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Živimo v obdobju hitrih sprememb, zlasti sprememb, ki nam spreminjajo vsakdan in življenje. Sprememba, ki nas je vse presenetila, vendar ne na pozitiven način, je pojav epidemije covid-19. Epidemija nas je kljub negativnemu presenečenju naučila veliko novega in je postala del izkušnje človeškega življenja. Med epidemijo smo bili postavljeni na številne preizkušnje, borili smo se z virusom in prilagajali smo se spremembam. Epidemija covida-19 je negativno vplivala na samo gospodarstvo, trg dela in na brezposelnost tako v Sloveniji kot tudi povsod drugje po svetu. Diplomsko delo je sestavljeno iz teoretičnega in empiričnega dela. Samo delo je razdeljeno na šest vsebinskih poglavij, ki opisujejo vpliv covida-19 epidemije na brezposelnost v Sloveniji. V diplomskem delu sta uporabljeni metodi deskripcije in kompilacije. Opisane so predvsem vrste brezposelnosti, merjenja brezposelnosti, vpliv epidemije na brezposelnost ter negativni učinki le-te. V empiričnem delu pa smo na podlagi sekundarnih podatkov, pridobljenih iz različnih statističnih baz, primerjali brezposelnost med letoma 2018−2022 in same spremembe na tem področju. Cilj teoretičnega dela je izdelati pregled literature s pomočjo deskriptivne metode, medtem ko je cilj empiričnega dela v številkah primerjati stanje brezposelnosti in ugotoviti s pomočjo indeksov, tako verižnih kot baznih, kako se je spreminjala brezposelnost skozi leta. Na podlagi analize je dosežen namen diplomskega dela, in sicer ugotovilo se je, da se je stopnja brezposelnosti v času epidemije covida-19 najbolj povečala v panogi gostinstvo in da se je kljub sprejetim ukrepom za ohranjanje števila delovnih mest zaradi posledic epidemije covida-19 število le-teh zmanjšalo. We live in an era of rapid changes, especially changes that to our everyday life and our personal health. A change that surprised us all, but not in a positive way, was the emergence of the Covid-19 epidemic. Despite the negative surprise, the epidemic taught us a lot and became a part of the experience of human life. During the epidemic, we were put through many tests, we fought the virus and we adapted to the changes. The Covid-19 epidemic had a negative impact on the economy itself, the labor market, and unemployment both in Slovenia and everywhere else in the world. The thesis consists of theoretical and empirical work. The work itself is divided into six substantive chapters that describe the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on unemployment in Slovenia. The method of description and compilation were used in the thesis. Above all, the types of unemployment, the measurement of unemployment, the impact of the epidemic on unemployment, and its negative effects are described. In the empirical part, we compared unemployment between 2018-2022 and the changes in this area on the basis of secondary data obtained from various statistical databases. The aim of the theoretical work was to produce a review of the literature, using the descriptive method, while the aim of the empirical work was to compare the unemployment situation in numbers and to find out, with the help of indexes, both chain and base, how unemployment has changed over the years. Based on the analysis, the aim of the thesis has been achieved, namely it was found that the unemployment rate during the Covid-19 epidemic increased the most in the healthcare industry and that, despite the measures taken to maintain the number of jobs, due to the consequences of the Covid-19 epidemic, the number reduced.

Korupcija predstavlja zlouporabu ovlasti i položaja u svrhu stjecanja osobne koristi, a dolazi u različitim vrstama i pojavnim oblicima. Korupcija ima duboke korijene, često ju je teško otkriti, a ima izrazito negativne posljedice na ekonomski rast, zapošljavanje, produktivnost privatnog sektora, dug opće države, ulaganja i inflaciju. Suzbijanje korupcije je veliki izazov, posebno u zemljama bivšeg komunističkog režima koje općenito imaju višu korupciju u odnosu na ostatak zemalja članica EU-a. Najčešće je u pitanju loša provedba zakona. Razmatrajući kretanje indeksa percepcije korupcije u zemljama EU-a u posljednjem desetljeću utvrđeno je kako je došlo do različitih promjena. Prosječni IPK za EU-27 blago je povećan, međutim, došlo je do općenitog smanjenja indeksa percepcije korupcije kod zemalja s najnižom korupcijom, dok su se, s druge strane, povećali IPK indeksi kod zemalja s najvišom korupcijom. Provedenim istraživanjem pokazalo se da je niža razina korupcije u zemljama EU-a u slaboj korelacijskoj vezi s višom razinom BDP-a. S druge strane, utvrđena je neznatna povezanost niže razine korupcije s nižom inflacijom. Kako bi se korupcija dodatno smanjila i samim time imala manje štetne učinke na ekonomski rast važno je postojanje kvalitetnog zakonodavnog okvira i strateških dokumenata te kontinuirano razvijanje novih mehanizama suzbijanja korupcije jer kako se razvijaju novi načini sprječavanja koruptivnih radnji istodobno počinitelji razvijaju i nove načine njihove provedbe. Corruption is the abuse of power and position for personal gain, and it comes in different types and forms. Corruption has deep roots, it is often difficult to detect it, and it has extremely negative consequences on economic growth, employment, productivity of the private sector, general general state, investment and inflation. Suppression of corruption is a great challenge, especially in the countries of the former communist regime that generally have higher corruption than the rest of EU member states. The most common is the poor implementation of the law. Considering the movement of an index of corruption perception in EU countries in the last decade, it has been determined that there have been various changes. The average IPK for the EU-27 is slightly increased, however, there has been a general decrease in the perception of corruption index in countries with the lowest corruption, while, on the other hand, IPK indexes in countries with the highest corruption. The conducted survey showed that the lower level of corruption in EU countries in poor correlacy relationships with a higher GDP level. On the other hand, a slight connection between lower corruption with lower inflation was determined. In order to further reduce corruption and thus has less harmful effects on economic growth, the existence of quality legislative framework and strategic documents, and continuously developing new mechanisms of corruption suppressing as new ways to prevent corrupt actions develop at the same time, develop new ways of their implementation.

Primjenom kružnog gospodarstva mijenjaju se poslovni modeli, navike i način razmišljanja te se novim dizajnom i izradom proizvoda produžuje njegov životni vijek. Cilj rada je analiziranje uspješnosti korištenja modela kružne ekonomije putem pokazatelja kružnog gospodarstva u zemljama Europske unije, te davanje pregleda postojećih mjera i mogućnosti koje gospodarstvima stoje na raspolaganju putem kojih se može jednostavnije uvesti ovaj koncept u gospodarstvo. Hipoteze koje se ispituju u radu su sljedeće: H1– Postoji međuodnos između aktivnosti recikliranja i ekonomskog rasta; H2 – Investicije, zaposlenost i dodana vrijednost u domeni kružnog gospodarstva povezane su s ekonomskim rastom. Hipoteze su se ispitale uz pomoć ekonometrijskog modela koristeći podatke Eurostata za sve zemlje EU (EU 28) u razdoblju 2008-2016. U radu se koristila korelacijska i regresijska analiza. Kod korelacijske analize korišten je Pearsonov koeficijent korelacije, a kod regresijske analize univarijatni OLS kod kojeg je nezavisna varijabla bila postotak reciklaže, a zavisna varijabla logaritmirani BDP. Rezultati istraživanja kazuju da zemlje koje imaju veći BDP, odnosno, koje su ekonomski razvijenije, imaju i bolje pokazatelje korištenja kružnog gospodarstva., By applying a circular economy business models, habits and ways of thinking change and the new design and production of a product extends its lifespan. The aim of the paper is to analyze the success of using the circular economy model through the indicators of the circular economy in the EU countries and to provide an overview of existing measures and opportunities available to economies by which this concept can be more easily introduced into the economy. The hypotheses tested in the paper are as follows: H1– There is a relationship between recycling activities and economic growth; H2– Investment, employment and added value in the circular economy are linked to economic growth. The hypotheses were tested using an econometric model using Eurostat data for all EU countries (EU 28) in the period 2008-2016. The paper used correlation and regression analysis. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used in the correlation analysis, and the univariate OLS was used in the regression analysis, where the independent variable was recycling percentage and the dependent variable was logarithmic GDP. The results show that countries that have higher GDP, or in other words more economically developed ones, also have better indicators of circular economy use.

Završetkom Drugoga svjetskog rata u Julijskoj krajini su zbog nemogućnosti rješavanja njezina državno-pravnog statusa uvedene vojne okupacijske uprave. Istra, Slovensko primorje i grad Rijeka postali su djelom Zone B Julijske krajine, kojom je upravljala Vojna uprava Jugoslavenske armije, dok su grad Pula s užom okolicom te Trst i Gorica s područjem koje ih je spajalo pripali Zoni A Julijske krajine, kojom je upravljala Saveznička vojna uprava (Allied Military Government). Ova podjela potrajala je do 15. rujna 1947. kada je na snagu stupila provedba Mirovnog ugovora između Jugoslavije i Italije. Vojna uprava u Zoni B svoju je vlast dijelila s civilnim vlastima, tj. narodnim odborima. Glavni predstavnik civilnih vlasti u Slovenskom primorju bio je Pokrajinski narodni odbor za Slovensko primorje, u Istri je istu funkciju imao Oblasni narodni odbor za Istru, dok je u Rijeci to bio Gradski narodni odbor za Rijeku. Obnova istarskog gospodarstva tekla je vrlo sporo. Većina industrije bila je uništena i opljačkana tijekom rata, a situaciju je dodatno otežavala nestašica materijala i opća neimaština. Problem vlastima stvarao je nedostatak stručnjaka, ali i radne snage. Obnovu gospodarstva dodatno je otežavala činjenica da su vlasti istovremeno morale voditi računa o osiguravanju minimalnih životnih uvjeta stanovništvu. U najvećoj mjeri to se odnosilo na nabavu hrane i saniranje porušenih kuća. Do kraja 1945. nije postojao nikakav plan obnove, nego se obnavljalo stihijski i prema važnosti, uglavnom kako bi stanovništvo osjetilo da se nešto poduzima za njihovo dobro. Krajem 1945. i početkom 1946. nastali su prvi planovi obnove. Prvi značajniji rezultati postignuti su u drugoj polovici 1946., ali nakon odluke mirovne konferencije da će Istra pripasti Jugoslaviji, odnosno nakon potpisivanja mirovnog sporazuma između Jugoslavije i Italije, obnova i razvoj su stali te se čekalo pripojenje. Veliki utjecaj na usporavanje obnove imala je politička indoktriniranost i kruto držanje ideoloških smjernica. Vojnim i civilnim vlastima u Zoni B najvažniji cilj bio je priključenje cijeloga tog područja Jugoslaviji, uključujući grad Pulu s okolicom (a po mogućnosti i Trst). At the end of the Second World War, in Istria, as well as in the rest of the region of Venezia Giulia, Allied forces and Yugoslav Army introduced military governments due to impossibility of solving the problem of Venezia Giulia legal status. Istria, Slovenian Littoral and the city of Rijeka became part of Zone B of Venezia Giulia, under the rule of Yugoslav Military Administration (YMA). On the other hand, the cities of Trieste and Gorica with the area between them, as well as the city of Pula with its suburbs, became part of Zone A of Venezia Giulia under the rule of Allied Military Government. Military governments in Venezia Giulia operated until the 15th September 1947, when the implementation of Yugoslav-Italian peace treaty came into force. Zone B was divided into three parts, which included Istria, Slovenian Littoral and the city of Rijeka. The Military Administration of Zone B shared its authority with the representatives of civil authorities in the form of people’s committees. The main representative of civilian authority in Slovenian Littoral was the Provincial People’s Committee. In Istria, it was the Regional People’s Committee for Istria and in the city of Rijeka, it was the City People’s Committee for Rijeka. The most important objective for military and civilian authorities in Zone B was the annexation of the whole area under YMA, including the city of Pula, to Yugoslavia. If possible, they wanted the city of Trieste, too. Although they were spending most of their energy to achieve the main objective of annexation, the authorities of Zone B had to find the strategy to normalize everyday life and provide a minimum standard of living for the population. The first step was establishing a functional administration as soon as possible. The biggest problems the authorities faced in that process were the unsolved legal status of Venezia Giulia, destroyed economy, industry and infrastructure, as well as general poverty. The economic recovery, along with the normalization of everyday life which included the psychological transformation in a peacetime way of thinking and living, was a big challenge for the authorities in Zone B. The whole process of economic and industrial recovery was aggravated by the lack of experience, experts, manpower and resources. Until the end of 1945 and the beginning of 1946, there were no plans of restoration, so the reconstructions were spontaneous and uncontrolled, mostly focused on the revitalization of coal mine industry and less damaged factories and other industry facilities. After some time, at the end of 1945, YMA in Zone B and Yugoslavia provided reconstruction loans, but the non-existence of reconstruction plans obstructed the progress. The first results of progress were felt in the second half of 1946, but it never achieved its full potential, mostly because of lack of material and financial resources. At the same time, the authorities needed to ensure a minimum standard of living for the population. Because of that, the whole process of economic and industrial restoration necessarily had to have a social character. The social security system took care of the most vulnerable social groups such as children, widows, war invalids, elders etc. The authority’s employment policy of all able-bodied in industry or administration also contributed to the improvement of the living standard of the population. The negative effect of that policy was the growth of the administrative apparatus, which led to bulkiness and administrative inefficiency. Something similar also happened in industry, where workers did not try too hard, because the payment was always the same, no matter of their work performance. The slow pace of the restoration process was further decelerated by the political indoctrination of individuals in power and rigid adherence to ideological guidelines. It was particularly expressed through the establishment of cooperatives that did not function due to organizational and personnel problems. The improper cooperative work had its biggest effect on trade and craftsmanship. For example, the struggle against private property went so far that some district authorities had banned all traders from work. In that situation, district authorities took over the trade, of which they did not know much. The consequence of their trade takeover was the complete paralysis of trade and inability of providing basic food necessities for the population of their district. The supply of population with food, clothing, footwear, medicine and other goods was insufficient and irregular also because of the general lack of goods, professional workforce, means of transport and, to a degree, because of illegal activities, such as smuggling. In an attempt to stop the uncontrolled outflow of goods, authorities in Zone B banned the export of any sort of food. This measure had some success, but also had some negative consequences, such as increased smuggling activity and number of seizures on the demarcation line between Zone A and Zone B. After-war smuggling was not something new on Istrian soil. It had been present in Istria since the early modern period, but now its character changed. Unlike in earlier periods, when groups and individuals had been mostly smuggling wine, oil, wood and other materials exclusively for profit, during the period of Italian rule it became a way of survival. Monopoly products have been largely replaced by food products and other household goods. Due to the inability of providing adequate food and household goods supply, the authorities were mostly very lenient towards small smugglers. On the other hand, the authorities put in a lot of effort to catch bigger smugglers who smuggled tobacco and tobacco products, cattle, wine and other alcoholic products, money, gold etc. However, most of the smuggling activities were associated with small smugglers who smuggled small amounts of goods on an everyday basis. All classes of society took part in such activities. Even the bishop of the diocese of Poreč and Pula was caught transferring larger amounts of flour and cigarettes than allowed. The most interesting fact about smuggling is that about 50 % of smugglers caught were women. Considering that during the war a huge number of men were killed, maimed, disabled, captured or still in the army, women took care of families. In the case of craftsmanship, authorities failed to realise that craftsmanship in Istria did not have productional characteristics and tried to gather small family crafts in productional cooperatives. The authorities thought that in that way Istrian craftsmanship would lead the restoration of the region by providing raw materials. It was completely wrong because Istrian craftsmanship was oriented toward repairs, not production. The restoration of industry was also, as everything else, slowed down by the lack of manpower, professional and skilled workforce. The situation was aggravated by the shortage of raw materials, destroyed facilities and unsolved legal problems. Some industries, like the fish processing industry, remained without machinery and finances after their Italian owners had left for Italy. Only the coal mines “Raša” remained mostly intact, but their equipment and mining methods were obsolete. Because of that, the coal industry did not stop working, but it had some production difficulties, due to the lack of manpower and materials. In the field of agriculture, the situation was very chaotic and production was not enough to feed the population, so Istria depended on external food import. In accordance with the ideological guidances, the authorities tried to increase the production by establishing agricultural cooperatives. However, that attempt failed very quickly. The main problem of Istrian agriculture production was the disunity of land holdings. Mechanized tillage was sparse and ineffective due to the parcelled and scattered land holdings. Therefore, the only purpose of Istrian agriculture was satisfying the basic nutrition needs of producers and their families. Small amounts of surpluses were intended for local market or exchange. Even the Agrarian reform was not been able to solve the main problems of Istrian agriculture. Problems like disunity of land holdings and lack of mechanization were present long after the war. During the YMA rule in Istria the authorities started with the reconstruction of economy and industry, but they were not able to reach the full potential of industrial production. The first results of economical and industrial reconstructions followed in the second half of 1946. Despite that, everything stopped after the peace conference decision that Istria would belong to Yugoslavia. From that time, until the official annexation in September 1947, the authorities were working exclusively on the legislative alignment with Yugoslavia, neglecting the economic and industrial reconstruction. The abandonment of the implementation of reconstruction plans was a consequence of the idea that the annexation to Yugoslavia would solve all economic problems singlehandedly.

Problemski okvir naloge predstavlja obstanek turistične panoge v času epidemije covida-19. Opravljena je bila raziskava, kako so izbrane države poskrbele za preprečitev gospodarske katastrofe, od katere si še danes nismo celostno opomogli. Razlog za raziskovanje je bil, da je bil turizem ena od bolj prizadetih panog v času epidemije. Cilj naloge je bil dosežen z zbiranjem podatkov uradnih strani držav. Ubrani sta bili predvsem metoda analize podatkov in primerjalna metoda, s katerima se je enačilo države eno z drugo, s pomočjo SWOT- in PESTEL-analize držav pa se lažje razumelo sprejemanje določenih ukrepov. V okviru analize je bilo ugotovljeno, da so države krizo turizma doživljale v letu 2020, leta 2021 pa so že sledile številkam pred epidemijo. Najmanj ukrepov za turizem je sprejela Hrvaška, največ pa Avstrija in Italija. Slovenija je tudi sicer zelo dobro poskrbela za okrevanje panoge. Ker je naloga pretežno družboslovne primerjalne narave, je tudi izkazan prispevek viden predvsem kot praktičen za uporabo širšemu gospodarstvu pri soočanju z zdravstvenimi katastrofami, kot je epidemija covida-19. Če bi se v prihodnosti ponovila podobna situacija, bi iz naloge lahko prejeli informacije, kako so se s situacijo soočali v preteklosti. The survival of the tourism sector in times of the Covid-19 epidemic represents the framework of our problem. We wanted to investigate how the selected countries have taken steps to prevent an economic catastrophe, from which we have still not fully recovered. The reason for this research is that tourism was one of the most affected industries during the epidemic, which led me to the desire to investigate the situation. The aim of the assignment was achieved by collecting data from the official websites of the countries concerned, mainly by using the method of data analysis and the comparative method, which was used to compare the countries with each other and to better understand the measures, which were taken by the countries by means of a SWOT and PESTEL analysis of the countries. The analysis found that countries were experiencing a tourism crisis in 2020, and by 2021 they were already tracking pre- epidemic figures. Croatia has taken the least preventive measures, while Austria and Italy have taken the most. Slovenia has also done very well to recover this sector. As the thesis is mainly of a comparative social science nature, the contribution made is also seen as practical for the wider economy to use in dealing with health-concerning disasters such as the Covid-19 epidemic. Should a similar situation occur in the future, the thesis could provide information on how the situation has been dealt with in the past.

Početkom 20. stoljeća u Puli se zbiva demografska i urbanistička ekspanzija koja je započela osamdesetih godina 19. stoljeća. U razdoblju između Prvog i Drugog svjetskog rata uslijedila je depopulacija i ekonomska kriza pod fašističkom vlašću. Postupnim razvojem turizma i industrije nakon Drugog svjetskog rata grad je doživio svoju drugu renesansu. Pojavom ekonomske krize osamdesetih godina nastupio je postupni pad koji je nastavio svoj trend i početkom devedesetih godina. Uvođenje tramvajskog prijevoza 1904. bilo je posljedica ubrzane urbanizacije i modernizacije u kontekstu složenih gospodarskih i vojnih interesa carsko-kraljevske mornarice i nacionalnih zahtjeva talijanskih lokalnih vlasti te prestiža koji su imali veći europski gradovi. Tramvaj je 1934. zamijenjen autobusnim prijevozom zbog nemogućnosti njegove obnove uslijed ekonomske krize, ali i politike propagiranja automobilske industrije. U razdoblju talijanske i jugoslavenske vlasti, neovisno o društveno-političkim i ekonomskim krizama, autobusni prijevoz, uz širenje linija razvojem turizma i industrije te širenjem grada, funkcionirao je u kontinuitetu. Povijest javnog prijevoza istraživanje prati do 1990. godine, uzimajući u obzir vremenski odmak i kontinuitet koji posljednja tri desetljeća funkcionira bez većih promjena. Istraživanjem je rekonstruiran i analiziran utjecaj lokalnih političkih vlasti i ekonomskih prilika na društveni i gospodarski razvoj i funkcioniranje javnog prijevoza u Puli te njegov odraz na svakodnevicu. Time su upotpunjene spoznaje o jednom segmentu lokalne urbane povijesti koji je na svoj način utjecao na lokalnu politiku i tempo svakodnevice. At the beginning of the 20th century, a demographic and urban expansion which began to a lesser extent in the 1890s, took place in Pula. In 1880 the city was home to about twenty-five thousand people, and thirty years later to approximately sixty thousand people. As the main war port of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, with the construction of the Arsenal, new city quarters were created. Electricity, water supply and sewerage are introduced. Workers' houses, luxury villas and hotels are being built. Pula is experiencing a renaissance. Public transport is being introduced in the population and urban expansion of the city. After the First World War, Pula became part of Italy. In the period between the First and Second World War, depopulation and economic crisis under fascist rule ensued. The gradual development of tourism and industry after the Second World War, brought the city its second renaissance. Industry is failing, and Istria and Pula were among the poorest provinces in Italy. By not investing in public transport, city trams have been replaced by private company buses. A large part of the city was destroyed during the bombing in World War II. Thus, public transport was reduced to the maximum. With the gradual development of tourism and industry after the Second World War, the city experienced its second renaissance. Pula is becoming an industrial and tourist center. With the Renaissance, public transport gradually expanded. Along city lines, profitable and non-profitable line lines are expanding, depending on industry and tourism.With the onset of the economic crisis in the 1980s, there was a gradual decline that continued its trend in the early 1990s. High inflation has affected all segments of life. The number of passengers in public transport was halved. This consequence remained visible until the end of the century. The introduction of tram transport in 1904 was a consequence of accelerated urbanisation and modernisation in the context of complex economic and military interests of the Imperial-Royal Navy as well as the national demands of Italian local authorities, but also the prestige of major European cities. The accelerated development of Pula as the main war port, accelerated urban and infrastructural processes. Public transportation was one of those elements. During 1904, the first two lines were built connecting the railway station with the southern part of the city. The first line went along the city port, and the second through the city center. During 1909, a third line was built connecting the town with the Šijani Forest, northeast of the town. The Šijana forest was administered by the navy and was the main picnic spot for the population over the weekend. Until the First World War, there were ideas about building new tram lines, but they were never built. The need to connect other city districts with the center, ie bathing areas and beaches, was not in the interest of the navy and the city authorities. There were plans to connect the city center with the Veruda district in the southern part of the city. Completely planned, but never realized, was a line to the neighborhood around the city hospital, east of downtown. The plan also included the construction of suburban lines to the place of Fažana east of the city and to the city of Vodnjan north of Pula. Due to the economic crises and the coming World War I, they were never realized. It was only in the 1930s that all the former plans were realized with the introduction of buses. Tram transport, in addition to the needs of citizens, also served the needs of the navy. During the First World War, tram infrastructure became part of the fortress's supply system. During the war, it was the main artery of the military railway network. Thus, the tram unknowingly became part of military history. The city authorities saw a way to spread the Italian language through tram transport. Thus, the Croatian and German languages were suppressed. There were also not infrequent conflicts with the Croatian population in everyday life. Members of the navy found a compromise with the city authorities because of common interests. Due to that, the issue of the German language did not come to the fore. Trams often transported animals for the needs of the navy and the inhabitants, and coal for the needs of the power plant. Thus, the tram became part of political and economic history. The primary role of tram transport was certainly satisfied. The statistics of transported passengers show that the tram was a real need of the citizens. During the First World War there was an exodus of the population. thus bringing passenger transport into the background. After the First World War, no investment was made in tram infrastructure at all. The number of passengers and regularity of lines decreased. During the 1930s, thought began to be given to improving public transportation. There were several options: complete restoration of tram transport and expansion of lines, ie replacement by buses or trolleybuses. The third idea was the introduction of combined tram and bus transport. Through thirty years of its operation, the tram has become a symbol of the city. The desire to continue the tram traffic was one thing, and the needs in the city were quite another. Due to the economic crisis, the policy of propagating the automobile industry and the impossibility of its reconstruction, the tram was replaced by bus transport in 1934. The introduction of bus transport has led to the expansion and opening of new lines. Thus, from the very beginning, the introduction of a new mode of transport showed advantages. Some of the city’s new neighborhoods were connected to the center, and during the summer, seasonal lines drove citizens to beaches and beaches. In this way, most of the needs of the citizens were met. In addition to city lines, suburban lines have also been established. Thus the surrounding settlements were connected with the city. These were usually circular lines that ran several times a day. Until the end of the Second World War, bus transport functioned continuously. The bombing of the city during 1944 broke that continuity. The streets were impassable and the vehicle fleet was partially out of order. Although transportation functioned minimally, with interruptions, regular traffic began eight years later. During the Italian and Yugoslav rule, regardless of socio-political and economic crises, bus transport, with the expansion of lines with the development of tourism and industry and the expansion of the city, functioned continuously. The destroyed city and destroyed infrastructure also affected the functioning of public transport. Its revitalization began in the early 1950s. The primary goal was to establish lines for workers and students. This was especially true in suburban areas. On the other hand, it was important to establish seasonal lines primarily for city residents. With the construction of tourist infrastructure, in the summer months, public transport was increasingly used by domestic and foreign tourists. During the second half of the twentieth century public transport played a major role in the development of industry and tourism. It was a mutual benefit. The number of lines for tourism workers and tourists has doubled. The number of lines expanded, the number of passengers and vehicles increased. Seasonal city and suburban lines covered the losses of unprofitable suburban lines. One of the problems was the insufficient and dilapidated number of buses, which hardly followed the growth of industry and tourism. Despite poor political decisions and economic crises, the summer season saved public transportation throughout the year. A poor political decision in the early 1970s brought public transport close to ruin. The decision to integrate public transport companies with other transport companies in Pula has led to a gradual drop in the number of passengers by fifty percent. Integration was a common occurrence in Yugoslavia, with stronger companies helping the weaker ones. In 1972, the Pula-based public transport company entered into integration as the richest company with three other transport companies. For more than a decade, it has covered the losses of other companies. After the completion of integration in 1984, public transport was on the verge of collapse, and the consequences were felt until the end of the century. The inflation crisis had a particularly negative impact. The constant increase in the price of services reduced the number of passengers, which affected the quality of service. At the same time, more and more citizens began to buy cars. The comfort of driving a car was more acceptable to the citizens, although it was more expensive. All this had a financially negative impact on public transport, and on the other hand created traffic jams on the streets. This trend has continued to this day. Everyday life in public transport, unlike economic and political changes, has largely not changed throughout the century. Worker status, strikes, unions, passenger-employee relations, occurred continuously. The key difference is visible only in the status of workers before and after World War II. In the first half of the century, workers' rights were not respected, dismissals were frequent, and as a result, frequent strikes. Wages and working conditions did not keep pace with inflation, and workers mostly fed large families. In the period of socialist Yugoslavia, workers were more protected. Wages and working conditions were getting better from decade to decade, and workers’ jobs were secure. Everyday life in trams and buses throughout the century was almost identical. Illustrative descriptions of the quarrels between drivers and conductors and passengers were almost identical, as evidenced by numerous newspaper articles. The problems of overloaded vehicles, passenger grievances, unculture of workers or passengers, were identical. This is proven by news in newspapers throughout the century. However, accidents when getting in and out of vehicles, passing passers-by and colliding with other vehicles were common, mainly in the first two decades of the twentieth century. The rapid development of the city and the unaccustomedness of the newly arrived population of the village to the city were the main cause. However, the rapid development of the city was difficult for the inhabitants who lived in it for years to adapt. In the second half of the twentieth century, such accidents were almost unrecorded. The history of public transport dates back to 1990, taking into account the time lag and continuity that has functioned for the last three decades without major changes. The introduction of tram transport at the beginning of the last century was a consequence of the growth of the city. Being the main war port of the Monarchy, Pula experienced an urban, population and demographic renaissance. Tram transport experienced its rise until the beginning of the First World War, after which it experienced a gradual decadence until its abolition in the mid-1930s. Bus transport has replaced tram transport that functions to this day. From the 1930s to the end of the century, it experienced economic and political ups and downs. The research reconstructed and analyzed the impact of public transport on political and economic conditions, on social and economic development and the functioning of the city. This complemented the knowledge of one segment of local urban history that in its own way influenced local politics and the pace of everyday life.

Ovim radom „Strategije razvoja poduzetništva u Republici Hrvatskoj“ daje se povijesni pregled raznih autora koji su definirali pojmove poduzetništvo i poduzetnik te im odredili funkcije. S poduzetništvom se u radu upoznajemo kroz osnovna obilježja kako bi se moglo bolje razumjeti poduzetnički svijet. U radu se objašnjava koje bi sve vještine i osobine poduzetnik trebao imati kako bi pothvat uspješno pokrenuo i unaprijedio te kako bi postao još bolji. U tu svrhu obrađena je i tema etika i društvena odgovornost poduzetnika te obrazovanje za poduzetništvo koje je vrlo važno za napredak i budućnost poduzetništva. Kroz rad je poduzetništvo u Republici Hrvatskoj opisano kroz pravne oblike, klasifikaciju, funkcije, poduzetničku infrastrukturu, utjecaj koji poduzetništvo ima na nacionalnu ekonomiju zemlje te ekonomske pokazatelje i statistiku. Objašnjena je uloga države i institucije koje potiču razvoj poduzetništva te mjere poticaja koje država trenutno provodi. Cilj rada je opisati poduzetništvo kao okosnicu gospodarskog prosperiteta države a značaj se stavlja na opis poduzetnika, poduzetničkih aktivnosti i poticajnih politika koje provodi Vlada Republike Hrvatske. Provedeno je istraživanje sa 202 ispitanika s ciljem dobivanja primarnih podataka o potrebnoj osobini samopouzdanja i podrške od okoline kod inicijative za pokretanje poduzetničkog pothvata kao i preprekama u razvoju poduzetništva u Republici Hrvatskoj a najčešće su to nedostatak poticaja i porezno opterećenje. Temeljem istraživanja utvrđeno je da za pokretanje poduzetničke aktivnosti treba imati samopouzdanje te država treba puno više poticati i voditi brigu o poduzetništvu kako bi se osnažio rast i razvoj zemlje. U radu je stavljen naglasak na nedostatnost poduzetničke inicijative i nedostatnost podrške od strane države u vidu infrastrukture, obrazovanja i promocije o poduzetništvu. U narednom razdoblju Strategija i Nacionalni plan oporavka dobar su temelj za daljnji razvoj i pokušaj da se poduzetničke aktivnosti poboljšaju a sve u cilju nacionalnog oporavka gospodarstva i blagostanja u ekonomiji za sve građane naše zemlje. This paper "Strategies for the development of entrepreneurship in the Republic of Croatia" provides a historical overview of various authors who defined the terms entrepreneurship and entrepreneur and determined their functions. In our work, we get to know entrepreneurship through its basic features in order to better understand the entrepreneurial world. The paper explains which skills and qualities an entrepreneur should have in order to successfully launch and develop a business and to become even better. For this purpose, the topic of ethics and social responsibility of entrepreneurs and education for entrepreneurship, which is very important for the progress and future of entrepreneurship, was also covered. Through the paper, entrepreneurship in the Republic of Croatia is described through legal forms, classification, functions, entrepreneurial infrastructure, the impact that entrepreneurship has on the country's national economy, and economic indicators and statistics. The role of the state and institutions that encourage the development of entrepreneurship and the incentive measures currently implemented by the state are explained. The aim of the paper is to describe entrepreneurship as the backbone of the country's economic prosperity, and the importance is placed on the description of entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial activities and incentive policies implemented by the Government of the Republic of Croatia. A survey with 202 respondents has been carried out with the aim of obtaining primary data on the necessary characteristics of self-confidence and support from the environment for the initiative to start an entrepreneurial venture, as well as obstacles in the development of entrepreneurship in the Republic of Croatia, the most common of which are the lack of incentives and the tax burden. Based on the research, it was determined that to start an entrepreneurial activity, you need to have self-confidence, and the state should encourage and take care of entrepreneurship much more in order to strengthen the growth and development of the country. The paper emphasizes the insufficiency of entrepreneurial initiative and the insufficiency of support from the state in the form of infrastructure, education and promotion of entrepreneurship. In the coming period, the Strategy and the National Recovery Plan are a good basis for further development and an attempt to improve entrepreneurial activities, all with the aim of national economic recovery and well-being in the economy for all citizens of our country.

Turizam ima vrlo važnu ulogu u nacionalnom gospodarstvu Republike Hrvatske zbog niza ekonomskih koristi. To su prvenstveno rast dohotka, zapošljavanje, kapitalna ulaganja te poticanje regionalnog rasta i razvoja. Jedan od osnovnih ciljeva makroekonomske politike svake zemlje pa tako i Hrvatske je vanjskotrgovinska ravnoteža. Međutim, Hrvatska u vanjskotrgovinskoj razmjeni bilježi stalni deficit, a turizam već dulji niz godina uspješno ublažava negativan učinak robne razmjene Hrvatske s inozemstvom. Stoga se u ovom radu želi ukazati na ovisnost vanjskotrgovinske bilance Republike Hrvatske o turizmu te predložiti moguća rješenja za povećanje konkurentnosti drugih sektora u gospodarstvu. Kroz empirijsko istraživanje nastoji se potvrditi kako ovisnost o turizmu usporava razvoj drugih sektora u gospodarstvu što dugoročno predstavlja prijetnju održivosti gospodarskog rasta i razvoja zemlje. Budući da je hrvatski turizam u većoj mjeri sezonalan, ovim diplomskim radom daje se doprinos u smislu predlaganja rješenja razvoja alternativnih izvora prihoda u samom turizmu te povećanja konkurentnosti drugih sektora u gospodarstvu. Tourism plays a very important role in the national economy of the Republic of Croatia due to a number of economic benefits. These are primarily income growth, employment, capital investment, and fostering regional growth and development. One of the basic goals of each country's macroeconomic policy, including Croatia, is foreign trade balance. However, Croatia has seen a constant deficit in foreign trade, and tourism has been successfully mitigating the negative effect of Croatia's trade with abroad for many years. Therefore, the paper seeks to point out the dependence of the foreign trade balance of the Republic of Croatia on tourism and propose possible solutions to increase the competitiveness of other sectors in the economy. Through empirical research, it seeks to confirm how dependence on tourism slows the development of other sectors in the economy, which in the long run poses a threat to the sustainability of the country’s economic growth and development. As Croatian tourism is largely seasonal, this thesis contributes in terms of proposing solutions to the development of alternative sources of income in tourism itself and increasing the competitiveness of other sectors in the economy.

Veliki utjecaj na gospodarstvo određene zemlje ima poduzetništvo. Poduzetništvo se temelji na osobnoj slobodi, pravu nasljedstva, pravu vlasništva, slobodi poduzetništva i tržišnoj slobodi. Poduzetništvo predstavlja poslovni poduhvat kojim se ostvaruje profit, a uključuje određene rizike. Kada poduzetnik uspostavlja poduzeće vrlo je važno formiranje strategije poslovanja te uz nju definiranje vizije, misije i ciljeva. U tu svrhu procjenjuju se mogući rizici i istražuje tržište. Smanjenje rizika i dostizanje ciljeva olakšano je implementacijom svih funkcija poduzetništva pod koje spadaju organiziranje, vođenje, planiranje, upravljanje ljudskim resursima i kontrola. Poduzetništvo se s obzirom na veličinu poduzeća može podijeliti na malo, srednje i veliko. Malo i srednje poduzetništvo značajno utječe na gospodarski rast i razvoj Republike Hrvatske otvaranjem novih radnih mjesta i smanjenjem broja nezaposlenih osoba, svojim inovativnim aktivnostima povećavaju konkurentnost gospodarstva te se lakše i brže prilagođavaju promjenama u okolini. Kako bi utjecaj malog i srednjeg poduzetništva na rast i razvoj gospodarstva bio značajniji, potrebno bi bilo provesti važne strukturne reforme. Entrepreneurship has an enormous impact on an economy of a state. It is based on personal freedom, right of inheritance, right of ownership, freedom of entrepreneurship and market freedom. Entrepreneurship is a business venture that generates profit and it involves certain risks. When an entrepreneur establishes a company, it is mostly important for an entrepreneur to form a business strategy and, along with it, define the vision, mission and goals. For this purpose, possible risks are assessed and the market is investigated. Reducing risks and achieving goals is facilitated by the implementation of all functions of entrepreneurship, which include planning, organizing, leading, managing human resources and controlling. Based on the size of the company, entrepreneurs are classified as small, medium and large.Small and medium enterprises significantly influence the economic growth and development of the Republic of Croatia by creating new jobs and reducing the number of unemployed persons, increasing the competitiveness of the economy with their innovative activities and adapting more easily and quickly to the environmental changes. Small and medium-sized enterprises would make a more significant impact on economic growth and development ifthere were to be implemented important structural reforms.

Prikaz utjecaja turizma na gospodarstvo Republike Hrvatske predstavlja glavni cilj ovog završnog rada. Turizam danas iako u odnosnu na druge gospodarske grane možemo reći da je relativno mlada grana, no zbog ubrzanog rasta kojeg doživljava danas postaje jedna od dominantnijih gospodarskih grana za brojne države uključujući Republiku Hrvatsku. Sektor turizma u RH nosi čak petinu BDP-a, te je ujedno to i sektor na koji se država najviše oslanja. Hrvatska svoj uspjeh u turizmu može prepisati geografskom položaju, te prirodnim čimbenicima na kojima se temelji turizam, a to su sunce i more. Brzina i dinamika u promjenama želja i potreba turista, razlog su nastanka raznovrsne turističke ponude i razvoja raznih oblika turizma. Hrvatska kao pretežito receptivna zemlja svoju ponudu temelji na: atrakcijama, turističkoj, smještajnoj i općoj infrastrukturi, proizvodima te ljudskim potencijalima. Sa druge strane potražnja ovisi o dolascima stranih turista, ponajviše iz obližnjih zemalja poput Njemačke, Slovenije, Austrije, Italije, pa i ostalih zemalja sa područja EU-a. Strani turisti ostvaruju oko 90% noćenja ukoliko se uzmu podaci iz prethodne četiri turističke sezone. Na samom kraju rada nalazi se prikaz podataka koji ukazuju na utjecaj turizma na BDP, zaposlenost, te njegova podložnost vanjskim utjecajima, kroz primjer pandemije COVID-19. The impact of tourism on the economy of the Republic of Croatia is the main objective of this thesis. Today, tourism is a relatively young economic sector compared to other economic sectors, but due to the rapid growth it is experiencing today, it is becoming one of the dominant economic sectors for many countries, including the Republic of Croatia. The tourism sector accounts for up to one-fifth of GDP in the Republic of Croatia and is also the sector on which the state relies the most. Croatia's success in tourism is due to its geographical location and the natural factors on which tourism is based, namely sun and sea. The speed and dynamics of changes in the desires and needs of tourists is the reason for the emergence of a diverse tourist offer and the development of various forms of tourism. Croatia, as a predominantly receptive country, bases its offer on: Attractions, tourism, accommodation and general infrastructure, products and human resources. On the other hand, demand depends on the arrival of foreign tourists, mainly from neighbouring countries such as Germany, Slovenia, Austria, Italy and other EU countries. Foreign tourists account for about 90% of overnight stays, based on data from the last four tourist seasons. At the very end of the document, data are presented showing the impact of tourism on GDP, employment and its vulnerability to external influences, using the example of the pandemic COVID -19.

Na suvremenom globalnom tržištu nacionalna gospodarstva, odnosno poduzeća nastoje poslovati na međunarodnom tržištu. Uspostava poslovanja na međunarodnom tržištu može imati pozitivan učinak na gospodarsku stabilnost. Iz navedenog je razloga važno da država potiče međunarodnu razmjenu robe, ali i usluga. U državama Europske unije međunarodna razmjena bitno doprinosi nacionalnim gospodarstvima. Tijekom pandemije COVID-19 izvoz država članica Europske unije se smanjio u odnosu na period prije i nakon pandemije. Republika Hrvatska, također, je imala smanjeni izvoz robe u 2020. godini u odnosu na period prije i nakon 2020. godine. To se negativno odnosilo na gospodarstvo Hrvatske budući da izvoz čini velik dio hrvatskog BDP-a. In the modern global market, national economies, that is, enterprises strive to operate on the international market. Setting up a business on the international market can have a positive impact on economic stability. For this reason, it is important that the state encourages the international exchange of goods, as well as services. In the countries of the European Union, international exchange contributes substantially to national economies. During the COVID-19 pandemic, exports of Member States of the European Union decreased compared to the period before and after the pandemic. The Republic of Croatia also had a decrease in exports of goods in 2020 compared to the period before and after 2020. This was negative for Croatia's economy, as exports account for a large part of Croatia's GDP.

Bolest COVID – 19 je bolest koja bilježi visoku stopu zaraznosti, a uzročnik je koronavirus. Bolest se prvi put u svijetu, pojavila u Kini u 2019. godini, dok se u Hrvatskoj pojavljuje u veljači 2020. godine. U radu se opisuje utjecaj bolesti na gospodarstvo svijeta, Hrvatske, a fokus se stavlja na gospodarstvo Varaždinske županije. U radu se također prikazuje reakcija tvrtki na pojavu bolesti. The disease COVID-19 is a disease with a high infectious rate, and the cause of it is the coronavirus. The disease appeared for the first time in the world in China in 2019, while it appeared in Croatia in February 2020. The paper describes the impact of the disease on the economy of the world, Croatia, with the focus on the economy of Varaždin County. The paper also shows the reaction of companies to the occurrence of the disease.