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Feedlot finishing of beef cattle on commercial nutrient-dense diets based on expensive corn (maize), soybean meal (SBM) and other commonly used protein-rich ingredients is economically unsustainable, especially for smallholder farmers. Rich in energy and proteins, Mucuna pruriens utilis seed meal (MSM) could replace corn and protein-rich ingredients in beef cattle diets provided its problems of antinutritional factors (ANFs) and high fiber content that compromise animal growth performance are resolved. The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate the effects of incorporation of conventional (C-Nano-ZnO) versus green (G-Nano-ZnO) zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in the diets of feedlot-finished Bonsmara steers supplemented with 20% MSM (dry matter basis). In a completely randomized design, 28 Bonsmara steers were randomly allocated to 4 experimental diets [i.e., Control diet without MSM (C); C with 20% MSM replacing corn (partially) and the common protein-rich ingredients (CM); CM with 25 mg/kg C-Nano-ZnO (CM-C); and CM with 25 mg/kg G-Nano-ZnO (CM-G)] each with seven replicates for 98 days. Performance variables, carcass traits, hemato-biochemistry, and meat quality were then measured. All data were analyzed with SAS using one-way ANOVA applying the GLM procedure, with diet as the independent variable, except for growth performance data that were analyzed as repeated measures. Results showed that while dietary MSM did not affect (P > 0.05) meat quality and serum biochemistry, it decreased body weight gain (BWG; P < 0.01), feed intake (FI; P = 0.001), feed conversion efficiency (FCE; P < 0.01), carcass fatness (P = 0.05), hot carcass weight (HCW; P < 0.05), cold carcass weight (CCW; P = 0.05), blood MCV (P < 0.05), MCH (P < 0.01), and neutrophils (P < 0.01) as it increased blood lymphocytes (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the harmful effects of MSM were attenuated by C-Nano-ZnO and worsened by G-Nano-ZnO. In conclusion, feeding of high dietary unprocessed MSM did not affect Bonsmara beef meat quality and serum biochemistry but compromised their growth performance, carcass traits, and some hematology responses, and these were alleviated by C-Nano-ZnO and deteriorated by G-Nano-ZnO incorporation. We recommend feeding commercial diets supplemented with 20% MSM, replacing corn and commonly used protein-rich ingredients, plus 25 mg/kg of C-Nano-ZnO to feedlot-finishing beef cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UAE harbors a rich diversity of wild medicinal plants, such as Calotropis procera (CP), that are renowned for their extensive use in traditional medicine due to their abundance of bioactive phytochemicals. Zinc and iron metals possess significant pharmacological effects including antioxidant and anticancer properties. In this study, nanoparticles (NPs) containing zinc and iron were green synthesized utilizing ethanolic and aqueous extracts of CP aerial parts. UV-Vis spectra revealed absorption peaks around 270–275 nm, while FT-IR analysis confirmed successful coating of the NPs with plant's phytochemicals. SEM/EDX analysis indicated a more potent reducing effect of the aqueous extract, whereas the alcoholic extract demonstrated more effective coating of the NPs. DLS showed monodispersed NPs with average sizes of 32.67–202 nm. The alcoholic extract-based zinc and iron NPs exhibited the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents (51.06 ± 2.82 µg of GAE/mg of DW and 66.26 ± 1.12 µg of Qu/mg of DW, respectively) and the strongest antioxidant effect against ABTS and DPPH radicals (IC50 = 52.81 and 148.46 µg/mL, respectively). The aqueous extract-based zinc NPs demonstrated the greatest cytotoxicity against A-431 cell lines (IC50 = 188.97 µg/mL). The findings highlight promising potential of these sustainable materials for therapeutic applications, indicating a need for continued research and development in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rana Ahmed El-Fitiany,1,2 Afra AlBlooshi,1 Abdelouahid Samadi,1 Mohammad A Khasawneh1 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; 2Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Chinese University, Cairo, EgyptCorrespondence: Mohammad A Khasawneh, United Arab Emirates University, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed St, P.O. Box No. 15551, Asharij, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Tel +971 55 937 6770, Email mohammad.khasawneh@uaeu.ac.aeIntroduction: Phyto-nanotechnology offers a sustainable method for synthesizing biocompatible metal nanoparticles (NPs) with therapeutic potential. The diverse medicinal flora in the UAE, particularly Leptadenia pyrotechnica (LP), provides a vital resource for advancing this research area. This plant is historically valued in the region for its wide medicinal applications due to its abundance of bioactive compounds.Methods: In this study, eco-friendly, straightforward, and low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis methods were applied to synthesize potentially therapeutic Zn and Fe NPs using LP extracts. The generated NPs were characterized using UV–VIS, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, XRD and DLS. Moreover, they were investigated for their total phenolic and flavonoid contents, along with their antioxidant and skin anticancer effects.Results: The UV–Vis spectra disclosed absorption band at about 275 nm, and the FT-IR confirmed the successful coating of the NPs with the plants’ phytochemicals, thus ensuring the successful bio-fabrication of the proposed NPs. SEM/EDX outcomes suggest a more potent reducing effect of the aqueous extract, while a more effective coating of the alcoholic extract. DLS revealed monodispersed NPs, with average sizes ranging from 43.82 to 207.8 nm. LFeC demonstrated the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents (49.96± 4.76 μg of GAE/mg of DW and 43.89± 2.89 μg of Qu/mg of DW, respectively) and the greatest potency against skin cancer cell lines (IC50=263.56 μg/mL). However, LZnC exhibited the strongest radical scavenging effect against DPPH and ABTS radicals (IC50=139.45μg/mL and 35.1μg/mL, respectively).Discussion: The results of this study demonstrated that both extracts of LP are effective in the green synthesis of Fe and Zn nanoparticles for biomedical applications, with alcoholic extracts providing superior coating, capping, and stabilizing properties, leading to lower agglomeration, higher carbon content, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, along with enhanced anticancer and antioxidant effects. This work gives a showcase of sustainable materials that are promising for therapeutic applications.Keywords: Leptadenia pyrotechnica, skin cancer, antioxidant, green nanoparticles, iron nanoparticles, zinc nanoparticles

Abstract The UAE harbors a rich diversity of wild medicinal plants, such as Calotropis procera (CP), that are renowned for their extensive use in traditional medicine due to their abundance of bioactive phytochemicals. Zinc and iron metals possess significant pharmacological effects including antioxidant and anticancer properties. In this study, nanoparticles (NPs) containing zinc and iron were green synthesized utilizing ethanolic and aqueous extracts of CP aerial parts. UV-Vis spectra revealed absorption peaks around 270–275 nm, while FT-IR analysis confirmed successful coating of the NPs with plant’s phytochemicals. SEM/EDX analysis indicated a more potent reducing effect of the aqueous extract, whereas the alcoholic extract demonstrated more effective coating of the NPs. DLS showed monodispersed NPs with average sizes of 32.67–202 nm. The alcoholic extract-based zinc and iron NPs exhibited the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents (51.06 ± 2.82 µg of GAE/mg of DW and 66.26 ± 1.12 µg of Qu/mg of DW, respectively) and the strongest antioxidant effect against ABTS and DPPH radicals (IC50 = 52.81 and 148.46 µg/mL, respectively). The aqueous extract-based zinc NPs demonstrated the greatest cytotoxicity against A-431 cell lines (IC50 = 188.97 µg/mL). The findings highlight promising potential of these sustainable materials for therapeutic applications, indicating a need for continued research and development in this area.

Increasing the release of antibiotics in particular tetracycline in the environment is become one of the most concerns that threat human and animals' health. Regarding their low cost, sensitivity, portability, electrochemical sensors have received attention for tetracycline monitoring. With a nanostructure, diverse active functional sites, and good conductivity, green nanoparticles are considered now as an attractive material for sensors design. The objective of the present paper is then the design of electrochemical sensor functionalized with green nanoparticles based on gum Arabic for tetracycline detection. The green nanoparticles are synthesized by direct reduction of silver nanoparticle with gum Arabic polymer. The intrinsic properties of the obtained nanoparticles are examined using different techniques namely UV–Vis absorption (UV), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric TGA. To follow up, the sensor modification as well as tetracycline detection, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry are carried out. Correlation between the different results have demonstrated good dispersion and homogeneity of green nanoparticles, with good applicability in electrochemical measurements. In fact, the sensor has demonstrated wide concentrations range from 0.1 to 1250 nM with a limit of detection in the order of 0.056 nM, lower than those reported in the literature. The selectivity test, investigated against a various interfering with similar structure to tetracycline, have proven a good discrimination between all molecules. In addition, the sensor was successfully applied to real samples, and the found recovery rates are ranging from 90.4% to 106.9%. The obtained results confirm that green nanoparticles based on gum Arabic could commercially be viable for next generation of electrochemical sensor for tetracycline detection, and also could be applied for the detection of the variety of pharmaceutical pollutants in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTThis work reports an environmentally friendly method for removing small-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) synthesized from pasteurized cow and goat milk and iron salts. IONPs were prepared at room temperature using FeSO4 (2.0 g in 500 mL) and 10.0 mL of milk at pH 12. Results show that IONPs were formed with low crystallinity. The presence of Fe was confirmed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction data show smaller semi-spherical nanometer-size particles in an aggregated state. The PAH removal process was monitored using a fluorescence spectrometer, and the results showed that the type of iron salt used (Fe2+/Fe3+) in the preparation of IONPs had no significant effect on the removal of model PAHs. However, the ring structure of the PAHs plays a role in the time taken for the removal process. All PAHs were removed from water efficiently with naphthalene, anthracene, and fluorene removal efficiencies of 75%, >90%, and 70%, respectively. The current study shows that IONPs formed using milk have the potential to be used to remove PAHs from water.

Abstract Background Green nanoparticles are considered to be an effective strategy for improving phytochemicals and raising productivity in soil infected by root-knot nematodes. This work aims to understand the characteristics of certain nanomaterials, including non-iron (nFe), green non-iron (GnFe), and green magnetic nanobiochar (GMnB), and the effect of adding them at 3 and 6 mg kg− 1 on phytochemicals and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant growth in soils infected by root-knot nematodes. Results Spectroscopic characterization of nanomaterials showed that nFe, GnFe, and GMnB contained functional groups (e.g., Fe-O, S-H, C-H, OH, and C = C) and possessed a large surface area. Application of GMB at 6 mg kg− 1 was the most efficient treatment for increasing the phytochemicals of the tomato plant, with a rise of 123.2% in total phenolic, 194.7% in total flavonoids, 89.7% in total carbohydrate, 185.2% in total free amino acids, and 165.1% in total tannin compared to the untreated soil. Tomato plant growth and attributes increased with increasing levels of soil nano-amendment in this investigation. The addition of GnFe3 and GnFe6 increased the reduction of root galls of root-knot nematodes by 22.44% and 17.76% compared with nFe3 and nFe6, respectively. The inclusion of the examined soil nano-amendments increased phytochemicals and reduced the total number of root-knot nematodes on tomato plants at varying rates, which played a significant role in enhancing tomato growth. Conclusions In conclusion, treating tomato plants with GnFe or GMnB can be used as a promising green nanomaterial to eliminate root-knot nematodes and increase tomato yield in sandy clay loam soil.

In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized using neem leaf aqueous extracts and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Then compare its efficacy as anticancer and antibacterial agents with chemically synthesized ZnO-NPs and the neem leaf extract used for the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs. The TEM, UV-vis, and particle size confirmed that the developed ZnO-NPs are nanoscale. The chemically and greenly synthesized ZnO-NPs showed their optical absorbance at 328 nm and 380 nm, respectively, and were observed as spherical particles with a size of about 85 nm and 62.5 nm, respectively. HPLC and GC-MS were utilized to identify the bioactive components in the neem leaf aqueous extract employed for the eco-friendly production of ZnO-NPs. The HPLC analysis revealed that the aqueous extract of neem leaf contains 19 phenolic component fractions. The GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of 21 bioactive compounds. The antiproliferative effect of green ZnO-NPs was observed at different concentrations (31.25 µg/mL–1000 µg/mL) on Hct 116 and A 549 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 111 µg/mL for A 549 and 118 µg/mL for Hct 116. On the other hand, the antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was estimated. The antibacterial result showed that the MIC of green synthesized ZnO-NPs against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were 5, and 1 µg/mL. Hence, they could be utilized as effective antibacterial and antiproliferative agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Green nanoparticles are considered to be an effective strategy for improving phytochemicals and raising productivity in soil infected by root-knot nematodes. This work aims to understand the characteristics of certain nanomaterials, including non-iron (nFe), green non-iron (GnFe), and green magnetic nanobiochar (GMnB), and the effect of adding them at 3 and 6 mg kg− 1 on phytochemicals and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant growth in soils infected by root-knot nematodes. Results: Spectroscopic characterization of nanomaterials showed that nFe, GnFe, and GMnB contained functional groups (e.g., Fe-O, S-H, C-H, OH, and C = C) and possessed a large surface area. Application of GMB at 6 mg kg− 1 was the most efficient treatment for increasing the phytochemicals of the tomato plant, with a rise of 123.2% in total phenolic, 194.7% in total flavonoids, 89.7% in total carbohydrate, 185.2% in total free amino acids, and 165.1% in total tannin compared to the untreated soil. Tomato plant growth and attributes increased with increasing levels of soil nano-amendment in this investigation. The addition of GnFe3 and GnFe6 increased the reduction of root galls of root-knot nematodes by 22.44% and 17.76% compared with nFe3 and nFe6, respectively. The inclusion of the examined soil nano-amendments increased phytochemicals and reduced the total number of root-knot nematodes on tomato plants at varying rates, which played a significant role in enhancing tomato growth. Conclusions: In conclusion, treating tomato plants with GnFe or GMnB can be used as a promising green nanomaterial to eliminate root-knot nematodes and increase tomato yield in sandy clay loam soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a significant focus on the green synthetization of metal oxide nanoparticles due to their environmentally friendly features and cost-effectiveness. The aim of this study is to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) through a green method, utilizing crude banana peel extract as reducing and capping agents, to characterize the synthesized ZnO NPs and test their antibacterial activity. ZnO NPs were biosynthesized using the peel extract of banana with various concentrations of zinc acetate dihydrate salt, followed by annealing at 400 °C for 2 h. The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), attenuated total reflectance–Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Also, its antibacterial efficiency against different bacterial strains was tested. ZnO NPs were biosynthesized successfully using the extract of Musa Acumniata (cavendish) fruit peel with a UV-Vis wavelength range of 344 to 369 nm and an electrical band gap ranging from 3.36 to 3.61 eV. The size varied from 27 ± 4 nm to 89 ± 22, and the negative zeta potential (ζ) ranged from −14.72 ± 0.77 to −7.43 ± 0.35 mV. ATR-FTIR analysis showed that the extract phytochemical functional groups were present on ZnO NPs. XRD results confirm the formation of a highly pure wurtzite hexagonal structure of ZnO NPs. Moreover, the best obtained size of ZnO NPs was selected for the antibacterial tests, giving the highest inhibition growth rate against Staphylococcus epidermidis (98.6 ± 0.9%), while the lowest rate was against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (88.4 ± 4.4%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were reported and compared to previous studies. The unique properties of greenly synthesized ZnO NPs and their antibacterial activity have potential for reducing environmental pollution and the use of antibiotics, which may contribute to solving the problem of bacterial resistance. Therefore, studies that aim to design an applicable dosage form loaded with biosynthesized ZnO NPs might be conducted in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating continuous innovation in diagnostics and therapy. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising frontier in cancer research, offering unique tools for early detection, targeted therapy, and monitoring of disease progression. This review explores the potential applications of green nanoparticles as molecular biomarkers in cancer diagnostics and therapy. We discuss the importance of molecular biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, current challenges and limitations, and the potential of green nanoparticles to overcome these challenges. Specifically, we highlight the ability of green nanoparticles to enhance drug delivery to tumor sites, control the release of therapeutic agents, overcome multidrug resistance, reduce side effects, and enable combination therapy approaches. Furthermore, we address challenges and future perspectives in the field, including regulatory hurdles, scalability concerns, integration with existing protocols, and potential applications in personalized medicine, multimodal imaging, and targeting rare cancers. By leveraging the unique properties of green nanoparticles and embracing interdisciplinary collaboration, we can unlock the full potential of nanotechnology in revolutionizing cancer diagnostics and therapy, ultimately improving outcomes for patients worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Global efforts are continuing to develop preparations against cryptosporidiosis. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of biosynthesized Ulva fasciata loading Cinnamomum camphora oil extract on new zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs shorten to ZnNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as alternative treatments for Cryptosporidium parvum experimental infection in rats. Materials and Methods: Oil extract was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, loaded by U. fasciata on ionic-based ZnO and NPs, and then characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Biosafety and toxicity were investigated by skin tests. A total of 105 C. parvum oocysts/rat were used (n = 81, 2–3 W, 80–120 g, 9 male rats/group). Oocysts shedding was counted for 21 d. Doses of each preparation in addition to reference drug were administered daily for 7 d, starting on post-infection (PI) day (3). Nitazoxanide (100 mg) was used as the reference drug. After 3 weeks, the rats were sacrificed for postmortem examination and histopathological examination. Two blood samples/rat/group were collected on the 21st day. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples were also used for analysis of biochemistry, hematology, immunology, micronucleus prevalence, and chromosomal abnormalities. Results: C. camphora leaves yielded 28.5 ± 0.3 g/kg oil and 20 phycocompounds were identified. Spherical and rod-shaped particles were detected at 10.47–30.98 nm and 18.83–38.39 nm, respectively. ZnNPs showed the earliest anti-cryptosporidiosis effect during 7–17 d PI. Other hematological, biochemical, immunological, histological, and genotoxicity parameters were significantly fruitful; hence, normalized pathological changes induced by infestation were observed in the NPs treatments groups against the infestation-free and Nitazoxanide treated group. Conclusion: C. camphora, U. fasciata, ZnNPs, and AgNPs have refluxed the pathological effects of infection as well as positively improved host physiological condition by its anticryptosporidial immunostimulant regenerative effects with sufficient ecofriendly properties to be proposed as an alternative to traditional drugs, especially in individuals with medical reactions against chemical commercial drugs.

[Display omitted] Biomedicine, agricultural, and energy applications play a significant role in the environment and humanity, and this is considered a significant worldwide challenge. Nanomaterials can be produced using a variety of traditional physical and chemical processes. It is now possible to biologically synthesize materials via environment-friendly green chemistry-based methods. In recent years, the convergence between nanotechnology and biology has created a new field of nanobiotechnology that incorporates the use of biological entities such as actinomycetes algae, bacteria, fungi, viruses, yeasts, and plants in a number of biochemical and biophysical processes to synthesize green nanoparticles. The biological synthesis via nanobiotechnology processes has a significant potential to boost nanoparticles' production without the use of harsh, toxic, and expensive chemicals commonly used in conventional physical and chemical processes. Green nanoparticles help the biomedical field by paving the way for new strategies for the early detection of cancer and imaging modalities for treatment and have an important role as antibacterial agents and as enhancers for both the growth and quality of various crops. Green nanoparticles represent a promising type of active materials for energy production and storage devices such as batteries, super-capacitors, and water electrolyzers. Green nanoparticles represent an important solution for generating or storing energy in a cost-effective, ecological, and sustainable manner to fulfill future energy demands. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent trends in synthesizing nanoparticles via green methods and their activities in the biological applications such as anti-cancer drugs, crop improvement, and antimicrobial activity. Additionally, it indicates the catalytic activity of these green nanoparticles towards some energy applications such as batteries, water splitting, and supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Global efforts are continuing to develop preparations against cryptosporidiosis. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of biosynthesized Ulva fasciata loading Cinnamomum camphora oil extract on new zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs shorten to ZnNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as alternative treatments for Cryptosporidium parvum experimental infection in rats. Materials and Methods: Oil extract was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, loaded by U. fasciata on ionic-based ZnO and NPs, and then characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Biosafety and toxicity were investigated by skin tests. A total of 105 C. parvum oocysts/rat were used (n = 81, 2-3 W, 80-120 g, 9 male rats/group). Oocysts shedding was counted for 21 d. Doses of each preparation in addition to reference drug were administered daily for 7 d, starting on post-infection (PI) day (3). Nitazoxanide (100 mg) was used as the reference drug. After 3 weeks, the rats were sacrificed for postmortem examination and histopathological examination. Two blood samples/rat/group were collected on the 21st day. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples were also used for analysis of biochemistry, hematology, immunology, micronucleus prevalence, and chromosomal abnormalities. Results: C. camphora leaves yielded 28.5 ± 0.3 g/kg oil and 20 phycocompounds were identified. Spherical and rodshaped particles were detected at 10.47-30.98 nm and 18.83-38.39 nm, respectively. ZnNPs showed the earliest anticryptosporidiosis effect during 7-17 d PI. Other hematological, biochemical, immunological, histological, and genotoxicity parameters were significantly fruitful; hence, normalized pathological changes induced by infestation were observed in the NPs treatments groups against the infestation-free and Nitazoxanide treated group. Conclusion: C. camphora, U. fasciata, ZnNPs, and AgNPs have refluxed the pathological effects of infection as well as positively improved host physiological condition by its anticryptosporidial immunostimulant regenerative effects with sufficient ecofriendly properties to be proposed as an alternative to traditional drugs, especially in individuals with medical reactions against chemical commercial drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized using neem leaf aqueous extracts and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Then compare its efficacy as anticancer and antibacterial agents with chemically synthesized ZnO-NPs and the neem leaf extract used for the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs. The TEM, UV-vis, and particle size confirmed that the developed ZnO-NPs are nanoscale. The chemically and greenly synthesized ZnO-NPs showed their optical absorbance at 328 nm and 380 nm, respectively, and were observed as spherical particles with a size of about 85 nm and 62.5 nm, respectively. HPLC and GC-MS were utilized to identify the bioactive components in the neem leaf aqueous extract employed for the eco-friendly production of ZnO-NPs. The HPLC analysis revealed that the aqueous extract of neem leaf contains 19 phenolic component fractions. The GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of 21 bioactive compounds. The antiproliferative effect of green ZnO-NPs was observed at different concentrations (31.25 µg/mL–1000 µg/mL) on Hct 116 and A 549 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 111 µg/mL for A 549 and 118 µg/mL for Hct 116. On the other hand, the antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was estimated. The antibacterial result showed that the MIC of green synthesized ZnO-NPs against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were 5, and 1 µg/mL. Hence, they could be utilized as effective antibacterial and antiproliferative agents.

The article discusses the function of green nanoparticles in preventing corrosion of different alloys such as copper, zinc, steel, and aluminium alloys. Green nanoparticles are characterized by their environmentally friendly and sustainable production methods, which emphasize using natural materials. Environmental issues have long been linked to traditional corrosion inhibitors, which has led to a shift towards more environmentally friendly alternatives. A potential remedy for these issues is the use of green nanoparticles, which are derived from renewable and biodegradable resources. Green nanoparticles support sustainability goals and have strong corrosion inhibition properties. Their combined role makes them essential players in a future where environmental awareness and material safety coexist. The review envisages a significant paradigm shift in critical industrial contexts, which calls for a robust and ecologically friendly approach to corrosion prevention. Green nanoparticles can potentially transform the field of materials protection entirely, and their investigation as corrosion inhibitors opens up new directions for study and development. In conclusion, this review highlights the crucial role of these nanoparticles in creating a sustainable future where creative solutions will enhance industrial productivity and environmental well-being. Finally, the prospects and difficulties of sustainably applying green nanoparticles to corrosion inhibition have also been explored.

This work focused on the green synthesis of the composite material Fe3O4/ZIF-67@ZnO utilizing magnetic and ZnO nanoparticles aided by lime extract. The composite was characterized through FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and TGA techniques. FTIR confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups. XRD revealed the crystalline nature of the composite. FESEM images revealed spherical aggregation and a rough surface morphology. EDX analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of different elements, indicating successful incorporation. The TGA results showed that the thermal stability of the composite was enhanced owing to the nanoparticles. The composite was applied as a catalyst for reducing the organic dyes Rhodamine B (RhB) and Methylene Blue (MB). The effects of varying dosages and dye concentrations were systematically studied. It exhibited significant catalytic efficiency, reducing 88.2 ​% of RhB (11 ​min) and 87.3 ​% of MB (9 ​min). The reduction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics and synthesized composite could be reused for at least five cycles. These findings demonstrate the promising catalytic properties of the Fe3O4/ZIF-67@ZnO composite, especially for environmental remediation applications.

In this study, we report the biosynthesis of Silver (Ag), Selenium (Se), Silver Selenium (AgSe) and 5FU AgSe nanoparticles by using Litchi chinensis (Sonn) seed extracts and cytotoxicity response of respective nanoparticles in combination with Plasmonic Photo Thermal Therapy (PTT). Biogenic nanoparticles formation was characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The cytotoxic effect of biogenic nanoparticles with and without photothermal effects was studied by CCK8 antineoplastic assay. The apoptotic inducing ability of the biogenic nanoparticles and/or PTT was investigated by Propidium Iodide (PI) staining, Bax/Bcl-2 gene expression analysis using RT-PCR and western blotting. The mean particle size of biosynthesized nanoparticles was found 18–78 nm with polydispersity. TGA demonstrated that lychee seed extracts existed on the surface of biogenic nanoparticles. These results clearly indicate the successful formation of biogenic NPs for cellular uptake. Mitochondrial damage and intracellular ROS production were observed upon treatment with biogenic nanoparticles and PTT (1.0 W cm−1) showed significant cell death, expression of Bax and suppression of Bcl-2. Significantly, biosynthesized nanoparticles showed a broad-spectrum anticancer activity with PTT therapy and therefore represent promoting ROS generation by modulating mitochondrial apoptosis induction in PANC-1 cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a significant focus on the green synthetization of metal oxide nanoparticles due to their environmentally friendly features and cost-effectiveness. The aim of this study is to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) through a green method, utilizing crude banana peel extract as reducing and capping agents, to characterize the synthesized ZnO NPs and test their antibacterial activity. ZnO NPs were biosynthesized using the peel extract of banana with various concentrations of zinc acetate dihydrate salt, followed by annealing at 400 °C for 2 h. The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), attenuated total reflectance–Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Also, its antibacterial efficiency against different bacterial strains was tested. ZnO NPs were biosynthesized successfully using the extract of Musa Acumniata (cavendish) fruit peel with a UV-Vis wavelength range of 344 to 369 nm and an electrical band gap ranging from 3.36 to 3.61 eV. The size varied from 27 ± 4 nm to 89 ± 22, and the negative zeta potential (ζ) ranged from −14.72 ± 0.77 to −7.43 ± 0.35 mV. ATR-FTIR analysis showed that the extract phytochemical functional groups were present on ZnO NPs. XRD results confirm the formation of a highly pure wurtzite hexagonal structure of ZnO NPs. Moreover, the best obtained size of ZnO NPs was selected for the antibacterial tests, giving the highest inhibition growth rate against Staphylococcus epidermidis (98.6 ± 0.9%), while the lowest rate was against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (88.4 ± 4.4%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were reported and compared to previous studies. The unique properties of greenly synthesized ZnO NPs and their antibacterial activity have potential for reducing environmental pollution and the use of antibiotics, which may contribute to solving the problem of bacterial resistance. Therefore, studies that aim to design an applicable dosage form loaded with biosynthesized ZnO NPs might be conducted in the future.

Plant-derived nanomaterials (PDNM) have gained significant attention recently due to their potential pharmacological applications against pathogenic microbes, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and certain metabolic diseases. This review introduces the concept of PDNMs and their unique properties, including their small size, high surface area, and ability to penetrate biological barriers. Besides various methods for synthesizing PDNMs, such as green synthesis techniques that utilize plant extracts and natural compounds, the advantages of using plant-derived materials, such as their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity, were elucidated. In addition, it examines the recent and emerging trends in nanomaterials derived from plant approaches to combat antimicrobial resistance and metabolic diseases. The sizes of nanomaterials and their surface areas are vital as they play essential roles in the interactions and relationships between these materials and the biological components or organization. We critically analyze the biomedical applications of nanoparticles which include antibacterial composites for implantable devices and nanosystems to combat antimicrobial resistance, enhance antibiotic delivery, and improve microbial diagnostic/detection systemsIn addition, plant extracts can potentially interfere with metabolic syndrome pathways; hence most nano-formulations can reduce chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, lipid profile, and antimicrobial resistance. As a result, these innovative plant-based nanosystems may be a promising contender for various pharmacological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatic lipophilization has been proposed as a cost-effective strategy to produce new liposoluble antioxidant compounds. In this study, modified oils rich in structured phenolipids were prepared via one-pot enzymatic acylation of hydroxytyrosol (HTYR), vanillyl alcohol (VA) and homovanillyl alcohol (HVA) with pomace olive oil (POO) in solvent-free conditions using immobilized lipase on biogenic nanoparticles. The effect of temperature (30–70 °C) and enzyme concentration (0.1–1%, w/w) on the efficiency of the bioprocess as well as the reusability of the nanobiocatalyst were thoroughly investigated. The modified oils exhibited increased antioxidant activity compared to the control oil according to DPPH and CUPRAC assays (p < 0.05). The oxidative stability of pomace olive oil was also significantly enhanced after modification, as depicted by the K232 values and TBARS contents under accelerated oxidation at 60 °C (p < 0.05). Moreover, a fortified mayonnaise containing modified oil with HTYR was prepared that was noticeably stable compared to the control mayonnaise at 28 °C for 5 months (p < 0.05). Enzymatically modified oils have great potential for application in the nutraceutical and food industry, encouraging the exploitation of immobilized lipases as effective and green catalytic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sammar Fathy ELhabal,1 Hanan Mohamed Elwy,2 Soha Hassanin,3 Ahmed A El-Rashedy,4 Alaaeldin Ahmed Hamza,5 Mohammad Ahmad Khasawneh6 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt; 2Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt; 3Biochemistry Department, Modern University for Technology and information, Cairo, Egypt; 4Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center (NRC), Giza, Egypt; 5Biology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt; 6Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab EmiratesCorrespondence: Mohammad Ahmad Khasawneh; Alaaeldin Ahmed Hamza, Email mohammad.khasawneh@uaeu.ac.ae; alaa17mm@gmail.comIntroduction: Metal nanoparticle synthesis using plant has emerged as an eco-friendly, clean, and viable strategy alternative to chemical and physical approaches.Methods: The fruit extract of Salvadora persica (SP) was utilized as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the synthesis of gold (AuNPs) and copper (CuNPs) nanoparticles.Results: UV–Vis spectra of the AuNPs and CuNPs showed peaks at the wavelengths of 530 nm and 440 nm, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed that nanoparticles exhibited a mainly spherical form, with a distribution range of 100 to 113 nm in diameter for AuNPs and of 130 to 135 nm in diameter for CuNPs. While energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was able to confirm the existence of AuNPs and CuNPs. The alcoholic extract of the fruit SP was analyzed by GC-MS in order to identify whether or not it contained any active phytochemicals. Fourier-transform infrared spectra confirmed the presence capping functional biomolecules of SP on the surface of nanoparticles that acts as stabilizers. Analysis of the zeta potential revealed that NPs with high degree of stability, as demonstrated by a strong negative potential value in the range of 25.2 to 28.7 mV. Results showed that both green AuNPs and CuNPs have potential antimicrobial activity against human pathogens such gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria, with CuNPs having antimicrobial activity higher than AuNPs. In addition, AuNPs and CuNPs have promising antioxidant and anticancer properties when applied to MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Studies of molecular docking of SP bioactive compounds were conducted against methenyl tetrahydrofolate synthetase. Among all of them, Beta – Sitosterol was the most prominent.Conclusion: These AuNPs and CuNPs are particularly appealing in a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical and medicinal industries due to their economical and environmentally friendly production.Keywords: Salvadora persica, green nanoparticles, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer

• Nanoemulsion based on utilization of green synthesized nanoparticles on caryophyllene was prepapred. • The formulation exhibited significant insecticidal activity against crop damaging insects. • The potential formulation of nanoemulsion was prepared at first time by using ultra sonication method. • Insecticidal activity showed in dose depended manner. The study reported the development of an eco-friendly nanoemulsion based on green synthesized nanoparticles and phytochemicals from Carissa edulis for application as a green insecticide. The bioactive compound, caryophyllene, has been isolated by column chromatography and structural elucidation was carried out by spectroscopic analysis. The green synthesized nanoemulsion was prepared by using Ag 2 O and ZnO nanoparticles from the ultrasonication method and characterized by Ultraviolet Visible, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Zeta potential, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy analysis. The insecticidal efficacy of an emulsion composed of phytochemicals and nanoparticles against the crop damaging insects namely, C. medinalis, S. incrtulas and S. mauritia was examined and results showed higher and significant effects. Therefore, due to the stability over a long period, the optimized nanoemulsions were formulated and showed good insecticidal activity on insects. The current work proposes that the synthesized nanoemulsion may be possibly beneficial to developing water solubility of poor water-soluble phytochemicals with insecticidal activity. The lack of organic toxic solvents and stability improves this nanoemulsion as a potential insecticidal product. The present work can be helpful to gain a better understanding of the interaction of nanoparticles with phytochemicals in emulsion formulation and its effectiveness towards insects which are capable of being safe insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics in nonclinical environments represent a serious risk to human health due to their role in the antimicrobial resistance. The present study aimed to optimise the detoxification of cephalexin (CFX) by the Momordica charantia extract zinc oxide nanoparticle catalyst (MCZnO NPs) as a function of dosage of ZnO NPs, time, pH and CFX using the artificial neural network model (ANN). The effect was simulated using deep learning analysis to evaluate and explain the behaviour of CFX degradation. Interactions between these factors and the classification of the photocatalysis (low, medium, average, good and high) were analyzed using factor of principal component analysis (F, PCA), discriminant analysis (DA) and Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC). MCZnO NPs have a white colour, spherical shape, non-agglomerated, smooth surface and size-wise they ranged from 50 to 100 nm. The ANN results indicated that 88.87% of CFX was degraded using 50 mg/L of MCZnO NP, 40 mg/L of CFX, at pH 9, and after 180 min. Simulation analysis revealed that MCZnO NPs were efficient in degrading CFX concentrations (up to 60 mg/L) with 100% removed depending on pH and time. The interaction between F1 and F2 was 94.59% at which pH (x 2) and CFX ( x 4) factors exhibited a high correlation with a synergistic effect on CFX degradation, 20% of the degradation of CFX could be classified as a high percentage (>90%). These findings reflected the role of deep learning analysis in understanding the behavior of CFX for the degradation process. • Detoxification of cephalexin by the Momordica charantia extract MCZnO NPs was optimized. • Interactions between factors and the classification of the photocatalysis were analyzed. • 88.87% of CFX was degraded using 50 mg/L of MCZnO NP, 40 mg/L of CFX, at pH 9, and after 180 min. • The role of deep learning analysis in understanding the behavior of CFX was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern agricultural system is facing the unprecedented task of contriving the extensive demand for agrarian production owing to population explosion and global climate change. The employment of Nanotechnology in agriculture has gained immense interest in recent times for the development of sustainable agricultural technologies and environmental remediation strategies. Nanotechnology pertains to the employment of nanoparticles and furnishes the potential to fabricate novel materials and products possessing improved quality. The nanomaterials may be used as; nanosensors, nanocides, nanofertilizers, nanobarcodes, and nano-remediators, which play a significant role in modern agricultural practices. However, the physical and chemical processes of nanoparticle production is neither economical nor environmentally sustainable. Therefore, the need for green or biogenic nanoparticles obtained from plants, bacteria, fungi or their metabolites has emerged as novel, sustainable, economical, biocompatible, and eco-friendly technology. In this perspective, the production and sources of biogenic nanoparticles and their implication in agro-ecosystems for crop productivity, soil health management, biocontrol, and environmental remediation have been focused on in this review. The potential development and implementation challenges are also explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio‐inspired techniques are used for synthesis in terms of application, green chemical research, facile, and eco‐friendly chemistry study of silver nanostructures utilizing plant extracts as natural reducing/stabilization and solid adjuvants without the use of toxic and damaging reagents. The present study investigates the biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles via the mediation of the methanolic extract of Heracleum persicum seeds, without utilizing any stabilizer or surfactant. These nanostructures were identified utilizing ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. The attributes of AgNPs versus usual human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines that is, Hs 281.T, MDA‐MB‐468, AU565 [AU‐565], MCF7, CAMA‐1, SK‐BR‐3, NMU, and RBA were evaluated. The livability of breast adenocarcinoma cell line diminishes dose‐dependently in the existence of AgNPs. After clinical studies, AgNPs can be used as a green drug in the treatment of human breast adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is a green, simple, cost-effective, time-efficient, and single-step method. This study mainly focused on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using essential oil of Laggera tomentosa (LTEO) and investigates their potential applications. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) result showed the characteristic Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak of LTEO-AgNPs at 420 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy indicated the functional groups present in LTEO and LTEO-AgNPs. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image depicted the synthesized AgNPs mainly has spherical shapes with average nanoparticles size 89.59 ± 5.14 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) peak at 3.0 keV showed the presence of Ag element in LTEO-AgNPs. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks at 38°, 44° and 67° are assigned to (111), (200), and (220), respectively which displays the crystal nature of LTEO-AgNPs. The average particle size and zeta potential of LTEO-AgNPs were determined as 94.98 nm and −49.6 mV, respectively. LTEO-AgNPs were stable for six months against aggregation at room temperature. LTEO-AgNPs solutions exhibited potential activities for the treatment of some pathogenic bacteria species, agricultural productivity growth, determination of metallic ions, and catalytic reduction. This study is the first work to report nanoparticles synthesis using L. tomentosa extracts and evaluate their potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Recent advances in novel, green and efficient nanoparticles for asphaltene deposition inhibition. • Different typical analysis for surveying asphaltene deposition behavior in the presence of nanoparticles. • Effects of different novel and green nanocomposites in EOR in reservoirs under asphaltenes condition. • Asphaltene adsorption mechanisms in the presence of novel and green nanocomposites nanoparticles. • Differences between green nanocomposites and commercial nanoparticles, and financial visibility and future trends of green NCs. Research on novel and green nanocomposites (NCs) that are synthesized from safe materials has many advantages and is very favored among researchers. Green and novel NCs have unique characteristics, as they're environmentally friendly, nonhazardous, and safe for human health, which make them appealing to use in the petroleum industry. Based on the low concentration of nanoparticles (NPs) needed in enhanced oil recovery techniques, these materials save on project budgets. The small size of NPs (1–100 nm) enabled them to move easier through tight porous media. The application of nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery techniques supports engineers in overcoming problems associated with the deposition of asphaltene, especially in heavy oil reservoirs. Special characteristics of NPs, such as their high surface area-to-volume ratio, enabled them to attach asphaltene molecules to stabilize them and prevent asphaltene molecules from self-assembling and deposing as nano-aggregates. Asphaltene precipitation within petroleum reservoirs, well equipment, and pipelines cause pore blockage, wettability alteration, decreased efficiency, and declines in production rate. Different NPs have different asphaltene adsorption capacities, for example, in SiO 2 , MgO, and Al 2 O 3 , asphaltene adsorption reached about 90, 50, and 10 mg/g, respectively, at 25 °C. Moreover, routine enhanced oil recovery techniques can produce more oils up to 30–50 % of original oil in place, while nano-flooding methods capable of having oil recovery in the range of 50–60 %. Moreover, it was observed that, in the presence of green NCs such as silica/cardanol, asphaltene aggregation decreased in a range of 31.5–58.5 % in 500 mg/L asphaltene dosage. The current study focuses on addressing novel and green NCs and their functionality in asphaltene adsorption, asphaltene precipitation reduction, permeability reduction, and asphaltene deposition mechanisms. Moreover, differences between green NCs and commercial NPs, financial visibility and future trends of green NCs, and asphaltene deposition using new NCs were covered in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key challenge to the biotechnological applications of amylases is achieving high activity and stability under extreme pH, temperature and often high levels of enzyme denaturants. This study immobilized a novel raw starch-digesting (RSD) amylase from Paenibacillus lactis OPSA3 on glutaraldehyde-activated silver nanoparticles. Effects of time, glutaraldehyde concentration, pH, temperature, and enzyme concentration on immobilization were studied, and the immobilized enzymes were characterized. pH 9.0 was optimum for the enzyme immobilization. The maximum immobilization efficiency of 82.23 ± 7.99 % was achieved at 25 °C for 120 min. After immobilization, the optimum pH and temperature changed from 9.0 to 11.0 and 60 to 70, respectively. Immobilization reduced the amylase's activation energy (KJ/mol) from the initial 58.862 to 45.449 following immobilization. The Km of the amylase decreased after immobilization, while the Vmax increased. The immobilized amylase showed significantly greater storage and thermal stability than the free amylase. At 80, enzyme half-life (min) and D value (min) increased from 12.33 to 179.11 and 40.94 to 594.98, respectively. The immobilized amylase (80–88 %) had more stability to the effects of the studied surfactants than the free enzyme. It also showed improved stability in the presence of commercial detergents compared to the free enzyme. The amylase's enhanced kinetic parameters and stability following successful immobilization on silver nanoparticles indicate its potential for application in the range of biotechnological processes where alkaline- and temperature-stable amylases are employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Se-Nps might have selective toxicity to A549 cells. • Se-Nps and ZnO-Nps disrupted the wall of E. coli and S. aureus strains. • Green biosynthesis Np's can be an important alternative for biomedical applications. Scientists are becoming interested in nanomedicine as a potential new approach to cancer detection and therapy in the twenty-first century. This paper presents the first investigation of the anticancer and antibacterial properties of selenium (Se) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles obtained from Rheum ribes plant extract by a green synthesis method. Morphological and spectroscopic characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), which is a useful and straightforward technique for the preliminary characterisation of nanoparticles, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The size of the nanoparticles was determined to be 33 nm for Se-Nps and 32.8 nm for ZnO-Nps. The anticancer activity was assessed by the use of MTT, annexin V, caspase 3/7, and confocal microscopy imaging techniques. ZnO-Nps and Se-Nps were found to have significant antibacterial activity with MIC values for Escherichia coli (0.7 μg/mL, 0.63 μg/mL), and Staphylococcus aureus (1.56 μg/mL and 1.1 μg/mL). Furthermore, the antibacterial activity and the mechanism of action of the nanoparticles on E. coli and S. aureus bacteria were evaluated using microdilution and disc diffusion methods. In addition, the antiproliferative properties of ZnO-Np and Se-Np significantly suppressed the growth of A549 cells during a 24-hour incubation period (IC 50 18.89 μg/mL ve 23.88 μg/mL). The results of the anti-cancer and anti-bacterial activity of the present study suggest that certain concentrations of Se-Np and ZnO-Np could be useful for pharmacological applications in cancer treatment and for coating surfaces for sterilization of medical equipment in healthcare settings, particularly in intensive care units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bio‐inspired techniques are used for synthesis in terms of application, green chemical research, facile, and eco‐friendly chemistry study of silver nanostructures utilizing plant extracts as natural reducing/stabilization and solid adjuvants without the use of toxic and damaging reagents. The present study investigates the biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles via the mediation of the methanolic extract of Heracleum persicum seeds, without utilizing any stabilizer or surfactant. These nanostructures were identified utilizing ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. The attributes of AgNPs versus usual human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines that is, Hs 281.T, MDA‐MB‐468, AU565 [AU‐565], MCF7, CAMA‐1, SK‐BR‐3, NMU, and RBA were evaluated. The livability of breast adenocarcinoma cell line diminishes dose‐dependently in the existence of AgNPs. After clinical studies, AgNPs can be used as a green drug in the treatment of human breast adenocarcinoma.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have broad biocidal activities, and are widely employed as an active ingredient in antiseptic, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory preparations. Green-synthesizing AgNPs would be a rapid, cheap, and environmentally friendly method of synthesis. The methanolic extract of the leaves of Bellevalia flexuosa Boiss. (Asparagaceae) was used for the green synthesis of the AgNPs. The effects of the pH and the concentration of silver nitrate (AgNO3) on the synthesis of the AgNPs were investigated. The AgNPs produced above pH 10, and 1 mM of AgNO3 resulted in lower hydrodynamic diameters. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction proved the formation of the AgNPs, with a face-centered, cubed geometry. Scanning electron microscopy images showed colloidal and well-dispersed nanoparticles. In addition, the antibacterial activities of the prepared AgNPs were assessed by optical densities (ODs) against Gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella enterica). The broths of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria that contained AgNPs, showed lower OD values compared to the controls. In conclusion, AgNPs were prepared using B. flexuosa methanolic extract, and showed antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic fungal infections in fruit cause economic losses and have deleterious effects on human health globally. Despite the low pH and high water contents of vegetables and fresh, ripened fruits, they are prone to fungal and bacterial diseases. The ever-increasing resistance of phytopathogens toward pesticides, fungicides and bactericides has resulted in substantial threats to plant growth and production in recent years. However, plant-mediated nanoparticles are useful tools for combating parasitic fungi and bacteria. Herein, we synthesized biogenic manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnONPs) from an extract of Punica granatum (P. granatum), and these nanoparticles showed significant antifungal and antibacterial activities. The production of MnONPs from plant extracts was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV visible spectroscopy (UV). The surface morphology and shape of the nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Using a detached fruit method, the MnONPs were shown to exhibit significant antimicrobial activities against two bacterial strains, E. coli and S. aureus, and against the fungal species P. digitatum. The results revealed that the MnONPs had a minimum antimicrobial activity at 25 µg/mL and a maximum antimicrobial activity at 100 µg/mL against bacterial strains in lemon (citrus). Furthermore, the MnONPs exhibited significant ROS scavenging activity. Finally, inconclusive results from the green-synthesized MnONPs magnified their significant synergetic effects on the shelf life of tomatoes (Lycopercicum esculantum) and indicated that they could be used to counteract the phytopathological effects of postharvest fungal diseases in fruits and vegetables. Overall, this method of MnONPs synthesis is inexpensive, rapid and ecofriendly. MnONPs can be used as potential antimicrobial agents against different microbial species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, green nanotechnology got great attention due to their reliable, sustainable, and eco-friendly synthesis protocols. The green nanoparticles (GNPs) are preferred over chemically synthesized nanoparticles owing to less destructive effects associated with the synthesis procedures as well as therapeutic involvement. In this review, we have discussed the applications of GNPs in inflammation-mediated disorders, with special emphasis on cancer, initiated due to oxidative stress and inflammatory cascade. Real-time mechanism based studies on GNPs have suggested their anticancer effects through inducing apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, tissue invasion metastasis, reduced replicative capabilities in addition to target specific different signaling molecules and cascades involved in the development or progression of cancer. Moreover, the association of GNPs with the inhibition or induction of autophagy for the management of cancer has also been discussed. A large number of studies showed the GNPs have multifunctional biomedical properties of theranostic prominence. Therefore, the development of GNPs with naturally established systems could upsurge their definite applications as biomedicines including target specific destruction of the cancerous cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: At present, the energy requirements of the world majorly depend on fossil fuels, but overconsumption leads to a serious energy crisis, and the greenhouse gases released during the burning of fossil fuel arouse various environmental issues like global warming, acid rain, etc. Biohydrogen is one of the promising fuel among the alternative sources of energy, because it can be derived from renewable sources, cost effective, high energy content, clean, and environmentally friendly fuel. Biohydrogen has been produced by various methods namely thermo‐chemical gasification, solar gasification, electrolysis of water, pyrolysis, steam reforming, and biofermentation. Among them, the biological way of hydrogen production is an environmentally friendly method and does not require any external energy, but beside hydrogen dark fermentation could also generate CO2 and other gases as by‐products, which could contribute to the greenhouse gas augmentation if not well‐controlled. But the quantity of hydrogen production through the photo and dark fermentation method is low, which is also a major constrain for commercialization. In order to overcome this obstacle, many researchers engaged them in the biohydrogen production with nanotechnology which is a potential technique for efficient biohydrogen production. Hence, this review is mainly focused to providing an update of nanotechnology in biohydrogen production and state‐of‐the‐art on its emerging field. In this regard, this review paper highlighted several new findings and achievements in biohydrogen production using both inorganic and organic nanoparticles. Additionally, the synthesis of sustainable and environmentally friendly green nanoparticles in biohydrogen production has been addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]