block with heavy bupivacaine can be performed safely, particularly for individuals with G6PD deficiency in place of general anaesthesia.

Abstract The aim of this study is to describe a case of haemoglobinuria in a cat after near‐drowning. A 6‐year‐old male neutered domestic short hair cat weighing 6.5 kg with a pre‐existing seizure disorder presented to an emergency hospital after near‐drowning in a swimming pool during a seizure episode. On presentation, the patient was obtunded, dyspnoeic, bradycardic and hypothermic. Imaging revealed evidence of severe bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Treatment with intravenous diazepam, amoxicillin, fluid therapy, active warming and oxygen therapy was administered. The cat developed haemoglobinuria approximately 6 h after nearly drowning. Despite improvements in mentation, pulse quality and heart rate, respiratory compromise and poor oxygen saturation persisted, prompting euthanasia approximately 10 h after admission. To the author's knowledge, this is the first reported clinical case of haemoglobinuria following near‐drowning in veterinary medicine.

Introduction: Transfusion of blood Group O and its components with high ABO antibody titers to non O recipients has been shown to cause acute transfusion reactions, especially in platelet transfusions, as platelets contain significant amounts of ABO antigen on their surface as well as Anti-ABO alloisogglutinins in plasma. Aim: To estimate the ABO Anti-A and Anti-B agglutinin titers among blood donors at a tertiary care referral teaching hospital blood centre. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Immunohaematology laboratory of the Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India, from March 2021 to June 2022. All blood donors presenting to the blood centre were screened for eligibility for blood donation. Donors who fulfilled the eligibility criteria as per the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, and Rules, 1945 were included. Anti-A and Anti-B titers were determined by the conventional tube method with dilutions of 1 in 2, 1 in 4, 1 in 8, 1 in 16, 1 in 32, 1 in 64, 1 in 128, 1 in 256, 1 in 512, and 1 in 1024. A titer of 64 was considered as a high titer. Results: A total of 399 donors were included in the study, with 393 (98.5%) being males and 6 (1.5%) being females. The mean age of the study population was 28.49 years. Among blood group A, the percentage of individuals with an IgM anti-B titer of 64 was 14.56% (15), whereas in blood group B, IgM anti-A titers of 64 were 34.5% (49). In blood group O, the percentage of individuals with 64 titers of IgM anti-A were 52.60% (81) and 47.40% (73), respectively, whereas for anti-B, 64 titers were 77.92% (120) and 22.08% (34), respectively. Conclusion: It is recommended that a database be maintained in all institutes by estimating antibody titers for every A, B, O blood group donors. Whole blood or platelets from group O donors with IgM Anti-A and Anti-B antibody titers

Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia (AIHA) occurs when an individual's immune system produces autoantibodies against antigens on Red Blood Cells (RBCs). It is a relatively rare haematological disease in the paediatric population. Case reports of paediatric warm AIHA are rare in general and are usually associated with other underlying conditions like haematological neoplasms, viral infections, and drug-induced conditions. This is a case report of a three-year-old male child with warm AIHA who presented with dark urine and decreased urine output for one day. Through laboratory and radiological investigations, it was found that this patient developed acute haemolysis following a bacterial lower respiratory tract infection. The patient was treated with corticosteroids, antibiotics, and Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIg). Peritoneal dialysis was also done. The patient was eventually discharged from the hospital on a maintenance dose of oral steroids, which was gradually tapered off. It was concluded that a bacterial lower respiratory tract infection can lead to warm AIHA in children. Even though this illness is rare, it may cause life-threatening complications if prompt treatment is delayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propanil is an uncommon cause of poisoning, and the incidence of it in India is unknown. It is a low to medium toxicity agent; however, severe poisoning can lead to death, especially in areas with limited medical facilities. Hereby, the authors present a case of 15-year-old girl who presented to Emergency Department after 72 hours of ingesting an unknown quantity of propanil. She was noted to have peripheral cyanosis, laboured breathing, and a room air saturation of 62%, for which she was intubated and ventilated. Methaemoglobinemia was suspected in the child, which is considered a complication of propanil poisoning, and methylene blue was administered within six hours of admission. Exchange transfusion was performed via a femoral central line catheter when there was no improvement with methylene blue. Sulfhaemoglobinemia was also considered as a differential diagnosis. On day 4 of the hospital stay, her saturation improved to 80%. She experienced complications of haemolysis, which were managed conservatively. She improved clinically and was extubated on day 5. Her room air saturation was 93% on day 9, and she was discharged. She had a follow-up appointment in the outpatient clinic after two weeks, where her saturation on room air was recorded as 97%, and her methaemoglobin levels were 8.7% in the postexchange transfusion sample. Propanil has the potential to cause severe, life-threatening clinical symptoms. Exchange transfusions can be lifesaving in situations of severe poisoning. Early transfer of patients to tertiary care Institutions should be considered as peripheral hospitals may lack intensive care facilities and exchange transfusion capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space travel exposes astronauts to several environmental challenges, including microgravity and radiation exposure. To overcome these stressors, the body undergoes various adaptations such as cardiovascular deconditioning, fluid shifts, metabolic changes, and alterations in the state of the bone marrow. Another area of concern is the potential impact of these adaptations on erythrocyte and haemoglobin concentrations, which can lead to what is commonly referred to as space anaemia or microgravity-induced anaemia. It is known that anaemia may result in impaired physical and cognitive performance, making early detection and management crucial for the health and wellbeing of astronauts during extended space missions. However, the effects and mechanisms of space anaemia are not fully understood, and research is underway to determine the extent to which it poses a challenge to astronauts. Further research is needed to clarify the long-term effects of microgravity on the circulatory system and to investigate possible solutions to address spaceflight-induced anaemia. This article reviews the potential link between spaceflight and anaemia, based on existing evidence from simulated studies (e.g., microgravity and radiation studies) and findings from spaceflight studies (e.g., International Space Station and space shuttle missions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although venipuncture is minimally invasive, and is the most frequently performed medical procedure, it carries the small risk of causing persistent pain, including nerve damage. Recently, our hospital stopped using 22-gauge needles for venipuncture in outpatients and switched to using only 23- and 25-gauge needles. We investigated the impact of using only the finer needles on the incidence of persistent or neuropathic pain and the prevalence of haemolysis, as well as the impact of haemolysis associated with the needle change on other laboratory data. Methods: We retrospectively collected and analysed data on venipuncture-associated pain complaints made during the 1-year period prior and 1-year period after the change in needles, as well as the frequency of haemolysis before and after the change. We also focused on 90 cases that showed significant haemolysis after the needle change and compared the serum aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and potassium levels before and after the needle change. Results: The incidence of persistent pain was significantly reduced from 1 in 10,825 venipunctures before the change to 1 in 29,747 venipunctures after the change. Notably, no patients experienced neuropathic pain after the change. However, the prevalence of haemolysis was significantly increased. Additionally, the serum aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and potassium levels were significantly elevated in the cases that showed moderate to gross haemolysis after the needle change. Conclusion: Using finer needles involves both advantages and disadvantages, and careful consideration is needed to determine which type of needle is in the best interests of the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesized nanoparticles possess potential bioactivity with low toxicity and enhanced bioavailability and could be used for various biomedical applications. Orthosiphon stamineus is a medicinal plant with a rich bioactive compound that could be used for nanoparticle synthesis. In the current study, we synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using an aqueous extract of Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) leaves and evaluated their biocompatibility. The prepared SeNPs were characterized using a UV–visible spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The biocompatibility of the SeNPs was investigated using hemocompatibility and apoptosis assay. Our findings displayed a colour change from dark green to ruby red, which in turn confirmed the formation of SeNPs. The UV–visible spectrum further confirmed this, showing maximum absorbance at 266 nm. The FTIR peaks in the fingerprint regions confirmed the capping of the extract containing flavonoids and phenolic compounds over the SeNPs. The particle size analysis of SeNPs revealed a size range of 30–120 nm, and the zeta potential was found to be − 6.32 mV. The XRD data confirmed the crystalline nature of SeNPs, and its crystallite size was calculated as 29.40 nm. Analysis of surface morphology using SEM showed oval-shaped particles with an average particle size of 80 nm, as evidenced by particle size results. The SeNPs formation was further confirmed by EDAX results. Hemocompatibility studies showed less than 5% lysis at a higher concentration of 100 µg/mL. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with 100 µg/mL of biosynthesized SeNPs showed cell viability similar to that of untreated cells. Hence, we conclude that eco-friendly SeNPs could be used as potential candidates in various biomedical applications, including therapeutics and diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Transfusion of blood Group O and its components with high ABO antibody titers to non O recipients has been shown to cause acute transfusion reactions, especially in platelet transfusions, as platelets contain significant amounts of ABO antigen on their surface as well as Anti-ABO alloisogglutinins in plasma. Aim: To estimate the ABO Anti-A and Anti-B agglutinin titers among blood donors at a tertiary care referral teaching hospital blood centre. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Immunohaematology laboratory of the Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India, from March 2021 to June 2022. All blood donors presenting to the blood centre were screened for eligibility for blood donation. Donors who fulfilled the eligibility criteria as per the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, and Rules, 1945 were included. Anti-A and Anti-B titers were determined by the conventional tube method with dilutions of 1 in 2, 1 in 4, 1 in 8, 1 in 16, 1 in 32, 1 in 64, 1 in 128, 1 in 256, 1 in 512, and 1 in 1024. A titer of <64 was considered as a low titer, while a titer of >64 was considered as a high titer. Results: A total of 399 donors were included in the study, with 393 (98.5%) being males and 6 (1.5%) being females. The mean age of the study population was 28.49 years. Among blood group A, the percentage of individuals with an IgM anti-B titer of <64 was 85.44% (88) and >64 was 14.56% (15), whereas in blood group B, IgM anti-A titers of <64 were 65.5% (93) and >64 were 34.5% (49). In blood group O, the percentage of individuals with <64 and >64 titers of IgM anti-A were 52.60% (81) and 47.40% (73), respectively, whereas for anti-B, <64 and >64 titers were 77.92% (120) and 22.08% (34), respectively. Conclusion: It is recommended that a database be maintained in all institutes by estimating antibody titers for every A, B, O blood group donors. Whole blood or platelets from group O donors with IgM Anti-A and Anti-B antibody titers <64 can only be transfused across the ABO barrier. As the majority of group A donors had titers <64, group A platelets may be transfused across the ABO barrier in emergency situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haemolytic disorders, such as sickle cell disease, are accompanied by the release of high amounts of labile heme into the intravascular compartment resulting in the induction of proinflammatory and prothrombotic complications in affected patients. In addition to the relevance of heme‐regulated proteins from the complement and blood coagulation systems, activation of the TLR4 signalling pathway by heme was ascribed a crucial role in the progression of these pathological processes. Heme binding to the TLR4‐MD2 complex has been proposed recently, however, essential mechanistic information of the processes at the molecular level, such as heme‐binding kinetics, the heme‐binding capacity and the respective heme‐binding sites (HBMs) is still missing. We report the interaction of TLR4, MD2 and the TLR4‐MD2 complex with heme and the consequences thereof by employing biochemical, spectroscopic, bioinformatic and physiologically relevant approaches. Heme binding occurs transiently through interaction with up to four HBMs in TLR4, two HBMs in MD2 and at least four HBMs in their complex. Functional studies highlight that mutations of individual HBMs in TLR4 preserve full receptor activation by heme, suggesting that heme interacts with TLR4 through different binding sites independently of MD2. Furthermore, we confirm and extend the major role of TLR4 for heme‐mediated cytokine responses in human immune cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aerobic, haemolytic, Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterial strain ZY171148T was isolated from the lung of a dead goat with respiratory disease in Southwest China. The strain grew at 24–39 °C, at pH 6.0–9.0 and in the presence of 0.5–2.0% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain belongs to the genus Moraxella. The nucleotide sequence similarity analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the strain has the highest similarity of 98.1% to Moraxella (M.) caprae ATCC 700019 T. Phylogenomic analysis of 800 single-copy protein sequences indicated that the strain is a member of the genus Moraxella and forms a separated branch on the Moraxella phylogenetic tree. The strain exhibited the highest orthologous average nucleotide identity (OrthoANI) and average amino acid identity (AAI) values of 77.0 and 77.9% to M. nasibovis CCUG 75921T and M. ovis CCUG 354T, respectively. The strain shared the highest digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of 26.2% to M. osloensis CCUG 350T. The genome G + C content of strain ZY171148T was 42.6 mol%. The strain had C18:1 ω9c (41.7%), C18:0 (11.2%), C16:0 (14.1%) and C12:0 3OH (9.7%) as the predominant fatty acids and CoQ-8 as the major respiratory quinone. The strain contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipin, dilysocardiolipin, monolysocardiolipin and phosphatidic acid as the major polar lipids. β-haemolysis was observed on Columbia blood agar. All results confirmed that strain ZY171148T represents a novel species of the genus Moraxella, for which the name Moraxella haemolytica sp. nov. is proposed, with strain ZY171148T = CCTCC AB 2021471T = CCUG 75920T as the type strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has been proposed as a novel alternative to radiofrequency (RF) and cryoablation in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Following the occurrence of two cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to haemolysis after a PFA procedure, we evaluated haemolysis in a cohort of consecutive patients. Methods and results Two cases of AKI occurred in last May and June 2023. AKI was secondary to acute and severe haemolysis after a PFA procedure. From June 2023, a total of 68 consecutive patients (64.3 ± 10.5 years) undergoing AF ablation with PFA were enrolled in the study. All patients had a blood sample the day after the procedure for the assessment of haemolysis indicators. The pentaspline PFA catheter was used with a total number of median applications of 64 (54; 76). Nineteen patients (28%) showed significantly depleted haptoglobin levels (<0.04 g/L). A significant inverse correlation was found between the plasma level of haptoglobin and the total number of applications. Two groups were compared: the haemolysis+ group (haptoglobin < 0.04 g/L) vs. the haemolysis− group. The total number of applications was significantly higher in the haemolysis+ group vs the haemolysis - group respectively 75 (62; 127) vs 62 (54; 71) P = 0.011. More than 70 applications seem to have better sensitivity and specificity to predict haemolysis. Conclusion Intravascular haemolysis can occur after certain procedures of PFA. Acute kidney injury is a phenomenon that appears to be very rare after a PFA procedure. However, caution must be exercised in the number of applications to avoid severe haemolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hereditary spherocytosis in cattle is a disorder resulting from a nonsense mutation in the SLC4A1 gene, which encodes band 3 membrane protein. This membranopathy leads to the production of spherically-shaped RBCs with reduced deformability and a shorter lifespan in circulation. Laboratory diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis commonly relies on the erythrocyte osmotic fragility test (OFT), which is time- and labour-consuming and can be influenced by preanalytical factors. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the preanalytical phase on the stability of osmotic fragility and morphological changes in bovine erythrocytes. Blood was collected from the tail vein of Holstein-Friesian cows (n = 20) into tubes with EDTA or lithium heparin. Erythrocyte resistance to haemolysis was measured by the osmotic fragility test immediately after blood collection and 24, 48 and 72 hours after storage at 4℃ or at room temperature. Thin blood smears were also prepared, stained and examined for cell morphology. The results showed that bovine erythrocyte osmotic fragility remains stable during 24-hour storage at 4℃ irrespective of the anticoagulant used. This suggests that OFT can be performed the day after blood collection if blood is stored at 4℃. Bovine erythrocytes stored at room temperature were also found to have reduced osmotic resistance. However, heparin better preserves the osmotic resistance of bovine erythrocytes at room temperature. Erythrocytes undergo changes during storage. The microscopic examination of cell morphology revealed rapid transformation of bovine discocytes into various stages of echinocytes during the first three days of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIntroduction Red blood cell (RBC) storage solution is used for suspending and preserving RBCs for later use in in vitro immunohematology testing. Proper RBC preservation is crucial for obtaining accurate results in RBC phenotyping and pretransfusion antibody screening tests. Haemolysis or RBC antigen degradation during storage can result in inaccurate RBC phenotyping, thereby decreasing the sensitivity of pretransfusion antibody screening and identification assays. The conventional RBC storage solutions usually contain adenosine, adenine, and antibiotics. We designed an RBC storage solution and determined whether it could preserve RBC integrity for 70 days.Materials and Methods The new storage solution has a different formula from that of the conventional solution—in particular, it is strengthened with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The extent of haemolysis and hemagglutination reactivity of the RBC antigen systems, Rh, Duffy, Kidd, Lewis, MNS, P1, and the rare antigen Mia (which has a low prevalence antigen in most parts of the world but a higher prevalence in Taiwan), in the new RBC storage solution was compared with that of the conventionally preserved RBC storage solution.Results The RBCs preserved in the new solution for 70 days retained a similar haemolysis grade as those preserved in the control solution for 28 days. Although both solutions largely preserved RBC antigenicity, the decline in RBC hemagglutination scores in new solution often occurred later than that in the control solution in most antigen phenotyping assays, especially labile antigens such as D, P1, and M.Conclusion The new solution reduces haemolysis more effectively and preserves antigenicity throughout the 70-day storage period. Moreover, Mia antigen is more stable in the experimental group.

Abstract Background The classical elephant trunk (ET) technique is a very useful surgical procedure; however, haemolysis in the aorta associated with ET has been previously reported. It normally occurs within several years after the surgery, and it is a rare case of rapidly progressing haemolysis 10 or more years after aortic arch replacement with ET. Case presentation A 53-year-old man with a history of Stanford type A aortic dissection (DeBakey type Is), who was treated with total arch aortic replacement and aorto-femoral bypass using a prosthetic graft 17 years ago, developed severe progressive haemolytic anaemia. The ET used for the initial surgery was narrowed, and mechanical haemolysis was suspected. We assumed that progressive mechanical haemolysis occurred because of degeneration of the prosthetic graft. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair was performed, and haemolysis and anaemia were mitigated postoperatively. Conclusions Haemolysis occurred 17 years after the initial surgery with ET. When haemolysis is suspected in a patient with ET, it must be identified as a cause of haemolysis even if 10 years or more have passed since the ET was inserted. To prevent this complication, attention should be paid to an appropriate ET length and diameter to avoid folding of the ET, particularly when the true cavity diameter is small.

Abstract Hyperhaemolysis syndrome (HHS) is a serious complication of transfusion mostly reported in patients with sickle cell disease. HHS is characterised by the destruction of both donor and autologous red blood cells. Tocilizumab is a recombinant humanised monoclonal antibody that inhibits the binding of interleukin‐6 and has been used in the treatment of severe/critical coronavirus disease 2019 infection but also some cases of HHS. We describe two further cases of HHS successfully treated with tocilizumab and propose a decision aid for when to consider this treatment.

Malaria is a major international public health problem. The risk of acquiring malaria varies depending on the intensity of transmission and adherence to mosquito precautions and prophylaxis recommendations. Severe malaria can cause significant multiorgan dysfunction, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Intravenous artesunate is the treatment of choice for severe malaria in non-endemic areas. One of the possible events connected with the lifesaving effects of artemisins is post-artesunate haemolysis (PADH), which may be potentially dangerous and under-recognised. We present a case of a seafarer with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria complicated with AKI and PADH, with a good response to steroid treatment. This case highlights the need for malaria prophylaxis in business travellers, e.g., seafarers to malara-endemic regions, and close supervision of patients with malaria even after the completion of antimalarial treatment due to the possibility of late complications.

Space travel exposes astronauts to several environmental challenges, including microgravity and radiation exposure. To overcome these stressors, the body undergoes various adaptations such as cardiovascular deconditioning, fluid shifts, metabolic changes, and alterations in the state of the bone marrow. Another area of concern is the potential impact of these adaptations on erythrocyte and haemoglobin concentrations, which can lead to what is commonly referred to as space anaemia or microgravity-induced anaemia. It is known that anaemia may result in impaired physical and cognitive performance, making early detection and management crucial for the health and wellbeing of astronauts during extended space missions. However, the effects and mechanisms of space anaemia are not fully understood, and research is underway to determine the extent to which it poses a challenge to astronauts. Further research is needed to clarify the long-term effects of microgravity on the circulatory system and to investigate possible solutions to address spaceflight-induced anaemia. This article reviews the potential link between spaceflight and anaemia, based on existing evidence from simulated studies (e.g., microgravity and radiation studies) and findings from spaceflight studies (e.g., International Space Station and space shuttle missions).

In our recent paper on the clinical pharmacology of tafenoquine (Watson et al., 2022), we used all available individual patient pharmacometric data from the tafenoquine pre-registration clinical efficacy trials to characterise the determinants of anti-relapse efficacy in tropical vivax malaria. We concluded that the currently recommended dose of tafenoquine (300 mg in adults, average dose of 5 mg/kg) is insufficient for cure in all adults, and a 50% increase to 450 mg (7.5 mg/kg) would halve the risk of vivax recurrence by four months. We recommended that clinical trials of higher doses should be carried out to assess their safety and tolerability. Sharma and colleagues at the pharmaceutical company GSK defend the currently recommended adult dose of 300 mg as the optimum balance between radical curative efficacy and haemolytic toxicity (Sharma et al., 2024). We contend that the relative haemolytic risks of the 300 mg and 450 mg doses have not been sufficiently well characterised to justify this opinion. In contrast, we provided evidence that the currently recommended 300 mg dose results in sub-maximal efficacy, and that prospective clinical trials of higher doses are warranted to assess their risks and benefits.

A single 300 mg dose of tafenoquine, in combination with chloroquine, is currently approved in several countries for the radical cure (prevention of relapse) of Plasmodium vivax malaria in patients aged ≥16 years. Recently, however, Watson et al. suggested that the approved dose of tafenoquine is insufficient for radical cure, and that a higher 450 mg dose could reduce P. vivax recurrences substantially (Watson et al., 2022). In this response, we challenge Watson et al.'s assertion based on empirical evidence from dose-ranging and pivotal studies (published) as well as real-world evidence from post-approval studies (ongoing, therefore currently unpublished). We assert that, collectively, these data confirm that the benefit–risk profile of a single 300 mg dose of tafenoquine, co-administered with chloroquine, for the radical cure of P. vivax malaria in patients who are not G6PD-deficient, continues to be favourable where chloroquine is indicated for P. vivax malaria. If real-world evidence of sub-optimal efficacy in certain regions is observed or dose-optimisation with other blood-stage therapies is required, then well-designed clinical studies assessing safety and efficacy will be required before higher doses are approved for clinical use.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern, far from being resolved. The need of new drugs against new targets is imminent. In this work, we present a family of aminoalkyl resveratrol derivatives with antibacterial activity inspired by the properties of cationic amphipathic antimicrobial peptides. Surprisingly, the newly designed molecules display modest activity against aerobically growing bacteria but show surprisingly good antimicrobial activity against anaerobic bacteria (Gram-negative and Gram-positive) suggesting specificity towards this bacterial group. Preliminary studies into the action mechanism suggest that activity takes place at the membrane level, while no cross-resistance with traditional antibiotics is observed. Actually, some good synergistic relations with existing antibiotics were found against Gram-negative pathogens. However, some cytotoxicity was observed, despite their low haemolytic activity. Our results show the importance of the balance between positively charged moieties and hydrophobicity to improve antimicrobial activity, setting the stage for the design of new drugs based on these molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callicarpa macrophylla (Priyangu) a medicinally important plant, represents a class of herbal drug with very strong conceptual and traditional base. In present study extract of leaf, stem showed less antimicrobial activity than seed. They showed antimicrobial activity against three bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas and three fungal Strains Aspergillus fumigatous, Rhizopus oryzae and Aspergillus awamori. Maximum activity was observed in ethanol extract of leaf and stem, Methanol extracts of seed. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract revealed the presence of phenol, reducing sugar, coumarin and saponins. Micropropogation of C.macrophylla was done using stem as a explant material on MS and Woody media. Which revealed that woody media containing BAP (6-amino benzyl purine) NAA(a-napthaleneacetic acid) gave maximum proliferation response in comparison to MS media. Plant extract (leave, stem and seed) have provide protection against RBC haemolysis and protein denaturation may act as anti-arthritic agent. We propose antiarthritic and antimicrobial activity of C.macrophylla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red blood cell (RBC) storage solution is used for suspending and preserving RBCs for later use in in vitro immunohematology testing. Proper RBC preservation is crucial for obtaining accurate results in RBC phenotyping and pretransfusion antibody screening tests. Haemolysis or RBC antigen degradation during storage can result in inaccurate RBC phenotyping, thereby decreasing the sensitivity of pretransfusion antibody screening and identification assays. The conventional RBC storage solutions usually contain adenosine, adenine, and antibiotics. We designed an RBC storage solution and determined whether it could preserve RBC integrity for 70 days. The new storage solution has a different formula from that of the conventional solution—in particular, it is strengthened with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The extent of haemolysis and hemagglutination reactivity of the RBC antigen systems, Rh, Duffy, Kidd, Lewis, MNS, P1, and the rare antigen Mia (which has a low prevalence antigen in most parts of the world but a higher prevalence in Taiwan), in the new RBC storage solution was compared with that of the conventionally preserved RBC storage solution. The RBCs preserved in the new solution for 70 days retained a similar haemolysis grade as those preserved in the control solution for 28 days. Although both solutions largely preserved RBC antigenicity, the decline in RBC hemagglutination scores in new solution often occurred later than that in the control solution in most antigen phenotyping assays, especially labile antigens such as D, P1, and M. The new solution reduces haemolysis more effectively and preserves antigenicity throughout the 70-day storage period. Moreover, Mia antigen is more stable in the experimental group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The classical elephant trunk (ET) technique is a very useful surgical procedure; however, haemolysis in the aorta associated with ET has been previously reported. It normally occurs within several years after the surgery, and it is a rare case of rapidly progressing haemolysis 10 or more years after aortic arch replacement with ET. Case presentation: A 53-year-old man with a history of Stanford type A aortic dissection (DeBakey type Is), who was treated with total arch aortic replacement and aorto-femoral bypass using a prosthetic graft 17 years ago, developed severe progressive haemolytic anaemia. The ET used for the initial surgery was narrowed, and mechanical haemolysis was suspected. We assumed that progressive mechanical haemolysis occurred because of degeneration of the prosthetic graft. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair was performed, and haemolysis and anaemia were mitigated postoperatively. Conclusions: Haemolysis occurred 17 years after the initial surgery with ET. When haemolysis is suspected in a patient with ET, it must be identified as a cause of haemolysis even if 10 years or more have passed since the ET was inserted. To prevent this complication, attention should be paid to an appropriate ET length and diameter to avoid folding of the ET, particularly when the true cavity diameter is small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]