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Rootstocks are the link between the soil and scion in grapevines, can provide tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and regulate yield and grape quality. The vascular system of grapevine rootstocks in nurseries is still an underexplored niche for research, despite its potential for hosting beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the composition of fungal communities in 110 Richter and 41 Berlandieri rootstocks at four stages of the grapevine propagation process. Taxonomic analysis revealed that the fungal community predominantly consisted of phylum Ascomycota in all stages of the propagation process. The alphadiversity of fungal communities differed among sampling times for both rootstocks, with richness and fungal diversity in the vascular system decreasing through the propagation process. The core microbiome was composed of the genera Cadophora, Cladosporium, Penicillium and Alternaria in both rootstocks, while the pathogenic genus Neofusicoccum was identified as a persistent taxon throughout the propagation process. FUNguild analysis showed that the relative abundance of plant pathogens associated with trunk diseases increased towards the last stage in nurseries. Fungal communities in the vascular system of grapevine rootstocks differed between the different stages of the propagation process in nurseries. Numerous genera associated with potential biocontrol activity and grapevine trunk diseases were identified. Understanding the large diversity of fungi in the rootstock vascular tissue and the interactions between fungal microbiota and grapevine will help to develop sustainable strategies for grapevine protection., This work has been partially supported by Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy (CZ.02.1.01./0.0/0.0/16_017/0002334) and the “José Castillejo” program (CAS 18/00065). D. Gramaje was supported by the Ramón y Cajal Program, Spanish Government (RYC-2017-23098). We thank M. Maldonado-González and M. Andrés-Sodupe for the technical support.

Le malattie del legno costituiscono uno dei principali problemi della viticoltura. La loro presenza in vigneti sempre più giovani e il reperimento di patogeni del legno in vivaio hanno ulteriormente stimolato la ricerca di mezzi atti a migliorare lo stato sanitario e la qualità del materiale vivaistico. Il presente lavoro ha inteso verificare l'attività e gli effetti sulla produzione da parte di un formulato a base di Trichoderma atroviride SC1, applicato per immersione o per innaffiatura. in determinate fasi di produzione delle barbatelle. In prove biennali è stato rilevato l'effetto dei trattamenti sulla percentuale di piante morte in forzatura, morte in campo, certificabili e vive non certificabili. Si è determinata, inoltre, la presenza di patogeni del legno e del Trichoderma nelle piante al termine del processo produttivo. I trattamenti condotti nelle diverse fasi del processo produttivo hanno mostrato diversa efficacia nel contenimento dei patogeni e/o nel miglioramento della produzione. In particolare, il trattamento in idratazione ha ridotto l'incidenza dei patogeni nelle barbatelle e il trattamento al callo ha ridotto le perdite in campo e aumentato le piante certificabili.

V okviru diplomskega dela smo želeli ugotoviti učinkovitost petih pripravkov in enega v kombinaciji s termoterapijo (TT) zoper bolezni lesa vinske trte (BLVT), predvsem na kakovost cepljenk žlahtne vinske trte (Vitis vinifera L.) sorte ‘Cabernet sauvignon’. V poskus smo vključili cepiče z zdravih trt (ZDR) ter asimptomatične (ASIM) in simptomatične (SIM) cepiče z okuženih trt, katere smo pred cepljenjem ločeno tretirali s pripravki Beltanol (BE), Serenade (SE), Remedier (RE), BioAction (BA), sodo bikarbono (SB) in kombinacijo Beltanola in TT (BE+TT). Največji izplen (79,0 %) prvokakovostnih cepljenk smo dobili pri obravnavanju SE, medtem ko najmanjšega (55,0 %) pri obravnavanju RE. Povprečno največje število rozg (2,7) na cepljenko smo ugotovili pri BE+TT, sledi RE s 2,5, medtem ko povprečno največji premer (8,9 mm) glavne rozge pri SE, z 8,1 mm sledi BE. Povprečno največje število korenin (10,3) na cepljenko je bilo pri obravnavanju RE, sledi BE+TT z 9,9, medtem ko smo povprečno največji premer korenin (2,01 mm) zmerili pri SE. Povprečno najmanjšo vsebnost skupnih fenolov 2,05 mg/g korenin na cepljenko smo izmerili v koreninah cepljenk z ZDR cepiči, največjo (3,99 mg/l) pa pri SIM cepičih. Glede na rezultate lahko rečemo, da smo pri obravnavanjih BE+TT, RE in SE dobili cepljenke najboljših lastnosti, zato predlagamo, da jih trsničarji uporabljajo pri razkuževanju cepičev. The aim of this thesis was to determine the efficiency of the five disinfectant preparations and one in a combination with thermotherapy (TT) against the grapevine trunk disease (GTD), especially regarding the impact on the quality of the grapevine grafts (Vitis vinifera L.) of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ variety. The study included scions from healthy vines (ZDR), and asymptomatic (ASIM) and symptomatic (SIM) scions from infected vines, which were treated before grafting separately with Beltanol (BE), Serenade (SE), sodium bicarbonate (SB), Remedier (RE), BioAction (BA) and with combination of Beltanol and TT (BE+TT). The greatest yield (79.0%) of the first-quality grafts was recorded at SE but the lowest (55.0 %) at RE treatment. The greatest number of canes (2.7) per graft was counted at BE+TT, followed by RE (2.5) treatment, while the greatest average diameter of the main cane (8.9 mm) was measured at SE and at BE (8.1 mm) treatments. The greatest number of roots (10.3) per graft was counted at RE, followed by BE+TT (9.9) treatment. The largest average diameter of the roots (2.01 mm) was measured at SE treatment. The lowest content of the total phenolics 2.05 mg/g was measured in roots of grafts with ZDR scions but the highest (3.99 mg/g) in roots of grafts with SIM scions. The results suggest that the BE+TT, RE and SE treatments have given the best results and therefore are recommended for a scion disinfection at the production of the grapevine grafts.

Število aktivnih kmetij v Evropi, tudi v Sloveniji, se iz leta v leto manjša, sočasno pa prevzemajo sproščene obdelovalne površine sosednje kmetije. Z večanjem kmetij, z možnostjo vstopa v sistem DDV-ja ter s spreminjanjem davčne zakonodaje pa je prišlo pri obdavčitvi kmetijske dejavnosti do velikih sprememb. Še nikoli ni imel kmetovalec toliko različnih variant obdavčitev, med katerimi se mora odločati. Seveda je pri odločitvah potrebno skrbno upoštevati vse okoliščine, ki so prisotne na posamezni kmetiji, saj le tako lahko izberemo optimalno varianto, ki pomeni predvsem zakonito, a hkrati najbolj ugodno možno plačevanje davkov in drugih dajatev. Ker je na vedno več kmetijah, poleg osnovne kmetijske dejavnosti, prisotna tudi dopolnilna dejavnost oz. druga dejavnost, pa je sprejemanje pravih odločitev še toliko težje. V diplomski nalogi je prikazano, do kako velikih razlik pri plačevanju davkov na posamezni kmetiji lahko pride, če med možnimi variantami ne izberemo optimalne rešitve za našo kmetijo. Da se pravilno odločimo, moramo dobro proučiti sedanje stanje in predvidene investicije, saj med posameznimi načini ugotavljanja prihodkov ne moremo prehajati kar vsako leto. Pravilna odločitev lahko bistveno pripomore k stroškovni učinkovitosti kmetije, kar je seveda pogoj za njen dolgoročni obstoj. As the number of active farms in Europe and in Slovenia has been decreasing year by year, the released cultivated areas have been taken over by the neighbouring farms. Increased farms, possibility to enter the VAT system and changes in tax legislation brought about considerable changes in the taxation of farming activity. Never before has a farmer had so many different variants of taxation to choose from. Before taking the decision, it is necessary to consider carefully all the circumstances of a farm in order to chose the most favourable variant which will ensure a lawful but also the lowest possible payments of taxes and other duties. More and more farms take up a supplementary activity in addition to the main one, which makes the decisions even more difficult. The present thesis shows how the selection of different variants may lead to considerably higher tax payments compared to the one which is the most favourable for our farm. In order to make the right decision, it is necessary to study carefully the current situation, but also to consider the planned investments, as we cannot simply shift from one way of determining incomes to another every year. On the other hand, the right decision can contribute substantially to the cost-effectiveness of our farm, which, of course, is a prerequisite for its long-term viability.

The diffusion of emergent pathogens in grapevine nursery is increasingly compromising the sanitary quality of the propagation material. The complexity of the problem lies on the plurality of plant diseases involved and on the high environmental and economic impact of the conventional methods applied to comply the phytosanitary standards. By a critical point analysis, the study suggests the development of nursery strategies focused on the sanitary quality of the production and on its long-term environmental sustainability.

Asma fidanı işletmelerinin ekonomik analizi ve etkinliklerinin değerlendirilmesi : Manisa ili örneğiYüksel SAVAŞYüksek Lisans Tezi, Tarım Ekonomisi Anabilim DalıTez Danışmanı: Doç.Dr. Ferit ÇOBANOĞLU2013, 51 sayfaBağcılık sektörünün ihtiyaç duyduğu asma fidanı ihtiyacı sayıları pek de çok olmayan fidan üreticisi işletme tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Bağcılık konusunda köklü bir geçmişe sahip olan ve yoğun bir üzüm üretimin yapıldığı Manisa ilinde Türkiye' de üretilen asma fidanlarının 2/3' ü üretilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Manisa ili asma fidanı üretim işletmelerinin üretim maliyetleri hesaplanarak etkinlikleri belirlenmiştir. Manisa ilinde faaliyet gösteren 17 adet aşılı, 14 adet aşısız (yerli) fidan üreticisinden 2011-2012 üretim dönemine ait veriler toplanmıştır. Aşılı asma fidanı üreten işletmelerinin ortalamasına göre aşılı asma fidanı birim maliyeti 0,94 TL/adet, birim fidan geliri 2,73 TL/adet ve birim fidan net geliri 1,79 TL/adet olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Aşısız fidan üreten işletmelerin ortalamasına göre birim fidan maliyeti 0,41 TL/adet, birim fidan geliri 0,49 TL ve birim fidan net geliri 0,08 TL olarak belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin etkinlikleri Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonucunda, aşılı asma fidanı üreten işletmelerin Ölçeğe Sabit Getiri (ÖSG) ve Ölçeğe Değişken Getiri (ÖDG) yaklaşımları için ortalama teknik etkinlik değerleri, sırasıyla 0,830 ve 0.906 bulunmuştur. Bu değerler aşısız fidan üreten işletmeler için ise, sırasıyla 0,966 ve 0,980 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu sonuç da; ÖDG sınırının, ÖSG sınırından daha esnek olduğunu ve verileri daha sıkı zarfladığı teorisi ile tutarlı çıkmıştır. Ortalama bir aşılı asma fidanı işletmesinin, etkin bir işletme seviyesinde çalışabilmesi durumunda, girdilerde %9,4 oranında bir tasarruf sağlanabilecektir.Anahtar sözcükler: Asma Fidanı üretimi, Bağcılık, Veri Zarflama Analizi ABSTRACTEconomic analysis of grapevine nurseries and evaluation of those farms? efficiencies: The case study of ManisaYüksel SAVAŞM.Sc. Thesis, Department of Agricultural EconomicsSupervisor: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Ferit ÇOBANOĞLU2013,51 pagesThe grapevine nursery that is required by viticulture industry is provided by relatively a few nursery producers. Two thirds of total grapevine nursery production in Turkey is produced in Manisa region which has long-standing background on vine cultivation and produced a large scale grape production in that area. In this study, production costs of grapevine nursery farms in Manisa region were calculated and efficiencies of those farms were also determined. Data was obtained from 17 grapevine nursery farms that produced the nurseries with graft activated and also 14 farms that produced the nurseries without graft (native) in Manisa via the survey studies. According to the research study, the average cost, revenue and net revenue unit of per grapevine nursery with graft were calculated as 0.94 TL, 2.73 TL and 1.79 TL, respectively. On the other hand, the average cost, revenue and net revenue unit of per grapevine nursery without graft were calculated as 0.41 TL, 0.49 TL and 0.08 TL, respectively. The efficiencies of the farms were determined by Data Envelopment Analysis. In the result of the analysis, in the nursery farms that produced the nurseries with graft average efficiency scores for Constant Returns to Scale (CRS) and Variable Returns to Scale (VRS) approaches were determined 0,830 and 0,906, respectively. These efficiency scores were measured 0,966 and 0,980 in the nursery farms without graft (native), respectively. Also this conclusion represented that VRS frontier more flexible than CRS frontier as consistent with the theory that indicating the data is enveloped tighter. Thus, if the average grapevine nursery farm which produced the nurseries with graft can study in the level of an efficient farm, 9,4% of saving in the inputs employed will be ensured.Keywords: Grapevine nursery, viticulture, Data Envelopment Analysis 71