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This research presents a medieval musical manuscript that has not yet been analyzed in detail. Catalogued under the name of Graduale Latino-Bohemicum, and currently held in the Batthyaneum Library of Alba Iulia, it has many peculiarities in comparison with other similar codices from the Transylvanian area, hence also compared with other Czech manuscripts. We offer analysis around the date of its creation, then debate different naming options. To create the proper context of understanding for the analysis, we present a brief historical background of the time and place in question, that is the turbulent 15th and 16th century of Europe, with special focus on Transylvania. We continue with the physical aspects of the manuscript that guide us through the colorful world of medieval codices. From a structural standpoint the work has two delimited parts. The bilingual manuscript starts with chants written in Czech and finishes with melodies in Latin. The existence of the Czech language, as well as many other clues govern us to set up hypotheses regarding its provenance. During the content analysis we dedicate a subchapter to the later page inserts that contain additional notes for the chants, wherefrom we can further conclude theories about the usage of the codex, authors of the later annotations, and so forth. We offer a more in-depth analysis of the musical notation where aspects like rhythm, staff, neumes used and special solutions are shown. Finally, we conclude all major, raised questions related to the name, origin, and genre.

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A criação de peças e exercícios para jovens pianistas tem sido, ao longo da história, uma preocupação de alguns dos mais importantes autores. As obras intituladas Álbum para a Juventude de R. Schumann e P. Tchaikovsky são um perfeito exemplo da criação de peças acessíveis para alunos principiantes e mais avançados. O compositor, pianista, e pedagogo português Eurico Thomaz de Lima (1908–1989) criou Gradual. 28 Peças para a mocidade, um álbum organizado sequencialmente por critérios de dificuldade progressiva. Herdeiro de uma escola pianística de grande robustez, personalizada por A. Rey Colaço e J. Vianna da Motta, seus mestres no Conservatório de Lisboa, Thomaz de Lima incluiu em Gradual indicações exaustivas de dedilhação. Estas destinar-se-iam a guiar os jovens, proporcionando-lhes princípios sólidos desde uma fase precoce da sua aprendizagem. Neste artigo procura-se enfatizar a influência que figuras como A. Gilis, J. Barrozo Netto e J. Vianna da Motta exerceram nos métodos utilizados na conceção e organização de Gradual. Examina-se, paralelamente, dedilhações de Thomaz de Lima nas suas próprias composições e em obras que apresentava em concerto. Através de uma análise pormenorizada das minuciosas dedilhações para as vinte e oito peças do Gradual, verifica-se que estas revelam uma elevada consistência de princípios técnicos, lançando as bases para um crescimento harmonioso e sólido do jovem pianista.

This research presents a medieval musical manuscript that has not yet been analyzed in detail. Catalogued under the name of Graduale Latino-Bohemicum, and currently held in the Batthyaneum Library of Alba Iulia, it has many peculiarities in comparison with other similar codices from the Transylvanian area, hence also compared with other Czech manuscripts. We offer analysis around the date of its creation, then debate different naming options. To create the proper context of understanding for the analysis, we present a brief historical background of the time and place in question, that is the turbulent 15th and 16th century of Europe, with special focus on Transylvania. We continue with the physical aspects of the manuscript that guide us through the colorful world of medieval codices. From a structural standpoint the work has two delimited parts. The bilingual manuscript starts with chants written in Czech and finishes with melodies in Latin. The existence of the Czech language, as well as many other clues govern us to set up hypotheses regarding its provenance. During the content analysis we dedicate a subchapter to the later page inserts that contain additional notes for the chants, wherefrom we can further conclude theories about the usage of the codex, authors of the later annotations, and so forth. We offer a more in-depth analysis of the musical notation where aspects like rhythm, staff, neumes used and special solutions are shown. Finally, we conclude all major, raised questions related to the name, origin, and genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the parallels in the life and teaching of the Korean Zen master Pojo Chinul (1158–1210) and the Franciscan saint and theologian Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (ca. 1217–1274). Living during the same thirteenth century but on opposite sides of the world, both men committed their lives to reforming the religious life and to attaining the experience of awakening in their respective traditions. To this end, both encouraged the study of their foundational texts, together with the earnest practice of meditation and contemplation. Both commented on the issues of a kataphatic and apophatic approach to ultimate reality, finding in the latter a fuller description (by non-description!) of the goal of the spiritual life. Controlling thoughts and developing intuitive wisdom were practices that united the two men, aiming to establish a constant awareness of the numinous moment by moment. In this way, they rejoiced in the freedom from fear bestowed by awakening to a clear vision of things as they really are in the unity of the infinite yet intimate being that undergirds all things. Ultimately, they seem to part company in the practice of devotion, with Bonaventure pointing to the love of the crucified Jesus, and yet even here, the remembrance of the name of the Buddha or the Christ was valued by both as an authentic path to the journey's goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the essence of the system of conscious musical singing "Stolbitsa" ("Ladder") by the Bulgarian teacher B. Trychkov and names his followers: B. Bochev, P. Boyadzhiev, V. Mirchev, K. Stoykov. The role of the didactic method "Ladder" in the development of the musical abilities of students of secondary schools is revealed. The meaning of the term "ladder" in the Bulgarian translation is explained. It is revealed why B. Trichkov calls his method so. It is shown that they contain visual aids called "Ladder" and what are drawing exercises and diagram exercises. The tasks and forms of work proposed by B. Trichkov in his system according to the age categories of schoolchildren, in particular, first-fourth-grade students, are highlighted. It is indicated what is the most expedient period for "conscious musical singing". Musicaldidactic games are offered, which can be used in this period to stimulate the activity of students during the study of notes. The two main stages of reading the musical text according to the system of B. Trychkov (gradual and abrupt) are analyzed. The order of studying the steps in the process of mastering the scale by the "Ladder" method is indicated. Five stages of gradual intonation of scale sounds are described; the role of two-part singing in the "Ladder" system is revealed. The reason for B. Trichkov's criticism of Western European methods "Tonworth" and "Tonic DO" is explained; the significance of the "Bulgarian ladder" and didactic method "Ladder" in the development of musical abilities of students of secondary schools of Ukraine at the present stage is revealed. The research was facilitated by the content analysis of domestic and foreign methodological literature, scientific sources, and periodicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the value and form of optimal persuasion when information can be generated only slowly? We study this question in a dynamic model in which a "sender" provides public information over time subject to a graduality constraint, and a decision maker takes an action in each period. Using a novel "viscosity" dynamic programming principle, we characterize the sender's equilibrium value function and information provision. We show that the graduality constraint inhibits information provision relative to unconstrained persuasion. The gap can be substantial, but closes as the constraint slackens. Contrary to unconstrained persuasion, less‐than‐full information may be provided even if players have aligned preferences but different prior beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artykuł jest ogólnym wprowadzeniem do ksiąg liturgicznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Graduału, ufundowanych przez prymasa Jana Łaskiego ok. 1520 dla kościoła w Łasku. Dokładna liczba ksiąg nie jest znana, przypuszczalnie było ich dziewięć. Do dziś zachowało się siedem ksiąg: dwa tomy Graduału, dwa tomy Antyfonarza, dwa Psałterze i jedno Kantatorium. Właściwie Graduały i jeden z Psałterzy pozostają w Archiwum Państwowym w Łodzi.

Artykuł prezentuje w sposób syntetyczny dwa rękopisy liturgiczno-muzyczne z klasztoru oo. Karmelitów w Oborach: antyfonarz i graduał. Autor dokonuje ogólnej charakterystyki źródeł, wskazując na cechy kodykologiczne oraz zawartość. Następnie przedstawia zasób dyferencji psalmowych antyfonarza. Korzystając z kanadyjskiego projektu internetowego Rebekki Shaw (http://differentiaedatabase.ca) ustala, w jakim stopniu terminacje kodeksu oborskiego należą do powszechnie stosowanych schematów euouae, a na ile księga zawiera warianty melodyczne nieznajdujące odpowiednika w tradycji chorałowej.

Copyright of Seminare Learned Investigations / Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe is the property of Francis de Sales Scientific Society / Towarzystwo Naukowe Franciszka Salezego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] • Gradual and stepwise precipitation has several advantages over single PEG addition. • Higher purification was achieved by gradual and stepwise precipitation. • Improved filterability was achieved by gradual and stepwise precipitation. • Addition mode of precipitant influences precipitate characteristics and filterability. • Df analysis and FBRM are able predict filterability of precipitates. Precipitation has gained interest as alternative to the costly protein A chromatography for monoclonal antibody purification. Traditional precipitation processes are based on direct addition of precipitant in a single dose, with limited control on co-precipitation of impurities and not considering batch-to-batch variations. We propose a gradual dosage of polyethylene glycol to prevent co-precipitation and control resulting floc size. We used focused beam reflectance measurement to demonstrate that the PEG6000 dosage time and the final concentration significantly changes the particle size distribution (PSD). We demonstrated that gradual and stepwise precipitant addition was superior to conventional batch PEG precipitation, improving product yield and purity by a factor of 4 for HCP removal, for samples pre-treated with CaCl 2 and caprylic acid. We studied the 3D structure of the precipitates by fractal dimension and showed that precipitates exhibited different compactness and density depending on the dosage time, resulting in different filterability in tangential flow filtration and depth filtration. To switch from batch to continuous PEG addition, the 3D structure of precipitates needs to be considered due to its high impact on the resulting process performance. Focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and fractal dimension can be used to adjust the precipitation methodology to improve the product quality attributes and inform about the design of further purification steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Na temelju sadržajne raščlambe litanija i sanktorala dvosveščana dominikanskoga graduala iz Badijske zbirke franjevačkoga samostana Male braće u Dubrovniku (Badija IV, XII) te analize pisma, notacije i dekoracije korigira se njegova dosadašnja datacija (14/15. st.) na sedamdesete godine 13. stoljeća, dok se Zadar nameće kao sigurno mjesto njegove upotrebe u liturgiji. S obzirom na prisutnost sv. Platona u dodanome sloju zadarskih svetaca, taj se gradual i pripadni mu četverosveščani antifonar (Badija III, V, X, XI) svrstavaju u negdašnji inventar dominikanskoga zadarskog samostana, koji je, prvotno posvećen sv. Platonu, bio ukinut 1807. g. Od liturgijskih knjiga što ih je taj važan dalmatinski samostan posjedovao dosad je jedino bio poznat misal iz 14. st., koji se pod signaturom R-14 čuva u samostanu benediktinki sv. Marije u Zadru.

Insufficient studies have examined the smoker's preference of the onset of smoking cessation as an influencing factor for successful cessation. Objectives of current work were to compare the successfulness of gradual and abrupt onset drug assisted smoking cessation in respect of the smoker's preference of the onset to cessation, and to explore the predictors of long-lasting cessation. Non-randomized intervention study involving 302 smokers motivated to quit smoking. Smokers were assigned, according to their preference, to either gradual or abrupt cessation group. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) was prescribed for both groups. Results showed no significant difference between both groups except for higher perceived difficulty to quit among the gradual cessation group (p = 0.011). Compared to the gradual cessation group, the abrupt cessation group showed significantly higher cessation rate at one month [25.3% versus 35.9%; respectively, p = 0.046], and non-significantly higher cessation rate at six-months [10.9% versus 16.4%; respectively, p = 0.165]. Regression analysis of successful cessation at six-months revealed non-significant association with the onset of cessation (p = 0.214). Longlasting cessation was significantly associated with older age, presence of comorbidities, previous attempts to quit [OR = 1.591, 95% C.I. (1.356-3.526); p = 0. 041], higher motivation to quit [OR = 1.809, 95% C.I. (1.174-1.936); p = 0.028], and higher self-efficacy (SE) to quit [OR = 1.823, 95% C.I. (1.446-1.839); p = 0.032]. This work concluded that comparable long-lasting cessation rates were achieved by both onsets of cessation. Long-lasting successful cessation was mainly related to some smoker's demographic and behavioral characteristics rather than to the onset of cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the Dominican convent of Zadar has been established as a place where the medieval Dominican choir books from the Badija Collection of the friary of the Friars Minor in Dubrovnik had been used in liturgy. They consist of the two-volume gradual (Badija IV and Badija XII), which is given the main focus here, and the four-volume antiphoner (Badija III, Badija V, Badija X and Badija XI). As an analytical tool the so-called Basistext-Methode is applied (as used by Josef Leisibach and Felix Heinzer), which consists of comparing a liturgical manuscript to an already known manuscript of the presumed liturgical tradition, with the aim of determining deviations from the base text. Here, one of the copies of the codex exemplar of the medieval Dominican liturgy - Rome, Santa Sabina, XIV L1, copied between 1256 and 1259 - served as the base text. The examination included the litanies of all the saints and the sanctoral of both the gradual and the sequentiary. Zadar as the indisputable place of use of these choir books has been confirmed through analysis of the litanies in the gradual, which, together with customary local saints related to the Zadar ecclesiastical territory, also include the name of St. Plato the Martyr, the saint who was crucial for narrowing the provenance of the choir books to the Dominican convent in Zadar, abolished in 1807. The Zadar Dominicans moved into a Benedictine nun's convent with the adjoining church of St. Plato, whose titular continued to be venerated even after the expansion and rededication of the church in 1280, this time as Dominican, with St. Mark as its patron saint, and later St. Dominic. Of the liturgical chant manuscripts of the Dominican convent in Zadar, until now only a fourteenth-century missal in the Benedictine convent of St. Mary was known. Based solely on the liturgical content, one can conclude that the Badija choir books were created between 1256 and 1276, while on the basis of their illumination, Andrea Improta determined that they were produced between 1260 and 1280, probably in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, due to the similarities with the choir books illuminated by the Master of Bagnacavallo (in particular the antiphoner Bagnacavallo, Biblioteca Comunale Taroni, MSS. 1-3). This has also been corroborated by the paleographical analysis of the square chant notation which revealed the Badija choir books to be highly concordant with the five-volume antiphoner copied for the Dominicans of Imola around 1275 (Imola, Museo Diocesano, Corali 5, 6, 7, 9, 10). In an att empt to narrow the proposed time span, the dates connected to the early history of the Dominican church and convent of Zadar appear to be of crucial importance. Since the Dominican church in Zadar was solemnly dedicated in 1280, it seems justified to propose the thesis that the Badija choir books were the property of the new church that year at the latest and may have been specifically commissioned for its dedication. In that case, they could be dated to the 1270s, as much as two centuries earlier than heretofore believed, since Demović had dated them to the fifteenth or sixteenth centuries, while Badurina placed them at the end of the fourteenth century. These medieval choir books from the abolished convent in Zadar have thereby become the earliest known testimony to the Dominican chant tradition in Dalmatia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information Retrieval (IR) schemes involve the need for users to formulate their information need via a query. Many times, due to ambiguity in human languages and representation, these queries have been largely imprecise thereby leading to the retrieval of many irrelevant information. Several mathematical approaches have been used in the concept of IR scheme. The Dubois and Prade's version of the Gradual Element Approach is considered as an alternative to earlier mathematical IR models. The aim is to present the understanding of the suitability of the use of gradual element approach in an Information Retrieval schemes. The researchers sourced for data from Text Retrieval Conference (TREC). TREC is one of the standard information retrieval (IR) collections and TREC collections are the benchmark dataset used by most information retrieval (IR) and Web search algorithms. It has several tracks, each of which consists of dataset to test for a specific task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Badania nad trzema muzyczno-liturgicznymi źródłami pochodzącymi z kolekcji Baworowskich, a przechowywanymi obecnie w Bibliotece Narodowej – graduałem PL-Wn 12496 IV oraz fragmentami PL-Wn 12497 IV i PL-Wn 12498 IV – zarówno weryfikują dotychczasowy stan wiedzy na ich temat jak też rozjaśniają wątpliwości i sprzeczności wynikające z najstarszych opisów rękopisów. Trzy różnorodne pod względem paleograficznym źródła, których zapisy pochodzą z odległych od siebie czasów, okazały się tworzyć niegdyś jedną księgę. Oba fragmenty w całości stanowią późniejsze dodatki do graduału, które odłączono od zasadniczej części najprawdopodobniej w I poł. XIX wieku. Graduał – a właściwie jego zasadnicza, oryginalna część – powstał w skryptorium lubiąskim ok. 1250 r. dla sióstr cysterek w Trzebnicy, bardzo możliwe iż był darem dla córki św. Jadwigi – Gertrudy. Wskutek sekularyzacji klasztorów na Śląsku (1810 r.) rękopis najprawdopodobniej został wywieziony z Trzebnicy do Wrocławia, jednak ostatecznie nie zasilił zbiory Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej, tak jak zasadnicza część biblioteki klasztornej, lecz znalazł się w prywatnym posiadaniu wrocławskiego muzyka J.Th. Mosewiusza. Po jego śmierci rękopis, już z odseparowanymi fragmentami, wzbogacił kolekcję Wiktora Baworowskiego we Lwowie, gdzie trzy części księgi otrzymały odrębne sygnatury. Po wojnie (1945 r.), już jako trzy nie związane ze sobą źródła – poza ich lwowską proweniencją – graduał z fragmentami trafił do zbiorów Biblioteki Narodowej. W świetle przeprowadzonych badań rękopis, choć powstały w skryptorium lubiąskim, wolno nazwać „Graduałem Trzebnickim”. Księga należy do grupy najdawniejszych zabytków muzyczno-liturgicznych przechowywanych w Polsce i dokumentuje najstarszy zachowany przekaz wersetu allelujatycznego O felix Hedwigis (PL-Wn 12496, f. 1r) jak też jeden z najstarszych zapisów sekwencji o św. Jadwidze Consurge jubilans (PL-Wn 12498).

In this paper, we propose a novel shot boundary detection technique using gradient and colour information. The gradient similarity and luminance distortion are calculated to measure the contrast and structural changes of each frame including luminance changes. In the proposed system, the effects of the changes in luminance and contrast-structure are integrated via an adaptive method to extract the possible transitions using an adaptive threshold across the videos. In the verification part, CIEDE2000 colour-difference values of the possible transition frames are compared for declaration of abrupt and gradual transitions. Our system takes effectively less computational time to detect abrupt and gradual transition for a video as compared with contemporary solutions. Our proposed system also gives dominate the performance as compared with latest techniques in terms of F1 score using TRECVid 2001 and 2007 selected dataset. We have performed a series of rigorous experimentation to validate our claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rate of change (RoC) of environmental drivers matters: biotic and abiotic components respond differently when faced with a fast or slow change in their environment. This phenomenon occurs across spatial scales and thus levels of ecological organization. We investigated the RoC of environmental drivers in the ecological literature and examined publication trends across ecological levels, including prevalent types of evidence and drivers. Research interest in environmental driver RoC has increased over time (particularly in the last decade), however, the amount of research and type of studies were not equally distributed across levels of organization and different subfields of ecology use temporal terminology (e.g. 'abrupt' and 'gradual') differently, making it difficult to compare studies. At the level of individual organisms, evidence indicates that responses and underlying mechanisms are different when environmental driver treatments are applied at different rates, thus we propose including a time dimension into reaction norms. There is much less experimental evidence at higher levels of ecological organization (i.e. population, community, ecosystem), although theoretical work at the population level indicates the importance of RoC for evolutionary responses. We identified very few studies at the community and ecosystem levels, although existing evidence indicates that driver RoC is important at these scales and potentially could be particularly important for some processes, such as community stability and cascade effects. We recommend shifting from a categorical (e.g. abrupt versus gradual) to a quantitative and continuous (e.g. °C/h) RoC framework and explicit reporting of RoC parameters, including magnitude, duration and start and end points to ease cross‐scale synthesis and alleviate ambiguity. Understanding how driver RoC affects individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems, and furthermore how these effects can feed back between levels is critical to making improved predictions about ecological responses to global change drivers. The application of a unified quantitative RoC framework for ecological studies investigating environmental driver RoC will both allow cross‐scale synthesis to be accomplished more easily and has the potential for the generation of novel hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Na Graduał żarnowiecki składają się cztery XV-wieczne rękopisy nutowe przechowywane w klasztorze benedyktynek w Żarnowcu na Pomorzu. Całość stanowią dwa pełne komplety tekstów. Jako kopistka w kolofonach wymieniona jest mniszka Małgorzata Koelers znana także z innych źródeł. Fundatorkami były Gertruda Koelers z Elbląga i jej córka. Autorka podaje szczegółowy opis poszczególnych tomów manuskryptu, zarówno cech formalnych, jak i treściowych. Na tej podstawie analizuje następujące zagadnienia: jakich świętych czciła wspólnota żarnowieckich cysterek, jakie były dalsze losy graduału oraz jego przydatność w późniejszych wiekach. Benedyktynki z Żarnowca czciły w ciągu roku 115 świętych. Zastanawiająca jest niewielka liczba popularnych świętych z zakonów żebrzących (tylko troje). Brak między innymi św. Klary i św. Dominika. Jedynie w dopisku pojawia się postać św. Franciszka z Asyżu. Brakuje również św. Jadwigi. Na podstawie analizy treści graduału (odnośnie obchodzonych świąt) autorka konstatuje, że jest on przykładem wskazującym na opieszałe realizowanie zarządzeń władz centralnych zakonu (kapituły generalnej). Analiza adnotacji sporządzonych po 1689 r. (decyzja biskupa kujawskiego o przekazaniu klasztoru benedyktynom sprowadzonym z Chełmna, w efekcie której antyfonarze miały trafić do cystersów w Oliwie) prowadzi autorkę do wniosku, że rękopis nie został przekazany do Oliwy i mógł służyć w Żarnowcu do śpiewu jeszcze do końca XVII. Obecnie manuskrypt jest poddawany zabiegom konserwatorskim w Toruniu.

Artykuł referuje wstępne wyniki badań kodykologicznych, zabytkoznawczych i technologicznych przeprowadzonych przy średniowiecznej księdze muzycznej ze zbiorów Muzeum Diecezjalnego w Toruniu (nr inw. MDT-K-003) w ramach grantu 0122/NPRH6/H11/85/2018, Inwentarz Sztuki Torunia, cz. 1, Dziedzictwo sakralne, zespół staromiejski. W skąpej literaturze przedmiotu kodeks rozpoznany został jako antyfonarz, wykonany dla kościoła parafialnego pw. św. Jana Chrzciciela i Jana Ewangelisty w Toruniu, (do którego zasobów archiwalnych do niedawna należał), datowano go na przełom XV i XVI wieku. W prezentowanym artykule księga została rozpoznana jako Graduale de tempore o uzusie krzyżackim: autorzy analizują zawartość kodeksu, omawiają zagadnienia kodykologiczne, związane z jego strukturą materialną i użytkowaniem, prezentują studium zdobień i nowe wnioski proweniencyjne. Księga wykazuje bardzo bliskie analogie – zarówno pod względem oryginalnej struktury, jak i charakteru dopisów – wobec niekompletnego woluminuGraduale de sanctis ze zbiorów Biblioteki Diecezjalnej w Pelplinie (sygn. L2). Oba woluminy pochodzą prawdopodobnie z kręgu kapituły chełmińskiej (co potwierdza także analiza porównawcza zdobień w pelplińskim antyfonarzu L5–L6 wykonanym na zlecenie dziekana kapituły w Chełmży, Iohannes Copetz w 1419 r.) i powstały najpewniej w 2. ćwierci XV wieku. Dokonana tu identyfikacja ważnego, ale mało znanego dzieła rękopiśmiennego, przechowywanego w zbiorach toruńskich, ma duży potencjał i w ujęciu porównawczym może prowadzić do wyłonienia konkretnego skryptorium, czynnego w I poł. XV w. przy katedrze w Chełmży

This work investigates the transition from digital to gradual or analog resistive switching in yttrium oxide‐based resistive random‐access memory devices. It is shown that this transition is determined by the amount of oxygen in the functional layer. A homogeneous reduction of the oxygen content not only reduces the electroforming voltage, allowing for forming‐free devices, but also decreases the voltage operation window of switching, thereby reducing intra‐device variability. The most important effect as the dielectric becomes substoichiometric by oxygen engineering is that more intermediate (quantized) conduction states are accessible. A key factor for this reproducibly controllable behavior is the reduced local heat dissipation in the filament region due to the increased thermal conductivity of the oxygen depleted layer. The improved accessibility of quantized resistance states results in a semi‐gradual switching both for the set and reset processes, as strongly desired for multi‐bit storage and for an accurate definition of the synaptic weights in neuromorphic systems. A theoretical model based on the physics of mesoscopic structures describing current transport through a nano‐constriction including asymmetric potential drops at the electrodes and non‐linear conductance quantization is provided. The results contribute to a deeper understanding on how to tailor materials properties for novel memristive functionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlighting the particulars of the Qur'anic Communication, it becomes evident that the Holly Qur'an considers the gradual aspect of caution when it comes to revealing its commandments. Man is ordered first to get mentally prepared, especially in regard to the evils that have been practiced in society for a long time, like alcoholism, usury, slavery issues, polygamy etc. Along with this, the Qur'an also deals with repetition in relation to various rules which play a fundamental role in the learning of any human being. The Qur'an adopts the way of inducement or sometimes impediment pertaining to the punishment or retribution, which makes man mentally and psychologically motivated to do good and to hate evil. The human beings are left stunned with how the Qur'an describes past events in this way as a reminder and advice. And it adds into the belief of people with predicting the future. These accessories are very effective for the human psyche and operative in mindfulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite the widespread practice of gradually adapting all new soft contact lens wearers (neophytes), there is little evidence-based research underpinning such practice. This work determined if a gradual adaptation period is necessary for neophytes when fitted with modern hydrogel or silicone-hydrogel daily disposable contact lenses.Method: At four sites, neophytes (19-32 years) were randomly assigned to an adaptation schedule: fast (10 h wear from the first day) or gradual (4 h on the first day, increasing their wear-time by 2 h on each subsequent day until they had reached 10 h) with hydrogel (n = 24 fast; n = 21 gradual) or silicone-hydrogel (n = 10 fast; n = 10 gradual) contact lenses. Masked investigators graded ocular surface physiology and non-invasive tear breakup time (NIBUT). A range of subjective scores (using 0-100 visual analogue scales) were recorded at the initial visit and after 10 h of lens wear, 4-6 days and 12-14 days after initial fitting. Subjective scores were also repeated after 7 days.Results: There was no difference (p > 0.05) in ocular surface physiology between the fast and gradual adaptation groups at any time point in either lens type. NIBUT was similar at all time points for both adaptation groups in both lens types with the exception that the gradual adaptation silicone-hydrogel wearers had a slightly longer NIBUT (p = 0.007) than the fast adaptation group at 12-14 days. Subjective scores were also similar across the visits and lens types with the exception of 'lens awareness' and 'ease of lens removal' which were better (p < 0.05) in the fast compared with the gradual adaptation hydrogel lens group at day 7. Additionally, 'end-of-day discomfort' was better (p = 0.02) in the fast compared with the gradual adaptation hydrogel lens group at 12-14 days.Conclusion: There appears to be no benefit in daily disposable soft contact lens adaptation for neophytes with modern contact lens materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic pollution and increasing temperature have potential to influence soil quality; yet little is known about their effects on soil aggregation, a key determinant of soil quality. Given the importance of fungi for soil aggregation, we investigated the impacts of increasing temperature and microplastic fibers on aggregation by carrying out a soil incubation experiment in which we inoculated soil individually with 5 specific strains of soil saprobic fungi. Our treatments were temperature (ambient temperature of 25°C or temperature increased by 3°C, abruptly versus gradually) and microplastic fibers (control and 0.4% w/w). We evaluated the percentage of water stable aggregates (WSA) and hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) as an indicator of fungal biomass. Microplastic fiber addition was the main factor influencing the WSA, decreasing the percentage of WSA except in soil incubated with strain RLCS 01, and mitigated the effects of temperature or even caused more pronounced decrease in WSA under increasing temperature. We also observed clear differences between temperature change patterns. Our study shows that the interactive effects of warming and microplastic fibers are important to consider when evaluating effects of global change on soil aggregation and potentially other soil processes.

Introduction The aim of this review is to test whether a gradual reduction in smoking results in a superior quit rate compared to abrupt cessation. Methods This review was based on Cochrane methodology for conducting metaanalysis. Only randomized controlled trials were eligible for this review. The participants were adult smokers who were addicted to tobacco, defined as those who smoked at least 15 cigarettes or 12.5 grams of loose-leaf tobacco daily or who had an end-expiratory carbon monoxide concentration of at least 15 ppm. Both groups used an equal amount of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) before and after quitting smoking. The Review Manager Database (RevMan version 5.3) was used to analyze selected studies. Results Three randomized controlled trials involving 1607 patients were included. The prolonged abstinence rate of the gradual cessation group was significantly lower than that of the abrupt group (relative risk, RR=0.77). The result of 7-day smoking cessation rate was also lower in the gradual group (RR=0.76). Conclusions Comparing the combination of NRT and abrupt cessation, the smoking cessation rate of the combination of NRT and gradual cessation is significantly lower. No significant adverse events were found in either group.

To improve the camouflage effectiveness of pattern painting, based on gradual coloration, a new disruptive pattern painting is put forward. There are different varieties of background vegetation and physiognomy in natural, especially in coloration. Therefore, the coloration in pattern painting should be various and gradual change between different colors. The natural gradual changing coloration scheme has the best camouflage effectiveness in theory, which cannot be painted in the surface of some targets. Different coloration schemes are intelligently designed to improve pattern background matching effectiveness, and also be convenient in construction. A test pattern painting is designed based on different coloration schemes. The results show that the proposed scheme can be used to improve background matching effectiveness, and the proper coloration scheme is selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication of the Missale Romanum (1570), revised at the behest of the Council of Trent (1545-63), had direct consequences for plainchant. In order to celebrate a sung mass, the contents of graduals had to be brought into conformity with the new missal. In 1572 the Venetian firms of Giunta and Varisco issued the first printed editions of the Graduale Romanum in Italy after the missal's promulgation. The volumes contain prefaces adumbrating the requisite alterations, which from 1580 onwards were mostly assimilated into the contents of subsequent graduals. Three types of modifications affected chant melodies: the removal of text, the addition of text, and the addition of new propers. This study explores these categories in key editions of the Graduale Romanum printed in Italy between 1572 and 1653. Analyses of five offertory chants reveal that the combination of editorial freedom, source interrelation, and textual variants in editions of the Missale Romanum resulted in musical diversity. The removal of text in the offertories Iubilate deo omnis terra and Iubilate deo universa terra reflects the editors' aesthetic preferences and their understanding of musical grammar. In Dextera domini and Iustitiae domini, the addition of text is dependent on the edition of the missal used in the process of collation, the relationships between the sources, and the editors' responses to the changes mandated. The added chant Insurrexerunt in me, with itsmixture of traditional and contemporary characteristics, highlights the freedom with which the editors sourced, or even composed, chant melodies. These findings highlight textual and musical diversity within newly regularized liturgical structures and clarify the relationship between the Council of Trent and plainchant revision. As a result, they call into question the suitability of the "Post-Tridentine" label often given to early modern chant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several Hungarian-speaking Transylvanian Lutheran congregations of the 20th century have sung Gregorian passions together with a number of liturgical songs belonging to the Holy Week (such as Kyrie puerorum, Lamentatio Mariae). The Lutheran congregation in Oltszakadát is the only Lutheran congregation in Transylvania, that owns an exemplar of the socalled Öreg Graduál, the Protestant book of devotion that includes these items. The handwritten notes in the Gradual from Oltszakadát, as well as the corrections done by hand in the case of worn-out pages that contained often-sung liturgical hymns, all emphasize the fact of the Gradual's actual regular use. The congregation in Oltszakadát kept till this day the specific singing practice of Puer natus set in the old hymnals and graduals. The local Hungarian version of the medieval cantio starting with the words Puer natus in Betlehem in hoc novo anno, is sung by the congregation on Christmas Eve's service, and is repeated in the tower-song subsequent to the church service. The local Hungarian version, starting with Gyermek születék Betlemben ez új esztendőben is actually a variant of the cantio with the same name present in the Gradual from Eperjes (Eperjesi Graduál). The practice of Puer natus singing is still alive in Transylvanian Saxon-Lutheran congregations, and some congregations have recently readopted it. Whether it be due to the Saxon influence or the close relationship to the Gradual from Eperjes, the congregants from Oltszakadát sing the song in simple polyphony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of motor learning strategies may enhance rehabilitation outcomes of individuals with neurological injuries (e.g., stroke or cerebral palsy). A common strategy to facilitate learning of challenging tasks is to use sequential progression – i.e., initially reduce task difficulty and slowly increase task difficulty until the desired difficulty level is reached. However, the evidence related to the use of such sequential progressions to improve learning is mixed for functional skill learning tasks, especially considering situations where practice duration is limited. Here, we studied the benefits of sequential progression using a functional motor learning task that has been previously used in gait rehabilitation. Three groups of participants (N = 43) learned a novel motor task during treadmill walking using different learning strategies. Participants in the specific group (n = 21) practiced only the criterion task (i.e., matching a target template that was scaled-up by 30%) throughout the training. Participants in the sequential group (n = 11) gradually progressed to the criterion task (from 3% to 30% in increments of 3%), whereas participants in the random group (n = 11) started at 3% and progressed in random increments (involving both increases and decreases in task difficulty) to the criterion task. At the end of training, kinematic tracking performance on the criterion task was evaluated in all participants both with and without visual feedback. Results indicated that the tracking error was significantly lower in the specific group, and no differences were observed between the sequential and the random progression groups. The findings indicate that the amount of practice in the criterion task is more critical than the difficulty and variations of task practice when learning new gait patterns during treadmill walking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alustath is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The gradual MS 7021 (kept at Poznań University Library) is one of the earliest examples of the reception of post-Trent reform of Gregorian plainchant in the seventeenth century Poland. The volume comes from the scriptorium of Benedictine convent in the Chełmno congregation. The article’s aim is to present the liturgical alterations and changes that occurred in the Polish Republic in the early seventeenth century with the example provided by an analysis of the content of the Benedictine manuscript as well as other available sources. Additionally, the article examines the problem of the reform of the Georgian repertoire introduced by the Apostolic See and the its subsequent reception in Poland. In the liturgy of the Western World, the most significant outcome of the post- Trent reform was the introduction of standarised principal liturgical books, which in consequence led to a unification of liturgy in the whole of the Church’s life. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth adopted the breviary and the Roman Missal, the liturgical book that contains the texts and rubrics for the celebration of the Mass in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, as well as the antiphonary and gradual. Local traditions, however, were attempted to be retained in these liturgical books, so that the proper Roman rite could not have been implemented to the full. However, the gradual, MS 7021 BU UAM, from the Toruń scriptorium of the Benedictine convent, is an example of the implementation the Trent reform in the seventeenth century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that has no connections with any local or locallybased monastic tradition. The Benedictine nuns from the Chełmno congregation were undoubtedly prominent in the history of the Trent reform in the Republic of Both Nations. By dissenting from the spirit of St. Benedict’s rule professed by the Tyniec Benedictines, and by creating their own rule based on the resolutions of the Council of Trent, the convent adopted an innovative and attractive stance. The cooperation of the nuns with the Jesuits from the Society of Jesus, who were also promoters of the liturgical reform, was also instrumental. The article shows how important it is to carry on with research studies on Polish music and liturgical sources from the post-Trent period. The article is also an important contribution to the investigation and description of a source that, as yet, has not been satisfactorily addressed.

Copyright of Basic Education College Magazine For Educational & Humanities Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pierre Duhem's philosophy of science has influenced many philosophers in the twentieth century, and even today. Many of the subjects he addressed are still highly discussed today, especially the distinction between science and metaphysics. My aim in this paper will be to motivate a naturalistic approach where the difference between physics and metaphysics is only a matter of degree. I focus on whether it would be possible to articulate this gradual distinction from a duhemian point of view. Although Duhem thought that metaphysics is an entirely different and more excellent activity than physics, I believe that Duhem's philosophy of science also supports a naturalistic distinction in terms of degrees. I offer three reasons to justify this conclusion: (i) Duhem's notion of common sense; (ii) Duhem's holism and his views on the generality of our theories, and (iii) Duhem's notion of natural classification. At the end of the paper I will argue that a naturalistic approach accomplishes must of what Duhem wanted to achieve with his distinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies various reliability measures. Reliability measures are quantities used for analyzing reliability and maintenance models. Sometimes when the maintenance cost rate is minimized, the system reliability measures are so low that they are not acceptable in practice. The following instantaneous reliability measures are considered in this paper: instantaneous failure rate, instantaneous repair rate, instantaneous maintainability, instantaneous reliability and instantaneous availability. The explicit expression and numerical results for the instantaneous reliability measures are shown. Also, their relationships are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author distributes this work in the following sections: he points out the difference between the concept of development and progress, aware that after these fifty years, with the evolution of both economy and ideologies, and after a great social crisis and financial, it is necessary to distinguish conceptually and praxis these two terms; we place the reflection on the horizon of the 2030 agenda. From this perspective, he studies the proposal of Populorum progressio on the development and evolution and dynamism of this thought through the social encyclicals that have been up until now, devoting a special section to its relation with integral ecology. Finally, by way of conclusion, it presents the principles underlying the gradual development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islam, taking into the consideration that the human being is a social creature, has taken the person for some responsibilities on behalf of the society. Zakat is one of these responsibilities. Like a lot of other Islamic laws, also zakat was commanded gradually, in a period of time. In this article we have dealt with the zakat, taking into account the chronological order of the surates. After a general introduction we have examined the topic under two titles; Macca period and Madina period. Then the process and the period of the institutionalization of the zakat is dealt with. As a result of assessments, we think that the zakat came into the question in the early years of Macca period, at this period the Muslim community was informed about the zakat and as opposed to the common view which says that the zakat has became a formal obligation in the second year of hijrah, the zakat was commanded at the period of Madina after the conquest of Macca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Makalede Kur’an’ın tedrici nüzul süreci bağlamında Mekki ve Medeni ayetler üzerinde durulmaktadır. Kur’an’ın metin yapısının kendine özgülüğü işlenmektedir. Tedrici nüzul sürecinin içerdiği hikmetler ve buna dair Kur’an’ın ve İslam bilginlerinin tespitleri ele alınmaktadır. Mekke ve Medine döneminde inen ayetler, bunların özellikleri hakkında İslam bilginleri ve araştırmacıların görüşleri ele alınarak değerlendirilmektedir.