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Papain a proteolytic enzyme is one of the enzymes which have various applications in regard to the food and chemical industry. Papain is isolated by cutting or making incision on the unripe fruit of papaya. Papain enzyme is more active in unripe green fruit. Papaya contains a papain enzyme which will be more helpful in treating the causes of trauma, allergies and sports injuries also papain has a superior digestion action when compare to pepsin and pancreatin. Papain is used variously in textile, pharmaceutics and cosmetics. The papain is extracted from the latex of papaya which is a major chemical compound used in various industries for numerous pharmaceutical and industrial products. Researchers interest towards the enzymes including papain enzyme and it health benefits is favorable. Fusion of papain in various food systems, it has its own stability issues which concerns in deactivate or denature of papain enzyme when it comes in contact with acidic pH inside the body. Several mechanical and chemical processes based on encapsulation techniques have emerged that have been tailored to suit the encapsulation of various food bioactive compounds. Therefore, in order to protect the nature of papain enzyme, Encapsulation/ Formulation has been proposed as an option. After the Encapsulation/ Formulation is done the enzyme will improves its stability issues, maximum therapeutic potential, and also helps in the oral bioavailability and effective oral delivery of the Papain enzyme. Key words: Papain, Stability, Bioavailability, Encapsulation, Formulation.

Papaya (Carica papaya) is one of the most popular fruit grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions particularly in the Philippines. It is highly available in the local markets and can also be grown in home backyards. Ripe papaya is fleshy, juicy, and usually consumed raw while the unripe or the green fruit can be cooked or processed. In the Philippines, pickling is the most popular method in utilizing green fruit to produce pickled papaya or locally known as “atchara”. Pickled green papaya is a favorite side dish for viands like fried fish, pork, chicken, and the like. As a result, this study is conducted to produce a highly acceptable pickled green papaya as a side dish or as a souvenir or token for visiting tourists in district. Two treatments of brine solution, treatment I (uncooked pickling solution) and treatment II (cooked pickling solution) were performed in producing pickled green papaya. Pickled samples from the two treatments were subjected to sensory evaluation and results showed that taste and aroma for both treatments have no significant differences (P≤0.05). However, with regards to color and texture, treatment II obtained a higher scores (8.17 and 8.27, respectively) than treatment I (7.47 and 7.47, respectively). Proximate analysis of treatment II showed a pH of 3.7, 0.30 g/100g total fat, 0.50 g/100g protein, 0.40 g/100g total ash content. KEYWORDS: Pickled papaya, pickling solution, pH

In chilli, farmer preferences for fruiting habit traits, namely fruit orientation (pendant erect) and fruits node−1(solitary cluster), vary from region to region. For increased acceptability by farmers/consumers, cultivars should be bred with preferred fruiting habit traits in high green fruit yielding background. An investigation was carried out to study the influence of fruiting habit traits on green fruit yield and its component traits during the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons. The F2, backcross populations and near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from crosses involving parents differing for single or both the fruiting habit traits were grouped into fruiting habit classes (single and cluster fruiting; and clustered erect, clustered pendant, single erect and single pendant). Significance of differences in fruit yield and its component traits between/among different fruiting habit trait classes were examined using ‘t’/‘F’ tests. The significance of ‘t’/‘F’ tests was regarded as pieces of evidence for considerable effects of fruiting habit traits on fruit yield and its component traits. While results-based on F2and backcross generations indicated a lack of effects, those based on NILs indicated significant effects of fruiting habit traits on fruit yield and its component traits. The plants bearing pendant fruits (irrespective of whether they are clustered or single) produced a large number of heavier and longer fruits than those bearing erect fruits. The results are discussed about the strategies to develop high yielding cultivars with farmer preferred fruiting habit traits.

Garlic mustard [Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande] is a biennial invasive plant commonly found in the northeastern and midwestern United States. Although it is not recommended to apply herbicides after flowering, land managers frequently desire to conduct management during this timing. We applied glyphosate and triclopyr (3% v/v and 1% v/v using 31.8% and 39.8% acid equivalent formulations, respectively) POST to established, second-year A. petiolata populations at three locations when petals were dehiscing and evaluated control, seed production, and seed viability. POST glyphosate applications at this timing provided 100% control of A. petiolata by 4 wk after treatment at all locations, whereas triclopyr efficacy was variable, providing 38% to 62% control. Seed production was only reduced at one location, with similar results regardless of treatment. Percent seed viability was also reduced, and when combined with reductions in seed production, resulted in a 71% to 99% reduction in number of viable seeds produced per plant regardless of treatment. While applications did not eliminate viable seed production, our findings indicate that glyphosate and triclopyr applied while petals are dehiscing is a viable alternative to cutting or hand pulling at this timing, as it substantially decreased viable A. petiolata seed production.

It is important for intelligent orchards to be able to achieve automatic monitoring of fruit growth information within a natural growing environment. The issue of how to track green and oscillating fruits under the influence of wind and farming operations is a key aspect of monitoring of the growth state of the fruit. In order to realize the accurate tracking of green fruit targets, a new method based on target tracking is proposed. First, an optical flow method is applied to realize the automatic detection of green fruit targets, and this lays the foundation for the accurate and automatic tracking of these targets. Then, Kalman and kernelized correlation filter (KCF) algorithms are applied to achieve multi-target tracking and prediction. In order to verify the performance of these different algorithms on various types of green fruit targets, experiments were carried out based on nine video sequences. The experimental results for the tracking of single, double and triple green fruit targets show that the average tracking success rates of the Kalman algorithm are 88.15%, 82.30% and 53.10%, respectively, and those of the KCF algorithm are 94.07%, 87.35% and 61.46%, respectively, meaning that the average tracking results from KCF are 5.92%, 5.05% and 8.36% higher than those from the Kalman algorithm. The time consumed is also reduced by 35.40%, 36.27% and 40.86%, respectively. The results show that it is feasible to apply the KCF algorithm to the tracking of green fruit targets.

El incremento de población de plagas de camu camu (Myrciaria dubia), viene afectando al 50-80 % de la fruta en plantaciones. La plaga más importante es el gorgojo del fruto (Conotrachelus dubiae), cuyo estado larval se alimenta de la semilla y origina pudrición de la pulpa. El objetivo de este estudio fue validar tecnologías para el manejo integrado del C. dubiae en plantaciones de restinga inundable. Se compararon dos tratamientos: T1=Testigo (sin MIP), 10 plantas sin ninguna practica de manejo o control. Y T2=Manejo integrado (con MIP), 10 plantas con aplicación conjunta de técnicas de control cultural, etológico y biocida. Se aplicó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con 10 repeticiones, evaluándose el número de frutos producidos, porcentaje de frutos verdes, caídos y con daños por C. dubiae, así como el rendimiento de fruta. Se encontró ligera superioridad del tratamiento con MIP en el porcentaje de frutos dañados por C. dubiae, en estado inmaduro 2 (12,7 %), asumimos que este menor daño es por interacción de los métodos de control usados, que afectaron negativamente el ciclo de vida del C. dubiae. La etapa de mayor daño se inicia en la transición de fruto inmaduro 2 a fruto verde, alcanzando el punto máximo en fruto verde (88,7 % sin MIP y 90,1 % con MIP). El rendimiento de fruta fue superior sin MIP (15 612,3 g/pl en frutos inmaduros 2 y 648,7 g/pl en frutos verdes). La aplicación del MIP, no fue eficiente en el control del C. dubiae en suelo de restinga inundable, no favoreciendo el rendimiento de fruta del camu camu.

Mandarina Bavaria is a "Special Flavor" hop variety, described as fruity, with pronounced mandarin and citrus, combined with traditional hoppy sensations. The relationship between fruity-citrus intensity and the volatile profile of dry-hopped beers was assessed in order to predict the sensory perception of those dry-hopped beers using the content of selected volatile compounds. For this purpose, two base beers (A and B) that presented statistical differences (p < 0.05) in the composition of volatile compounds and on the sensory perception were dry hopped with 3 g/L Mandarina Bavaria hop. Twenty-four volatiles from hop were quantified during 15 days of dry hopping, while the sensory perception was followed by a certified trained panel. The sensory perception of total hoppy content (in a scale from 0 to 5) can be estimated using a PLS equation (Q2 = 0.654): total hoppy = 1.8 + [myrcene (μg/L) × 7.5 × 10-3] + [2-methylbutyl-2-methylpropanoate (μg/L) × 4.2 × 10-3] + [linalool (μg/L) × 7.2 × 10-3] + [α-humulene (μg/L) × 2.3 × 10-3]). Successful models were also obtained to predict citrus (Q2 = 0.745), green fruit (Q2 = 0.598), and sweet fruit (Q2 = 0.626) characteristics of dry-hopped beers.

The detection of banana fruits is an important part of intelligent management in the banana plantation. To detect the banana fruit quickly and accurately in the complex orchard environment, this article proposes a method based on the latest deep learning algorithm to detect the banana fruit. Using a monocular camera, we applied the YOLOv4 neural network algorithm to extract the deep features of banana fruits, realizing accurate detection of different banana sizes. The detection algorithm achieved a 99.29% detection rate, the average execution time was 0.171s, the shortest execution time was 0.135s, and the AP was 0.9995. Moreover, the detection results were discussed with the YOLOv3 algorithm and the machine learning algorithm. Compared with the machine learning algorithm, deep learning algorithm was superior to both detection accuracy and detection time. YOLOv4 had higher detection confidence and higher detection rate than YOLOv3. The results show that the proposed method could realize the fast detection of different varieties and different maturity in banana plantations, under different illumination and occlusion conditions, and provide information for banana picking, maturity and yield estimation.

Dragutin Tadijanović je, u svom dugogodišnjem životu i stvaralaštvu napisao enorman broj pjesama. Iako su mu brojni kritičari pripisivali gotovo mitsku povezanost s Rastušjem, a samim time nepravedno ga svrstali u ruralne pjesnike, hipoteza je naše doktorske disertacije kako je on prvenstveno i zamjetno urbani pjesnik. Pišući detaljne podatke ispod velike većine svojih pjesama, često zapisuje i grad u kojemu su nastale, stoga grad postaje važnim urbanim motivom – bilo da se nalazi izvan teksta pjesama, kroz doslovno spominjanje vlastite imenice ili imenice koja upućuje na grad u tijelu pjesama. Kako bismo potvrdili svoju hipotezu, pošli do od općih znanstvenih spoznaja o prostoru, iz pozicije društvenih i humanističkih znanosti, prikazujući razvoj grada i ostvarivanje njegova identiteta kroz povijest, ali s velikim naglaskom na grad u hrvatskoj književnosti. Ukazavši da su Tadijanovićevi prethodnici (ne u smislu preuzimanja utjecaja nego ranije afirmacije motiva grada u pjesmama) upravo modernisti, interpretirali smo i analizirali njihove reprezentativne pjesme kako bismo u konačnici mogli vidjeti postoje li kakvi utjecaji na Tadijanovića. Iako je i nakon modernista, a za vrijeme Tadijanovićeva življenja postojalo onih koji su se (u poeziji ili prozi) bavili gradom (poput Krleže i sl.), Tadijanovićevo djelo, temeljeno na Sabranim pjesmama i Zelenom voću kao istraživačkom korpusu, pokazuje da je urbani motiv definitivno dominantan u njegovoj sveukupnoj poeziji te ga s pravom treba nazvati urbanim pjesnikom. Bilo da govori o hrvatskim ili europskim gradovima, ponaša se on poput urbanog antropologa, pokazujući razumijevanje mentaliteta stanovnika pojedinoga gradova i prepoznajući i one najsitnije urboglife, naizgled nevažne. Dragutin Tadijanović wrote an enormous number of poems during his long life and work. Even though many critics have been attributing him an almost mythical connection with Rastušje and have thus unfairly classified him as a rural poet, the hypothesis of our doctoral dissertation is that he is primarily and noticeably an urban poet. Not only did he use to write detailed information below most of his poems, but he also used to note down the city in which those poems were written. Thereby the city becomes an important urban motif – whether it is outside the text itself, through a literal mention of a proper noun or a common noun referring to the city in the body of the poem. In order to confirm our hypothesis, we started from general scientific knowledge about space, through the position of social sciences and humanities, showing the development of the city and the realization of its identity through history, but with great emphasis on the city in Croatian literature. Taking into consideration that Tadijanović's forerunners were modernists (not in the terms of taking over the influence, but rather in the sense of earlier affirmations of the city's motifs in the poems), their representative poems were interpreted and analysed so that it can be seen if there were any influences on Tadijanović. Although, even after the modernists, and during Tadijanović's lifetime, there were those who (in poetry or prose) dealt with the city (such as Krleža, etc.), Tadijanović's work, based on Collected Poems and Green Fruit as a research corpus, shows that the urban motif is definitely dominant in his overall poetry and that he should fairly be called an urban poet. Whether he talks about Croatian or European cities, he acts like an urban anthropologist, showing an understanding of the mentality of the inhabitants of individual cities and recognizing even the tiniest urbogliphs, seemingly unimportant.

Harvest of fresh market, southern highbush blueberries (SHB) is labor intensive and costly, leading to a demand for alternative harvest methods. Recent research has shown potential for mechanically harvesting blueberries with minimal bruising by using a modified over-the-row (OTR) harvester. For two harvests, SHB cultivars Optimus and Vireo were either hand-harvested (HH) or mechanically harvested (MH) by two commercial harvesters, one unmodified with standard hard-catch surfaces (HCS) or by the other modified with soft-catch surfaces (SCS). For Harvest 1, fruit from all harvest methods were hand-sorted into the following categories: blue fruit (marketable), red fruit, green fruit and culls. Samples from each cultivar and treatment were then held at 24 °C overnight, and the following day firmness and impact bruise severity were determined. Harvest 2 had identical harvest treatments, however, the fruit were sorted on a commercial packing line prior to packing in clamshells (n = 16). A subsample was held overnight as in Harvest 1 for bruise severity rating, while the remaining fruit were stored at 1 °C for 14 days (d). Although percent marketable fruit was more affected by cultivar than harvest method, determination of bruise severity revealed the benefit of harvest with SCS over HCS for both cultivars. The former had 16–26% severe bruising, compared to 27–40% for the latter, HH had 1–4%. During storage, HH fruit remained firmer than HCS and SCS, which were similar. After 14 d, firmness for “Optimus” was 239 N (HH), 157 N (HCS and SCS) and for “Vireo” it was 189 (HH), 155 N (HCS and SCS). Fruit weight loss increased during storage (1.1–4.4%), but there was no difference due to catch plate surface. SSC, TTA and Ratio were not affected by catch surface type or storage period within cultivar. Using modifications such as “soft” catch surfaces on currently available OTR harvesters reduces impact bruise damage, however, impacts incurred during commercial packing operations can negate this effect. MH for fresh market blueberries may provide an economical alternative for blueberry growers, however, with current technology, the fruit should be utilized within a week of harvest.

An in-vitro study was conducted to characterize the nutrient profile of banana fruit and peel at two stages of maturation, as well as its effects on ruminal fermentation parameters, kinetics of gas production, and digestibility when used as livestock feed. Substrates included whole green fruit and peel (GF), green peel (GP), ripe peel (RP), whole ripe fruit and peel (RF), and kikuyo grass (KG), with KG characterized due to utilization in regions of banana production. Digestibility (P

La vainilla mexicana (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) es utilizada en la industria agroalimentaria, refresquera, licorera, farmacéutica, cosmética, tabacalera y artesanal por su excelente calidad aromática con notas dulces e intensas y olor a tabaco con un carácter cremoso (Tenailleu et al., 2004). Su beneficiado es un proceso de conservación del fruto, que se realiza mediante la deshidratación y fermentación del fruto verde sin aroma al fruto beneficiado, el cual adquiere un olor suave y agradable ante nuestro paladar. Al analizar las muestras de los cinco sitios ubicados en la Sierra de Otontepec se pudo comprobar que no se obtuvo presencia de colonias precursoras de coliformes dando negativa esta prueba, este resultado fue comparado con lo que marca la NOM-182-SCFI-2011 dentro de los parámetros de especificaciones microbiológicas para la vainilla, lo que refleja que no hay resto de microorganismos dañinos en vainas, obteniendo vainas de muy buena calidad. Todas las muestras obtenidas de los cinco sitios tienen las mismas condiciones, en cuanto a manejo y procesamiento de las vainas en el beneficio además de tener las mismas características de suelo y agua.

Cabai rawit merupakan salah satu plasma nutfah asal pulau Timor dikenal dengan sebutan un makaos, un lili, un fua melu atau un ana. Cabai rawit Timor memiliki kekhasan bentuk yakni berukuran kecil dengan panjang berkisar 0,5-2 cm dan rasa yang sangat pedas. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi karakter morfologi dan komponen hasil un makaos. Metode penelitian dilakukan berdasarkan kerangka ketentuan UPOV (International Union for The Protection of New Varieties of Plants) dan standar yang ditetapkan oleh IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakterisasi morfologi cabai rawit pulau Timor teridentifikasi memiliki habitus tanaman dengan percabangan yang kompak, bentuk batang silindris, pemendekan ruas lebih dari tiga dan memiliki batang berwarna hijau. Daun cabai berbentuk ovate (bentuk bulat telur, bagian terlebar dekat pangkal daun) dan berwarna hijau dengan tepi daun rata dan ujung daun meruncing. Mahkota bunga berwana putih dengan anter bunga berwarna biru serta kedudukan bunga tegak pada pohon cabai rawit. Warna buah hijau pada saat sebelum matang dan berwarna merah pada saat masak. Memiliki bentuk buah hornshaped (berbentuk tanduk) dengan ujung buah yang tumpul serta memiliki bentuk kaliks enveloping (membungkus). Karakter komponen hasil diantaranya bobot buah per tanaman memiliki nilai rata-rata sebesar 9,47-15,08 g, rata-rata jumlah buah per tanaman sebanyak 125,67-169,67 buah, cabai rawit memiliki panjang buah 0,73-0,82 cm dan buah memiliki diameter 0,36-0,38 cm.

Segmentation of mango fruit from the images is one of the challenging research problem. This work explores the various segmentation techniques employed for extraction of mango fruit region from variety of complex backgrounds in images. Extracting this green fruit from its complex background has always posed a challenge.Semi automated approach has been proposed that involves selection of appropriate clusters followed by morphological operations, identifying connected components and displaying image with largest component.However, few methods have been experimented in this area to explore performance of the segmentation algorithms. Implication of segmentation algorithms used in the past and their efficiencies are analyzed and interpreted in our study so as to assist researchers working in this area. The merits and limitations of every algorithm are also mentioned. The performance metrics of the proposed approach and other segmentation algorithms is compared with respect to the execution time and inferences with regard to the same has been explored.

Summer apples are one of the most important plant community in Artvin province located Northeastern part of Turkey. In present study 22 local apple genotypes were characterized by phenological, morphological, biochemical and sensory properties. Harvest date was the main phenological data. Morphological measurements included fruit weight, fruit shape, fruit ground color, fruit over color, fruit over color coverage and fruit firmness, respectively. Sensory measurements were as juiciness and aroma and biochemical characteristics included organic acids, SSC (Soluble Solid Content), vitamin C, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Genotypes exhibited variable harvest dates ranging from 11 July to 13 August and cv. Summered harvested 30 July 2017. The majority of genotypes were harvested before cv. Summered. Fruit weight were also quite variable among genotypes which found to be between 89 g and 132 g, and most of the genotypes had bigger fruits than cv. Summered. Pink, red, yellow and green fruit skin color was evident and main fruit shape were determined as round, conic and oblate among genotypes. ART08-9, ART08-4, ART08-21 and ART08-22 had distinct bigger fruits and ART08-1, ART08-2, ART08-5, ART08-12 and ART08-17 had higher total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The results of the study showed significant differences for most of the phenological, morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics. Thus, the phonological, morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics of summer apple genotypes were distinguishable and these results suggest that phonological, morphological, sensory and biochemical differences of the summer apple genotypes can be attributed to differences in genetic background of genotypes which placed different groups by PCoA analysis. Resumo As maçãs cultivadas no verão são uma das culturas vegetais mais importantes da província de Artvin, localizada no nordeste da Turquia. No presente estudo, 22 genótipos locais de maçã foram caracterizados quanto às suas propriedades morfológicas, bioquímicas e sensoriais. As características analisadas foram peso do fruto, data da colheita, forma do fruto, coloração da casca, firmeza do fruto, suculência, aroma, teor de ácidos orgânicos e de sólidos solúveis, vitamina C, teor fenólico total e capacidade antioxidante. Os genótipos exibiram datas de colheita que variaram de 11 de julho a 13 de agosto, e a cultivar de verão foi colhida em 30 de julho 2017. A maioria dos genótipos foi colhida antes da cultivar de verão. O peso dos frutos também foi bastante variável entre os genótipos, apresentando entre 89 e 132 g, e a maioria dos genótipos apresentou frutos maiores que a cultivar de verão. As colorações rosa, vermelho, amarelo e verde da casca dos frutos foram as mais evidentes, e a forma principal dos frutos foi determinada como redonda, cônica e oblata entre os genótipos. ART08-9, ART08-4, ART08-21 e ART08-22 apresentaram frutos maiores distintos, e ART08-1, ART08-2, ART08-5, ART08-12 e ART08-17 apresentaram maior conteúdo fenólico total e capacidade antioxidante. Os resultados do estudo mostraram diferenças significativas para a maioria das características morfológicas, sensoriais e bioquímicas. Assim, essas características dos genótipos da maçã cultivadas no verão foram distintos, e esses resultados podem ser atribuídos a diferenças no contexto genético dos genótipos.

The present study was conducted on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) genotypes collected from Benishangul Regional State of Western Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of okra within a regional state based on qualitative traits at Melkassa Research Center during the rainy season of 2019. The results showed that the okra genotypes collected from the regional state had a wide variation in growth habits, leaf, fruit, flower, and seed in their qualitative traits, namely, shape, color, and other quality factors like pubescence which is a determinant factor in consumer preference. Therefore, the result of this study is an indicator for the presence of a higher chance to develop okra varieties highly preferred by domestic and foreign markets through selection/crossing of okra genotype collected from Benishangul Gumuz regional state; as an example, accession 29622 had a smooth texture of fruit with green fruit color which is preferable by consumers. However, the genotypes showed greater variability for plant branching habits that has its effect mainly related to contamination of branches and fruits by soilborne microorganisms and the soil itself during irrigating fields. Finally, it is better if molecular characterization is to be followed by the current morphological characterization and evaluation work.

Frankliniella flower thrips are pests of numerous fruit and vegetable crops as they feed and reproduce in the flowers and fruits. The invasive Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) from the Southwestern United States, an economic pest in Florida since 2005, and the native Frankliniella bispinosa Morgan are both found in Florida strawberries. The objective of this research was to characterize injury to strawberry fruit from these species. Densities of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 adult females of each species were caged on a strawberry plant with one flower. The cages were removed after 2, 5, or 10 d, and the number of surviving adults and the number of larvae determined. Injury was quantified on the mature fruit 21 d after thrips were introduced onto the experimental plant. Initial densities as low as two adult F. occidentalis females per flower decreased fruit set and increased cat-facing on the fruits that developed. There were no significant effects on fruit set and cat-facing by any initial density of F. bispinosa. Feeding by thrips on the small, green fruit affected the size and shape of the mature fruit: the diameters were decreased as a linear function of increased feeding by F. bispinosa, and the weights were decreased as a linear function of increased feeding by F. occidentalis. Overall, results showed that F. occidentalis was more damaging to strawberry than F. bispinosa. The differences in pest status between these common flower thrips species in Florida presents challenges to management programs.

Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) are considered a functional food and pleasing fruit in China, mainly because of their high concentration of ellagic acid (EA) and their aroma. A total of 127 volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Changes in volatile constituents and EA were investigated in 50 strawberry cultivars in the red-ripening stage and in 6 cultivars, including ‘Benihoppe’, ‘Snow White’, ‘Yanli’, ‘Kaorino’, ‘Tokun’, and ‘Xiaobai’, at four developmental stages. The results indicated that the components and amounts of volatile compounds and EA markedly varied among and within cultivars. Through multivariate statistical analysis of the volatile compounds, 50 cultivars were divided into 4 clusters. Aromatic components that affected the cluster formation of cultivars were detected. Volatile compounds varied quantitatively among the 6 varieties during the developmental stages, and distinct changes were observed in both red-turning fruits and red-ripening fruits compared with white fruits. Except for ‘Xiaobai’, which showed the highest EA content at the red-ripening stage, the other 5 cultivars exhibited the highest EA level at the large green fruit stage. Partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS–DA) of the profiles of volatile compounds indicated that large green fruits were characterized by EA and aldehydes; white fruits were characterized by ketones and alkanes; and red-ripening fruits were characterized by esters, acids, furans, and alcohols. The results contribute new and important information to breeding programs and the desirable cultivation of strawberry production.

Pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) (2n = 2x = 22) is a dioecious cucurbit vegetable and green fruit that is edible after cooking. Consumers prefer to consume seedless or less-seeded fruit because seeds are unpalatable due to their hard coats. Therefore, the cross compatibility between the diploid and induced tetraploid will be helpful for seedless or less-seeded fruit production. Thus, the present study was conducted using mature seeds that were immersed in 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.5% colchicine for 24, 48, and 72 h to induce tetraploids. These tetraploids were used as parents (male or female) in the inter-ploidy and intra-ploidy crosses. A flow cytometric analysis confirmed the induction of three tetraploids at 0.5% colchicine for 48 and 72 h soaking periods. Among these, two (2) females and one (1) male were differentiated after flower initiation. Crossing between the tetraploid&rsquo, s maternal and diploid paternal parent (4x &times, 2x), which were revealed to be compatible, resulted in a similar fruit set rate and shape as those of the diploid. In addition, a seed number of 4x &times, 2x produced fruits that were drastically reduced to 1.8 seeds per fruit, whereas the natural diploid fruits had 26.4 seeds per fruit. These findings suggest that colchicine-induced tetraploid females are important genetic resources for less-seeded fruit production. The genetic stability of tetraploid clones can easily and effectively be maintained by vine cutting for advanced uses.

The influence of hammer mill screen size (4.5 and 8.5 mm) and enzyme addition (control and 500 ppm) on olive fruit cell wall breakdown and its consequences in terms of oil recovery and the phenolic content of olive oil was studied at the laboratory scale for "Arbequina" and "Koroneiki" at two different maturities. Water recovery and water-soluble carbohydrates in olive paste after malaxation were measured as an indicator of cell wall breakdown. Smaller screen size and enzymes increase oil recovery for Arbequina with a maturity index of 1.6 (6.3-6.6%); and for Koroneiki at a maturity index of 0.2 (15.0-38%) and 2.6 (1.3-4.3%). For both cultivars, the increase in oil recovery is larger in green fruits compared to more ripe fruit. Water recovery and water-soluble carbohydrates increase with small screen size and the enzyme treatments, even when no increment in oil recovery is observed. The water recovery range was 143-239% for Arbequina and 150-262% for Koroneiki; water-soluble carbohydrate range was 1.8-12.7 g/kg for Arbequina and 0.5-5.4 g/kg for Koroneiki. In general, smaller hammer mill screen size and enzymes increase total phenols in the oil, with a larger difference between control and treatment for green fruit than for the ripe fruit. For Arbequina, increases in total phenol content were in the range of 45-60 and 5-20% at maturity index 1.6 and 3.3, respectively. For Koroneiki, the increases were in the range of 31-121 and 7-9% at maturity index 0.2 and 2.6, respectively. Application of cell wall-degrading enzymes improves the cell wall breakdown caused by hammer mill, leading to higher oil recovery and total phenol content. The magnitude of the effect depends on the cultivar and olive fruit maturity.

Citrus fruit detection is one of the most important and challenging steps in citrus yield mapping. The distinct color differences between the ripe fruit and leaves allowed previously-described imaging-based methods to achieve good results. However, immature green citrus fruit detection, which aims to provide valuable information for citrus yield mapping at earlier stages is much more difficult because the fruit and leaf colors are very similar. This study combines color and thermal images for immature green fruit detections. Experiments identified optimal conditions for thermal imaging. A multimodal imaging platform was built to integrate color and thermal cameras. A novel image registration method was developed for combining color and thermal images and matching fruit in both images which achieved pixel-level accuracy. A new Color-Thermal Combined Probability (CTCP) algorithm was created to effectively fuse information from the color and thermal images to classify potential image regions into fruit and non-fruit classes. Algorithms were also developed to integrate image registration, information fusion and fruit classification and detection into a single step for real-time processing. An increase in recall rate from 78.1% when using only color images to 90.4% after fusing the color and thermal images was obtained at similar precision rates, and an increase in precision rate from 86.6% to 95.5% was obtained at similar recall rates. The fusion of the color and thermal images effectively improved immature green citrus fruit detection.

Aim: Buchanania obovata Engl., the Green Plum, is a small green fruit eaten by Australian Indigenous peoples of the Northern Territory and Western Australia that has had limited study and has potential as a source of food for diet diversification. The flesh and seed of the fruit are eaten and the plant is used as bush medicine. Methods: Physical characteristics of the fruit were measured. The flesh and seed freeze dried powders were measured separately for proximates, mineral/trace elements and heavy metals, and folate analysis. Vitamin C was analysed in the flesh. Results: The flesh is high in protein (12.8 g/100 g dry weight (DW)) and both flesh and seed are high in dietary fibre (55.1 and 87.7 g/100 g DW, respectively). The flesh is high in potassium (2274.7 mg/100 g DW), and is a good source of magnesium (570.5 mg/100 g DW), calcium (426.0 mg/100 g DW) and phosphorous (216.8 mg/100 g DW), whereas the seed is high in iron (8.15 mg/100 g DW). The flesh contains folate at 752.4 μg/100 g DW and the seed contains 109.5 μg/100 g DW as pteroylmonoglutamic acid equivalents. Conclusions: The flesh and seed have good nutritional properties and the results support the use of the Green Plum for diet diversification and nutrition in Indigenous and non‐Indigenous populations in Australia.

En México, el chile poblano tiene gran importancia gastronómica, económica y social por ser ingrediente básico de platillos tradicionales. La obtención de bajos rendimientos en las áreas productoras, principalmente en el Altiplano de México, se debe al elevado uso de semilla criolla. Para atenuar el problema antes mencionado el INIFAP desarrolló el híbrido de chile ancho poblano HAP14F, el cual es de ciclo precoz debido a que presenta la floración y la maduración del fruto a los 39 y 118 días después del trasplante (ddt), respectivamente. Produce frutos de color verde intermedio en estado inmaduro que se tornan a color rojo obscuro con una fuerte brillantez en estado maduro. En evaluaciones a cielo abierto este híbrido tuvo un rendimiento promedio de 3.7 t ha-1 de chile seco o deshidratado y en fruto verde alcanzó 23.1 t ha-1. Por lo antes mencionado, HAP14F se considera una buena alternativa para el Altiplano de México.