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Entrepreneurship serves as a driving force for the advancement of renewable energy. Entrepreneurs are often at the forefront of innovation, bringing new technologies and business models to the clean energy sector. This study conducts a comprehensive examination of the intricate relationship between entrepreneurship and renewable energy production in 23 developed countries throughout the period from 2000 to 2020. For this purpose, the impact of 11 sub‐index of entrepreneurship on renewable energy production has been estimated. The method is dynamic panel data with the system GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) technique. After estimating 11 entrepreneurship sub‐indices effects separately on renewable energy production, the impact of each is ranked. The findings showed that the impact rank of 11 sub‐indexes of entrepreneurship on renewable energy production is as follows: Commercial and professional infrastructure (CP), R&D transfer (RD), Physical and services infrastructure (PS), Governmental support and policies (GS), Taxes and bureaucracy (TB), Governmental programs (GP), Internal market openness (MO), Internal market dynamics (MD), Post‐school entrepreneurial education and training (PE), Basic school entrepreneurial education and training (BE), and Cultural and social norms (CS). The importance of Commercial and professional infrastructure (CP) as an entrepreneurship sub‐indices is 2 times more than R&D transfer (RD), so Commercial and professional infrastructure is vital for the development of entrepreneurship that affects the production of renewable energies. This study not only underscores the central role of entrepreneurship in driving the adoption of renewable energy but also provides essential insights into key policy measures to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy sources. It highlights the urgency of addressing environmental challenges and emphasizes the imperative for collaboration among governments, NGOs, and educational institutions to achieve these critical goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to present the general results of the tourism sector in the northern part of the Department of Caldas and specifically an analysis related to innovation, the use of information technologies and the barriers that are being presented in this sector. Based on a qualitative research, with a descriptive and correlational type of study a multivariate analysis was used and it was possible to consolidate a response base of 68 direct entrepreneurs direct and indirect businessmen of the tourism sector in the municipalities of Neira and Salamina in the Department of Caldas. The results show that, for the companies surveyed, innovation in tourism is fundamental for their growth. and the creation of innovative experiences, as well as the use of social networks as the most effective tools for disseminating new tourism products. It is concluded that the absence of governmental support has a negative impact on the economic growth of both tour operators and companies in the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims at identifying dominant factors for sustainable entrepreneurship for cottage, micro, small, and medium enterprises (CMSMEs) in Bangladesh. For the convenience of study EFA and CFA models were developed for analyzing, identifying, and confirming the factors harbouring sustainable CMSMEs. Four factors were considered and analyzed such as sources of funds and loans, the opportunity to sell the products, the background of entrepreneurs, and governmental support to examine the extent to which they contribute to entrepreneurial sustainability. The study reports that three factors (sources of funds and loans, the opportunity to sell the products, and governmental support) have a significant and positive effect on the sustainability of CMSMEs entrepreneurship, and these could be considered as an indicative to achieving sustainable entrepreneurship for CMSMEs in a market environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of cloud computing and fog computing, as well as a discussion of the potential applications of these technologies in Iraq. The ability of cloud computing to provide scalable and adaptable computer resources on demand has led to a significant uptick in interest in this computing model all around the world. However, fog computing improves cloud computing by moving computation to devices that are positioned on the edge of a network. This research investigates the up-to-date applications of cloud computing and fog computing in Iraq, as well as the challenges that have been faced and the potential applications of these technologies in the future, particularly in the areas of agriculture, transportation, and healthcare. The use of questionnaires in research will be the topic of discussion in this study. This is made up of two different parts that work separately. In the first part of our survey, we ask respondents questions about their level of expertise with direct and indirect cloud on object and fog computing. The remaining aspects of the investigation are dissected in Part 2 of the study. These inquiries are in accordance with concerns regarding the complexity of the implementation process, the size and culture of an organization, practicability, compliance with legislation, compatibility with current systems, and support from the government. The final open-ended inquiry of the survey will assist us in compiling a wide variety of opinions on the types of cloud-on-object and fog computing services that are required by the Iraqi government.

The article is devoted to an analytical review of the best global practices in the implementation of measures of state support for organizations of the military-industrial complex (MIC). The purpose of the research was to study international experience in this area and determine its applicability in the context of the development of the Russian Federation’s MIC. The relevance of this work is determined by the need to ensure the solution of operational and strategic tasks of the Russian Federation’s military-industrial complex in the conditions of sanctions pressure from certain countries and the importance of assessing the available measures of state support for organizations of the complex. The study analyses the American Defense Manufacturing Community Support Program, which has been implemented in the United States since 2019. The program is based on the development of cooperation between public and private organizations, including enterprises of the military-industrial complex, scientific organizations, as well as local governments. The structure of the program provides for the formation of a community that brings together stakeholders to ensure sustainable development and competitiveness of the defense industrial complex. As part of the study of European experience, the activities of The European Defense Fund, established in the European Union in 2021 on the initiative of the Commission for the Support of Defense Cooperation of the European Union, were examined. The fund is focused on supporting and developing the European defense-industrial complex by financing innovative research, development and joint projects of international importance. The main objectives of the fund include increasing autonomy and competitiveness in the defense industry, as well as promoting integration and cooperation between the member states of the European Union. Within the framework of the article, each practice was analyzed, and conclusions have been drawn about what ideas from international practice could be applied in the development of the defense-industrial complex of the Russian Federation. The results of the study can be used by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Foundation for Advanced Studies and other state structures and organizations that determine the policy in the field of defense industry regulation as proposals for further development of state support measures in the Russian Federation.

This paper summarises the arguments within the scientific discussion on the financial dimension of social entrepreneurship. The purpose of the research is to investigate the Polish and Ukrainian experiences of financial foundations for developing social entrepreneurship and, based on the Polish experience, to provide recommendations for social entrepreneurship development in Ukraine. Are view of literary sources and approaches to solving the problem of limited financial resources for social enterprises indicates that state support in Ukraine is in its infancy. The governmental policy should identify the needs of social enterprises and what social problems they will solve. The relevance of these issues is that the level of financial commitment to the development of social entrepreneurship is dependent on the cooperation of various stakeholders, i.e., state authorities and local governmental bodies (regulatory mechanism of financial support), business (mentoring and grant support), higher educational institutions (social entrepreneurship training), and civil society organisations (public awareness, social promotion). The research analyses the experience of financing mechanisms of social entrepreneurship in Poland for recommendations on the development of the domestic financial model for social enterprise support. Based on the Polish experience, government expenditure in the social sphere should go towards organising social entrepreneurship support programs for those social enterprises that use effective models to commercialise the social impact, which will force the development of social businesses. Methodologically, this study is based on a comparative method of analysing the main sources of social enterprise financing in Poland and Ukraine, including public institutions (grants, loans, guarantees, subsidies and prizes) and other international funds. To investigate the financial foundations of social entrepreneurship development, the research determines the variety of revenue sources of social enterprises in Poland and the financial dimension of social enterprises by analysing the level of public and private funding. As the concept of social entrepreneurship is becoming more widespread in Ukraine, the research has significant strategic and applied importance. The research shows that social entrepreneurship in Poland is recognized at the state level as an important tool for achieving social goals in society. The results of the study are particularly relevant in the context of modern challenges, as Ukrainian business owners can take advantage of the analysed European sources of support to start or expand their businesses. As many domestic social enterprises begin to grow, they may think of internationalising their social businesses. The results of the study contribute to the growth of support for the concept of internationalising social business, which has not yet become a common practice in Ukraine. Therefore, in the context of Ukraine today, international expansion maybe a logical step for existing and newly created social enterprises. The tools, resources and mechanisms for supporting social entrepreneurship in Poland identified as a result of the research may help Ukrainian social enterprises overcome obstacles to internationalisation.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammation of the central nervous system that can result in cognitive and physical deficits. It can lead to early retirement in 50% of the cases in the first 15 years of the disease without governmental support and to date, there are only a few studies which focus on measures to support people with MS at the workplace. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyse the governmental support measures to maintain the working capacity of people with MS and to provide improvements and further approaches for their support. METHODS: A two-stage study was conducted by means of qualitative interviews. The first study was conducted using the problem-centred form with 10 experts from the health and social care sector who work with people affected by MS. The second study was conducted using qualitative interviews in biographical form with 20 people suffering from MS. RESULTS: The study participants mentioned various suggestions for improving the existing governmental support measures, such as a central support office for illness-related questions, relaxing the strict requirements for support measures, giving the regulation of support measures to federal government, changing the pension system and providing financial support for individual therapies and outpatient therapies. Currently, MS patients lack knowledge about contact persons for MS-specific questions, as well as intensive cooperation between labour market service, health service providers and companies to help find a job. CONCLUSION: A combination of the governmental support measures available so far with the proposed optimisations or additions by MS patients and experts can lead to a significant reduction in disease-specific absences and limitations, which in turn results in the preservation of the ability to work. All suggestions from the interviews need to be explored further to investigate a possible implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Farmers face various types of risks that affect their behavioural strategies and well-being. In 2022, the main problem was the rapid and uncontrolled acceleration of inflation in the markets of raw materials, energy and food products. Farmers have faced price volatility in food, raw materials and energy. The purpose of the article was to analyse the impact of the price factor on farmers' incomes, including the total impact of prices on manufactured products and energy carriers. The regression-based analysis showed the negative nature of such an impact, which requires increased state support for farm income during the crisis period. As a result of the study, we proposed to reorient government support from simple subsidies to incentives for farmers to produce bioenergy from waste. This measure will increase farmers' energy independence, reduce income dependence on rising energy prices, and increase the efficiency of public spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In conditions of food instability, exacerbated by environmental, political, demographic processes, the state regulation of the economy is of particular importance to maintain food security and social stability. The development of technologies (both agri-food and digital) significantly improves the process of providing the population with food through the prism of their availability, accessibility and security. The aim of this study is to thoroughly analyze the current trends under the influence of epidemiological restrictions due to the spread of COVID-19 in the United States, and to identify the main strengths and weaknesses of the food security system in the United States, which may become a model for other countries that follow similar principles of national economies due to its flexibility and sustainability. The methodological basis of the study involves thorough analysis of indicators describing the dynamics of food security and consumer behavior in a pandemic. In addition, the study used methods of synthesis, deduction, induction, generalization, systematization, benchmarking and others. The article considers the main aspects of food security formation in the context of epidemiological restrictions in the USA. The dynamics of consumer spending on food during the COVID-19 pandemic and the corresponding costs with the indicators of the years before the pandemic (since 2010 to 2019) were studied. The state of the labor market in the restaurant business was analyzed and its main tendencies were clarified. Consumer benefits for food during the pandemic and mechanisms for meeting consumer needs were analyzed. Given the significant impact of factors, such as natural disasters, military conflicts, etc., which may pose a threat to food security, in addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, an effective mechanism should be developed to counteract such risks

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Introduction: With increasing the global population, food security is one of the most important and practical concepts which has been addressed in development documents today. Among the green products which are produced and have been considered by the authorities is green poultry. Governmental support can be a key factor in green poultry marketing development, thus green poultry producers who work for the health of the community should have governmental support. Based on studies on the key factors influencing the development of green marketing, the overall goal of this study is to investigate the role of the government in increasing and improving green poultry production, as well as the importance of governmental support in developing green poultry production programs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the impact of governmental support on green poultry marketing development. The objectives of this study are as follows: To describe some of the personal and professional characteristics of green poultry actors; To determine the impact of government financial support on green poultry marketing development; To determine the impact of product export facilitation and import control on green poultry marketing development; To determine the impact of awareness on green poultry marketing development. Materials and Methods: This is an applied study based on quantitative research, and the method of analysis used is correlation method. Information was informally obtained from experts, and the sample size in this study base on the Cochran formula was 150 people involved in the production, pricing, promotion, and distribution of green poultry. They are referred to as actors. The study was conducted as a census study because of the small size of the population of experts, finally 128 usable questionnaires were obtained from interviews with the actors. The main instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire that was designed as a Likert scale. This study contained two types of variables: 1) green poultry marketing development as dependent variable and 2) government financial support, export facilitation and import control and awareness as independent variables. The hypotheses were measured by studying the relationships between the variables and their direct and indirect effects. The hypotheses in this study are as follows: H1) Government financial support has a significant effect on green poultry marketing development; H2) export facilitation and import control have a significant impact on green poultry marketing development and H3) awareness has a significant effect on green poultry marketing development. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a general approach to data analysis that can accommodate either observable or latent variables (or factors) within structural models. This study used descriptive statistics and SEM. Following data mining, descriptive statistics and SEM analysis were conducted by SPSS20 and AMOS20 software, respectively. Results and Discussion: The results showed that of the 128 respondents, 4 (3.1%) were female and 124 (96.9%) were male; the average age and average work experience of the respondents were 40 and 9 years, respectively. Of the actors, 35.2% had an associate’s degree. The actors’ knowledge of green marketing was measured by a test (correct or wrong answers); the results indicated that their average level of green marketing knowledge was moderate. According to the results: 1) Government financial support has a significant effect on green poultry marketing development, 2) Facilitating exports and controlling imports have a significant impact on green poultry marketing development , and 3) Awareness has a significant effect on green poultry marketing development. Conclusion: In Iran, due to the lack of specific government policies related to organic products, there is little potential for organic poultry production. Thus, government agencies and policy makers should consider specific policies such as the following: allocating funds to develop organic production infrastructures; undertaking preparations and providing governmental support to attract foreign investors; allocating targeted funds to construct modern slaughter houses by European standards; and increasing governmental support to increase the ability of actors to produce organic products. Policies that can be effective in solving the problems of exporters include the following: concluding bilateral or multilateral trade agreements with export destination countries to reduce tariffs on imports from Iran; supporting the branding of this product; and providing stability through effective and efficient export laws and export guarantees proposed to facilitate the export of green poultry. In the awareness variable, the items "information through effective media" and "training of specialized poultry farmers" were the most important. Therefore, building trust and culture through advertising and media can be useful for both consumers and producers. Additionally, to increase awareness, holding festivals, exhibitions, and conferences can lead to the development of green marketing.

The main goal of this study was to identify the environmental factors at the regional level that influence the emergence of high-tech companies and to assess the direction of this impact. The empirical basis of the study was the data on the state of companies in high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries by regions of the Russian Federation contained in the definitive SPARK database, indicators of economic development of the regions published by Rosstat, as well as open information provided by public authorities. The processes of setting up new companies were estimated by the number of firms with nonzero revenue whose age did not exceed 3 years. In addition, the ratio of this number to size of the regional employment was analyzed. The factors of the regional environment were considered in the context of five blocks: i.e., innovation potential, human resources, general characteristics of industrial production, state support for innovation activity, and partnership interactions between innovative companies. Particular attention was paid to the last two blocks. An analysis of the general characteristics of the sample shows that young companies are distributed extremely unevenly throughout Russia; 47.8% operate in five regions. At the same time, 96% of all firms can be rated as microenterprises. The results of econometric calculations reveal that federal financing of innovation activities in general at the regional level is positively significant, as is the involvement of organizations in joint R&D projects. At the same time, the participation of the regional budget and the allocation of federal resources in support of innovative infrastructure for small and medium-sized businesses, as well as the participation of regional firms in clusters and technology parks, have not yet had a significant impact on the emergence of new high-tech enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the state of the economy of the agricultural sector in many countries of the world, including in the countries of the European Union (EU), inherent in developed industry, has led to the transition to a new environmentally-oriented agricultural policy. An important role is assigned to state support of agricultural producers, through subsidies, preferential credit policy, and in some countries, the complete abolition of taxation of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas, which confirms the relevance and national economic significance of the article. In domestic agroeconomic science and practice, there is no scientific concept of state participation in the process of bringing the agricultural sector out of the crisis. Research objectives – consider the development policy of the agricultural sector of the EU countries; study the level of state support for agricultural producers. The purpose of the work is to consider the degree of development of the agricultural policy of the EU countries in the context of ensuring food security. The methods and methodology of the research were general scientific, particular methods of cognition, including the historical and logical, the method of observation and comparison. Shows the main approaches to state regulation of the development of the agro-industrial sector at the level of the European Union as a whole and in the context of member countries; characteristic features and principles that determine the success and integrity of a unified agricultural policy; factors contributing to the productivity of agricultural land; agro-ecological requirements restricting the import of genetically modified products; the main tasks in the development of a new policy of the agrarian sector of the economy; priority directions of regulation of measures to support agricultural producers, integrated development of rural areas, increasing the competitiveness of the EU agricultural sector. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that this study will allow the state bodies of Belarus to better understand how it is necessary to form an agricultural policy in the context of ensuring food security.

The development of effective mechanisms to support the introduction of new technologies is one of the important tasks of a modern management system. The paper summarizes the results of the introduction of new technologies that provided a breakthrough in the development of renewable energy sources (RES) and resulted in the displacement of traditional hydrocarbon fuel sources out of the market. The following breakthrough technologies which have been based on the data generalization and system analysis are considered as: digitalization, new power grids, the battery market, electricity storage, electrification of the final sectors of energy consumption. There have been given a description of technologies that showed their influence on the development of renewable energy sources. The paper provides a list of innovative renewable energy technologies that will play a decisive role in the market in the near future: new technologies together with renewable energy sources (marine solar and wind energy, a molten salt reactor, a wave energy device). The final part analyzes the prospects for the development of innovative technologies in Russia from the point of view of the government support as well as existing initiatives and implementation problems. Based on the analysis performed and the successful experience of China and Germany, there have been proposed recommendations for supporting new energy technologies in Russia. Ramarkable that despite the presence of significant research potential in the 60–80s of the XX century, the modern development of new technologies in the field of renewable energy is still at the initial stage of development. The paper substantiated the expediency of supporting the introduction of promising technologies and a set of measures to facilitate the transfer and introduction of new technologies. Due to one of the key problems of modern economic development in Russia is low effective demand, there is proposed to subsidize part of the cost of purchasing new equipment from the state in order to support the introduction of promising technologies.

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Seeking for the solution of the problem of ensuring the growth and development of national economies, modern researchers and practitioners actively turns to the sectors that act as drivers. The state support of such sectors opens great prospects for the growth and development of production in their countries. This is of certain interest for Russia that nowadays faces the most pressing tasks of enhancing economic life and strengthening its position in the world economy. Naturally, there is reflected in modern government documents of our country, ensuring the growth of the domestic economy and its transition to an investment model of development and this is often associated precisely with state support for sectors among national drivers. The high rates of such actions make it necessary to specifically turn to the analysis of the state support for these industries; their development in the prism of administrative effect on them by the state and the assessment of the efforts results. This paper depicts the solving of this problem. The authors have chosen the Russian engineering industry as the object of the study. It supposes to be as capable of outstripping the growth of the entire national economy and ensuring its presence in international markets. Besides, the sector includes industries that are critical to the rest of the economy (machine tool manufacturing f. ex.), as well as those forming a new technological order, including electronics manufacturing and aircraft manufacturing. Analysis and assessment of state support for these industries, as well as the machine-building sector, constitutes the main content of the research. General scientific principles and research methods were as a methodological basis as well as statistical, comparative and content analysis. The authors analyzed the main directions and mechanisms of state support for the machine-building complex. In this perspective, there has been proposed an assessment of the state and dynamics of the sector; highlighted the prospects for its development in a pandemic; outlined the main directions for improving its state support and prospects for turning into a driver of the national economy.

Qinghai province is located in the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, and is an underdeveloped province of inland China. Chinese government gives high priority to the improvement of the wellbeing of Qinghai people, and have provided great supports in aspects of policy, funding, and professional resource to the development of health care and medical system in Qinghai. Great progress has been made, and wellness of residents in Qinghai has been significantly improved. This article reviews the strategies and measures from central and provincial government in improving health care of Qinghai province under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract This study examined companies from two different groups of countries in Central and Eastern Europe and their partnerships with the Government for the development of four types of innovation (product, process, organizational, and marketing). The research included ex-soviet republics (Eu members and non-members), and observed how each type of innovation affects the firms’ financial performance. A sample of 1,143 manufacturing SMEs from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) were tested using multiple regression and logit. Based on the absorptive capacity theory, the results show that manufacturing SMEs from EU-member countries have a higher absorptive capacity and take advantage of the EU’s innovation promotion programs to innovate. On the other hand, the SMEs from non EU-member states perceive a quicker effect of the innovations in financial performance, considering that there is a technological gap between the two groups (non EU-members are less developed). Also, the introduction of different types of innovations simultaneously boosts the performance of firms from non EU-member countries in the short run.

The article is an interim result of many years of studies focused on the wide range of issues related to the development of farmers’ movement, to the interaction of contemporary rural entrepreneurs with government, rural population and colleagues in production activities. This project (field expeditions of 2018-2019) aims at assessing the challenges and prospects of the two key social institutions of the Russian village - local authorities and entrepreneurs - in terms of the dominant scenarios of their interaction and their role in stabilizing the situation in rural areas. This two-year field studies repeat the expeditions of a decade ago combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in the study of specific cases - settlements that represent the features of the Non-Black Earth regions of Russia. The author focuses on the issue actually ignored by researchers of agricultural problems - family entrepreneurship in the countryside. In the introduction, the author provides a brief overview of the specifics of the rural lifestyle in pre-revolutionary Russia. The first part of the article considers social-economic processes in the countryside during the Soviet period, which laid the foundation for the problems that determined the paths of the post-Soviet rural development. The second part of the article presents the features of the post-Soviet period in the life of the village, mainly based on the data of field expeditions to the Russian Non-Black Earth regions in 2004-2008. And, finally, the third part of the article summarizes the author’s first impressions and some results of the 2019 field expeditions and identifies permanent challenges for rural entrepreneurs. For instance, in almost every rural area of the Russian Non-Black Earth regions, one can meet farmers who strive to create a family business but are forced to take numerous tricks to achieve their goal, as if proving M. Certeau theory of resistance of the “weak” to the “strong”.

In this policy and practice brief, we analyze the U.S. Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). The PPP provided loans to support businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some businesses received timely relief from the PPP loans, while some were not able to acquire assistance. Production agriculture received 617,128 PPP loans totaling $17 billion.1 The reach of PPP loans across the country was broad. In 80% of U.S. zip codes, at least one farm received a PPP loan. The average size of the loan in agriculture ($27,744) was substantially smaller than the national average ($74,156). The authors conducted interviews with PPP recipients and present some findings from those. The most recent data reveal challenges and opportunities for agricultural businesses, depending on their scale of operations and regional disparities. Community organizations working with small agriculture-related businesses need to be aware of various impacts while providing future assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: With increasing the global population, food security is one of the most important and practical concepts which has been addressed in development documents today. Among the green products which are produced and have been considered by the authorities is green poultry. Governmental support can be a key factor in green poultry marketing development, thus green poultry producers who work for the health of the community should have governmental support. Based on studies on the key factors influencing the development of green marketing, the overall goal of this study is to investigate the role of the government in increasing and improving green poultry production, as well as the importance of governmental support in developing green poultry production programs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the impact of governmental support on green poultry marketing development. The objectives of this study are as follows: 1) To describe some of the personal and professional characteristics of green poultry actors; 2) To determine the impact of government financial support on green poultry marketing development; 3) To determine the impact of product export facilitation and import control on green poultry marketing development; 4) To determine the impact of awareness on green poultry marketing development. Materials and Methods: This is an applied study based on quantitative research, and the method of analysis used is correlation method. Information was informally obtained from experts, and the sample size in this study base on the Cochran formula was 150 people involved in the production, pricing, promotion, and distribution of green poultry. They are referred to as actors. The study was conducted as a census study because of the small size of the population of experts, finally 128 usable questionnaires were obtained from interviews with the actors. The main instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire that was designed as a Likert scale. This study contained two types of variables: 1) green poultry marketing development as dependent variable and 2) government financial support, export facilitation and import control and awareness as independent variables. The hypotheses were measured by studying the relationships between the variables and their direct and indirect effects. The hypotheses in this study are as follows: H1) Government financial support has a significant effect on green poultry marketing development; H2) export facilitation and import control have a significant impact on green poultry marketing development and H3) awareness has a significant effect on green poultry marketing development. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a general approach to data analysis that can accommodate either observable or latent variables (or factors) within structural models. This study used descriptive statistics and SEM. Following data mining, descriptive statistics and SEM analysis were conducted by SPSS20 and AMOS20 software, respectively. Results and Discussion: The results showed that of the 128 respondents, 4 (3.1%) were female and 124 (96.9%) were male; the average age and average work experience of the respondents were 40 and 9 years, respectively. Of the actors, 35.2% had an associate's degree. The actors' knowledge of green marketing was measured by a test (correct or wrong answers); the results indicated that their average level of green marketing knowledge was moderate. According to the results: 1) Government financial support has a significant effect on green poultry marketing development, 2) Facilitating exports and controlling imports have a significant impact on green poultry marketing development, and 3) Awareness has a significant effect on green poultry marketing development. Conclusion: In Iran, due to the lack of specific government policies related to organic products, there is little potential for organic poultry production. Thus, government agencies and policy makers should consider specific policies such as the following: allocating funds to develop organic production infrastructures; undertaking preparations and providing governmental support to attract foreign investors; allocating targeted funds to construct modern slaughter houses by European standards; and increasing governmental support to increase the ability of actors to produce organic products. Policies that can be effective in solving the problems of exporters include the following: concluding bilateral or multilateral trade agreements with export destination countries to reduce tariffs on imports from Iran; supporting the branding of this product; and providing stability through effective and efficient export laws and export guarantees proposed to facilitate the export of green poultry. In the awareness variable, the items "information through effective media" and "training of specialized poultry farmers" were the most important. Therefore, building trust and culture through advertising and media can be useful for both consumers and producers. Additionally, to increase awareness, holding festivals, exhibitions, and conferences can lead to the development of green marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this policy and practice brief, we analyze the U.S. Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). The PPP provided loans to support businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some businesses received timely relief from the PPP loans, while some were not able to acquire assistance. Production agricul­ture received 617,128 PPP loans totaling $17 billion.[1] The reach of PPP loans across the country was broad. In 80% of U.S. zip codes, at least one farm received a PPP loan. The average size of the loan in agriculture ($27,744) was substantially smaller than the national average ($74,156). The authors conducted interviews with PPP recipients and present some findings from those. The most recent data reveal challenges and opportunities for agricultural businesses, depending on their scale of operations and regional disparities. Community organizations working with small agriculture-related businesses need to be aware of various impacts while providing future assistance. [1] All currencies are U.S. dollars.

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This article analyzed governmental support in the automotive industry in the Russian Federation. It analyzed the strategy of the development of industry up until 2020, it also looked at the dynamics of investments and the volume of governmental support in the automotive industry. The main issues that affect the effectiveness of the governmental support of the industry were discovered. The results of this analysis can be used to further develop core solutions to improving the measures of support in the automotive industry in Russia.

The purpose of this study is to establish the most severe impacts of Covid-19 in the field of the performing arts and to explore countermeasures taken both at home and abroad. This study has been conducted through literature surveys. The conclusion is as follows. First, since the outbreak of Covid-19, theater venues around the world have actively taken part in uploading recorded performances to streaming services. Secondly, these performance visualizings are generally considered as being complimentary goods rather than a substitute for live performance. Thirdly, although more audiences are tuning into watch on-line performances, consumption is concentrated on a few theaters which have a worldwide reputation and a broad range of content. Fourthly, to tackle the impact that Covid-19, the UK government announced a series of job protection schemes in the field of the Arts. In addition, Arts Council England prepared an emergency response package. In Korea, some countermeasures such as government support for artists and cultural establishments have also been implemented. Lastly, some suggestions for the sector. I conclude that there is an need for domestic companies to secure core contents of significant quality and to make strategic alliances with leading overseas performance companies so that they may cooperate together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal displacement of citizens places them as one of the most vulnerable populations in any given society. This is more worrisome in a pandemic situation. Thus, using qualitative research methods directed by the social capital theory and service quality theory, this study will analyze the perceived satisfaction of IDPs and non-IDPs citizens in Nigeria on the provided governmental support in the time of Covid-19 pandemic. In-depth qualitative interview data will be collected from IDPs and non-IDPs in Abuja Nigeria and analyzed using codes acquired from the transcribed data within the theoretical framework. Results will indicate if IDPs perceived that they were less cared for as compared to non-IDPs. This will help stimulate the activity of governmental organizations on unforeseen circumstances and pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence, goals and objectives of the state support of small and medium entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector of the economy under modern conditions. Research methods. The methodological basis of the study was a set of methods of scientific knowledge of the system and mechanism of state support for small and medium entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector. The achievement of the goal was facilitated by general scientific methods: empirical research (measurement, comparison, observation), theoretical research (analysis and synthesis), as well as local (specific): situation analysis (computational-constructive). Research results. It has been established that state support is one of the components of the state regulation mechanism; a system of preferential financing of priority industries and small and medium enterprises has been established; a system of measures to increase the adaptability and competitiveness of small and medium enterprises in the agricultural sector of a controlling, executive, legislative nature. It was revealed that the main tasks of state regulation of small and medium entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector are: the formation of optimal financial and credit instruments; improving the legislative and regulatory platform; stimulating the interaction of small and medium businesses in the agricultural sector with the logistics and market infrastructure; the formation of an information culture and the development of socialization of small and medium entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector, etc. The necessity of solving the problem of forming an adaptive, comprehensive and integrative system of state support for small and medium businesses in the agricultural sector, which flexibly and quickly reflects the impact of an unstable market environment, creating an adequate logistics business infrastructure at all levels of the hierarchy. Scientific novelty. The main tasks of the functioning of state support for small and medium businesses in the agricultural sector of the economy in modern conditions are revealed and a methodological approach is proposed to substantiate the main directions of modification of state support, which contribute to solving the problems of the functioning of small and medium entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector of the economy. The attention is focused on the main programs of state support for the development of entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector of Ukraine. Practical significance. It is advisable to use the methodological approach as a base in the system of tasks for the functioning of state support for small and medium entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector according to the statistical reporting of business entities and macro indicators of the country's socio-economic state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Relevance. The purpose of the article is to reveal and analyze some features of the structure and institutional forms of financing research and development in modern Germany, which belongs to the leading countries in the field of innovation. Modern science has proved that improving the competitiveness of both individual enterprises and countries as a whole is impossible without increasing the innovative component in economic development. In the new economic paradigm, scientific and technological progress, knowledge in general act as the main factors of economic growth. Within the framework of the concept “Strategy in the field of high technologies”, adopted in Germany in 2014, innovation policy is considered as the main component of the country’s economic policy, and its most important tasks are stimulating innovations in companies and in society as a whole. Methods. Based on the analysis of relevant publications of the EU, OECD, reports of German Federal agencies, articles by Russian authors on the organization and financing of R&D in the European Union and Germany, the authors show that the business sector is the main source of financing and the sphere of implementation of innovations. At the same time, not only large companies but also small businesses develop and implement innovations, thereby maintaining a high scientific and technical level of the economy. The article emphasizes the more active role of the state than it is in a number of other developed countries, The German state not only finances fundamental research in public and semi-public centers and universities, but also provides selective support to innovative developments in the private sector, including project financing. The authors stress that providing various kinds of support a special preference is given to innovation’s clusters and research networks, as well as regional development programs. Results. The study concluded that the characteristic feature of financing innovation in the private sector in Germany is the active interaction of large companies with banks on the basis of credit agreements. With regard to small business, its contribution to the country’s innovative development is constrained by the underdeveloped institution of venture capital financing. Prospects. The results of this study may be useful in the implementation of the strategy of innovative development of Russia and the development of measures of state support for innovative companies.

Facing the challenge of climate change, innovations that imply environmental benefits create business opportunities for entrepreneurs. This paper analyzes innovation capabilities of startups in Cleantech and how the innovation outcomes of those startups develop over time. Based on the Mannheim Foundation Panel and applying propensity score matching, a cohort of 567 Cleantech startups is analyzed and compared with a control cohort of non‐Cleantech startups. We find that startups in Cleantech have, on average, higher technological capabilities compared with all other startups. Our econometric evidence shows that Cleantech startups are more likely to combine existing technology in a novel way. Finally, we find that Cleantech startups develop more market novelties in subsequent years when compared with their control group peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]