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Eight essential oils: Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Eucalyptus globulus, Syzygium aromaticum, Nigella sativa, Elettaria cardamomum, Cinnamomum verum and Cuminum cyminum were evaluated for antifungal activity against Ochratoxin A (OTA)-producing Aspergillus parasiticus (n = 3) using grains as a substrate. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and log reduction assay were used to evaluate the antifungal activity. Both the highest zone of inhibition (24.00±2.00 mm) and least minimum inhibitory concentration (1.04±0.45 µg/mL) were recorded for C. verum essential oils. By log reduction assay S. aromaticum, C. verum and E. globulus essential oils exhibited antifungal activity after 15 min of exposure. After 30, 60 and 90 min of exposure of A. parasiticus spores to selected essential oils, complete inactivation of fungal spores (6±0.00 log reduction) was observed. In stored grains, inoculated with A. parasiticus, the lowest OTA (8.16±0.05 ng/g) was observed at 10% moisture in broken rice. An increase in OTA production was noticed with an increase in moisture from 10-40% but this trend reversed at 50-70% moisture. No increase in OTA in un-inoculated and C. verum essential oil-treated inoculated grains was noticed. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis indicated the highest percentage of oleic acid (23.7%) in C. verum. Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) oil is an effective and safe antifungal agent against A. parasiticus in stored grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grass was ensiled using an acid-based additive (AS) or homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (IS). In addition, barley grain was either dried (DB) or crimped and ensiled (EB). The feeds were fed as total mixed rations (TMR) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to 16 Nordic Red dairy cows in four replicated Latin squares. The differences in the fermentation quality of the two grass silages were unexpectedly small. Dry matter intake was higher (p < 0.01) for cows fed AS than those fed IS but was not affected by barley preservation method. Ruminal molar proportion of butyrate tended to be higher in cows fed AS rather than IS (p < 0.10) in expense of acetate (p < 0.05). Barley preservation method did not affect rumen fermentation but modulated rumen bacterial community composition. Milk production was not affected by silage additive but tended (p < 0.10) to be higher (39.6 vs. 39.0 kg/d) for cows fed DB rather than EB. However, barley type did not affect energy corrected milk yield due to a tendency (p < 0.10) for higher milk fat content of cows fed EB rather than DB. Milk fat yield tended (p < 0.10) to be higher for AS-fed cows than IS-fed cows, and milk protein yield was higher for cows receiving DB rather than EB. The AS resulted in more aerobically stable TMR than IS and a minor advantage was found for DB compared to EB.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os parâmetros microbiológicos e físico-químicos do grão de soja (Glycine max L.) desativado, tratado com três diferentes dosagens (2, 4 e 6L t-1) de uma mistura de ácidos orgânicos e seus sais (AOS), com a função de aditivo antifúngico. O ensaio teve uma duração de 90 dias, em que foram feitas a contagem de bolores e leveduras (UFC g-1), e a identificação dos gêneros fúngicos, da umidade (U), da atividade de água (AA), do índice de peróxido (IP) e do índice de acidez (IA). As análises foram realizadas em triplicata, em intervalos de 15 dias entre cada análise, até o 60o dia de avaliação e depois no 90o dia do experimento. Verificou-se aumento na UFC g-1 nas doses de 2 e 4L t-1, bem como mudança nos gêneros fúngicos encontradas nestes tratamentos a cada avaliação, diferentemente da baixa UFC g-1 e da identificação de gêneros na dose de 6L t-1. Os valores de U e AA mantiveram-se acima dos padrões recomendados de 14% e 0,70, respectivamente em todos os tratamentos e avaliações. O IP aumentou significativamente a partir do 45o dia de avaliação no controle e a partir do 60o dia nos demais tratamentos. O IA não variou significativamente durante o período de avaliação. Conclui-se que a dosagem de 6L t-1 foi eficiente na proteção antifúngica desta matéria-prima.This research had the objective to evaluate microbiological and physical-chemical parameters of deactivated soybean grain (Glycine max L.) treated with three different dosages (2, 4 and 6L t-1) of organic acids and their salts mixture (AOS), as an antifungical additive. The assay had a duration of 90 days, where executed fungi count (UFC g-1), fungi specie identification, humidity (U), activity of water (AA), peroxide value (IP) and acidity value (IA). The analyses were carried out in triplicate, in intervals of 15 days among analysis, until 60th day of evaluation and, at the 90th day of evaluation. There were increases in the UFC g-1 in dosages of 2 and 4L t-1, as well a change in fungi species found in these treatment at each evaluation, distinguished of low UFC g-1 and fungi species in dosage of 6L t-1. The values of U and AA were above of recommended patterns of 14% and 0.70, respectively for all treatments and evaluations. The IP increased significative from 45th day of evaluation in control and from 60th day in other treatments. The IA had no significative variation during the period of evaluation. The dosage of 6L t-1 was efficient in the antifungical protection of this raw material.

Grass was ensiled using an acid-based additive (AS) or homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (IS). In addition, barley grain was either dried (DB) or crimped and ensiled (EB). The feeds were fed as total mixed rations (TMR) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to 16 Nordic Red dairy cows in four replicated Latin squares. The differences in the fermentation quality of the two grass silages were unexpectedly small. Dry matter intake was higher (p < 0.01) for cows fed AS than those fed IS but was not affected by barley preservation method. Ruminal molar proportion of butyrate tended to be higher in cows fed AS rather than IS (p < 0.10) in expense of acetate (p < 0.05). Barley preservation method did not affect rumen fermentation but modulated rumen bacterial community composition. Milk production was not affected by silage additive but tended (p < 0.10) to be higher (39.6 vs. 39.0 kg/d) for cows fed DB rather than EB. However, barley type did not affect energy corrected milk yield due to a tendency (p < 0.10) for higher milk fat content of cows fed EB rather than DB. Milk fat yield tended (p < 0.10) to be higher for AS-fed cows than IS-fed cows, and milk protein yield was higher for cows receiving DB rather than EB. The AS resulted in more aerobically stable TMR than IS and a minor advantage was found for DB compared to EB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a survey during the years 1985, 1986 and 1987 the quality of Swedish feeding grain was followed by the analysis of ochratoxin A in blood collected from swine at slaughter. The swine herds sampled were selected on feed handling procedures used. From information about the feed used, risk parameters for ochratoxin A contamination were identified. The results showed annual variation in the content of ochratoxin A in the grain and that ochratoxin A increased during storage of grain, particularly in the harvest of 1985. Drying of the grain with forced ambient air was found to be inferior to the use of heated forced air. It was also noticed that more than 9 % of the grain was contaminated with ochratoxin A regardless of handling. The pronounced difference between the samples studied was seen mainly as a function of geographical origin, with the island of Gotland having a much higher frequency of positive samples than the rest of Sweden. No correlation between ochratoxin A in swine feed and post mortem signs of infectious diseases in the swine herds was found. Zusammenfassung Die Anwendung von Ochratoxin A in Schweineblut zur Bewertung der Getreidehandhabung Im Rahmen einer Untersuchung wurde in den Jahren 1985, 1986 und 1987 an Hand von Ochratoxin A-Gehalten in Schweineblut, gesammelt bei der Schlacht, die Qualität von schwedischem Futtergetreide verfolgt. Zur Untersuchung geeignete Schweineherden wurden nach Fütterungsge-wohnheiten ausgesucht. Informationen über das verwendete Futter dienten zur Identifizierung von Risikoparametern für Ochratoxin A-Kontamination. Die Ergebnisse zeigen jahreszeitliche Schwankungen für den Ochratoxin A-Gehalt in Getreide und einen Anstieg der Ochratoxin A-Konzentration während der Lagerung, besonders für die Ernte 1985. Trocknung des Getreides mit Luft bei Umgebungstemperatur erwies sich als weniger geeignet als der Gebrauch von Warmluft. Mehr als 9 % des Getreides waren, unabhängig von der Handhabung, mit Ochratoxin A kontaminiert. Die deutlichsten Unterschiede zwischen den untersuchten Proben waren hauptsächlich geographischen Ursprungs, wobei auf der Insel Gotland eine sehr viel höhere Frequenz von positiven Proben gefunden wurde als im restlichen Schweden. Es bestand keine Korrelation zwischen Ochratoxin A in Schweinefutter und post mortem Zeichen für Infektionskrankheiten in den untersuchten Schweineherden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]