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Rationale: Ground-glass opacities (GGOs) in the absence of interstitial lung disease are understudied. Objectives: To assess the association of GGOs with white blood cells (WBCs) and progression of quantified chest computed tomography emphysema. Methods: We analyzed data of participants in the SPIROMICS study (Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study). Chest radiologists and pulmonologists labeled regions of the lung as GGOs, and the adaptive multiple feature method (AMFM) trained the computer to assign those labels to image voxels and quantify the volume of the lung with GGOs (%GGOAMFM). We used multivariable linear regression, zero-inflated negative binomial, and proportional hazards regression models to assess the association of %GGOAMFM with WBCs, changes in percentage emphysema, and clinical outcomes. Measurements and Main Results: Among 2,714 participants, 1,680 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 1,034 had normal spirometry. Among participants with COPD, on the basis of multivariable analysis, current smoking and chronic productive cough were associated with higher %GGOAMFM. Higher %GGOAMFM was cross-sectionally associated with higher WBC and neutrophil concentrations. Higher %GGOAMFM per interquartile range at visit 1 (baseline) was associated with an increase in emphysema at 1-year follow-up visit by 11.7% (relative increase; 95% confidence interval, 7.5–16.1%; P < 0.001). We found no association between %GGOAMFM and 1-year FEV1 decline, but %GGOAMFM was associated with exacerbations and all-cause mortality during a median follow-up of 1,544 days (interquartile interval, 1,118–2,059). Among normal spirometry participants, we found similar results, except that %GGOAMFM was associated with progression to COPD at 1-year follow-up. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that GGOAMFM is associated with increased systemic inflammation and emphysema progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This single-arm multi-institutional prospective study aimed to evaluate the 10-year outcomes of sublobar resection for small-sized ground-glass opacity-dominant lung cancer. Among 73 patients prospectively enrolled from 13 institutions between November 2006 and April 2012, 53 ground-glass opacity-dominant lung cancer patients underwent sublobar resection with wedge resection as the first choice. The inclusion criteria were maximum tumor size of 8–20 mm; ≥ 80% ground-glass opacity ratio on high-resolution computed tomography; lower 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation than the mediastinum; intraoperative pathological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in situ; and no cancer cells on intraoperative cut margins. The primary endpoint was a 10-year disease-specific survival. The 53 eligible patients had a mean tumor size of 14 ± 3.4 mm and a mean ground-glass opacity ratio of 95.9 ± 7.2%. Wedge resection and segmentectomy were performed in 39 and 14 patients, respectively. The final pathological diagnoses were adenocarcinoma in situ in 47 patients (88.7%) and adenocarcinoma with mixed subtype in 6 patients (11.3%). The 10-year disease-specific survival and overall survival were 100% and 96.2%, respectively, during a median follow-up period of 120 months (range, 37–162 months). Ground-glass opacity-dominant small lung cancer is cured by sublobar resection when patients are strictly selected by the inclusion criteria of this study.

Introduction: Previous meta-analyses have explored the diagnostic accuracy and safety of computed tomography-guided percutaneous lung biopsy of ground-glass opacities (GGOs). However, no research investigated the role of nonsurgical biopsies (including transbronchial approaches). Additionally, studies reporting the diagnostic accuracy of GGOs with different characteristics are scarce, with no quantitative assessment published to date. We performed a systematic review to explore the diagnostic accuracy and safety of nonsurgical biopsy for diagnosing GGOs, especially those with higher ground-glass components and smaller nodule sizes. Methods: A thorough literature search of four databases was performed to compile studies evaluating both or either of the diagnostic accuracy and complications of nonsurgical biopsy for GGOs. A bivariate random-effects model and random-effect model were utilized for data synthesis. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed according to the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. Results: Nineteen eligible studies with a total of 1,379 biopsy-sampled lesions were analyzed, of which 1,124 were confirmed to be malignant. Nonsurgical biopsy reported a pooled sensitivity of 0.89, a specificity of 0.99, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 60.3%. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and NPV of nonsurgical biopsy for diagnosing GGOs according to GGO component were 0.90, 0.99, and 77.2% in pure GGOs; 0.87, 0.99, and 67.2% in GG-predominant lesions; and 0.89, 1.00, and 44.1% in solid-predominant lesions, respectively. Additionally, the diagnostic sensitivity was better in lesions ≥20 mm than in small lesions (0.95 vs. 0.88). Factors that contributed to higher sensitivity were the use of a coaxial needle system and CT fluoroscopy but not the needle gauge. The summary sensitivity of core needle biopsy (CNB) was not significantly higher than fine needle aspiration (FNA) (0.92 vs. 0.84; p = 0.42); however, we found an increased incidence of hemorrhage in CNB compared with FNA (60.9 vs. 14.2%; p = 0.012). Conclusion: Nonsurgical biopsy for diagnosing GGOs shows high sensitivity and specificity with an acceptably low risk of complications. However, negative biopsy results are unreliable in excluding malignancy, necessitating resampling or subsequent follow-up. The applicability of our study is limited due to significant heterogeneity, indirect comparisons, and the paucity of data on bronchoscopic approaches, restricting the generalizability of our findings to patients requiring transbronchial biopsies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To provide molecular and immunological attributes mechanistic insights for the management of radiologically distinctive multiple primary lung cancer (MPLC). Methods: The Bulk RNA-seq data of MPLC were obtained from our center. The Bulk RNA-seq data and CT images of patients with single primary lung cancer (SPLC) were obtained from GSE103584. Immune infiltration algorithms were performed to investigate the disparities in the immunological microenvironment between the two groups. Single-cell gene analysis was used to explore immune cells composition and communication relationships between cells in MPLC. Results: In MPLC, 11 pure ground-glass opacity nodules (pGGN) and 10 mixed GGN (mGGN) were identified, while in SPLC, the numbers were 18 pGGN and 22 mGGN, respectively. In MPLC, compared to pGGN, mGGN demonstrated a significantly elevated infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Single-cell gene analysis demonstrated that CD8+ T cells play a central role in the signaling among immune cells in MPLC. The transcription factors including MAFG, RUNX3, and TBX21 may play pivotal roles in regulation of CD8+ T cells. Notably, compared to SPLC nodules for both mGGN and pGGN, MPLC nodules demonstrated a significantly elevated degree of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, with this difference being particularly pronounced in mGGN. There was a positive correlation between the proportion of immune cells and consolidation/tumor ratio (CTR). Conclusions: Our findings provided a comprehensive description about the difference in the immune microenvironment between pGGN and mGGN in early-stage MPLC, as well as between MPLC and SPLC for both mGGN and pGGN. The findings may provide evidence for the design of immunotherapeutic strategies for MPLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This single-arm multi-institutional prospective study aimed to evaluate the 10-year outcomes of sublobar resection for small-sized ground-glass opacity-dominant lung cancer. Among 73 patients prospectively enrolled from 13 institutions between November 2006 and April 2012, 53 ground-glass opacity-dominant lung cancer patients underwent sublobar resection with wedge resection as the first choice. The inclusion criteria were maximum tumor size of 8–20 mm; ≥ 80% ground-glass opacity ratio on high-resolution computed tomography; lower 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation than the mediastinum; intraoperative pathological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in situ; and no cancer cells on intraoperative cut margins. The primary endpoint was a 10-year disease-specific survival. The 53 eligible patients had a mean tumor size of 14 ± 3.4 mm and a mean ground-glass opacity ratio of 95.9 ± 7.2%. Wedge resection and segmentectomy were performed in 39 and 14 patients, respectively. The final pathological diagnoses were adenocarcinoma in situ in 47 patients (88.7%) and adenocarcinoma with mixed subtype in 6 patients (11.3%). The 10-year disease-specific survival and overall survival were 100% and 96.2%, respectively, during a median follow-up period of 120 months (range, 37–162 months). Ground-glass opacity-dominant small lung cancer is cured by sublobar resection when patients are strictly selected by the inclusion criteria of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 74-year-old woman, who had been receiving olaparib for the treatment of ovarian cancer for more than a year, visited the emergency department complaining of a fever that had lasted for 1 month. She had been taking antipyretics and antibiotics for her fever, but without any effect. Although she had no symptoms other than fever, she had stopped taking olaparib for 1 week before her visit because she had developed anemia caused by myelosuppression from olaparib. After discontinuing olaparib, her maximum body temperature decreased. On admission, chest X-ray revealed no abnormalities, but chest CT showed diffuse ground-glass opacities. Chest CT taken 5 days later showed partial improvement; therefore, we diagnosed her with interstitial lung disease (ILD) associated with olaparib. After short-term steroid treatment, the ground-glass opacities disappeared, and the patient became afebrile. The CT scan taken for tumor evaluation 2 days before the onset of fever showed a few centrilobular nodular opacities and small patchy ground-glass opacities. These findings could indicate early lesions of ILD, but they seemed inconspicuous and nonspecific, and it might have been difficult to diagnose ILD then. To date, few cases of ILD associated with olaparib have been reported. However, based on previous reports, fever is often seen, and CT findings mainly comprise diffuse ground-glass opacities, and in some cases, centrilobular nodular shadows. Thus, in conjunction with the findings of the present case, these characteristics may be representative of olaparib-induced ILD.

Abstract Background Most metastatic lung tumors present as solid nodules on chest computed tomography (CT). In contrast, ground-glass opacity on chest computed tomography usually suggests low-grade malignant lesions such as adenocarcinoma in situ or atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung. Case presentation A 75-year-old woman with a history of gastric cancer surgery approximately 5 years prior was referred to the Department of Thoracic Surgery at our hospital because of two newly appearing pulmonary ground-glass opacity-dominant nodules on chest computed tomography. She had two ground-glass opacities in the right lower lobe, one in the S6 segment was 12 mm and the other in the S10 segment was 8 mm. On chest computed tomography 15 months prior to referral, the lesion in the S6 segment was 8 mm, and the lesion in the S10 segment was 2 mm. She was suspected to have primary lung cancer and underwent wide-wedge resection of the nodule in the S6 segment. In the resected specimen, polygonal tumor cells infiltrated the alveolar septa, with some tumor cells exhibiting signet ring cell morphology. Based on morphological similarities to the tumor cells of previous gastric cancers and the results of immunostaining, the patient was diagnosed with lung metastases of gastric cancer. Conclusions Pulmonary nodules in patients with a history of cancer in other organs, even if ground-glass opacity is predominant, should also be considered for the possibility of metastatic pulmonary tumors if they are growing rapidly.

Background: Most metastatic lung tumors present as solid nodules on chest computed tomography (CT). In contrast, ground-glass opacity on chest computed tomography usually suggests low-grade malignant lesions such as adenocarcinoma in situ or atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung. Case presentation: A 75-year-old woman with a history of gastric cancer surgery approximately 5 years prior was referred to the Department of Thoracic Surgery at our hospital because of two newly appearing pulmonary ground-glass opacity-dominant nodules on chest computed tomography. She had two ground-glass opacities in the right lower lobe, one in the S6 segment was 12 mm and the other in the S10 segment was 8 mm. On chest computed tomography 15 months prior to referral, the lesion in the S6 segment was 8 mm, and the lesion in the S10 segment was 2 mm. She was suspected to have primary lung cancer and underwent wide-wedge resection of the nodule in the S6 segment. In the resected specimen, polygonal tumor cells infiltrated the alveolar septa, with some tumor cells exhibiting signet ring cell morphology. Based on morphological similarities to the tumor cells of previous gastric cancers and the results of immunostaining, the patient was diagnosed with lung metastases of gastric cancer. Conclusions: Pulmonary nodules in patients with a history of cancer in other organs, even if ground-glass opacity is predominant, should also be considered for the possibility of metastatic pulmonary tumors if they are growing rapidly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lung cancer remains a global health concern, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprising the majority of cases. Early detection of lung cancer has led to an increased number of cases identified in the earlier stages of NSCLC. This required the revaluation of the NSCLC treatment approaches for early stage NSCLC. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search using multiple databases to identify relevant studies on treatment modalities for early stage NSCLC. Inclusion criteria prioritized, but were not limited to, clinical trials and meta-analyses on surgical approaches to early stage NSCLC conducted from 2021 onwards. Discussion: Minimally invasive approaches, such as VATS and RATS, along with lung resection techniques, including sublobar resection, have emerged as treatments for early stage NSCLC. Ground-glass opacities (GGOs) have shown prognostic significance, especially when analyzing the consolidation/tumor ratio (CTR). There have also been updates on managing GGOs, including the non-surgical approaches, the extent of lung resection indicated, and the level of lymphadenectomy required. Conclusions: The management of early stage NSCLC requires a further assessment of treatment strategies. This includes understanding the required extent of surgical resection, interpreting the significance of GGOs (specifically GGOs with a high CTR), and evaluating the efficacy of alternative therapies. Customized treatment involving surgical and non-surgical interventions is essential for advancing patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the prognostic role of the presence of a very small ground glass opacity (GGO) component in stage IA solid-predominant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We evaluated surgically resected 1471 patients diagnosed with stage IA solid-predominant NSCLC. They were classified into 3 groups; that is, GGO group (0.5

Abstract Background Segmentectomy for early‐stage lung cancer has benefits for survival and parenchymal preservation. However, segmentectomies are technically challenging, thereby resulting in considerable variability in the quality of resection. In this study, we aimed to review the quality of segmentectomies and analyze their clinical impact. Methods This retrospective study reviewed patients diagnosed with stage I lung cancer after segmentectomies between 2013 and 2021. Segmentectomies were classified as anatomical or nonanatomical; anatomical resection included segmental bronchus and vessel (artery and/or vein) divisions; others were classified as nonanatomical. The primary outcome was recurrence‐free and overall survival, and the secondary outcome was postoperative spirometry and lung plication, which is seen as a fibrotic line along the stapling site. Results Of the 132 segmental resections included in this study, 101 (76.5%) were anatomical segmentectomies. The median consolidation‐tumor ratio was 0.40, and 83.3% (110/132) had ground‐glass opacities (GGOs). Compared to nonanatomical resections, more N1 and total lymph node stations were retrieved after anatomical segmentectomies. Regarding clinical outcomes, recurrence‐free survival was better after anatomical segmentectomy (p = 0.049); however, overall survival was not significantly different (p = 0.064). Furthermore, at 3–6 months postoperatively, thicker lung plication at the stapling site was observed in nonanatomical resections (p

Abstract Objective Despite the vital role of blood perfusion in tumor progression, in patients with persistent pulmonary nodule with ground-glass opacity (GGO) is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the relationship between tumor blood vessel and the growth of persistent malignant pulmonary nodules with ground-glass opacity (GGO). Methods We collected 116 cases with persistent malignant pulmonary nodules, including 62 patients as stable versus 54 patients in the growth group, from 2017 to 2021. Three statistical methods of logistic regression model, Kaplan–Meier analysis regression analysis were used to explore the potential risk factors for growth of malignant pulmonary nodules with GGO. Results Multivariate variables logistic regression analysis and Kaplan–Meier analysis identified that tumor blood vessel diameter (p = 0.013) was an significant risk factor in the growth of nodules and Cut-off value of tumor blood vessel diameter was 0.9 mm with its specificity 82.3% and sensitivity 66.7%.While in subgroup analysis, for the GGO CTR

Background: Segmentectomy for early‐stage lung cancer has benefits for survival and parenchymal preservation. However, segmentectomies are technically challenging, thereby resulting in considerable variability in the quality of resection. In this study, we aimed to review the quality of segmentectomies and analyze their clinical impact. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed patients diagnosed with stage I lung cancer after segmentectomies between 2013 and 2021. Segmentectomies were classified as anatomical or nonanatomical; anatomical resection included segmental bronchus and vessel (artery and/or vein) divisions; others were classified as nonanatomical. The primary outcome was recurrence‐free and overall survival, and the secondary outcome was postoperative spirometry and lung plication, which is seen as a fibrotic line along the stapling site. Results: Of the 132 segmental resections included in this study, 101 (76.5%) were anatomical segmentectomies. The median consolidation‐tumor ratio was 0.40, and 83.3% (110/132) had ground‐glass opacities (GGOs). Compared to nonanatomical resections, more N1 and total lymph node stations were retrieved after anatomical segmentectomies. Regarding clinical outcomes, recurrence‐free survival was better after anatomical segmentectomy (p = 0.049); however, overall survival was not significantly different (p = 0.064). Furthermore, at 3–6 months postoperatively, thicker lung plication at the stapling site was observed in nonanatomical resections (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis for complex segmentectomies revealed a larger decrease in forced‐expiration volume in 1 s after nonanatomical resection. Conclusion: Anatomical segmentectomy resulted in better survival and a lower incidence of thick lung plication, even in GGO‐dominant tumors. Therefore, further standardization and quality management of segmentectomy procedures will improve the clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open in new tab Download slide OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the risk factors for pulmonary functional deterioration after wedge resection for early-stage lung cancer with ground-glass opacity, which remain unclear, particularly in low-risk patients. METHODS We analysed 237 patients who underwent wedge resection for peripheral early-stage lung cancer in JCOG0804/WJOG4507L, a phase III, single-arm confirmatory trial. The changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 s were calculated pre- and postoperatively, and a cutoff value of −10%, the previously reported reduction rate after lobectomy, was used to divide the patients into 2 groups: the severely reduced group (≤−10%) and normal group (>−10%). These groups were compared to identify predictors for severe reduction. RESULTS Thirty-seven (16%) patients experienced severe reduction. Lesions with a total tumour size ≥1 cm were significantly more frequent in the severely reduced group than in the normal group (89.2% vs 71.5%; P  =   0.024). A total tumour size of ≥1 cm [odds ratio (OR), 3.287; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.114–9.699: P  =   0.031] and pleural indentation (OR, 2.474; 95% CI, 1.039–5.890: P  =   0.041) were significant predictive factors in the univariable analysis. In the multivariable analysis, pleural indentation (OR, 2.667; 95% CI, 1.082–6.574; P  =   0.033) was an independent predictive factor, whereas smoking status and total tumour size were marginally significant. CONCLUSIONS Of the low-risk patients who underwent pulmonary wedge resection for early-stage lung cancer, 16% experienced severe reduction in pulmonary function. Pleural indentation may be a risk factor for severely reduced pulmonary function in pulmonary wedge resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Masahiro Shinoda,1 Shinichiro Ota,1 Yuto Yoshida,1,2 Takatomo Hirouchi,1,2 Kanako Shinada,1 Takashi Sato,1 Miwa Morikawa,1 Naoki Ishii,3 Masaharu Shinkai1 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; 3Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital, Tokyo, JapanCorrespondence: Masahiro Shinoda, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital, 6-3-22 Higashi-Oi, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 140-8522, Japan, Tel +81-3-3764-0511, Fax +81-3-3764-3415, Email mshinopy@gmail.comIntroduction: Currently, infection control measures for SARS-COV2 are being relaxed, and it is important in daily clinical practice to decide which findings to focus on when managing patients with similar background factors.Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 66 patients who underwent blood tests (complete blood count, blood chemistry tests, and coagulation tests) and thin slice CT between January 1 and May 31, 2020, and performed a propensity score-matched case–control study. Cases and controls were a severe respiratory failure group (non-rebreather mask, nasal high-flow, and positive-pressure ventilation) and a non-severe respiratory failure group, matched at a ratio of 1:3 by propensity scores constructed by age, sex, and medical history. We compared groups for maximum body temperature up to diagnosis, blood test findings, and CT findings in the matched cohort. Two-tailed P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results: Nine cases and 27 controls were included in the matched cohort. Significant differences were seen in maximum body temperature up to diagnosis (p=0.0043), the number of shaded lobes (p=0.0434), amount of ground-glass opacity (GGO) in the total lung field (p=0.0071), amounts of GGO (p=0.0001), and consolidation (p=0.0036) in the upper lung field, and pleural effusion (p=0.0117).Conclusion: High fever, the wide distribution of viral pneumonia, and pleural effusion may be prognostic indicators that can be easily measured at diagnosis in COVID-19 patients with similar backgrounds.Keywords: COVID-19, prognosis, fever, ground-glass opacity, consolidation, pleural effusion

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is an infectious illness caused by the coronavirus strain known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We set out to monitor the evolution of lung changes in individuals who survived COVID-19 infection, investigate prospectively in the Indian population, and determine their predictive factors. None of the studies was conducted on the Indian people for long-term follow-up prospectively. Materials and methods: We enrolled patients who had been treated for COVID-19 at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India. At the time of admission and 3-monthly follow-up visits, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) chest was done to look at the evolution of lung changes. Results: At the 3-month follow-up CT, 28 of the 50 participants (56%) (group I) showed fibrotic changes with or without residual consolidation/ground-glass opacity (GGO). In contrast, the remaining 22 people (44%) (group II) did not show fibrotic changes and had either complete radiologic resolution or only residual GGO consolidation. Conclusion: Common findings noted on admission were predominant consolidation and predominant GGO. Post-COVID-19 lung fibrosis was observed in about half of the survivors. Consolidation in the initial chest CT scan was linked to a higher risk of developing post-COVID-19 lung fibrosis. These fibrotic changes were linked to an older age, male patient, and acute respiratory distress syndrome at admission.

Reversed halo sign (RHS) is a radiological feature described as a focal, rounded area of ground-glass opacity surrounded by a ring of consolidation. In this report we describe two unique radiological cases demonstrating diffuse bilateral infiltrates with multiple RHSs in chest CT scans. Both patients were ultimately diagnosed as having tuberculosis (TB) and had been exposed to silica in the past. This report presents for the first time an association between silica exposure and RHS on CT scans among TB patients. It highlights the importance of having a high index of suspicion for TB in similar scenarios.

AbstractBackground This retrospective study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of synchronous biopsy and microwave ablation (MWA) for highly suspected malignant lung ground-glass opacities (GGOs) adjacent to the mediastinum (distance ≤10 mm).Materials and methods Ninety patients with 98 GGOs (diameter range, 6–30 mm), located within 10 mm of the mediastinum, underwent synchronous biopsy and MWA at a single institution from 1 May 2020, to 31 October 2021 and were enrolled in this study. Synchronous biopsy and MWA involving the completion of the biopsy and MWA in a single procedure was performed. Safety, technical success rate, and local progression-free survival (LPFS) were evaluated. The risk factors for local progression were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test.Results The technical success rate was 97.96% (96/98 patients). The LPFS rates at 3, 6, and 12 months were 95.0%, 90.0%, and 82.0%, respectively. The diagnostic rate of biopsy-proven malignancy was 72.45% (n = 71/98). Invasion of lesions into the mediastinum was a risk factor for local progression (p = 0.0077). The 30-day mortality rate was 0. The major complications were pneumothorax (13.27%), ventricular arrhythmias (3.06%), pleural effusion (1.02%), hemoptysis (1.02%), and infection (1.02%). Minor complications included pneumothorax (30.61%), pleural effusion (24.49%), hemoptysis (18.37%), ventricular arrhythmias (11.22%), structural changes in adjacent organs (3.06%), and infection (3.06%).Conclusions Synchronous biopsy and MWA was effective for treating GGOs adjacent to the mediastinum without severe complications (Society of Interventional Radiology classification E or F). Invasion of lesions into the mediastinum was identified as a risk factor for local progression.

Objective: Despite the vital role of blood perfusion in tumor progression, in patients with persistent pulmonary nodule with ground-glass opacity (GGO) is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the relationship between tumor blood vessel and the growth of persistent malignant pulmonary nodules with ground-glass opacity (GGO). Methods: We collected 116 cases with persistent malignant pulmonary nodules, including 62 patients as stable versus 54 patients in the growth group, from 2017 to 2021. Three statistical methods of logistic regression model, Kaplan–Meier analysis regression analysis were used to explore the potential risk factors for growth of malignant pulmonary nodules with GGO. Results: Multivariate variables logistic regression analysis and Kaplan–Meier analysis identified that tumor blood vessel diameter (p = 0.013) was an significant risk factor in the growth of nodules and Cut-off value of tumor blood vessel diameter was 0.9 mm with its specificity 82.3% and sensitivity 66.7%.While in subgroup analysis, for the GGO CTR < 0.5[C(the maximum diameter of consolidation in tumor)/T(the maximum diameter of the whole tumor including GGO) ratio], tumor blood vessel diameter (p = 0.027) was important during the growing processes of nodules. Conclusions: The tumor blood vessel diameter of GGO lesion was closely associated with the growth of malignant pulmonary nodules. The results of this study would provide evidence for effective follow-up strategies for pulmonary nodule screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The detection rate of early-stage lung cancer with ground-glass opacity (GGO) has increased, and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has been suggested as an alternative to surgery in inoperable patients. However, reports on treatment results are limited. Therefore, we performed a retrospective study to investigate the clinical outcome after SBRT in patients with early-stage lung cancer with GGO-predominant tumor lesions at a single institution. Materials and Methods This study included 89 patients with 99 lesions who were treated with SBRT for lung cancer with GGOpredominant lesions that had a consolidation-to-tumor ratio of ≤ 0.5 at Asan Medical Center between July 2016 and July 2021. A median total dose of 56.0 Gy (range, 48.0 to 60.0) was delivered using 10.0-15.0 Gy per fraction. Results The overall follow-up period for the study was median 33.0 months (range, 9.9 to 65.9 months). There was 100% local control with no recurrences in any of the 99 treated lesions. Three patients had regional recurrences outside of the radiation field, and three had distant metastasis. The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year overall survival rates were 100.0%, 91.6%, and 82.8%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that advanced age and a low level of diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide were significantly associated with overall survival. There were no patients with grade ≥ 3 toxicity. Conclusion SBRT is a safe and effective treatment for patients with GGO-predominant lung cancer lesions and is likely to be considered as an alternative to surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To validate the efficiency of pathologic grading system in pathologic stage IA lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and explore whether integrating preoperative radiological features would enhance the performance of recurrence discrimination. We retrospectively collected 510 patients with resected stage IA LUAD between January 2012 and December 2019 from Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (GDPH). Pathologic grade classification of each case was based on the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) pathologic staging system. Kaplan-Meier curves was used to assess the power of recurrence stratification. Concordance index (C-Index) and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were used for evaluating the clinical utility of different grading systems for recurrence discrimination. Patients of lower IASLC grade showed improved recurrence-free survival (RFS) (P < 0. 0001) where numerically difference was found between grade II and grade III (P = 0.119). By integrating the IASLC grading system and radiological feature, we found the RFS rate decreased as the novel radiopathological (RP) grading system increased (P < 0. 0001). The difference of RFS curves between any 2 groups as per the RP grading system was statisticallysignificant (RP grade I vs RP grade II, p = 0.007; RP grade I vs RP grade III, P < 0. 0001; RP grade II vs RP grade III, P = 0.0003). Compared with the IASLC grading system, the RP grading system remarkably improved recurrence survival discrimination (C-index: 0.822; area under the curve, 0.845). Integrating imaging features into pathologic grading system enhanced the efficiency of recurrence discrimination for resected stage IA LUAD and might help conduct subsequent management. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 31 December 2019, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, and caused the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, computed tomography (CT) findings have been recommended as major evidence for the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 in Hubei, China. This review focuses on the imaging characteristics and changes throughout the disease course in patients with COVID-19 in order to provide some help for clinicians. Typical CT findings included bilateral ground-glass opacity, pulmonary consolidation, and prominent distribution in the posterior and peripheral parts of the lungs. This review also provides a comparison between COVID-19 and other diseases that have similar CT findings. Since most patients with COVID-19 infection share typical imaging features, radiological examinations have an irreplaceable role in screening, diagnosis and monitoring treatment effects in clinical practice.

Abstract Background Tumor size and consolidation‐to‐tumor ratio (CTR) are crucial for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) prognosis. However, the optimal CTR cutoff remains unclear. Whether tumor size and CTR are independent prognostic factors for part‐solid NSCLC is under debate. Here, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic impacts of CTR and tumor size on NSCLC, especially on part‐solid NSCLC. Methods We reviewed 1366 clinical T1 NSCLC patients who underwent surgical treatment. Log‐rank test and Cox regression analyses were adopted for prognostic evaluation. The “surv_cutpoint” function was used to identify the optimal CTR and tumor size cutoff values. Results There were 416, 510, and 440 subjects with pure ground‐glass opacity (pGGO), part‐solid, and pure solid nodules. The 5‐year overall survival (disease‐free survival) for patients with pGGO, part‐solid, and pure solid nodules were 99.5% (99.5%), 97.3% (95.8%), and 90.4% (78.9%), respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that CTR was an independent prognostic factor for the whole patients, and the optimal CTR cutoff was 0.99. However, for part‐solid NSCLC, CTR was not independently associated with survival, even if categorized by the optimal cutoffs. The predicted optimal cutoffs of total tumor size and solid component size were 2.4 and 1.4 cm for part‐solid NSCLC. Total tumor size (HR = 6.21, 95% CI: 1.58–24.34, p = 0.009) and solid component size (HR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.04–5.92, p = 0.045) grouped by the cutoffs were significantly associated with part‐solid NSCLC prognosis. Conclusions CTR was an independent prognostic factor for the whole NSCLC, but not for the part‐solid NSCLC. Tumor size was still meaningful for part‐solid NSCLC.

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to investigate and summarize the effectiveness and safety of CT-guided microcoil localization before video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for the removal of ground-glass opacity (GGO). Methods A total of 147 patients with GGO who were treated at our hospital between January 2019 and February 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into two groups according to the final position at the end of the microcoil: intracavity (n = 78) and extracavity (n = 69), which were compared based on puncture complications and influence of the coil end position on VATS. Results The proportions of supine and prone positions in the intracavity group were significantly higher than those in the extracavity group (82.1% vs. 66.7%, P 0.05). The time of VATS and the rate of conversion to thoracotomy in the intracavity group were significantly lower than those in the extracavity group (103.4 ± 21.0 min vs. 112.2 ± 17.3 min, 0% vs. 5.8%, P

Objectives: To examine the radiological patterns specifically associated with hypoxemic respiratory failure in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Methods: We enrolled patients with COVID-19 confirmed by qPCR in this prospective observational cohort study. We explored the association of clinical, radiological, and microbiological data with the development of hypoxemic respiratory failure after COVID-19 onset. Semi-quantitative CT scores and dominant CT patterns were retrospectively determined for each patient. The microbiological evaluation included checking the SARS-CoV-2 viral load by qPCR using nasal swab and serum specimens. Results: Of the 214 eligible patients, 75 developed hypoxemic respiratory failure and 139 did not. The CT score was significantly higher in patients who developed hypoxemic respiratory failure than in those did not (median [interquartile range]: 9 [6–14] vs 0 [0–3]; p < 0.001). The dominant CT patterns were subpleural ground-glass opacities (GGOs) extending beyond the segmental area (n = 44); defined as "extended GGOs." Multivariable analysis showed that hypoxemic respiratory failure was significantly associated with extended GGOs (odds ratio [OR] 29.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.3–120; p < 0.001), and a CT score > 4 (OR 12.7; 95% CI, 5.3–33; p < 0.001). The incidence of RNAemia was significantly higher in patients with extended GGOs (58.3%) than in those without any pulmonary lesion (14.7%; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Extended GGOs along the subpleural area were strongly associated with hypoxemia and viremia in patients with COVID-19. Key Points: • Extended ground-glass opacities (GGOs) along the subpleural area and a CT score > 4, in the early phase of COVID-19, were independently associated with the development of hypoxemic respiratory failure. • The absence of pulmonary lesions on CT in the early phase of COVID-19 was associated with a lower risk of developing hypoxemic respiratory failure. • Compared to patients with other CT findings, the extended GGOs and a higher CT score were also associated with a higher incidence of RNAemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of respiratory diseases has been associated with copper in particulate matter; however, the relationship between urinary copper levels and interstitial lung changes remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a population-based study in southern Taiwan between 2016 and 2018, excluding individuals with a history of lung carcinoma, pneumonia, and cigarette smoking. Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) was performed to detect lung interstitial changes, including the presence of ground-glass opacity or bronchiectasis in LDCT images. We categorized urinary copper levels into quartiles (Q1: ≤10.3; Q2: >10.4 and ≤14.2; Q3: >14.3 and ≤18.9; and Q4: >19.0 μg/L) and analyzed the risk of interstitial lung changes using multiple logistic regression analysis. The urinary copper levels were significantly positively correlated with age, body mass index, serum white blood cell count, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and glycated hemoglobin and significantly negatively correlated with platelet count and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The study found that the highest quartile of urinary copper levels (Q4) was significantly associated with an increased risk of bronchiectasis compared to the lowest quartile (Q1) of urinary copper levels, with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.49 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.12–10.88. However, the association between urinary copper levels and interstitial lung disease needs further investigation in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground-glass opacity (GGO) and organizing pneumonia (OP) are dominant pulmonary CT lesions associated with COVID-19. However, the role of different immune responses in these CT patterns remains unclear, particularly following the emergence of the Omicron variant. In this prospective observational study, we recruited patients hospitalized with COVID-19, before and after the emergence of Omicron variants. Semi-quantitative CT scores and dominant CT patterns were retrospectively determined for all patients within five days of symptom onset. Serum levels of IFN-α, IL-6, CXCL10, and VEGF were assessed using ELISA. Serum-neutralizing activity was measured using a pseudovirus assay. We enrolled 48 patients with Omicron variants and 137 with precedent variants. While the frequency of GGO patterns was similar between the two groups, the OP pattern was significantly more frequent in patients with precedent variants. In patients with precedent variants, IFN-α and CXCL10 levels were strongly correlated with GGO, whereas neutralizing activity and VEGF were correlated with OP. The correlation between IFN-α levels and CT scores was lower in patients with Omicron than in those with precedent variants. Compared to preceding variants, infection with the Omicron variant is characterized by a less frequent OP pattern and a weaker correlation between serum IFN-α and CT scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sublobectomy for early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a matter of debate. This study aimed to discuss the feasibility of sublobectomy in patients with pathological‐stage IA1‐2 confirmed as pathologically invasive but radiologically noninvasive adenocarcinoma. Methods From 2011 to 2019, we screened clinical stage IA1–IA2 lung cancer patients who underwent surgery at the Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (GDPH). Inclusion criteria were maximum tumor diameter of 2.0 cm or less, consolidation tumor ratio (CTR) ≤ 0.25, and pathologically confirmed invasive adenocarcinoma. Sublobectomy (segmentectomy and wedge resection) and lobectomy groups were created, and propensity scores were computed. The primary endpoints were lung cancer‐specific overall survival (LCSS) and LCS‐ relapse‐free survival (LCS‐RFS) after adjusting propensity scores. Results A total of 1731 patients were screened, and 100 patients were enrolled. The lobectomy group had 51 patients and the limited resection group had 49. No cases relapsed, and two patients died from nontumor causes. For the entire cohort, the 5‐year LCSS and 5‐year LCS‐RFS were 100% in the lobectomy and limited resection groups. When propensity scores matched, there were no differences in LCSS and LCS‐RFS between the two groups (LCSS:100%, LCS‐RFS 100% in lobectomy and limited resection, respectively). Discussion Sublobectomy may be curative for pathologically invasive but radiologically noninvasive adenocarcinoma at pathological stage IA1‐2.

Abstract Background Previous studies confirmed that ground-glass nodules (GGNs) with certain CT manifestations had a higher probability of malignancy. However, differentiating patchy ground-glass opacities (GGOs) and GGNs has not been discussed solely. This study aimed to investigate the differences between the CT features of benign and malignant patchy GGOs to improve the differential diagnosis. Methods From January 2016 to September 2021, 226 patients with 247 patchy GGOs (103 benign and 144 malignant) confirmed by postoperative pathological examination or follow-up were retrospectively enrolled. Their clinical and CT data were reviewed, and their CT features were compared. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to reveal the predictors of malignancy. Results Compared to patients with benign patchy GGOs, malignant cases were older (P

Summary: Background: Ground-glass opacity (GGO)-like lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has been detected increasingly in the clinic and its inert property and superior survival indicate unique biological characteristics. However, we do not know much about them, which hampers identification of key reasons for the inert property of GGO-like LUAD. Methods: Using whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing, taking into account both radiological and pathological classifications of the same 197 patients concomitantly, we systematically interrogate genes driving the progression from GGO to solid nodule and potential reasons for the inertia of GGO. Using flow cytometry and IHC, we validated the abundance of immune cells and activity of cell proliferation. Findings: Identifying the differences between GGO and solid nodule, we found adenocarcinoma in situ/minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (AIS/MIA) and GGO-like LUAD exhibited lower TP53 mutation frequency and less active cell proliferation-related pathways than solid nodule in LUAD. Identifying the differences in GGO between AIS/MIA and LUAD, we noticed that EGFR mutation frequency and CNV load were significantly higher in LUAD than in AIS/MIA. Regulatory T cell was also higher in LUAD, while CD8+ T cell decreased from AIS/MIA to LUAD. Finally, we constructed a transcriptomic signature to quantify the development from GGO to solid nodule, which was an independent predictor of patients’ prognosis in 11 external LUAD datasets. Interpretation: Our results provide deeper insights into the indolent nature of GGO and provide a molecular basis for the treatment of GGO-like LUAD. Funding: This study was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32170657), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82203037), and Shanghai Sailing Program (22YF1408900).

• The diagnostic yields of transbronchial biopsy for PPLs are still low. • Cryobiopsy provides quantitatively and qualitatively excellent specimens. • Cryobiopsy improves diagnostic yield for PPLs compared to conventional sampling methods. • We found that cryobiopsy is effective for lesions in the ML/lingula and RLL/LLL. • Cryobiopsy is beneficial for lesions with GGO and those invisible on radiography. Recently introduced cryobiopsy can provide quantitatively and qualitatively excellent specimens. However, few studies have directly compared the diagnostic yield of cryobiopsy for peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) with that of conventional sampling methods. We retrospectively reviewed data from consecutive patients who underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy using radial endobronchial ultrasound and virtual bronchoscopic navigation for PPLs (October 2015 to September 2020). Patients who underwent cryobiopsy were assigned to the cryo group, whereas those who did not undergo cryobiopsy were assigned to the conventional group. The diagnostic outcomes of both groups were compared using propensity score analyses. A total of 2,724 cases were identified, including 492 and 2,232 cases in the cryo and conventional groups, respectively. Propensity scoring was performed to match baseline characteristics, and 481 pairs of cases were selected for each matched group (m-group). The diagnostic yield was significantly higher in the m-cryo group than in the m-conventional group (89.2% vs. 77.6%, odds ratio [OR] = 2.36 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.65–3.38], P < 0.001). Propensity score stratification (OR = 2.35 [95% CI = 1.71–3.23]) and regression adjustment (OR = 2.54 [95% CI = 1.83–3.52]) also demonstrated the diagnostic advantages of cryobiopsy. The subgroup analysis revealed that cryobiopsy was notably effective for lesions in the middle lobe/lingula, right/left lower lobe, lesions with ground-glass opacity, and lesions invisible on chest radiography. Although there were more cases of grade 2 and 3 bleeding in the m-cryo group than in the m-conventional group (38.0% vs. 10.2% and 1.5% vs. 0.8%, respectively; P < 0.001), no grade 4 bleeding was observed. The propensity score analyses revealed that cryobiopsy was associated with a higher diagnostic yield for PPLs than conventional sampling methods. However, increased bleeding risk should be noted as a potential complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground-glass opacity is commonly seen on radiographic imaging tests of patients admitted for COVID-19. The main objective of this study is to determine if the presence of ground-glass opacity on chest X-rays carried out at the Emergency Department correlates with significantly higher mortality. A secondary objective is to clarify which characteristics are associated with those patients who presented ground-glass opacity. Data were obtained from our 2020 hospital admission records. Consequently, this is a retrospective cohort study. Our cohort consists of 300 admissions from a group of elderly with a mean age of 81.6. There were 49.3% women (148/300) and 50.7% men (152/300). The presence of ground-glass opacity on chest X-rays is a risk factor for in-hospital mortality (RR = 1.6), heart failure (RR = 4.3), respiratory failure (RR = 1.5), acute kidney injury (RR = 1.3) and ICU admission (RR = 2.7). Based on these results, the variable 'finding ground-glass opacity on chest X-rays carried out at the Emergency Department' should be assessed for inclusion in the different calculators that estimate the prognosis/mortality rate of patients admitted for COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard treatment of stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer is lobectomy with systematic mediastinal lymph node evaluation. Unfortunately, up to 25% of patients with stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer are not candidates for surgery due to severe medical comorbidities (poor cardiopulmonary function). Image‑guided thermal ablation is an alternative for those patients, includes radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation (MWA), cryoablation, and laser ablation. Compared to them, MWA is a relatively new technique with some potential advantages, such as faster heating times, higher intralesional temperatures, larger ablation zones, less procedural pain, relative insensitivity to “heat sinks,” and less sensitivity to tissue types. However, some advantages of MWA mentioned above (such as higher intralesional temperatures, larger ablation zones) also have potential risks and problems, and an innovative and standardized guidance system is needed to avoid and solve these risks and problems. This article combs our team’s clinical experience over the past decade, summarizes a systematic and standardized guidance system, and names it SPACES (Selection, Procedure, Assessment, Complication, Evaluation, Systemic therapy). Both primary and metastatic pulmonary tumors can be efficiently treated with image‑guided thermal ablation in selected candidates. The selection and use of ablation techniques should consider the size and location of the target tumor, the risk of complications, and the expertise and skills of the professionals, among which the size of the target tumor (<3 mm) is a major factor determining the success of ablation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous core needle biopsy (CNB) for small (≤ 20 mm) ground-glass opacity (GGO) lesions has not been reported in detail. Objectives To evaluate factors that affect the diagnostic accuracy of CT-guided percutaneous CNB for small (≤ 20 mm) GGO pulmonary lesions. Methods From January 2014 to February 2018, 156 patients with a small (≤ 20 mm) GGO pulmonary lesion who underwent CT-guided CNB were enrolled in this study. Factors affecting diagnostic accuracy were evaluated by analyzing patient and lesion characteristics and technical factors. Significant factors were identified by multivariate logistic regression. Results The diagnostic accuracy of CT-guided percutaneous CNB was 90.4% for small (≤ 20 mm) GGO pulmonary lesions. The diagnostic accuracy was higher for larger lesions (72.5% for lesions ≤ 10 mm, 96.6% for lesions between 11 and 20 mm [P 90% GGO components and 97.2% for lesions with 50–90% GGO components (P 90% GGO components; 95% CI: 1.4 to 25.7). Conclusions Lesion size and GGO component are factors affecting diagnostic accuracy. The diagnostic accuracy was higher for larger lesions and lesions with 50–90% GGO components.

Primary pulmonary intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a rare malignant extranodal lymphoma, and it presents symptoms similar to those of lung diseases. Diagnosis of IVLBCL can be challenging and often requires histopathological examination of affected tissues. The present report describes a 65-year-old female patient presenting with a fever, without generalized lymph node enlargement. A CT scan revealed subpleural ground-glass opacities in the upper lobe of the right lung. The lactate dehydrogenase, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and CRP levels were all elevated. The patient had been misdiagnosed with pneumonia by multiple hospitals, and treatments with anti-infective and anti-inflammatory therapies proved ineffective. Subsequently, the patient underwent a CT-guided puncture biopsy of the lesion in the upper lobe of the right lung at the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University (Dalian, China). Based on the cell morphology, combined with clinical manifestations and other laboratory tests, the possibility of lymphoma was considered. The diagnosis was subsequently confirmed by histopathological examination. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of the features of IVLBCL cells under a microscope using an oil-immersion objective lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives Ground-glass opacity (GGO) on computed tomography is associated with prognosis in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, the stratification of the prognostic value of GGO is controversial. We aimed to evaluate clinicopathologic characteristics of early-stage NSCLC based on the consolidation-to-tumor ratio (CTR), conduct multi-pronged analysis, and stratify prognosis accordingly. Methods We retrospectively investigated 944 patients with clinical stage IA NSCLC, who underwent curative-intent lung resection between August 2018 and January 2020. The CTR was measured and used to categorize patients into six groups (1, 0%; 2, 0–25%; 3, 25–50%; 4, 50–75%; 5, 75–100%; and 6, 100%). Results Pathologic nodal upstaging was found in 1.8% (group 4), 9.0% (group 5), and 17.4% (group 6), respectively. The proportion of patients with a high grade of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes tended to decrease as the CTR increased. In a subtype analysis of patients with adenocarcinoma, all of the patients with predominant micro-papillary patterns were in the CTR > 50% groups, and most of the patients with predominant solid patterns were in group 6 (47/50, 94%). The multivariate analysis demonstrated that CTR 75–100% (hazard ratio [HR], 3.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58–9.36) and CTR 100% (HR, 5.58; 95% CI, 2.45–12.72) were independent prognostic factors for DFS, regardless of tumor size. Conclusion We demonstrated that the CTR could provide various noninvasive clinicopathological information. A CTR of more than 75% is the factor associated with a poor prognosis and should be considered when making therapeutic plans for patients with early-stage NSCLC.

Abstract COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has created formidable damage to public health and market economy. Currently, SARS-CoV-2 variants has exacerbated the transmission from person-to-person. Even after a great deal of investigation on COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 is still rampaging globally, emphasizing the urgent need to reformulate effective prevention and treatment strategies. Here, we review the latest research progress of COVID-19 and provide distinct perspectives on the mechanism and management of COVID-19. Specially, we highlight the significance of Human Identical Sequences (HIS), hyaluronan, and hymecromone (“Three-H”) for the understanding and intervention of COVID-19. Firstly, HIS activate inflammation-related genes to influence COVID-19 progress through NamiRNA-Enhancer network. Accumulation of hyaluronan induced by HIS-mediated HAS2 upregulation is a substantial basis for clinical manifestations of COVID-19, especially in lymphocytopenia and pulmonary ground-glass opacity. Secondly, detection of plasma hyaluronan can be effective for evaluating the progression and severity of COVID-19. Thirdly, spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 may bind to hyaluronan and further serve as an allergen to stimulate allergic reaction, causing sudden adverse effects after vaccination or the aggravation of COVID-19. Finally, antisense oligonucleotides of HIS or inhibitors of hyaluronan synthesis (hymecromone) or antiallergic agents could be promising therapeutic agents for COVID-19. Collectively, Three-H could hold the key to understand the pathogenic mechanism and create effective therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.

Primary pulmonary malignant melanoma is an extremely rare type of melanoma. The radiologic features of primary pulmonary malignant melanoma are nonspecific; however, it almost always presents as a well-demarcated round or lobulated solitary solid nodule or mass. Herein, we report the case of a 78-year-old male with primary pulmonary malignant melanoma that was mistaken for primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma with lepidic growth and was seen as bilateral multiple subsolid nodules on CT.

Xiao-Qun He,1,&ast; Xian Li,2,&ast; Yan Wu,3 Shun Wu,1 Tian-You Luo,1 Fa-Jin Lv,1 Qi Li1 1Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China; 3Nursing School, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Qi Li, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 15823408652, Fax +86 23 68811487, Email liqi89011721@163.comPurpose: To investigate the differential clinical and computed tomography (CT) characteristics of pulmonary nonabsorbable inflammatory and malignant subsolid nodules (SSNs) with a solid component ≤ 5 mm.Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 576 consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection and had SSNs with a solid component ≤ 5 mm on CT images. These patients were divided into inflammatory and malignant groups according to pathology. Their clinical and imaging data were analyzed and compared. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent prognostic factors differentiating inflammatory from malignant SSNs. Furthermore, 146 consecutive patients were included as internal validation cohort to test the prediction efficiency of this model.Results: Significant differences in 11 clinical characteristics and CT features were found between both groups (P < 0.05). Presence of respiratory symptoms, distribution of middle/lower lobe, irregular shape, part-solid nodule (PSNs), CT value of ground-glass opacity (GGO) areas

This study aims to reveal the relationship between imaging findings obtained from computed tomography (CT), and CK levels in addition to other biochemical parameters in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19. The study also aims to draw awareness to the fact that COVID-19 may have various organ involvements apart from the lung. Two hundred and thirty patients with CT findings indicating COVID-19, and 119 control subjects without COVID-19 diagnosis, who had CT scans for other reasons, were included in this retrospective study. The patients were divided into three groups as those with ground-glass opacity (GGO) on CT, those with signs of consolidation (CONS) on CT, and the control group with normal CT findings. Then, the imaging and laboratory findings of the patients were evaluated. Of the CT-positive patients, 113 were females and 117 were males. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the age variable (p=0.43). Ground-glass opacities were found on CT findings in 113 (32.3%) patients, and consolidation findings were found in 117 (33.7%) patients. Serum CK levels were 162.6 (U/L) (13-765) in the group with GGO while these levels were 162 (U/L) (6-731) in the CONS group and 94.27 (U/L) (11-400) in the normal CT group. CK levels were statistically increased in GGO and CONS groups compared to the normal CT group (p=0.000). In the initial admission of the patients with COVID-19 diagnoses, all the laboratory parameters should be evaluated carefully, and risky patients should be followed up considering complications, such as myositis and rhabdomyolysis that may affect mortality. [Med-Science 2022; 11(1.000): 98-101]

IntroductionChest computed tomography (CT) is suitable to assess morphological changes in the lungs. Chest CT scoring systems (CCTS) have been developed and use in order to quantify the severity of pulmonary involvement in COVID-19. CCTS has also been correlated with clinical outcomes. Here we wished to use a validated, relatively simple CTSS to assess chest CT patterns and to correlate CTSS with clinical outcomes in COVID-19.Patients and methodsAltogether 227 COVID-19 cases underwent chest CT scanning using a 128 multi-detector CT scanner (SOMATOM Go Top, Siemens Healthineers, Germany). Specific pathological features, such as ground-glass opacity (GGO), crazy-paving pattern, consolidation, fibrosis, subpleural lines, pleural effusion, lymphadenopathy and pulmonary embolism were evaluated. CTSS developed by Pan et al. (CTSS-Pan) was applied. CTSS and specific pathologies were correlated with demographic, clinical and laboratory data, A-DROP scores, as well as outcome measures. We compared CTSS-Pan to two other CT scoring systems.ResultsThe mean CTSS-Pan in the 227 COVID-19 patients was 14.6 ± 6.7. The need for ICU admission (p 18.5 significantly predicted admission to ICU (p = 0.026) and CTSS>19.5 was the cutoff for increased mortality (p

Background: Tumor size and consolidation‐to‐tumor ratio (CTR) are crucial for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) prognosis. However, the optimal CTR cutoff remains unclear. Whether tumor size and CTR are independent prognostic factors for part‐solid NSCLC is under debate. Here, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic impacts of CTR and tumor size on NSCLC, especially on part‐solid NSCLC. Methods: We reviewed 1366 clinical T1 NSCLC patients who underwent surgical treatment. Log‐rank test and Cox regression analyses were adopted for prognostic evaluation. The "surv_cutpoint" function was used to identify the optimal CTR and tumor size cutoff values. Results: There were 416, 510, and 440 subjects with pure ground‐glass opacity (pGGO), part‐solid, and pure solid nodules. The 5‐year overall survival (disease‐free survival) for patients with pGGO, part‐solid, and pure solid nodules were 99.5% (99.5%), 97.3% (95.8%), and 90.4% (78.9%), respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that CTR was an independent prognostic factor for the whole patients, and the optimal CTR cutoff was 0.99. However, for part‐solid NSCLC, CTR was not independently associated with survival, even if categorized by the optimal cutoffs. The predicted optimal cutoffs of total tumor size and solid component size were 2.4 and 1.4 cm for part‐solid NSCLC. Total tumor size (HR = 6.21, 95% CI: 1.58–24.34, p = 0.009) and solid component size (HR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.04–5.92, p = 0.045) grouped by the cutoffs were significantly associated with part‐solid NSCLC prognosis. Conclusions: CTR was an independent prognostic factor for the whole NSCLC, but not for the part‐solid NSCLC. Tumor size was still meaningful for part‐solid NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To comprehensively evaluate qualitative and quantitative features for predicting invasiveness of pure ground-glass nodules (pGGNs) using multiplanar computed tomography. Methods: Ninety-three resected pGGNs (16 atypical adenomatous hyperplasia [AAH], 18 adenocarcinoma in situ [AIS], 31 minimally invasive adenocarcinoma [MIA], and 28 invasive adenocarcinoma [IA]) were retrospectively included. Two radiologists analyzed qualitative and quantitative features on three standard planes. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify features to distinguish the pre-invasive (AAH/AIS) from the invasive (MIA/IA) group. Results: Tumor size showed high area under the curve (AUC) for predicting invasiveness (.860,.863,.874, and.893, for axial long diameter [AXLD], multiplanar long diameter, mean diameter, and volume, respectively). The AUC for AXLD (cutoff, 11 mm) was comparable to that of the volume (P =.202). The invasive group had a significantly higher number of qualitative features than the pre-invasive group, regardless of tumor size. Six out of 59 invasive nodules (10.2%) were smaller than 11 mm, and all had at least one qualitative feature. pGGNs smaller than 11 mm without any qualitative features (n = 16) were all pre-invasive. In multivariable analysis, AXLD, vessel change, and the presence or number of qualitative features were independent predictors for invasiveness. The model with AXLD and the number of qualitative features achieved the highest AUC (.902, 95% confidence interval.833-.971). Conclusion: In adenocarcinomas manifesting as pGGNs on computed tomography, AXLD and the number of qualitative features are independent risk factors for invasiveness; small pGGNs (<11 mm) without qualitative features have low probability of invasiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 40‐year‐old man was admitted with a diagnosis of COVID‐19 pneumonia. Although most of multiple ground‐glass opacities and consolidations on computed tomography improved, a round ground‐glass opacity with consolidation remained unchanged and was suspected to be a part‐solid nodule of lung adenocarcinoma. Pathologic diagnosis of resected tumor was papillary adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open in new tab Download slide OBJECTIVES The availability of new techniques may affect surgeons' procedure selection and thereby affect clinical outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the availability of virtual-assisted lung mapping (VAL-MAP) on the selection of lung resection methods. METHODS Members of the Japanese Association for Chest Surgeons were invited to participate in a web-based survey. Participants were divided into those who had never used VAL-MAP (group 0), those who had used only VAL-MAP 1.0 (multiple dye marks on the pleural surface; group 1) and those who had used VAL-MAP 2.0 (multiple dye marks and intrabronchial microcoils for three-dimensional mapping; group 2). Participants were shown chest computed tomography images of 6 ground-glass opacity nodules and asked to choose surgical procedures to resect the nodules with sufficient resection margins greater than the lesion diameter or 2 cm. RESULTS There were 197 surgeons in group 0, 49 in group 1 and 26 in group 2. All groups showed a similar trend of avoiding wedge resection for deeply located nodules. However, group 1 showed a trend of disagreeing with the selection of wedge resection compared with group 0 as measured by a Likert scale (1–5) by −0.21 points (95% confidence interval, −0.41 to −0.008 points, P  = 0.042). This tendency disappeared in group 2. CONCLUSIONS The availability of VAL-MAP 1.0 led to the selection of segmentectomy, while the availability of VAL-MAP 2.0 led to aggressive deep wedge resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of synchronous biopsy and microwave ablation (MWA) for highly suspected malignant lung ground-glass opacities (GGOs) adjacent to the mediastinum (distance ≤10 mm). Ninety patients with 98 GGOs (diameter range, 6–30 mm), located within 10 mm of the mediastinum, underwent synchronous biopsy and MWA at a single institution from 1 May 2020, to 31 October 2021 and were enrolled in this study. Synchronous biopsy and MWA involving the completion of the biopsy and MWA in a single procedure was performed. Safety, technical success rate, and local progression-free survival (LPFS) were evaluated. The risk factors for local progression were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test. The technical success rate was 97.96% (96/98 patients). The LPFS rates at 3, 6, and 12 months were 95.0%, 90.0%, and 82.0%, respectively. The diagnostic rate of biopsy-proven malignancy was 72.45% (n = 71/98). Invasion of lesions into the mediastinum was a risk factor for local progression (p = 0.0077). The 30-day mortality rate was 0. The major complications were pneumothorax (13.27%), ventricular arrhythmias (3.06%), pleural effusion (1.02%), hemoptysis (1.02%), and infection (1.02%). Minor complications included pneumothorax (30.61%), pleural effusion (24.49%), hemoptysis (18.37%), ventricular arrhythmias (11.22%), structural changes in adjacent organs (3.06%), and infection (3.06%). Synchronous biopsy and MWA was effective for treating GGOs adjacent to the mediastinum without severe complications (Society of Interventional Radiology classification E or F). Invasion of lesions into the mediastinum was identified as a risk factor for local progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]