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The article analyzes the evolution of economic thought in Russia throughout the 19th–20th centuries. The global context that shaped Russian economic science and the goals that it has faced are considered. The processes of the formation of different views on the country's development, economic policy, and the role of the state in the economy are described. It is shown that at the beginning of the 19th century the dominant ideas were those of classical economic liberalism. The issue of the emergence of the problem of catch-up development and its impact on the economic thought in Russia is discussed. The main directions of the development of views on regulation of the economy in the conditions of its increasing complexity in the process of industrial development—in particular, the strengthening role of the state and the selection of priorities of economic policy—are discussed. It is emphasized that by the end of the 20th century methods of government control of the economy had experienced a severe crisis, associated, among other reasons, with the collapse of the Eastern bloc. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, due to a number of objective and subjective reasons, the role of the state in economic management began to increase again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistence ofthe negative effects of structural shift in Russian economy is manifested in its de-industrialization, reduction of global competitiveness and the threat of technological identity loss. The initiation of a positive structural shift requires the formation of an economic structural policy, the core of which will be a change in the reproductive proportions during the development ofthe innovation-and-investment interrelations between government and business. The authors analyze approaches to the formation of economic policies aimed at ensuring a positive structural shift, impeding its implementation in Russian economy, and suggest its main conceptual provisions.

In the article explores the concept of fiscal policy, the essence of state regulation of social and economic development as a process of inclusion of the state in the economic sphere of society through of fiscal policy. Defines types of fiscal policy.

In this article examines the evolution of views on the category «fiscal policy» in the interpretation of the main economic schools. The basic sources of formation of the state budget, shows the interaction of government spending and taxes, their impact on aggregate demand, economic growth, employment, inflation.

The paper analyzes the place and role of the economy of Kyrgyzstan in the Eurasian Economic Union; discusses geo-economic and political vectors of foreign interests in Central Asia aiming exclusively at own ambitions and political preferences. It reveals the importance of Kyrgyzstan’s participation in the Eurasian Economic Union based on the preservation of national statehood and sovereignty in the domestic and foreign policy and the synchronized government regulation of the investment and business environment within the Eurasian Economic Union.In pursuing its national interests, Kyrgyzstan is trying to carry out a targeted balanced multi-vector foreign policy. At the same time Kyrgyzstan’s foreign policy activities commensurate with its own potential and involvement in the world process. Viewed from the above, the following main goals of the modern foreign policy are put forward: strengthening the independence and sovereignty, ensuring the security and territorial integrity of the country, carrying out democratic transformations,strengthening the foundations of the constitutional order,protection of human rights and freedoms, creating favorable external conditions for a sustainable internal development,formation of a good neighborliness belt on the perimeter of the country borders, establishment and enhancement of the investment climate in the Republic.

March 30, 2017, a notable event took place in Russia: the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) published the basic input-output balance (IOB) for the national economy for 2011 and the tables that show the resources and utilization of products for 2012–2014. Economists have been waiting for this event for more than 20 years. The latest IOB was made in 1995. The present paper summarizes theoretical foundations of input-output balance and basic methodological approaches to its construction. It is shown that input-output balance is the basis for government regulation of the economy in industrialized countries. The paper evaluates the situation with the availability of necessary statistical information to build the “input – output” tables for the Russian economy. The author highlights possible areas, in which input-output balance can be used in government regulation of the economy. It is proved that input-output balance contains all the main macroeconomic indicators of the country (region) in its sectoral and national economic context. It is established that IOB is an important analytical tool for the study of inter-industrial interaction in the economy, for carrying out structural analysis of a wide range of indicators (structure of production, formation of resources, purchasers’ prices, intermediate consumption, use of goods and services, value added, and others). It helps analyze exchange of the products in current production (intermediate) consumption and the products that enter final consumption. In addition to the study of the structure of the economy, input-output balance provides an opportunity to calculate important economic and sectoral proportions. On the basis of IOB it is also possible to calculate cost-effectiveness ratios in individual industries and the whole national economy. These ratios include labor productivity, capital productivity, and return on assets ratio. Relevant practical examples are provided for all the directions considered. It is shown that variants and forecast calculations are a significant part of interdisciplinary research. Input-output models help carry out variants calculations of the state of the economy taking into consideration changes in both personal and social needs, and in production capabilities. The author presents the results of variants calculations of economic development with the use of IOB of Russian and foreign researchers. The paper substantiates the main difference between forecast and variants calculations, which consists in using dynamic matrices of direct costs ratios. The paper classifies basic methods of forecasting direct costs ratios, summarizes the types of inter-sectoral socio-economic forecasts (demographic, social and environmental forecasts, forecasts of dynamics and structure of production, development of specific sectors, natural resources, etc.). It is concluded that the use of analytical and forecasting opportunities of input-output balances provides a strong basis for government regulation of the economy

In this article examines the evolution of views on the category «fiscal policy» in the interpretation of the main economic schools. The basic sources of formation of the state budget, shows the interaction of government spending and taxes, their impact on aggregate demand, economic growth, employment, inflation.

The article describes the organization of financial relations in the economy. The main attention is paid to the role of the government in the financial relations regulation with the aim to reduce the economic threat. Russia financial policy is described and the financial market situation is characterized. The author determines the ways of their improvement and development.

In the article explores the concept of fiscal policy, the essence of state regulation of social and economic development as a process of inclusion of the state in the economic sphere of society through of fiscal policy. Defines types of fiscal policy.

The subject of the thesis is to analyze the development of the tax theory basing on the statements of the famous representatives of the economic thought. The aim of the thesis is the theoretical and methodological argumentation support of the functional entity of taxes and to specify their practical significance for the system and administrative approaches. Methodology of work. The thesis is executed based on the analysis of the scientific sources, argumentation support of the principles of the main tax notions, tax system and policy being the part of the actual directions of modern scientific researches in the field of finances ad state regulation of economy. Results of work. We summarized the philosophical interpretation of the last variants of tax perception in society as ‘the payment for civilization» or as «the legal robbery». We studied the practice of taxation in the leading countries of the world proving high level of tax deductions in the countries with high living standards supported by proper public credit. Under such conditions the high taxes do not result to economy minimization. We also compared the shares of tax deductions to GDP of the countries. We found current uncertainty of Ukraine in the level of tax burden on the citizens and business sphere together with inefficient use of natural resource as one of the sources of pumping up the budget. Let us state that the improvement of the tax system in Ukraine must cover nit only the urgent problems but take into account the strategic challenges. We proved the importance of scientific argumentation of tax theories as the force for development and this was the basis for the research of tax researches paying special attention to system and administrative approaches. It is obvious that the tax itself does not have sufficient functional burden and its value increased in types diversity reflected in the tax system. Namely the tax system secures legal certainty and the procedure of tax payments. We also analyzed the functional value of taxes which includes two levels: expanded value (social creation, state united, moving, stabilizing, balancing) and specific value (fiscal, social and regulating). Taking into account modern dynamic social and economic development there is the necessity to specify new approaches to arrange the tax system in view of new challenges. Such challenges are new approaches to secure social development, informing of the society and economy, implementation of basic income, growing influence of the leading companies versus state companies. Taking into account the challenges we specified new actual directions for the researches in the field of the tax theory understanding the possible transformations of their functional value. Conclusions. The scientific argumentation of modern taxa approaches is based on holistic comprehension of functional meaning of taxes. This meaning must focus not only on basic functions but also the meaning of social and state formation, motivation for spatial development, stability and balance of different processes of resource redistribution. The strategic aim of taxes to be used is to optimize the satisfaction of the interests of different subjective groups and to express them in the living standards.

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The metallurgical enterprises of the East and South of Ukraine during the First World War, within the limits of the general militarization of the economy, sharply increased the execution of orders oriented to the needs of the front. These enterprises had a rather high technological level, which was conditioned by the peculiarities of the formation of the metal market on the eve of hostilities. Restrictions on export and import operations in the wake of the war have negatively affected on the supply of metal and rolled products on the all-Russian market. Since the beginning of the war due to the cessation of imports and the interruptions in the work of rail transport, the supply of metal on the market immediately fell by 10%, which led to rising prices. A number of measures were taken to provide metallurgical enterprises with the necessary metal products and raw materials. The Minister of Commerce and Industry was given the authority and the means to purchase the relevant goods abroad. In order to save raw materials for metallurgical enterprises since September 1914 it was forbidden to export it from the European part of the territory of the Russian Empire. The work of metallurgical enterprises was influenced by the reduction of the number of skilled workers due to their recruitment to the Armed Forces. This led to the fact that in the mines of Kryviy Rih, after the first mobilizations, there was an urgent need for labor. Mining of ore has decreased, as a result it was not enough even to meet the needs of local South-Ukrainian metallurgical plants. In order to increase production, new employees were involved, including a growing proportion of women and, to a certain extent, of children. It was decided to return qualified specialists from the military service to the enterprises, to suspend the recruitment of certain categories of workers, technicians and employees, and to increase the number of prisoners of war who had to work at metallurgical enterprises. The growth in the demand for products of the steel industry in the wake of the war accompanied by inflationary processes has led to an increase in prices for them. The decision was passed on the criminal liability of traders and industrialists for increasing or decreasing prices for food items or necessities, according to which the dumping or increase of prices by entrepreneurs in the previous agreement in order to generate additional profits or redistribution of profits among economic operators provided for punishment. In 1916 the work of enterprises of the metallurgical industry of the East and South of Ukraine was affected by the spread of the strike movement. Riots and strikes arose as a result of agitation, during which economic motives were used and the treasury of sewage plants was required. Speaking for the sequestration of enterprises, employees expected from the state administration to provide more wages and reduce the workload. Among the factors that significantly influenced the metallurgical industry during 1914-1917, one can distinguish a sharp increase in demand for metallurgical products, a relatively low level of development of the transport infrastructure of the Russian Empire, a deterioration in the personnel supply of industrial enterprises, mainly through large-scale mobilization and migration of a part of highly skilled specialists, the failure of the system of state management industry in the context of a protracted global military conflict along with the ideas about its course, which did not correspond to the realities of time, as well as the dependence on the supply of certain types of raw materials and equipment from outside the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article defined the influence the manner and means of financing industrial enterprises of east and south Ukraine in 1917-1918 on their activities in terms of confrontation between different political forces which laid claim to control of the industry in the region. The influence of changes in the investment climate in maintaining productive relationships between companies and fulfilment of orders from previous years with the analysis of current inflation and work of banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defined the influence of finance military contracts to build military industry and the militarization of the economy. Analyzed the influence of government measures in the financial policy of the Russian empire in the industrial activities of the east and south of Ukraine in 1914-1916. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]