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Alginate oligosaccharides are degradation products of alginate and have attracted increasing attention due to their versatile biological functions. In the present study, C57BL/6 mice were used to assess the ameliorative effects and mechanisms of guluronate oligosaccharides (GAOS), mannuronic oligosaccharides (MAOS), and heterozygous alginate oligosaccharides (HAOS), which are the three alginate oligosaccharides of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis. The study showed that alginate oligosaccharides alleviated pathological histological damage by slowing down weight loss, inhibiting colonic length shortening, and reducing disease activity index (DAI) and histopathological scores. Alginate oligosaccharides modulated the colonic inflammatory response by reducing colonic MPO levels and downregulating the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β. Alginate oligosaccharides reduced intestinal permeability and reversed intestinal barrier damage by increasing the number of goblet cells, decreasing LPS levels, downregulating Bax protein levels, upregulating Bcl-2 protein levels, and enhancing the expression of the E-cadherin. Furthermore, alginate oligosaccharides modulated the composition of the gut microbiota and restored the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially acetate and butyrate. In conclusion, our study provides a scientific basis for the role of alginate oligosaccharides in relieving ulcerative colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alginate oligosaccharides are degradation products of alginate and have attracted increasing attention due to their versatile biological functions. In the present study, C57BL/6 mice were used to assess the ameliorative effects and mechanisms of guluronate oligosaccharides (GAOS), mannuronic oligosaccharides (MAOS), and heterozygous alginate oligosaccharides (HAOS), which are the three alginate oligosaccharides of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis. The study showed that alginate oligosaccharides alleviated pathological histological damage by slowing down weight loss, inhibiting colonic length shortening, and reducing disease activity index (DAI) and histopathological scores. Alginate oligosaccharides modulated the colonic inflammatory response by reducing colonic MPO levels and downregulating the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β. Alginate oligosaccharides reduced intestinal permeability and reversed intestinal barrier damage by increasing the number of goblet cells, decreasing LPS levels, downregulating Bax protein levels, upregulating Bcl-2 protein levels, and enhancing the expression of the E-cadherin. Furthermore, alginate oligosaccharides modulated the composition of the gut microbiota and restored the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially acetate and butyrate. In conclusion, our study provides a scientific basis for the role of alginate oligosaccharides in relieving ulcerative colitis.

Guluronate oligosaccharides (GOS) is a biologically active natural product derived from brown algae. This study aimed to evaluate the amelioration of hyperuricemia and renal inflammation by GOS and its mechanisms. According to the results, GOS treatment reduced the serum uric acid (UA) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels among hyperuricemic mice by 19.6% and 21.5% (P <0.05), at the same time, serum xanthine oxidase (XOD) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels were down-regulated to normal. GOS treatment ameliorated the renal pathologization associated with hyperuricemia and reduced renal IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-18 (P <0.05), suggesting a mitigating effect of GOS on renal damage. In addition, GOS supplementation modulates the mRNA levels of renal and intestinal urate transporters to promote uric acid excretion. GOS reversed the intestinal microbiota of hyperuricemic mice, significantly down-regulating the abundances of pernicious bacteria like Bilophila and Tuzzerella , while up-regulating the beneficial intestinal bacteria including Muribaculum , Lachnospiraceae_UCG_006 , Ruminococcus , Faecalibaculum , and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group. Together, guluronate oligosaccharides can improve hyperuricemia by alleviating hyperuricemia-induced renal damage and reversing intestinal microbiota disorders. These findings provide evidence supporting the further development of guluronate oligosaccharides as a novel functional food ingredient suitable for hyperuricemia. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) are degradation products of alginate extracted from brown algae. With low molecular weight, high water solubility, and good biological activity, AOS present anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. They also exert growth-promoting effects in animals and plants. Three types of AOS, mannuronate oligosaccharides (MAOS), guluronate oligosaccharides (GAOS), and heterozygous mannuronate and guluronate oligosaccharides (HAOS), can be produced from alginate by enzymatic hydrolysis. Thus far, most studies on the applications and biological activities of AOS have been based mainly on a hybrid form of HAOS. To improve the directional production of AOS for practical applications, systematic studies on the structures and related biological activities of AOS are needed. This review provides a summary of current understanding of structure-function relationships and advances in the production of AOS. The current challenges and opportunities in the application of AOS is suggested to guide the precise application of AOS in practice. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]