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Background: Gynura procumbens, a well-known traditional herb, has been studied to be an effective chemotherapeutic agent against a wide range of cancer cell types. Case Description: A 7-year-old chihuahua dog was presented to the VTH with multiple cutaneous MCT grade III masses found on the cranial aspect of the right front leg and the dorsal aspect of the neck/back. Local excision of all cutaneous tumors were performed followed by chemotherapy (vinblastine, prednisone and cyclophosphamide) every 21-day interval for 9 treatments. Nearby three months later, recurrent MCT was observed and lomustine was used instead for 21-day interval. During the first chemotherapy, the dog had a fever, weak, lethargy and vomiting. Alternative natural therapy preferred, the dog has been received Gynura procumbens daily. The dog responded well to this herbal treatment. These recurrent masses began to shrink after a few weeks of treatment. Several months of treatment, all masses were completely gone. Moreover, no micro-metastasis to lungs, spleen and liver were detected. Conclusion: This natural herbal was helpful to stop the growth of tumor, to prevent micro-metastasis and to relieve the patient's symptoms. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(6.000): 1491-1496]

In order to investigate the material basis of the uric acid-lowering activity of Gynura procumbens, G. procumbens extracts obtained by hot reflux extraction with different ethanol concentrations (0%, 30% and 70%) were evaluated for bioactive ingredients, xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity. The extracts were analyzed and identified by non-targeted metabolomics. Meanwhile, the 30% and 70% ethanol extracts, which exhibited high XOD inhibitory activity, was evaluated for uric acid-lowering activity in a mouse model of hyperuricemia induced by hypoxanthine and potassium oxonate. The results showed that the XOD inhibitory activity of the extracts was significantly positively correlated with the total flavonoid and total organic acid contents (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), and the superoxide anion scavenging capacity was significantly positively correlated with the total phenol content (P < 0.01). A total of 705 differential metabolites were detected by non-targeted metabolomics. In vitro experiments revealed that naringenin, 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, α-linolenic acid, ferulic acid and diosmetin were the key contributors to the uric acid-lowering activity of G. procumbens. Both 30% and 70% ethanol extracts alleviated hyperuricemia by lowering serum uric acid and inhibiting XOD (P < 0.01), and alleviated hyperuricemia-induced oxidative liver damage. In this study, through in vivo and in vitro experiments, the uric acid lowering activity of G. procumbens was verified, and the basis of the uric acid lowering substance was discussed, which could provide a theoretical basis for the preparation of uric acid-lowering substances from G. procumbens and the development of functional foods with uric acid-lowering activity.

Herbal medicines, a popular choice for treatments, are effective against diabetes when used with nanoparticles. Thus, this study investigates the effects of Gynura procumbens ethanolic extract with chitosan nanoparticles on streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia in rat model. Twenty-eight days old 16 male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups such as T0 = control (normal), T1 = streptozotocin-induced diabetes, T2 = streptozotocin-induced diabetes treated with ethanolic extract of Gynura Procumbens (150 mg/kg body weight), and T3= streptozotocin induced diabetes treated with ethanolic extract of Gynura Procumbens (150 mg/kg) and chitosan nanoparticles (25 mg/kg). Blood glucose levels were significantly higher in the diabetic group T1 (26.27±1.76) compared to treatment T2 (18.32±.715) and T3 (15.45±1.33) groups. The body weight of T1 (115.75±0.08c) significantly decreased compared to control T0 (216.25±4.27) on the 21st day. Interestingly, there was significant (p [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2024; 7(1.000): 255-265]

In this study, genetic differences among 24 populations of Gynura procumbens from different geographical regions were studied using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and trnL-trnF sequences. The ITS sequence had an aligned length of 718 bp and a G+ C content of 49.8%, with five variable sites and three parsimonious informative sites. The trnL-trnF sequence had an aligned length of 835 bp and a G+ C content of 35.0%, with six variable sites and three parsimonious informative sites. The phylogenetic tree based on trnL-trnF sequences showed that all populations of G. procumbens clustered into one branch, indicating that this sequence has strong identification abilities in genetic difference research. Phylogenetic analysis using both ITS and trnL-trnF sequences showed similar results. Populations collected from Taiwan and Indonesia were grouped into one clade, whereas those collected from Guizhou, Guangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong shared close relationships corresponding to their geographical distribution patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nutrition & Feed Technology Journal / Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Lead exposure is a growing concern in recent public health because lead acts as an oxidant, causing oxidative stress. In this context, the administration of exogenous antioxidants is imperative. Our preliminary study revealed that Gynura procumbens leaf and root contain phenolics and flavonoids. The current study aims to determine the potency of G. procumbens adventitious root (ARGp) in preventing oxidative stress caused by lead exposure and the potential as an anti-cancer agent. Methods: ARGp was induced from leaf explant, propagated inside a bioreactor, and macerated by methanol. Balb/C mice were used in an in vivo study and divided into 5 groups, as follows: P1 (distilled water); P2 (Pb 100 mg/L); P3 (ARGp-100 mg/L + Pb 100 mg/L); P4 (ARGp-200 mg/L + Pb 100 mg/L); and P5 (ARGp-300 mg/L + Pb 100 mg/L). Hematologic parameters, the level of lipid peroxidation, and GPx-4 antioxidant gene expression were subsequently recorded. Results: Administration of ARGp significantly increased the hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume but did not significantly increase the mean corpuscular hemoglobin compared to lead exposure (P2). In contrast, ARGp significantly lowered the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and white blood count compared to P2. ARGp significantly decreased liver and kidney lipid peroxidation but not in the serum. These findings are consistent with the ability of ARGp to enhance endogenous antioxidant gene expression, especially GPx-4 . Furthermore, ARGp exhibited a cytotoxic effect on the hepatoma (Huh7it) cell line with an IC 50 44.65 mg/L. Conclusion: ARGp possesses antioxidants by restoring hematologic damage, lowering lipid peroxidation, and increasing antioxidant gene expression, as well as anti-cancer activity.

Unhealthy lifestyle habits greatly increase the risks of various degenerative illnesses, for example, diabetes mellitus as well as dyslipidemia. Recent studies have shown that the pharmaceutical drugs used for the treatment of these conditions have undesirable side effects. This indicates that it is necessary to find more effective and safe alternative treatment options, particularly in medicinal plants, such as Ageratum conyzoides and Gynura procumbens. Therefore, this research examined the combined antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic activity of Ageratum conyzoides and Gynura procumbens extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The insulin sensitivity of the test animals was assessed at the beginning of the experiment using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) through the administration of 3 g/kgBW glucose. Pancreatic destruction was induced with the intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 150 mg/kgBW alloxan, and the rats were treated with ethanol extract for 14 days. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured using the enzymatic method. The results showed that the single extracts and their combination exhibited high antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic activity. This was indicated by a substantial reduction in fasting blood sugar, TG, TC, and LDL-C (p

The goal of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of both the in vitro and in vivo plant part extracts of the medicinal plant Gynura procumbens. An effective protocol for regeneration and callus formation was developed using nodal segments and regenerated leaf explants, respectively. The highest fresh and dry weight calli were produced after four weeks of culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2.0 mg/L BAP and 2.0 mg/L NAA, while the most shoots were produced on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L IAA. The in vitro shoots developed roots on MS media with 0.1 mg/L IBA. The antibacterial activity of extracts against various bacteria was examined to determine their significance (p

Gynura procumbens is an edible flowering plant that has been utilized as traditional therapy for numerous diseases. The current experiment investigates the hepatoprotective potentials of the ethanol extract of Gynura procumbens leaf (EEGPL) against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 clusters: A, rats received orally 10% Tween 80 and intraperitoneal (i.p) inoculation of sterile distal water; B, rats received orally10% Tween 80; C, rats received orally daily 50 mg/kg of silymarin, while groups; D and E, rats received orally daily doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg of EEGPL, respectively. Furthermore, B-E clusters received 200 mg/kg thioacetamide (i.p) three times a week for 60 days.The liver gross morphology of rats that received only TAA (B) revealed irregular rough surface layers compared to smoother livers of rats that received EEGPL. Histopathology of group B revealed clear hepatic necrosis and fibrous connective tissue, which were significantly reduced in C-E groups. EEGPL treatment caused a significant down-regulation of PCNA and α-SMA protein expressions. Antioxidant (SOD and CAT) enzymes in hepatic homogeneity were meaningfully lower, and MDA levels were significantly higher in TAA controls compared to those of C-E groups. Moreover, EEGPL treatment caused a reduction of TNF-α and IL-6 and increased expression of IL-10 cytokines. Therefore, the hepatoprotective potentials of EEGPL might be contributed to its modulation of detoxification enzymes, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.

Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (Family: Asteraceae) is a tropical Asian medicinal plant found in Thailand, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam. It has long been utilized to treat a variety of health concerns in numerous countries around the world, such as renal discomfort, constipation, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, and hypertension. The chemical investigation resulted in the isolation and characterization of six compounds from the methanol (MeOH) extract of the leaves of Gynura procumbens, which were identified as phytol (1), lupeol (2), stigmasterol (3), friedelanol acetate (4), β-amyrin (5), and a mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol (6). In-depth investigations of the high-resolution 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic data from the isolated compounds, along with comparisons to previously published data, were used to clarify their structures. Among these, the occurrence of Compounds 1 and 4 in this plant are reported for the first time. The crude methanolic extract (CME) and its different partitionates, i.e., petroleum ether (PESF), chloroform (CSF), ethyl acetate (EASF), and aqueous (AQSF) soluble fractions, were subjected to antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, and anti-diabetic activities. In a DPPH free radical scavenging assay, EASF showed the maximum activity, with an IC50 value of 10.78 µg/mL. On the other hand, CSF displayed the highest cytotoxic effect with an LC50 value of 1.94 µg/mL compared to 0.464 µg/mL for vincristine sulphate. In a thrombolytic assay, the crude methanolic extract exhibited the highest activity (63.77%) compared to standard streptokinase (70.78%). During the assay for anti-diabetic activity, the PESF showed 70.37% of glucose-lowering activity, where standard glibenclamide showed 63.24% of glucose-reducing activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoencapsulation of G. procumbens with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is intended to increase anti-dengue activity and prevent its bioactive deterioration. The particle size of Ga-NPs was 161.00 ± 2.17 nm with a PDI value of 0.33 ± 0.02 while the particle size of Gp-NPs was 136.33 ± 0.47 nm with a PDI value of 0.34 ± 0.01. Those indicated both Ga-NPs and Gp-NPs had a homogeneous particle size distribution. Moreover, both nanocapsules showed stability at 30-100oC but were less stable at high pH and salt concentrations. Ga-NPs have a %LE (96.236 ± 1.156%) higher than the %LE of Gp-NPs (95.567 ± 0.334 %), but release of Gp-NPs is better than Ga-NPs. G. procumbens extract, Ga-NPs, and Gp-NPs exhibited anti-dengue activity with IC50 values of 11.22, 7.67, and 12.75 µg/mL, respectively. However, Ga-NPs and Gp-NPs are more potent because they have higher SI values with low cytotoxicity (CC50) compared to G. procumbens extract. Herein, nanoencapsulation of G. procumbens is proved to increase bioavailability and controlled release and allow precision targeting of bioactive compounds to enhance bioactivity activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gynura procumbens is a traditional herb and food extensively cultivated in China and Southeast Asian countries. This study was designed to determine the content of the main chemical components and elucidate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of G. procumbens flowers extracts (GPFE). GPFE was rich in flavonoids and phenolics and exhibited great reducing power as well as strong scavenging ability of ABTS+ and DPPH radicals. The pro-inflammatory factors including IL-6, IL-1β, NO, TNF-α, PGE2 and their mRNA transcriptions were strongly inhibited with the treatment of GPFE in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Meanwhile, GPFE could attenuate the inflammation via suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and downregulating the MAPK signalling pathways. Furthermore, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C isolated from GPFE all had a high content and showed potent anti-inflammatory activities. Our findings suggest that GPFE could be used as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.

In Indonesia, Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr., known as Longevity Spinach or Sambung Nyawa, is commonly grown in tropical and subtropical Asian countries. Many biological activities of G. procumbens have been reported. As we know, the composition and concentration of metabolites, as well as plant parts will significantly affect the biological activities. In this work, UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS was used for the putative identification of metabolites present in 70% ethanol extract of G. procumbens leaves and stem extract. Also, we performed clustering of G. procumbens leaves and stem extracts using principal component analysis (PCA) with the peak area of the identified metabolites as the variable. Thirty-one metabolites were identified, and the number of identified peaks in the leaves is higher than in the stem. Those identified metabolites are phenolics, fatty acids, oxo monocarboxylic acids, porphyrins, and chlorophyll fragments. The PCA results showed that the leaves and stem extracts could be grouped, indicating that the composition and concentration of detected compounds differed.

Gynura procumbens has been widely used to treat several health disorders, such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, diabetes, and allergies. This study aimed to determine the flavonoid content of G. procumbens cultured in a balloon-type bubble bioreactor using various sucrose concentrations (10, 30, and 50 g/L) and explant densities (5, 10, and 15 explants). The plant parts used were stem nodes of G. procumbens, grown in a balloon-type bubble bioreactor using Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid media with IAA 2 mg/L and BAP 4 mg/L. The total flavonoid content was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (λ= 510 nm), and the flavonoid profile was tested using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The administration of 10 g/L sucrose produced the highest total flavonoid production. In the treatment of explant density, the most increasing total flavonoid production was obtained in the treatment of 5 explants. The TLC results showed that each treatment forms spots like standard. This study proved that sucrose and explant densities culture on balloon-type bubble bioreactor method had optimized the production of flavonoids of plant shoots of G. procumbens culture.

Introduction:Gynura procumbens is an important medicinal plant that contains different types of chemical constituents that show tremendous curative effects.

Gynura procumbens is a traditional herb and food extensively cultivated in China and Southeast Asian countries. This study was designed to determine the content of the main chemical components and elucidate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of G. procumbens flowers extracts (GPFE). GPFE was rich in flavonoids and phenolics and exhibited great reducing power as well as strong scavenging ability of ABTS+ and DPPH radicals. The pro-inflammatory factors including IL-6, IL-1β, NO, TNF-α, PGE2 and their mRNA transcriptions were strongly inhibited with the treatment of GPFE in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Meanwhile, GPFE could attenuate the inflammation via suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and downregulating the MAPK signalling pathways. Furthermore, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C isolated from GPFE all had a high content and showed potent anti-inflammatory activities. Our findings suggest that GPFE could be used as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently there has been increase in patronage of herbal medicine due to economic constrain particularly among low income earners in the developing countries such as Nigeria. Gynura procumbens, (Molucan spinach) is widely used in traditional medicine for treatment of wide ailments such as fever, malaria, anti-glycaemic, rheumatism, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cancer, kidney diseases, anti-inflammatory, constipation, male sterility and body pain among others. This study reviews the ethnobotanical and pharmaceutical properties of G. procumbens (Lour.) Merr hence provided some data and information on the biological activity of G. procumbens which evaluated and validated its efficacy and safety in the treatment of different ailments. Based on the traditional uses of G. procumbens, the specie appears to possess high therapeutic potential for treatment of various diseases hence making it a target for pharmacological studies. Despite the knowledge and use of ethnomedicine the current scientific evidence on biological activities of G. procumbens remain scanty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The anti‐cancer effects of Gynura procumbens leaves extract (GPE) have been reported in various human cancers. However, the anti‐cancer effects and molecular mechanisms of this extract on canine mammary cancer (CMC) have not yet been elucidated. Objectives The main goal of this study was to investigate the anti‐cancer properties of GPE against two CMC cell lines (CHMp‐13a and CHMp‐5b). Methods The GP leaves were extracted with 80% ethanol. Anti‐cancer potentials of GPE on CHMp‐13a and CHMp‐5b cancer cell lines using dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT), wound healing, transwell migration, and caspase 3/7 activity assays were evaluated. The mRNA expression levels of two oncogenes: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and twist family bHLH transcription factor 1 (TWIST) and one tumour suppressor gene: phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in these cell lines were determined by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). In addition, The EGFR and PTEN protein levels as well as protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation levels expression were also evaluated by western blot analysis. Results The results showed that GPE caused a significant concentration‐ and time‐dependent reduction in cell proliferation of both CHMp‐13a and CHMp‐5b cells, detected by MTT assays. This extract also significantly suppressed cancer cell migration in both cell lines, tested by wound healing and transwell migration assays. Additionally, the increase in caspase 3/7 activity observed in both CMC cell treated with GPE suggests that GPE induced caspase 3/7 dependent apoptosis. Moreover, GPE significantly decreased EGFR mRNA and protein expression levels compared to control in both cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner. Conclusion These findings emphasized that GPE has an in vitro anti‐cancer activity against CMC by inhibiting EGFR signalling pathway. Thus, GPE may serve as an alternative therapy in CMC with high EGFR expression.

Introduction: Gynura procumbens (Lorr.) Merr. (GP) displays cardio-protective effect, which may hinder atherogenesis induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and leukocytes. The current study was undertaken to elucidate the chemical constituents of GP ethanol extract and its aqueous, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hexane fractions, and their effects on CD4+ T cell differentiation during atherogenesis. Methods: Initially, the bioactive constituents in GP ethanol extract and its fractions were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Generated mouse bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDC) were loaded with oxLDL and GP ethanol extract and its fractions for 24 hours and co-cultured with mouse CD4+ T cells for 72 hours. For the determination of T-bet, GATA-3, RORγt, Foxp3, DLL-3, and Jagged-1 mRNA gene expression, the floating cells (CD4+ T cells) and adherence cells (BMDC) were isolated from their total RNAs and reverse transcribed into cDNA.Results: GC-MS analysis showed that GP ethanol extract and its fractions contained various volatile compounds. GP ethanol extract and its fractions also increased the DLL-3 gene but suppressed Jagged-1 gene expression in oxLDL-treated BMDC. Furthermore, GP ethanol extract and its fractions suppressed T-bet, GATA-3, and RORγt gene expression but increased the expression of the Foxp3 gene in differentiated CD4 + T cells. Conclusion: GP ethanol extract and its fractions are composed of various bioactive chemical components that can induce anti-atherogenic effects by inhibiting pro-atherogenic cells such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells while increasing anti-atherogenic cells, Treg cells.

Recently there has been increase in patronage of herbal medicine due to economic constrain particularly among low income earners in the developing countries such as Nigeria. Gynura procumbens, (Molucan spinach) is widely used in traditional medicine for treatment of wide ailments such as fever, malaria, anti-glycaemic, rheumatism, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cancer, kidney diseases, anti-inflammatory, constipation, male sterility and body pain among others. This study reviews the ethnobotanical and pharmaceutical properties of G. procumbens (Lour.) Merr hence provided some data and information on the biological activity of G. procumbens which evaluated and validated its efficacy and safety in the treatment of different ailments. Based on the traditional uses of G. procumbens, the specie appears to possess high therapeutic potential for treatment of various diseases hence making it a target for pharmacological studies. Despite the knowledge and use of ethnomedicine the current scientific evidence on biological activities of G. procumbens remain scanty.

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Exposure to cadmium (Cd) could increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and changes in expression of antioxidant genes. Gynura procumbens is a medicinal plant that is rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The aimed of study to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of G. procumbens adventitious root (GAR) extract against Cd toxicity, especially expression rate of hepatic antioxidant genes. Twenty-five male mice were treated as follows: P1 (control), P2 (Cd100mg/L), P3 (GAR100mg/L + Cd100mg/L), P4 (GAR200mg/L + Cd100mg/L), and P5 (GAR300mg/L + Cd100mg/L). The samples (blood and liver) were collected for analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and their relative gene expression were determined. The hematological assay showed Cd-treated administered with GAR extract increased the number of red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), but reduced the level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). In addition, the GAR extract decreased the MDA production, but increased the activities of SOD and CAT. These enzymatic activities were positively correlated with their respective gene transcripts. Our study revealed that GAR extract administration showed marked hepatoprotective effects against Cd-induced oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaves of Annona muricata (sirsak), Gynura procumbens (sambung nyawa), and Typhonium flagelliforme (keladi tikus) have been used as traditional medicines in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the antioxidant capacity and putatively identified phenolics from the leaves of three medicinal plants forementioned above. We used the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method for measuring radical scavenging (antioxidant assay) while the phenolics profiling was determined using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. The results showed that the percentage of radical scavenging activity of G. procumbens leaves extract in ethanol was higher than the other two plants. Phenolics profiling of the three medicinal plants was identified with 38 compounds belonging to flavones and flavanols hydroxycinnamic acid, and several other groups. The number of metabolites identified putatively was 12, 31, and 19 metabolites in the extracts of A. muricata, G. procumbens, and T. flagelliforme, respectively. The results confirmed the correlation between the phenolics presence and the antioxidant capacity of three plants used in this study.

Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (Family: Asteraceae) is a tropical Asian medicinal plant found in Thailand, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam. It has long been utilized to treat a variety of health concerns in numerous countries around the world, such as renal discomfort, constipation, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism, and hypertension. The chemical investigation resulted in the isolation and characterization of six compounds from the methanol (MeOH) extract of the leaves of Gynura procumbens, which were identified as phytol (1), lupeol (2), stigmasterol (3), friedelanol acetate (4), β-amyrin (5), and a mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol (6). In-depth investigations of the high-resolution 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic data from the isolated compounds, along with comparisons to previously published data, were used to clarify their structures. Among these, the occurrence of Compounds 1 and 4 in this plant are reported for the first time. The crude methanolic extract (CME) and its different partitionates, i.e., petroleum ether (PESF), chloroform (CSF), ethyl acetate (EASF), and aqueous (AQSF) soluble fractions, were subjected to antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, and anti-diabetic activities. In a DPPH free radical scavenging assay, EASF showed the maximum activity, with an IC50 value of 10.78 µg/mL. On the other hand, CSF displayed the highest cytotoxic effect with an LC50 value of 1.94 µg/mL compared to 0.464 µg/mL for vincristine sulphate. In a thrombolytic assay, the crude methanolic extract exhibited the highest activity (63.77%) compared to standard streptokinase (70.78%). During the assay for anti-diabetic activity, the PESF showed 70.37% of glucose-lowering activity, where standard glibenclamide showed 63.24% of glucose-reducing activity.

Background: The anti‐cancer effects of Gynura procumbens leaves extract (GPE) have been reported in various human cancers. However, the anti‐cancer effects and molecular mechanisms of this extract on canine mammary cancer (CMC) have not yet been elucidated. Objectives: The main goal of this study was to investigate the anti‐cancer properties of GPE against two CMC cell lines (CHMp‐13a and CHMp‐5b). Methods: The GP leaves were extracted with 80% ethanol. Anti‐cancer potentials of GPE on CHMp‐13a and CHMp‐5b cancer cell lines using dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT), wound healing, transwell migration, and caspase 3/7 activity assays were evaluated. The mRNA expression levels of two oncogenes: epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and twist family bHLH transcription factor 1 (TWIST) and one tumour suppressor gene: phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in these cell lines were determined by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). In addition, The EGFR and PTEN protein levels as well as protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation levels expression were also evaluated by western blot analysis. Results: The results showed that GPE caused a significant concentration‐ and time‐dependent reduction in cell proliferation of both CHMp‐13a and CHMp‐5b cells, detected by MTT assays. This extract also significantly suppressed cancer cell migration in both cell lines, tested by wound healing and transwell migration assays. Additionally, the increase in caspase 3/7 activity observed in both CMC cell treated with GPE suggests that GPE induced caspase 3/7 dependent apoptosis. Moreover, GPE significantly decreased EGFR mRNA and protein expression levels compared to control in both cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner. Conclusion: These findings emphasized that GPE has an in vitro anti‐cancer activity against CMC by inhibiting EGFR signalling pathway. Thus, GPE may serve as an alternative therapy in CMC with high EGFR expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gynura procumbens (longevity spinach) is typically used in Asian folk medicine to treat inflammation and rheumatism. Studies show that Gynura procumbens has many applications, especially as a therapeutic medicine for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, organ protective, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, cardioprotective, anti-cancer, and fertility enhancement. The consumption of ice cream in Indonesia is increasing each year. Most consumers perceive ice cream as a sweet treat, with indulgence the most important trend in the market. Adding herbal ingredients to ice cream can address several consumer problems, such as high sugar intake, and provide the health benefits of herbals with ease of consumption. This study examines the techno-economic analysis of a healthy herbal ice cream product that can not only provide herbals in a trendy mode of consumption but can also address the problems that occur from consuming ice cream. The formulation of the supplement consists of longevity spinach 5%, skim milk 69.75%, extract flavor 0.6%, sugar 3.25%, salt 1%, lecithin 20%, and food coloring 0.4%. The manufacturing process consists of a typical ice cream production line with Gynura procumbens pretreatment at the start. The plant designed will produce 57,734 jars per day with a price of Rp 5,066 for each jar. The capital investment of our plant is Rp 10,305,160,564. We gain Rp 77,216,401,229 per year, with IRR as high as 46%. Our NPV is Rp 21,819,500,900 with a payback period of 2.24 years. Our product is relatively sensitive to the selling price and the price of the raw materials.

[Display omitted] • Phytochemicals of Gynura procumbens (GP) were determined. • The ethyl acetate fraction (EA-F) exhibited significant antioxidant activity. • The α-amylase and α-glucosidase were potentially inhibited by the GP-EA-F. • GP-EA-F augmented the glucose uptake in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. • The presence of phytochemicals in GP-EA-F analyzed by LC–MS/MS. This work aimed to evaluate the phytochemicals, antioxidants, antidiabetic, and biocompatibility of methanolic extract and its various solvent fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, methanol/water) of Gynura procumbens (GP). Among the extract/fractions, ethyl acetate fraction (EA-F) exhibited the higher total phenol content (88.52 ± 1.21 GAE μg/g) and total flavonoid content (51.69 ± 1.16 QE μg/g) with higher DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, and enzyme inhibition activities. The IC 50 of GP-EA-F were 144 ± 12.1 μg/mL for DPPH scavenging, 72 ± 2 μg/mL for ABTS+ scavenging, 90.7 ± 2.5 μg/mL for α-glucosidase inhibition and 136 ± 4 μg/mL for α-amylase inhibition. Also, GP-EA-F augmented the glucose uptake in insulin-resistant (IR) HepG2 cells. Besides, the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (UPLC/QTOF-MS/MS) analysis revealed the presence of phytochemicals including kaempferol, quercetin, caffeoyl- O -hexoside, caffeoylquinic acid, coumaroyl- O -hexoside, and coumaroylquinic acid in GP-EA-F. Further, the molecular docking analysis demonstrated the strong molecular interaction between the digestive enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) and selected molecules. Hence, this work concluded that GP-EA-F contains potent antidiabetic molecules which deserved further isolation, purification, and pharmacological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gynura procumbens (GP) grows abundantly in Southeast Asia. The present work was conducted to investigate the cardioprotective potential of ethanol extract of GP on cardiac markers, antioxidant levels, and histopathology of isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (MI). A total of 36 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups. Treatments were given via oral gavage for 28 days: two groups were given normal saline 0.9%; two groups were given GP250 mg/kg/day- and two groups were given GP500 mg/kg/day. On day 27 and 28, MI was induced with a subcutaneous injection of 85 mg/kg isoproterenol. The rats were sacrificed 48 h after the 1st injection. Cardiac markers, lipid peroxidation, oxidative status, and histopathological analyses were evaluated. Isoproterenol significantly increased the levels of troponin T, creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CKMB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malondialdehyde (MDA), whereas the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were significantly decreased. In addition, the histopathological findings showed a necrosis of the myocardium as evidenced by neutrophil infiltration, and interstitial oedema with acceleration of apoptosis in MI. Interestingly, treatment with GP restored the levels of troponin T, LDH, MDA, SOD, and catalase significantly. Moreover, GP preserved the myocardial architecture while decreasing both necrosis and apoptosis. GP has the potential to limit myocardial injury after MI, and this is most likely achieved through its modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gynura procumbens (GP) is a herbal medicinal plant of South-East Asian origin, popularly recognised as ‘Sambung nyawa’. The plant has been used traditionally to treat various diseases including hypertension. The anti-hypertensive activity of this plant has also been scientifically proven both in vivo and in vitro yet the investigation on its mechanisms of actions remains limited. Our previous study has demonstrated the vasodilatory action of both aqueous and methanol GP extracts possibly via activation of the cholinergic pathway and that kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside is the active ingredient responsible in mediating this effect. Hence, in this study we further confirm the involvement of the cholinergic pathway by using several pharmacological interventions, focusing on the downstream mechanism of this pathway. Our results showed that in the presence of endothelium, GP extracts induced vasodilation via activation of the muscarinic M3 receptors. However, in the absence of endothelium, GP mediated vasodilation possibly via stimulation of other muscarinic receptors and/or involvement of nicotinic receptors, a speculation that needs further investigations. GP-induced relaxation was markedly inhibited by nitric oxide (NO) blocker, L-NAME, suggesting that GP elicited ACh endothelium-dependent relaxation by producing NO in rat aortic rings. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the vasodilatory effect of GP extracts appears to be mediated via cholinergic pathway.

Background: Gynura procumbens , a well-known traditional herb, has been studied to be an effective chemotherapeutic agent against a wide range of cancer cell types., Case Description: A 7-year-old chihuahua dog was presented to the veterinary teaching hospital with multiple cutaneous MCT grade III masses found on the cranial aspect of the right front leg and the dorsal aspect of the neck/back. Local excision of all cutaneous tumors was performed followed by chemotherapy (vinblastine, prednisone, and cyclophosphamide) every 21-day interval for 9 treatments. Nearby 3 months later, recurrent MCT was observed and lomustine was used instead for 21-day intervals. During the first chemotherapy, the dog had a fever, weak, lethargy, and vomiting. Alternative natural therapy is preferred, the dog has been receiving G. procumbens daily. The dog responded well to this herbal treatment. These recurrent masses began to shrink after a few weeks of treatment. After several months of treatment, all masses were completely gone. Moreover, no micro-metastasis to the lungs, spleen, and liver were detected., Conclusion: This natural herbal was helpful to stop the growth of tumors, to prevent micro-metastasis, and to relieve the patient's symptoms., Competing Interests: The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

This study focused to assess the efficacy of Gynura procumbens (GP) leaf extract against cisplatin (CP)-induced hepatorenal complications in Wister albino rats. Additionally, it aims to detect polyphenolic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). The rats were treated intraperitoneally with CP (7.5 mg/kg) to mediate hepatorenal damage. They were then treated with GP extract (75 and 150 mg/kg, P.O.) for 7 consecutive days. Although GP extract significantly ameliorated CP-mediated hepatorenal biomarkers like alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in a dose-dependent manner, GP extract at 150 mg/kg dose normalized hepatorenal biomarkers ALP (45.11 U/L), ALT (34 U/L), AST (29 U/L), creatinine (10.3 mg/dl) and BUN (11.19 mg/dl) while comparing to control and disease group. Similarly, though it significantly reduced CP-induced oxidative stress inducers, including nitric oxide (NO) and advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP), higher dose (150 mg/kg) exhibited better activity in reducing NO (281.54 mmol/gm tissue in liver and 52.73 mmol/gm tissue in the kidney) and AOPP (770.95 mmol/mg protein in liver and 651.90 mmol/mg protein in the kidney). Besides, it showed better enhancement in the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, and glutathione levels at a higher dose (150 mg/kg). Histopathological studies showed that CP caused collagen accumulation in the liver and kidney tissues. GP extract drained the collagen mass and acted against hepatorenal damage. Ellagic acid, gallic acid, quercetin hydrate, kaempferol, and rutin hydrate were revealed in GP extract. In-silico modelling showed good docking scores of the polyphenolic compounds with molecular targets including CYP4502E1, NF-κB, caspase-3, and TNF-α. GP could be an effective therapeutic option for management of anticancer drugs' complications like CP-induced organ damage, although clinical studies are required to establish herbal formulation., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

The study was carried out to examine the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilisation on phytochemical content quality, to determine types of phytochemicals compositions, and to establish phytochemicals marker compounds in Gynura procumbens. In this two factors study, three stages of harvesting (H) time and three rates of N were laid out according to Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD). Physiological and biochemical attributes were recorded to exhibit the trend for plant quality. The results showed that, N has affected phytochemical content significantly (p < 0.05) with stronger effect on physiological and biochemical attributes (p < 0.01). The results suggested that 0 and 90 kg/ha N, respectively are highly and least effecting the Photo, Cond, TChlC, TCC, TPrc, TLiC, TPC and TFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (GP) has drawn attention as an alternative drug for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, while most previous studies were done in diabetic mice to investigate the antidiabetic effect, this study investigated the blood glucose‐lowering action of GP in diet‐induced obese mice and clarified the possible mechanism of the glucose‐lowering action of GP in muscle and adipose cells. Methods: The mice were divided into four groups (n = 6 in each group) depending on the diet that they received (i.e., the normal diet (ND), normal diet + 1% GP powder (ND + GP), high‐fat diet (HFD), high‐fat diet + 1% GP powder (HFD + GP) groups), and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed after one, three and five months. Immunocytochemistry revealed GLUT4 translocation in cells stably expressing myc‐GLUT4‐ECFP. The effect of GP extracts on the expression of GLUT4 and phosphorylation of 5'‐adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) in C2C12 (muscle cell) and 3T3‐L1 (adipocyte) cells, was determined by western blot analysis. Results: The results showed that the significantly raised serum glucose levels in the HFD group were reduced following treatment with GP powder. Moreover, treatment with the GP extracts promoted GLUT4 membrane translocation more prominently in the C2C12 cells as compared to the 3T3‐L1 cells, whereas GLUT4 expression was significantly increased only in the 3T3‐L1 cells. AMPK phosphorylation was significantly increased by both extracts in both C2C12 cells and 3T3‐L1 cells. Conclusion: The findings of the present study reveal that GP may correct glucose intolerance and both the ethanolic and water extracts of GP have a blood glucose‐lowering effect, possibly via AMPK‐mediated signaling pathways in the muscle and adipose tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gynura procumbens (GP) is a perennial herbal medicine and food homologous plant, which has been reported to have a good hypoglycemic effect. However, its active components and underlying mechanism of action are not clear. Here, we aimed to confirm the effects of GP on type 2 diabetes (T2DM) from several different aspects. We used UPLC/Q-TOF MS to analyze the metabolic patterns, which included blood samples of clinical subjects and db/db mice to screen for serum metabolic markers and metabolic pathways. We also used network pharmacology to study GP targets in the treatment of T2DM. Data from endogenous metabolites in plasma showed that two common pathways, including glycerol phosphate metabolism and retinol metabolism, were identified in plasma samples of the groups. Finally, Western blot analysis was used to verify the expression of proteins in the PI3K/AKT and AGE–RAGE signaling pathways. The protein expression of AKT, eNOS, iNS, and MAPK was significantly upregulated, and the expression of caspase-8 and caspase-3 was significantly downregulated. Thus, our findings indicated that GP could alleviate insulin resistance by regulating biometabolic markers and key proteins in the PI3K/AKT and AGE–RAGE signaling pathways to treat T2DM.

A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) method was developed by exploiting the benefits of phenyl-hexyl column for the simultaneous determination of mono- and di-caffeoylquinic acids in Gynura procumbens plant samples. An optimal chromatographic separation was achieved by using a mobile phase of acetonitrile: 0.25% acetic acid in water (12.5:78.5, v/v) and detection at 330 nm. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for the six caffeoylquinic acid standards were in the range of 0.078–0.653 and 0.259–1.795 μg/mL, respectively. The accuracies of the developed method were in the range of 96.84–103.08%, while the corresponding precisions were between 0 and 2.94% for both within-day and between-day analyses, indicating that the method is repeatable and reliable. The mean recoveries were between 87.08 and 117.83%. The method was successfully applied for quantification of caffeoylquinic acids in G. procumbens plant samples. This is the first study on di-caffeoylquinic acids quantification in G. procumbens. Leaves samples contained higher amount of the caffeoylquinic acids compared to stem samples. Of the compounds, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid was found to be the major compound in almost all G. procumbens samples. The method has advantages such as sensitive ultraviolet (UV) detection, short run time with simple isocratic elution system compared to other methods which involved the use of costly instruments, laborious procedures with long run time and complex gradient system. This method can be further extended for routine quality control and analysis of plants or herbal products containing the caffeoylquinic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gynura procumbens (GP) is a perennial herbal medicine and food homologous plant, which has been reported to have a good hypoglycemic effect. However, its active components and underlying mechanism of action are not clear. Here, we aimed to confirm the effects of GP on type 2 diabetes (T2DM) from several different aspects. We used UPLC/Q-TOF MS to analyze the metabolic patterns, which included blood samples of clinical subjects and db / db mice to screen for serum metabolic markers and metabolic pathways. We also used network pharmacology to study GP targets in the treatment of T2DM. Data from endogenous metabolites in plasma showed that two common pathways, including glycerol phosphate metabolism and retinol metabolism, were identified in plasma samples of the groups. Finally, Western blot analysis was used to verify the expression of proteins in the PI3K/AKT and AGE–RAGE signaling pathways. The protein expression of AKT, eNOS, iNS, and MAPK was significantly upregulated, and the expression of caspase-8 and caspase-3 was significantly downregulated. Thus, our findings indicated that GP could alleviate insulin resistance by regulating biometabolic markers and key proteins in the PI3K/AKT and AGE–RAGE signaling pathways to treat T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gynura procumbens (GP) is a medicinal plant with numerous beneficial pharmacological activities. The aim of this study was to identify the bioactive phytoconstituents in GP ethanol extract and hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of GP, and also to evaluate the cell viability of GP ethanol extract and its fractions-treated RAW264.7 cells.Methods: The ethanol GP leaf extract was prepared and further subjected to fractionation. The cell viability of GP ethanol extract and its fractions-treated RAW264.7 cells were measured by PrestoBlue. The phytoconstituents of GP ethanol extract and its fraction were determined by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).Results: RAW264.7 cells exposed to the GP ethanol extract and its fractions showed significantly high proliferation and weak cytotoxic effect on the macrophages, with an average inhibitory concentration of 90% at 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation. However, at a concentration of 10 μg/mL, the aqueous GP fraction clearly displayed anti-proliferative properties because the cell viability of aqueous GP fraction-treated RAW264.7 cells reduced to 64%, 29% and 4% after 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation, respectively. The GP extracts and its fractions contained mainly fatty acids, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, and products of chlorophyll breakdown.Conclusion: GP ethanol extract and its fractions at certain concentrations may act as immunomodulators, as they induced promising proliferation activity of macrophages. Further studies are needed to determine either the identified chemical compounds influenced on the proliferation of macrophages solely or cooperatively.

There were many plants containing flavonoids which can function as antioxidant. Antioxidant can be used to decrease the mortality rate caused by degenerative and infectious diseases. This study aims to determine the antioxidant potency of n-hexane soluble and insoluble fraction, ethyl acetate soluble and insoluble fraction, and the ethanol extract antioxidant activity of Sambung Nyawa leaf (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.). The ethanol extract of G. procumbens leaves was obtained by maceration using 70% ethanol then fractionated using hexane and ethyl acetate to obtain the n-hexane soluble fraction, n-hexane insoluble fraction, ethyl acetate soluble fraction, and ethyl acetate insoluble fraction. The antioxidant activity study of ethanol extract, n-hexane soluble, and insoluble fraction, ethyl acetate soluble, and insoluble fraction of G. procumbens was carried out using DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method to evaluate its free radical scavenging activity with a comparison of vitamin C. The antioxidants activity was expressed as IC50 value. The IC50 value for vitamin C and ethanol extract of G. procumbens leaves were 2.41 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml. On the other hand, the n-hexane soluble and insoluble fraction had an IC50 value of 78 µg/ml and 34 µg/ml, while ethyl acetate soluble and insoluble fraction had the potency as an antioxidant with an IC50 value of 419 µg/ml and 151 μg/ml, respectively. Based on the results obtained, the antioxidant potency of G. procumbens ethanol extract and their fraction were successively of n-hexane insoluble fraction > n-hexane soluble fraction > ethyl acetate insoluble fraction > ethanol extract > ethyl acetate soluble fraction.

Objective: To study the effects of co-administration of Gynura procumbens (GP) and kelulut honey (KH) on male fertility and libido in diabetes-induced rats. Methods: A total 42 males Sprague Dawley rats aged 8 weeks were randomly and equally divided into six different groups. All groups except a normal control group were induced with 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) intravenously to induce diabetes. A positive control group was treated with an antidiabetic drug, metformin (500 mg/kg) whereas a negative control group remained untreated throughout the experiment. Meanwhile, another three treatments on diabetic rat groups were performed and categorised as Group 1 (450 mg/kg GP + 300 mg/kg KH), Group 2 (450 mg/kg GP + 600 mg/kg KH) and Group 3 (450 mg/kg GP + 1 200 mg/kg KH). Treatments were given for seven consecutive days through oral gavage and all rats were euthanized on day 8th for fasting blood glucose analysis, sperm quality, spermatogenesis, sexual behaviour and implantation sites analysis. Results: Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced after treatment of GP and KH, compared to negative and positive controls. The treated groups showed significant increment in sperm quality compared to all control groups. Testes histology illustrated significant damages on leydig and sertoli cells for both negative and positive controls. On the contrary, co-administration of GP and KH displayed regeneration of leydig and sertoli cells in the testes. Additionally, the number of implantation sites significantly increased in females copulated with treated groups, compared to controls. Besides, the libido analysis displayed improvement of libido in treated groups, compared to all controls. Throughout the study, insignificant variances were recorded between the treated groups, indicating that treatment in Group 1 was sufficient to trigger significant improvement on fasting blood glucose level, fertility, and libido in diabetic male rats. Conclusions: Co-administration of GP and KH has great potential to serve as a pro-fertility agent amongst diabetic patients.

Introduction: Gynura procumbens (GP), otherwise known as longevity spinach or “Sambung Nyawa” in Malay, is an evergreen herb found in Africa and Southeast Asian countries (including Brunei) used traditionally to treat various diseases such as fever, diabetes and hypertension. We examined GP’s vasodilatory action to determine its possible role via the cholinergic-mediated pathway. Methods: GP leaves were prepared by filtration and evaporation to obtain the aqueous (AEGP) and methanol (MEGP) extracts followed by screening for phytochemical constituents. The total phenol, total flavonoid and flavonol contents were determined using the corresponding Folin–Ciocalteau, and aluminium colorimetric methods and the presence of kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside in the extracts was detected using HPLC analysis. Organ bath studies were conducted to determine the vasodilatory activity using intact and denuded isolated rat aortic rings by exposure to either increasing concentration of extracts (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL) or 10 µg/mL kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside in the presence or absence of acetylcholine (ACh) after pre-contraction by noradrenaline (NA). Results: MEGP contained more phytochemical constituents and higher content of total flavonoid and total flavonol but less phenolic content than AEGP. Furthermore, MEGP yielded a 20% elevated amount of kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside than AEGP. Both extracts significantly amplified ACh-endothelium dependent vasodilation and mediated relaxation at 1 mg/mL in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings with MEGP as a more effective vasodilator than AEGP. Overall, these results imply the involvement of extracts in potentiating cholinergic pathway, which might be mediated by kaempferol, as shown by its vasorelaxation effects in endothelium-intact and –denuded aorta. Conclusions: The present findings demonstrate that the vasodilatory activities of the two Gynura procumbens extracts, AEGP and MEGP, in thoracic aorta rings isolated from rats are potentially mediated via a cholinergic pathway through the action of a flavonoid particularly kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside.

ABSTRACT: Background: In Southeast Asia, Gynura procumbens has been utilized as a traditional medicinal herb for many diseases. The nontoxic effects of the leaves of G procumbens can be consumed safely for the treatment of many diseases, especially diabetes mellitus. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects of G procumbens leaves through different extracts. Methods: Cold extraction was employed for G procumbens leaves. Disc diffusion, bovine serum albumin denaturation, brine shrimp lethality assays, and microscopic examination of tissues (ie, liver, kidney, and heart) were performed to measure antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities, and histopathologic analysis, respectively. Results: The distinct concentrations of aqueous, ethanol, and n-hexane extracts showed prominent antibacterial activity against four pathogenic bacterial strains (Chromobacterium sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, and Escherichia coli 0157:H7:LT). The aqueous extract of G procumbens at a concentration of 200 µg/mL showed potential antibacterial activities against S aureus and E faecium, with mean (SD) zones of inhibition of 15 (1.0) mm and 10 (0.55) mm, respectively. At a concentration of 40 µg/mL, the aqueous extract of G procumbens exhibited significant (P < 0.01) anti-inflammatory activity compared with that of the other 2 extracts in the bovine serum albumin denaturation assay. The n-hexane extract showed moderate cytotoxic activity compared with that of vincristine sulfate. The median lethal concentration values of the aqueous, ethanol, and n-hexane extracts were 427.66, 218.56, and 114.51 μg/mL, respectively. The aqueous extract exhibited lower cytotoxicity than that exhibited by the ethanol and n-hexane extracts. The histopathologic analysis results showed that the aqueous extract of G procumbens had no harmful effects on the different organs of the experimental mice. Conclusions: The aqueous extract of G procumbens could be a potential source for treating various infectious and chronic diseases. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2021; 82:XXX–XXX)

Gynura procumbens (longevity spinach) is typically used in Asian folk medicine to treat inflammation and rheumatism. Studies show that Gynura procumbens has many applications, especially as a therapeutic medicine for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, organ protective, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, cardioprotective, anti-cancer, and fertility enhancement. The consumption of ice cream in Indonesia is increasing each year. Most consumers perceive ice cream as a sweet treat, with indulgence the most important trend in the market. Adding herbal ingredients to ice cream can address several consumer problems, such as high sugar intake, and provide the health benefits of herbals with ease of consumption. This study examines the techno-economic analysis of a healthy herbal ice cream product that can not only provide herbals in a trendy mode of consumption but can also address the problems that occur from consuming ice cream. The formulation of the supplement consists of longevity spinach 5%, skim milk 69.75%, extract flavor 0.6%, sugar 3.25%, salt 1%, lecithin 20%, and food coloring 0.4%. The manufacturing process consists of a typical ice cream production line with Gynura procumbens pretreatment at the start. The plant designed will produce 57,734 jars per day with a price of Rp 5,066 for each jar. The capital investment of our plant is Rp 10,305,160,564. We gain Rp 77,216,401,229 per year, with IRR as high as 46%. Our NPV is Rp 21,819,500,900 with a payback period of 2.24 years. Our product is relatively sensitive to the selling price and the price of the raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gynura procumbens (G. procumbens) and Curcuma xanthorrhiza (C. xanthorrhiza) are herbal medicines used empirically in lipids reduction. The samples used in this study were herbal extracts of ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), G. procumbens, C. xanthorrhiza, and their combinations. This research aims to assay the lipase enzymes inhibition and their antioxidant activity using DPPH (2.2 diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl), CUPRAC (Cupric ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity), and BCB (β-Carotene Bleaching) methods, as well as their relationship with flavonoids and phenolics levels. The measurement was conducted using UV spectrophotometer and microplate reader. The results showed that the EAF herbal extract had the highest phenolic and flavonoid levels, which were 2.30 ± 0.09% w/v quercetin equivalent (QE) and 0.98 ± 0.05 % w/v gallic acid equivalent (GAE), respectively. The samples with the highest antioxidant activity using DPPH and CUPRAC methods, as well as the lipase enzyme inhibition were EAF herbal products with IC50value of 255.36 ± 1.87 µg/mL, 150.42 ± 13.71 μmol QE quercetin/100 g, and 115.79 ±3.44 µg/mL. Those with the greatest antioxidant activity using BCB method were the G. procumbens extracts with IC50 value of 232.15 ± 1.99 µg/mL. The loading plot from chemometric method showed that antioxidant activity of DPPH, CUPRAC, and BCB methods, as well as the lipase enzyme inhibition positively correlated with the total phenolic and flavonoid levels. Meanwhile, all samples had weak antioxidant activity except the EAF herbal products with CUPRAC method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are important source of traditional medicine that can be used to aid many type of illness. Gynura procumbens is one of the plants that are often used by Indonesian people as traditional medicine. Gynura procumbens exhibits antibacterial, anticancer, anti-hyperglycemic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective, fertility enhancement, organ protective activity. This review aims to provide an overview on the relatedness of the identified bioactive compounds with the reported biological activities of Gynura procumbens leave and on the herbal therapy with leave of Gynura procumbens. Literature search is carried out with the help of two searching engines: PubMed and Science Direct. The searching was carried out with keyword: Gynura procumbens. From PubMed and Science Direct, 42 and 94 results were obtained respectively. There were 45 full text articles that meet systematic review criteria. The relevant information is compiled to illustrate that leave of Gynura procumbens is a potential natural source of compounds with various pharmacological actions. Polar, semi and nonpolar solvent can be used to extract the bioactive compounds from the leave of Gynura procumbens. The identified bioactive compounds belong to phenolic, flavonoid, coumaric acids, essential oils, carbohydrates and proteins. Most of the extracts show potent antioxidative activity. The bioactivities of the leave extract are associated with many diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, obesity, etc. The herbal therapy with leave of Gynura procumbens can be appropriately applied in oral administration and topical application. Leave of Gynura procumbens is good resource for oral or topical herbal medicine/ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work synthesized the fungal chitosan (FCS) encapsulated Gynura procumbens (GP) mediated silver nanoparticles (GP-AgNPs) for enhanced antidiabetic, antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The FCS-GP-AgNPs were characterized through UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, Zeta size analyzer and TEM. The FTIR spectrum of GP-AgNPs exhibited functional groups of phenolic and flavonoids. The crystal peaks related to silver and chitosan in FCS-GP-AgNPs were demonstrated by XRD spectrum. The polydispersed nanoparticles such as AgNPs and FCS-GP-AgNPs were observed with size <100 nm by TEM. Zeta potential size analyzer indicated the average size and zeta potential of GP-AgNPs were 78.37 nm and −32.9 mV, whereas FCS-GP-AgNPs had 53.6 mV and 79.65 nm respectively. The FCS-GP-AgNPs was inhibited the α-glucosidase and α-amylase at 3.6 and 7.5 μg/mL respectively. Furthermore, FCS-GP-AgNPs were showed minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Bacillus cereus (8.12 ± 0.12 μg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus (4.08 ± 0.47 μg/mL), Listeria monocytogenes (4.95 ± 0.32 μg/mL), Escherichia coli (8.25 ± 0.18 μg/mL), and Salmonella enterica (4.12 ± 0.64 μg/mL). In addition, the biocompatibility of FCS-GP-AgNPs was tested in A549, LN229, and NIH3T3 cells. This work concluded that FCS-GP-AgNPs proved to be biocompatible in terms of less cytotoxicity and promising in antibacterial and diabetics related enzyme inhibitory activity. • FCS-GP-AgNPs was synthesized using leaves extract of Gynura procumbens and chitosan. • Capping of phyto-molecules on GP-AgNPs evidenced by FTIR and spectroscopic assay. • FCS-GP-AgNPs exhibited promising α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity. • Unveiled effective antioxidant and antibacterial activity of FCS-GP-AgNPs. • FCS-GP-AgNPs was cytotoxic to A549 and LN229 and less toxic to NIH3T3 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are important source of drugs with pharmacological activities. Therefore, there is always rising demands to discover more therapeutic agents from various species. Orthosiphon stamineus , Gynura procumbens and Ficus deltoidea are high valued medicinal plants of Malaysia contain rich source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The aims of the present study were to evaluate anti-oxidant, antimicrobial and anti-proliferative effects on A549, HeGP2 and MCF7 cell lines of four different extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus, Gynura procumbens and Ficus deltoidea. The leaves of all selected plants were extracted with methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol separately with simple cold maceration. Antioxidant activity of all crude extracts were quantitatively measured against DPPH and Ferric Reducing Assay. Antimicrobial evaluation was done by Microdilution and MTT assay and antipoliferative activity of all extracts of selected plant were evaluated against A549, HePG2 and MCF7 cell lines. Results showed that methanol extract exhibited highest percentage free radical scavenging activity of almost all extracts of selected plants. Antimicrobials results showed chloroform and methanol extracts of O. stamineus extract were the two most active extracts against resistant MRSA but not S. aureus. Only methanol extract of G. procumbens showed antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens. Chloroform and methanol extracts of F. deltoidea elicited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus but not MRSA. Antiproliferative activity against three tested cell lines results showed that ethyl acetate extract of O. stamineus showed good effect whereas methanol extract of F. deltoidea and G. procumbens exhibited good antiproliferative activity. The results of the present investigation demonstrated significant variations in the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative effects of different solvent extracts. These data could be helpful in isolation of pure potent compounds with good biological activities from the extracts of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2016, an isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus (named Gyp-CMV) was isolated from the Sambungai (Gynura procumbens) showing the symptoms of mosaic and chlorosis. The isolate Gyp-CMV was characterized by disease reactions in several indicator plants, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and sequence analysis of movement protein (3a) and coat protein (CP) genes. Tobacco, tomato, pepper, ground cherry, and lambsquarters (Chenopodium quinoa and C. amaranticolor) appeared typical CMV symptoms, but zucchini and cucumber were not infected. Phylogenetic analysis of the 3a and CP gene indicated that Gyp-CMV belongs to the CMV subgroup II. Sequence identities of the Gyp-CMV 3a and CP genes showed 99.3% and 100% to that of Hnt-CMV at amino acid level. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMV infection in Gynura procumbens.