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A new species of Heterostigmatic mites from the family Microdispidae, Premicrodispus (Premicrodispus) abani Rahiminejad & Majidi sp. n., is described and illustrated based on female individuals recovered from macro-fungi, Trichaptum sp. (Fungi: Polyporales), in forestry areas of Gorgan, northern Iran. Additionally, distributional records of four pygmephoroid species belonging to Pediculaster Vitzthum, 1931, Metapygmephorellus Rahiminejad, Hajiqanbar & Khaustov, 2015, and Krczaldania Sasa, 1961 genera are reported from various mushrooms over the sampling region. All the fungi, including Trichaptum sp. (Polyporales), Psathyrella sp., and Pleurotus sp. (Fungi: Agaricales), are recorded for the first time as hosts of Heterostigmata. Moreover, Pediculaster sklarii Sevastianov & Chydyrov, 1994 and P. amerahae Sevastianov & Abo-korah, 1984, are recorded for the first time in the arthropod fauna of Iran. Eventually, an overview of heterostigmatic mites associated with macro-fungi, as well as their host range and distribution, has been provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Institutional credits are one of the main policy-making tools for the growth of production and the use of new technologies in agricultural development. Credits play a major role in providing capital needed for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry sub-sector. Institutional credits are types of directed credits that are granted to individuals with the aim of expanding and growing agricultural and livestock production. Materials and Methods: Considering the importance of institutional credits, in this research, it has been tried to investigate the effect of institutional credits on the production and profitability of the industrial cattle farms of the Gorgan District by using the primary data collected through questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with livestock farmers. For this purpose, 40 questionnaires were distributed among the industrial cattle farmers of Gorgan district. In this study, the effect of institutional credits on the number of livestock was estimated using a multivariate linear regression model with the help of Eviews software. Results: The results showed that the variables of the amount of credits received, income and capital had a positive effect on the number of livestock (P<0.05). Also, variables such as loan interest and the amount of credits received had a positive and significant effect on the amount of milk production (P<0.05), but the effect of the variable number of livestock on the amount of milk production had a negative and insignificant effect. In addition, in this study, the factors affecting the demand for agricultural credits by industrial cattle farmers were also examined, and the results indicated that income and cost variables had a positive and significant effect on the amount of credit demand at the level of 5%. Additionally, the capital factor had a significant and negative effect on the amount of demand for credits, at 5% significance level. Conclusion: The results showed that providing capital and granting institutional credits have a positive effect on the amount of income, capital, and production in cattle farms. Therefore, in order to progress and prevent the bankruptcy of the units, one of the main conditions for the development or the start of the construction of the production unit is the provision of capital. The most important sources of this capital in most countries, including Iran, are institutional credits or loans from banks and cooperatives. Therefore, providing capital through institutional credits or loans from banks and cooperatives can have a positive effect on the performance of animal husbandry units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing healthcare costs worldwide. It has been suggested that serum lipin-1 (LPN1) may be associated with components of MetS. The aim of this study was to evaluate LPN1serum levels and its association with MetS components in subjects with and without MetS in this area. Materials and methods: We included subjects with MetS using the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. LPN1 levels were measured using the Eliza method. Results: The results showed that waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and triglyceride levels were significantly higher and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and LPN1 levels were significantly lower in subjects with MetS compared to subjects without MetS. There was a significant inverse correlation between LPN1 and FBG, SBP, and DBP in MetS patients. In subjects without MetS, there was no correlation between LPN1and MetS components. Conclusion: There appears to be a significant association between some components of MetS and serum LPN1 levels. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and possible therapeutic implications of this association for the prevention and treatment of MetS-related disorders.

Milk and milk products are the main nutritional foods for all age groups, especially for infants and children. Milk may be dangerous to consume due to the presence of a harmful substance called Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The objective of this study was to assess the levels of AFM1 in milk, particularly those that exceed the standards set by the European Union (50 ng/L), the Food and Drug Administration (500 ng/L), and the Iranian National Standards Organization (100 ng/L). The study included one hundred and eighty samples of raw cow’s milk from various retail dairy markets in Gorgan, with 45 samples collected during each season. The level of Aflatoxin M1 in the samples was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. AFM1 was detected in 139 (72.2%) raw cow milk samples with a range of 3.5–357 ng/L. All of the samples collected had Aflatoxin M1 concentration levels that were below the maximum limit of 500 ng/L set by the FDA. However, 41 samples (22.7%) exceeded the EU’s limit of 50 ng/L, and 26 samples (14.4%) exceeded the INSO’s limit of 100 ng/L for Aflatoxin M1 in raw cow’s milk. The lowest and highest AFM1 levels of contamination were detected in the summer and winter seasons, which constituted 32 (71.1%) and 38 (84.4%) samples, respectively. The consumption of raw cow milk can lead to health risks for individuals from various age groups because regulatory limits are not being followed.

Milk and milk products are the main nutritional foods for all age groups, especially for infants and children. Milk may be dangerous to consume due to the presence of a harmful substance called Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). The objective of this study was to assess the levels of AFM1 in milk, particularly those that exceed the standards set by the European Union (50 ng/L), the Food and Drug Administration (500 ng/L), and the Iranian National Standards Organization (100 ng/L). The study included one hundred and eighty samples of raw cow's milk from various retail dairy markets in Gorgan, with 45 samples collected during each season. The level of Aflatoxin M1 in the samples was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. AFM1 was detected in 139 (72.2%) raw cow milk samples with a range of 3.5–357 ng/L. All of the samples collected had Aflatoxin M1 concentration levels that were below the maximum limit of 500 ng/L set by the FDA. However, 41 samples (22.7%) exceeded the EU's limit of 50 ng/L, and 26 samples (14.4%) exceeded the INSO's limit of 100 ng/L for Aflatoxin M1 in raw cow's milk. The lowest and highest AFM1 levels of contamination were detected in the summer and winter seasons, which constituted 32 (71.1%) and 38 (84.4%) samples, respectively. The consumption of raw cow milk can lead to health risks for individuals from various age groups because regulatory limits are not being followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health problem worldwide. Vertical and horizontal transmission of HBV could affect neonates and partners. This transmission can vary in populations. Also, high-risk behaviors and clinical records affect the transmission of this virus. Due to the lack of information on vaginal discharge related to HBV in the north of Iran, we aimed to assess the presence of HBV in pregnant women's vaginal secretion referred to Sayyad Shirazi Hospital in Gorgan City, north of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 315 cervicovaginal lavages from pregnant women. Viral DNA was extracted, and the gene fragments of the virus were checked by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Clinical, demographic, and behavioral data were entered into SPSS version 16. The chi-square tests were used to determine any association between categorical data. Results: Hepatitis B virus DNA was detected in 2.2% (7/315) of samples. The age range of patients was from 14 to 43 years. Anal sex (P = 0.043) and not using a condom (P = 0.047) were significantly associated with HBV-positive cases. Abortion, unusual discharge, and some other clinical and demographic information showed no related statistical correlation. Conclusion: The results showed a similar rate of infection in the general Iranian population. In pregnant women, the risk of HBV transmission and chronic HBV can be critical in newborns; therefore, it is strongly recommended to conduct screening and provide management for women during pregnancy.

Introduction and Objective In recent years, due to the rapid growth of the population, the increasing development of urbanization and the industrialization of societies, as a result, the hydrology of urban watersheds has been accompanied by many changes. These changes over time have caused floods and inundation of roads in urban areas, and on the other hand, flooding in these areas due to the density of population and facilities can cause severe damages and reduce the quality of runoff. New approaches have been proposed to manage runoff and prevent flooding and water pollution, and in this case, the development of low-impact LID is one of these approaches. The purpose of using this technique is to simulate the hydrological conditions of the urban area before development. For this purpose, in this research, the evaluation of quality parameters (BOD, TP, TN) was investigated using the best low-impact development management practices (LID/BMPs) in Gorgan city.Materials and Methods In the first stage, information related to intensity-duration-rainfall curves, urban and land use maps, and urban development maps were collected for Gorgan urban watershed. EPA-SWMM model was used to create a hydrological model in Gorgan city and investigate the effect of LID on runoff. According to the urban development of the region, six options of green roof, biological system, garden waterway, rain, infiltration trench and permeable covers, with a 6-hour rainstorm were considered with a return period of 2, 5 and 10 years for qualitative analysis using parameters Nitrate, phosphate and BOD.Results and Discussion The results of the calibration and validation of the model based on the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion more than 0.5 showed that the SWMM model has the required accuracy for simulating the quality of urban runoff. The results showed that, respectively, the green roof system, rain barrel and permeable covers have the best performance in improving the quality of surface runoff in the region by reducing surface runoff pollutants compared to the existing situation. The use of low-impact development methods in the region depends on various factors, including environmental, economic and efficiency factors. The results indicate that all the LID scenarios selected in the research were effective in improving the quality of surface runoff, but each of the scenarios showed different capabilities.Conclusion and Suggestions Even though all the LID scenarios examined in this research were effective in controlling surface runoff and improving its quality, but with the implementation of the green roof, rain barrel and permeable covers, the amounts of phosphate, nitrate and BOD compared to the existing situation and other scenarios has decreased further. As a result, the impact of green roof management measures, rain barrel and permeable cover has been greater. Finally, it is suggested that in order to improve the quantity and quality of surface runoff, these methods should be considered in the implementation priorities.

Background and purpose: The frequency of traffic accidents is in a critical situation in Iran. This epidemiologic survey aimed at evaluating traffic accident injuries in emergency department at Gorgan 5Azar Hospital. Materials and methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional descriptive study, the population included all patients who were admitted to the emergency department at Gorgan 5Azar Hospital (The Trauma Center in Golestan Province), 2019-2020 due to road accidents. Data were recorded in a checklist and analyzed in SPSS V20. Results: There were 1042 people that injured by road accidents with the mean age of 29.7±16.01 years. The patients were 80.1% men. Most of the accidents occurred during the day (63.2%) at summer (29.7%) in August (10.7%). Road accidents were more frequent in rural roads (63.1%) and among vehicle drivers (63.1%) and mainly motorcycle drivers (47.4%). Out of all cases with road injuries 626 (60.1%) fully recovered and 12 cases (1.2%) deceased. Conclusion: In this study, accidents were more frequent in suburban roads, especially rural roads, in men and young people. Traffic accidents are among the social issues that could be prevented. More attention should be paid to safety and compliance with standards in the construction of roads, especially in villages, as well as education of the youth population.

Objectives The present investigation has been done to study the behavioral effects of donepezil in autistic children, given that not much research has been carried out concerning using this drug for treating autism. Materials & Methods A cross-sectional and analytic-descriptive study was done on twenty patients with autism, aged 4-17, who visited the neurology clinic of Gorgan's Taleghani Pediatric Hospital and Yasha Pediatric Autism Clinic, Iran from 2019 to 2020. Demographic information, including sex, age, father's education, mother's education,patient's education, family status, other problems, and ethnicity, were documented using a checklist, having been filled in during interviews with the parents. Before the trial, ABC cognitive and behavioral tests were taken to determine the children's current status. After the tests, these children received a daily dose of donepezil (10mg) before sleep for three months. At the end of the three months, the cognitive and behavioral tests were taken from the children once again. In order to analyze the effects of different factors on the studied variables, including irritability, lethargy, stereotypic behavior, hyperactivity, and inappropriate speech before and after the administration of donepezil in patients, a generalized linear model and to test the effects of donepezil on the studied variables, paired t-test was used. Results In this study, twenty patients were registered for the investigation, 12 (60%) male and eight (40%) female. Age groups 5-6 had the highest frequency, and age group 17 had the lowest. Regardingthe parents' education, the highest frequency was for bachelor's degrees, and the lowest was for less-than-high school education and master's degree. The highest frequency for the patients' education was kindergarten (60%), and then groups without education (20%) and elementary school-level education (15%). Most of the studied patients (80%) did not have other problems besides autism, and only 20% had other problems besides autism. The family status of 15% of the families was 'separated,' and ethnically, most patients (80%) were Fars, while the rest (20%) were Turkmen. None of the analyzed factors (age, sex, father's education, mother's education, patient's education, other problems, family status, and ethnicity) had a significant effect on the studied variables after the administration of donepezil. Among the studied variables prior to the administration of donepezil and among the analyzed factors, the father's education, the patient's education, other problems, and family status had only a significant effect on stereotypic behavior. The present research findings of the present research indicated that all the studied variables, including irritability, lethargy, stereotypic behavior, hyperactivity, and inappropriate speech, were significantly decreased toward the desired goal. The decreased amounts in irritability, lethargy, stereotypic behavior, hyperactivity, and inappropriate speech after the administration of donepezil were, respectively, 38%, 44%, 54%, 41%, and 54% and on average, these behaviors were reduced by 46%. Conclusion The present investigation has shown that all the studied variables, including irritability, lethargy, stereotypic behavior, hyperactivity, and inappropriate speech, were significantly decreased towards the desired goal by 46%. This significant decrease is indicative of the effectiveness of the treatment of autism patients with donepezil, and therefore, this drug can be placed as a prominent and essential part of the medical therapy of autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: The frequency of traffic accidents is in a critical situation in Iran. This epidemiologic survey aimed at evaluating traffic accident injuries in emergency department at Gorgan 5Azar Hospital. Materials and methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional descriptive study, the population included all patients who were admitted to the emergency department at Gorgan 5Azar Hospital (The Trauma Center in Golestan Province), 2019-2020 due to road accidents. Data were recorded in a checklist and analyzed in SPSS V20. Results: There were 1042 people that injured by road accidents with the mean age of 29.7±16.01 years. The patients were 80.1% men. Most of the accidents occurred during the day (63.2%) at summer (29.7%) in August (10.7%). Road accidents were more frequent in rural roads (63.1%) and among vehicle drivers (63.1%) and mainly motorcycle drivers (47.4%). Out of all cases with road injuries 626 (60.1%) fully recovered and 12 cases (1.2%) deceased. Conclusion: In this study, accidents were more frequent in suburban roads, especially rural roads, in men and young people. Traffic accidents are among the social issues that could be prevented. More attention should be paid to safety and compliance with standards in the construction of roads, especially in villages, as well as education of the youth population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Gorgan schist complex, composed of low-grade metamorphic rocks, are widespread in the Alborz highlands in the south of Mazandaran Sea and extended from Behshahr to Aliabad. The complex is characterized by alternating of phyllite, sericite, chlorite schist, and quartzite along with ophiolite interlayers at the base part of the interval (Tietze, 1877; Stahl, 1911). The shale layers of the studied area are discontinuously covered by non-metamorphosed sediments, in the lower part, these sediments include a layer of conglomerate in which the fragments of Gorgan schists occurred (Hubber, 1957). Materials and methods 25 thin sections were prepared from the collected samples. and were studied in the microscopic laboratory of Kharazmi University in Tehran with a Zeiss Axioplan 2 polarizing microscope. 10 samples with minor alterations were analyzed by ICP-MS and XRF methods at the Zarazma laboratory in Tehran. The data obtained from the chemical analyses are given in Tables 1 and 2. Abbreviations used in the text, figures, and tables of the present study are based on Whitney and Evans (Whitney and Evans, 2010). GCDKit, Excel, and Adobe Illustrator softwares were used.to analyze the geochemical data and to draw the required diagrams. Regional Geology The studied area lies in the north of Iran, the east of Mazandaran province, and the middle-eastern Alborz zone. The northern part of this zone is Gorgan-Rasht zone, including the marginal areas of the Mazandaran Sea as well as the north of Alborz fault (Darvishzadeh, 2013). Some workers believe that the protoliths of these metamorphic complexes belonging to Paleozoic or Mesozoic rocks deformed by collisional tectonics in the Late Triassic (Khosrotehrani, 2009). The Behshahr and the Galogah regions are located in the geological divisions of Iran in the central Alborz zone and the west of eastern Alborz zone. Petrography According to the petrography, the investigated masses in the south of Behshahr include metagabbro, metabasalt and orthogneiss. Metagabbros in the hand sample are often seen as grayish-green, fine-grained to medium-grained and granular texture. In the microscopic studies, plagioclase and pyroxene phenocrysts are place in the microlithic to crypto-crystalline matrix, which shows porphyry texture. Also, metamorphic amphiboles such as tremolite-actinolite time with pseudomorph texture have grown in the pyroxene forms. Plagioclases are illustrated with polysynthetic twinning. Some plagioclases have been sericitized, and pyroxenes altered to serpentine. Pyroxene and plagioclase are the major rock-forming crystals and make the major granular texture. Mineral deforming such as amphiboles bending can show the syn-tectonic phases with the peak of metamorphism. The petrographic evidence demonstrates high-grade metamorphism, in the border of the upper amphibolite facies and granulite facies. The presence of gneisses containing high-grade metamorphic minerals such as garnet and clinopyroxene proves the high-grade metamorphic series in the central part of the Gorgan metamorphic complex. The identification of dynamo-thermal metamorphic fabrics such as Bookshelves and Micafish indicates the influence of special tectonic processes on the margin of the subduction zone with exhumed metamorphic complexes during the closing subduction systems and upwelling the metamorphic complex into the upper crust levels. Geochemistry The chemical analysis show, the amount of SiO2 varies between 35.94 and 49.26 and they are in the range of basic rocks. Also, the Al2O3 content in these samples is between 13.80 and 20.32 which mines our samples are in the range of per aluminum. Also, the results of the chemical analysis represented our samples belonging to the calc-alkaline rock series. Low titanium content (1.59 to 2.72 wt%) and low potassium content (0.06 to 1.87 wt%) are special characteristics of these rocks. The low amount of P2O5 and Ti2O in the samples, which are less than 0.5 and 2.5, respectively, are similar to subduction-related rocks (Defant et al., 1992). Based on the TAS diagram (Cox et al., 1979), SiO2 versus Na2O+K2O, all the studied samples except the BMG125 sample are placed in the gabbro range. These study rocks are often included in the group of intrusive rocks resulting from melts created in subduction zones. The study of rare elements shows that Behshahr's intrusive complex shows features close to volcanic arcs on the edge of the subduction zone and close to oceanic islands. In the analyzed samples, LREE elements are more enriched than HREE elements, and LILE elements are also more enriched than HFSE elements, which indicates magma contamination with the crust and partial melting. Discussion According to the studies, all of the samples are in the calcalkaline range in the related diagrams. The calc-alkaline magmatic series is related to subduction setting. Therefore, it can be expected that the formation setting of the studied gabbroid mass is a subduction setting. Of course, due to the fact that some samples are in the intermediate range of calcalkaline and alkaline, the intraplate scenario is also possible to describe the tectonomagmatic setting of the region, and in this regard, we examine both subduction and intraplate theories. Considering that the age of the metamorphisms of Gorgan is related to the Paleozoic and Triassic periods (Zanchi et al., 2009), most probably the age of the studied intrusive masses and gabbros before the Paleozoic is related to the Cambrian. It is noteworthy that dating and providing a more accurate theory about the tectonomagmic setting of the studied area requires more sampling and geochronologic data. In this regard, it is suggested that in the continuation of this research, dating studies should be carried out to investigate and determine the tectonomagmic pattern and dating of intrusive masses in the Gorgan schists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

İslam Tarihi ve Medeniyetinde önemli bir yere sahip olan Cürcân, Hazar Denizi’nin güney doğusunda yer almaktadır. Cürcân şehri; jeopolitik konumu, limanı, verimli sulak arazileri ve İpek Yolu güzergâhında olması hasebiyle daima cazibe merkezi olmuştur. Net olmamakla beraber geçmişi çok eski tarihlere dayanan şehirde önceleri farklı mahalli hanedanlıklar hüküm sürmüştür. İlk defa Hz. Ömer’in hilafetinde fethedilen şehirde bilahare isyanlar çıkmış ve şehir birçok defa el değiştirmiş, Müslümanların şehir ve bölgede tam anlamıyla hâkimiyet kurabilmeleri ancak Emevî halifelerinden Süleyman b. Abdülmelik’in döneminde mümkün olabilmiştir. Bölge Abbasîler döneminde daha ziyade yönetim muhaliflerinin sığınağı haline gelmiştir. Ziyarî Hanedanlığı’nın (928-1090) Cürcan’ı merkez edinmesiyle sükûnete kavuşan şehir bundan sonra büyük âlimlerin yetiştiği bir ilim, kültür ve sanat merkezine dönüşmüştür.

Background and Objective: With the expansion of urbanization and the development of industry, environmental pollution, including sources of drinking water to heavy metals, has become a global problem. Therefore, the present study was conducted to measure the concentration of lead and cadmium in the water of Gorgan distribution network. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study in which the concentrations of heavy metals lead and cadmium were measured in 25 different stations of the Gorgan drinking water distribution network from April to September 2018 by atomic absorption device. Statistical analysis was used from SPSS ver 22 software. Also, zoning maps based on the concentration of these two metals were prepared by Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Results: The results of measuring the lead and cadmium concentration showed that all measured values are less than national and international standards. In general, the average concentrations of lead and cadmium were 4.38 and 0.1 μg/L, respectively. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there was a significant difference (p

The contamination of milk and its products with heavy metals has toxic and dangerous effects on human health. This study aimed to determine the heavy metal concentration and health risk assessment resulting from them in four different brands of Pasteurized milk consumed in Gorgan city, Iran. This study was performed during three seasons (summer, autumn and winter). Sixty different samples of pasteurized milk of four common brands were selected and analysed. Samples were digested in the laboratory by using nitric acid method digestion, and the heavy metal concentration was measured by using the linear regression based on the height of the peaks of the voltammograms. Also, health risk assessment was analysed by Oracle® Crystal Ball. According to the results, the overall mean (n = 60) concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in all of the analysed milk samples was 0.02, 0.023, 0.97 and 4.31 µg/g, respectively. Based on these results, about 67% had Pb content lower than the codex limits, almost 70% of all milk samples had Cd content higher than the permissible limit, and Cu concentration in all milk samples was under the mentioned permissible limits. Zn concentrations in all samples were exceeded the permissible limits. HRI values in adults and children via consumption of pasteurized milk in all of the analysed samples were within the safe limits (HRI < 1). Based on these findings, monitoring of contaminants in milk and other dairy products prevented the probably side effects of these heavy metals on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Legumes are the main source of protein in developing countries, so that its protein content is about twice that of cereals and a cheap source of protein of good quality and a good supplement to cereal protein. These plants are very important in low-input agricultural systems and have a special place in the rotation of some agricultural systems in the world, especially in arid areas, and play a significant role in food production in these countries. Materials and Methods: In order to economical comparison of different cultivars production forage legumes and selecting of suitable legume, this research carried out in 2018 and 2019 in Golestan province. In this research, for determination of legumes quantity yield, randomized complete block design in three replications and for economic assessment used partial budgeting method, benefit cost ratio, the percent of sale return and the percent of cost return was used. Forage legumes including four cultivars of faba bean (Barkat, Feyz, Shadan and Mahta cultivars), grass pea (local cultivar), three cultivars of vetch (common, hairy and hungarian cultivars) and two cultivars of fodder green pea (internal and Pioneer cultivars) were evaluated in terms of quantitative traits of fresh, dry forage yield. In the partial budgeting method, the following calculations are required to decide on the choice of the most economical treatment among the different treatments in the form of a pilot project: A) Calculating the benefits of performing different treatments: (Bi + C1) 1- Increase of income: Calculation of increase of income that is obtained as a result of the implementation of the new treatment (Bi). 2- Reduction of costs: Calculation of the cost of the control treatment, which will no longer be necessary due to the implementation of the rival treatment (C1). B) Calculation of the cost of different treatments: (Ci + B1) Increase of expenses: calculation of costs that result from the implementation of the new treatment (Ci). Income reduction: Calculation of income related to the control treatment that is lost due to the implementation of the competitor treatment (B1). If the benefits of the treatment in question are more than its costs or in other words (Bi + C1)> (Ci + B1), it shows that the study is more economically profitable than the control treatment and Otherwise, the control treatment will be superior to the desired treatment. In order to select the best treatment from the studied treatments and rank the treatments, it is possible to act based on the amount of net benefits of the treatment or based on the ratio of benefit to cost of different treatments. In economic context, usually when the results of a project are related to different years, it is not possible to sum up the projected results of costs / revenues directly, but first the time value of money at the deposit rate. Banks should be determined at present value and then net present value (NPV) and cost-benefit ratio as profitability indicators. For this purpose, was used engineering economics creteria. Results and Discussion: According to the results, the yield of fresh forage production of hairy vetch variety and dry forage production of common vetch variety was estimated 48755 and 8730 kg/ha, respectively, in target regions. The mean of production cost of domestic and external vetch was estimated 22.2 and 35.5 Iranian million rials/ha, respectively. The mean of production cost of internal and external of fodder green pea was estimated as 28.3 and 46.4 Iranian million rials/ha, respectively. The mean of production cost of domestic of faba bean and grass pea was estimated as 34.6 and 26.2 Iranian million rials/ha, respectively. The mean of net present value of the fresh forage production of hairy vetch and dry forage production of common vetch was estimated as 221.9 and 128.1 Iranian million rials/ha, respectively, that is more than others forage legumes. The mean of benefit cost ratio of the fresh forage production of hairy vetch and dry forage production of common vetch was estimated 10.2 and 6.3 unit, respectively. The mean of sale return of the fresh forage production of hairy vetch and dry forage production of common vetch was estimated 90.2 and 84.1 percent, respectively. Coclusion: In generally, economic results show that, due to low production costs and higher profitability, the fresh forage production of hairy vetch variety and dry forage production of common vetch variety were recommended to target region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The study area is located in the Eastern Alborz zone (Gansser, 1951) which is a part of the northern margin of Gondwana during the Paleozoic (Stöcklin, 1974; Salehi Rad, 1979; Berberian and King, 1981; Şengor, 1990; Alavi, 1991, 1996; Stampfli and Borel, 2002; Allen et al., 2003; Horton et al., 2008; Sinha, 2012, 2013). According to studies conducted by Gansser (1951) and Hubber (1957), the gabbro masses of South Gorgan (Nahar Khuran Valley) belong to the ophiolite collection. Meanwhile, 6km South-East of Galougah city, Gorgan schists have been covered by underlying Jurassic sandstones with s steep discontinuity. The parts resulting from the erosion of Gorgan schists were observed in the sequence conglomerate of the underlying Jurassic. At the beginning of the Ziarat Valley, about 800 meters above the Nahar Khuran, two small tectonic masses (the thickness of about 11 meters) are placed on the layers. These masses are mostly metamorphic. The metamorphic rocks (Gorgan schists), as one of the important geological units in Iran, are mainly formed from low-metamorphic rocks such as slate, phyllite, chlorite schist, greenschist and micaschist along with volcanic rocks and gabbrodiorite masses infiltrating them. Materials and Methods To prepare a geological map of the study area, field sampling and fieldwork were first done from the various units in the region. Over 100 samples were collected from the area. Approximately 70 thin cross-sectional samples of the tectonic rocks of the area were selected from them and investigated using a polarizing microscope. In this paper, 11 points of clinopyroxene were selected for microprobe analysis. The point analysis done on these minerals was conducted using the EPMA method using a microprobe analysis set in the Center of Mineral Processing of Iran (Karaj). The structural formula is calculated using the Excel (Spreadsheet) and dividing them was done by the MinPet 2.02 software package. Given that microprobe analysis is unable to distinguish Fe2+ and Fe3+ and given that it reports total iron as FeO*, it is necessary to separate these two from each other in order to calculate the minerals’ structural formula. Results Petrographic studies identified rocks including gabbro, olivine gabbro, monzonite, gabbro to monzogabbro altered, metagabbro, and catalactic porphyry diorite. Mineralogically, these rocks consist of phenocrysts of plagioclase with labradorite composition, clinopyroxene and olivine with accessory minerals of apatite, sphene, biotite, and metal minerals. Secondary minerals are chlorite, sericite, clay mineral and epidote. The dominant textures in these rocks are granular and ophitic. The results of electron microprobe analysis of these clinopyroxenes show that they have augite compositions. In addition, gabbros also mostly show alkaline composition. Discussion To precisely investigate the rocks in the research area, the results of the chemical analyses of minerals were used in determining their petrogenesis. Felsic minerals mainly include altered plagioclase, the main combination of which is labradorite and which is converted to the secondary albite due to hydrothermal alteration processes. The combination of clinopyroxenes available in the volcanic rocks is in Quad range and has a composition of augite. The temperature calculated for the clinopyroxenes in gabbros is 1277.7 to 1353.1°C and the pressure is more than 10 Kbars. (On the baseline of 3.65kbar per 1km in depth), the formation of clinopyroxenes in the parent magma was over 37km. The primary water content of the gabbro magmas is estimated to have been between 0.5 and 5 wt.%. Distribution of aluminum in tetra and octa positions of clinopyroxenes depends on pressure and the amount of water available in the crystallization environment. Accordingly, the amount of AlIV decreases as the amount of water increases. Tectonomagmatic diagrams suggest that the host rocks are alkaline and are related to volcanic arc setting. References Alavi, M., 1991. Sedimentary and structural characteristics of the Paleo–Tethys remnants in northeastern Iran. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103(8): 983–992. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)1032.3.CO;2 Alavi, M., 1996. Tectonostratigraphic synthesis and structural style of the Alborz mountain system in northern Iran. Journal of Geodynamics, 21(1): 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-3707(95)00009-7 Allen, M.B., Ghassemi, M.R., Shahrabi, M. and Qorashi, M., 2003. Accommodation of late Cenozoic oblique shortening in the Alborz range, northern Iran. Journal of Structural Geology, 25(5): 659–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00064-0 Berberian, M. and King, G.C.P., 1981. Toward apaleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 18(2): 210–265. https://doi.org/10.1139/e81-019 Gansser, A., 1951. Geological reconnaissance in the Gorgan and surrounding areas. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, report 18, 37 pp. Hubber, H., 1957. Geological reporte on south Gorgan mountain front between Nika and Shah-Pasand. National Iran Oil Company, Tehran, report 164, 39 pp. Salehi Rad, M.R., 1979. Etude géologique de la region de Gorgan (Alborz oriental, Iran). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Paris, Paris, France, 162 pp. Şengor, A.M.C., 1990. A new model for the late Palaeozoic–Mesozoic tectonic evolution of Iran and implications for Oman. Geological Society of London, 49‌(1): 797–831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1992.049.01.49 Sinha A.K., 2012. Petrological characterization of Proterozoic mafic dykes from the Singhbhum craton, eastern India, 34th International Geological Congress, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Sinha, A.K., 2013. Geochemistry of distinct mafic dykes from the Damodar valley Gondwana basins and Chhotanagpur gneissic terrain, eastern India: implications for their petrogenesis and tectonic setting. 125th anniversary of The Geological Society of America, Cornell University, New York, USA. Stampfli, G.M. and Borel, G.D., 2002. A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrones. Earth and Planetary science letters 196 (1–2): 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00588-X Stöcklin, J., 1974. Possible ancient continental margins in Iran. In: C.A. Burk and C.L. Drake (Editors), The geology of continental margins. Springer, New York, pp. 873–887. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01141-6_64

Background and purpose: Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common parasitic infections in humans and other vertebrates worldwide. This study aimed at determining the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection and associated risk factors in individuals attending a Reference Laboratory in Gorgan, Iran. Moreover, recent studies in Golestan province were reviewed. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in 551 blood samples obtained from February-June 2017. Serum samples were isolated and examined for IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii using ELISA. Data were analyzed in SPSS applying logistic regression. Results: Total prevalence of T. gondii was 63.5% (350 out of 551). Among the samples, 306 (55.5%), 12 (2.17%), and 32 (5.8%) were found to be positive for IgG, IgM and both IgG and IgM against T. gondii, respectively. There were significant associations between T. gondii infection and age and soil contact (P< 0.05). However, no significant correlation was observed between T. gondii infection and sex, living area, level of education, occupation, etc (P>0.05). Conclusion: About two thirds of individuals were infected with T. gondii. Accordingly, a high number of subjects have been exposed to T. gondii in this area, which their seropositivity was seen to increase by age as a risk factor. High seropositivity indicates appropriate conditions for the life cycle of the parasite in this province. Therefore, preventive measurements at the community level, particularly in high-risk groups, are warranted.

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Background and Objective: With the expansion of urbanization and the development of industry, environmental pollution, including sources of drinking water to heavy metals, has become a global problem. Therefore, the present study was conducted to measure the concentration of lead and cadmium in the water of Gorgan distribution network. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study in which the concentrations of heavy metals lead and cadmium were measured in 25 different stations of the Gorgan drinking water distribution network from April to September 2018 by atomic absorption device. Statistical analysis was used from SPSS ver 22 software. Also, zoning maps based on the concentration of these two metals were prepared by Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Results: The results of measuring the lead and cadmium concentration showed that all measured values are less than national and international standards. In general, the average concentrations of lead and cadmium were 4.38 and 0.1 μg/L, respectively. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there was a significant difference (p <0.01) between the concentrations obtained from lead metal in different months. Additionally, the distribution map of this lead and cadmium exhibited that in the central areas and some border areas, the concentration of these two metals is higher. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be seen that the concentration of heavy metals lead and cadmium in the water of Gorgan distribution network is within the permitted standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poisoning is a common cause of hospitalization in intensive care units (ICU). The present study aimed to investigate the frequency of poisoning leading to hospitalization in the intensive care units of an educational hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, in Gorgan in 2008-2018. Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted on patients with acute poisoning admitted to the ICUs of 5 Azar Hospital in Gorgan from 20 March 2008, to 20 March 2018. We collected data from all patientschr('39') medical record using a checklist. Data was presented in proportions, mean and standard deviation. Results: All of 631 patients with poisoning were admitted to the ICUs were male (61.3%) and 40.3% were in the age range of 20-29 years. The mean length of hospital stay in the ICU was 4.21±3.45 days. The most common type and cause of poisoning were suicide attempt (65.3%) and drugs (65.6%), respectively. The common drugs were used including the benzodiazepines (38.9%) and narcotic drugs (18.6%). The rate of death of poisoning was 11.1%, of which 44.3% was due to aluminum phosphide. Conclusion: Benzodiazepines and aluminum phosphide were the most common causes of poisoning and death due to poisoning in the ICU. Due to the high mortality rate, it seems necessary to provide more education and information via the media, especially in the field of aluminum phosphide hazards.

Background: Time management skill learning and identification are very effective in the study process, and can reduce the adolescentschr('39') waste of time and help them increase the academic achievement. The present study aimed to determine the effect of time management skill on the academic achievement of female students. Methods: This interventional study was a randomized controlled field trial. The statistical population consisted of all 2785 female second-grade high school students in 2017-2018 covered by health centers of Gorgan, Iran. Forty eligible students were selected and allocated into intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, a group counseling session of time management training was held for 6 hours in two days. A month after intervention, all students completed the questionnaire, and the studentschr('39') grade point average (GPA) of the first and second semesters were extracted in 2017-2018. To compare the academic achievement we used the Mann-Witny U test, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon test in SPSS-16. Results: The mean of the GPA of students in control group before and after intervention were 17.95±1.47 and 17.86±1.67, respectively (P=0.43). The GPA in the intervention group was 17.61±0.84 before intervention and showed an increase to 17.75±1.08 after the time management skill training; but the increase was not statistically significant (P=0.43). The results indicated a statistical significant difference in mean scores of 2 subscales; short-term planning and time attitude in the intervention group in comparison with the control group. Conclusion: Despite the fact that time management skill training did not lead to the academic achievement in students, it could improve the short-term planning. Since the follow-up of the present study was short-term, it needs time to improve planning and affecting the academic achievement. It is suggested to examine this assumption in longitudinal and long-term studies.

Copyright of Water & Soil is the property of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The fundamental goal of development has been growth and elevation of humanity in all aspects; and existence of spatial inequality in different economic, social and skeletal aspects, etc. are signs of non-development. Regions known as developed regions now have high economic and social indices; distribution of income and facilities in these regions is also fairer. Objective of this survey is to study and analyze challenges and opportunities ahead of achieving sustainable development in the villages of mountainous regions and plain regions around the city of Gorgan; and for this purpose, two methods of library research and field study (researcher-made questionnaire) were used. The statistical population was the villages in the central part of Gorgan including 4 mountainous villages and 7 villages in the plains with 5145 families in them; and the sample size was achieved as 358 families by the use of Cochrane’s formula. In order to measure the research variables, independent t-test, Mann Whitney test, and Kruskal Wallis test were used. The results achieved from these tests showed significant difference with up to 99% confidence between most of the economic, skeletal, and social indices between the villages of mountainous and plain regions subjected to this study. It showed the challenging situation of non-development and grave differences in the villages of mountainous regions and plain regions in terms of their levels of facilities. Improving rural roads and collecting fresh water in mountainous areas; It is also suggested to pay attention to the conversion and complementary industries of the agricultural s

The city of “Gorgan” is one of the most important and oldest cities in Iran, in which he appeared at an earlier time in the eras of cities that witnessed fluctuations and developments in the heart of Islamic history. The reader is pleased once and sad again. It is appropriate, and with different centuries, of a generation of scholars, jurists, literati, saints and knowledgeable poets, and it is that scholars, jurisprudents and literati. We know a small amount of this ancient city in Islamic science and culture, to which many are attributed to it. Al-Sehmi is considered a model for local religious history books, because in addition to mentioning the city, its plans and architecture, Al-Sahmi was interested in mentioning translations from the narrators of knowledge, especially the men of hadith. The book is divided into 14 parts, in which it is mentioned Fatah Jarjan and its companions and followers who entered it, a chapter on the lineage of Yazid bin Al-Muhallab Fatih Jarjan and his sons, his honor and his news, and he mentioned the workers of the Umayyad and Abbasid states, and the plans of the mosques, and after that he proceeded to the translations arranged in the letters of the dictionary according to the first letter of The name only, then he mentioned the biographies of those known by their surname, then the biographies of women, and afterwards he included a chapter in the lineage that ends with the word al-Jarjani. Al-Sahmi's authorship of the book is what was popular during the third and fourth centuries AH, the ninth and tenth centuries CE, where historians of regions and cities followed the approach of pride, which sometimes reached the point of fanaticism for the city or region, just as the writing of local books became a systematic phenomenon necessary to satisfy a national or regional tendency, It was expressed by Al-Sahami fanatically for the city or region. Al-Sahmi is distinguished for being one of the encyclopedic historians, as he looked at the entire Gorgan region with its suburbs and suburbs, and Gorgan is located between Tabaristan and Khorasan in the south of the Khazar or Caspian Sea. What is taken against al-Sahami is that he did not give information about the history of Jarjan before Islam, its kings, nor about its religious, social, economic and political conditions, as did other historians of cities and regions, when he entered directly in the history of the conquest of Gorgan and then gave a description of the conquest that took place through reconciliation and payment of tribute and safety To her family مدينة “جرجان” من أهم وأقدم مدن إيران التي ظهر فيها في وقت غابر من الزمن في عصور المدن التي شهدت تقلبات وتطورات في قلب التاريخ الإسلامي، تسر القارئ مرة وتحزنه أخرى. فمن المناسب وقرون مختلفة جيل من العلماء والفقهاء والأدباء والأولياء والشعراء العارفين، وهي من أن علماء وفقها وأدباء.نعرف قدرا بسيطا من هذه المدينة العريقة في العلم والثقافة الإسلامية والتي كثر ما تنسب إليها . يُعد الكتاب نموذجًا لكتب التاريخ المحلي الديني، لأنه بالإضافة إلى ذكر المدينة وخططها وعمارتها، اهتم السهمي بذكر تراجم عن رواة العلم، وبخاصة رجال الحديث. ينقسم الكتاب إلى 14 جزءاً، ذُكر فيها فتح جرجان ومن دخلها من الصحابة والتابعين، وفصل في نسب يزيد بن المهلب فاتح جرجان وأولاده ومكارمه وأخباره، وذكر عمال الدولتين الأموية والعباسية، وخطط المساجد، وبعد ذلك شرع في التراجم مرتبة على حروف المعجم وفق أول حرف من الاسم فقط، ثم ذكر تراجم المعروفين بكنيتهم، ثم تراجم النساء، وأورد بعدها فصلاً في النسب الذي ينتهي بكلمة الجرجاني. تأليف السهمي للكتاب هو غلى ما كان شائعاً خلال القرنين الثالث والرابع الهجريين، التاسع والعاشر الميلاديين، حيث اتبع مؤرخو الأقاليم والمدن منهج التفاخر الذي يصل أحياناً إلى حد التعصب للمدينة أو الإقليم، كما أن تأليف الكتب المحلية أصبح ظاهرة منهجية ضرورية لإرضاء نزعة قومية أو إقليمية، وهي التي عبر عنها السهمي بالتعصب للمدينة أو الإقليم. يتميز السهمي بكونه من المؤرخين الموسوعيين، إذ نظر إلى إقليم جرجان كله بتوابعه وضواحيه، وجرجان تقع بين طبرستان وخراسان في جنوب بحر الخزر أو قزوين. وما يؤخذ على السهمي أنه لم يعطي معلومات عن تاريخ جرجان قبل الإسلام ولا ملوكها ولا عن أحوالها الدينية أو الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية كما فعل غيره من مؤرخي المدن والأقاليم، حيث دخل مباشرة في التأريخ لفتح جرجان ثم أعطى وصفاً للفتح الذي تم من طريق الصلح ودفع الجزية والأمان لأهلها.

The COVID-19 disease usually leads to mild infectious disease in children, but some develop serious complications. Here, we describe the characteristics of children with COVID-19 in northern Iran, the Golestan province. Ninety-one confirmed cases were enrolled in the study, aged 0–18 years. Demographic, clinical, comorbidity, laboratory, and radiological data were compared based on the disease severity (admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) or not) and disease outcome (recovered or deceased). Sixteen (17.5%) cases were hospitalized in ICU, and 8/91 (8.8%) deceased. Fever and cough were the most common clinical symptoms. Among all symptoms notified there were no significant differences between severe and milder cases, or between those who deceased and recovered. Failure to thrive (FTT), malignant disease and neurological disease were significantly more prevalent in severe cases as was frequently reported comorbidities. Laterality, ground-glass opacity, and lung consolidation were the most common findings in chest computed tomography. The data confirms that the COVID-19 disease has various presentations in children, and clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings may help predict the development of severe forms of COVID-19 among children.

Following a short-term faunistic study on soil inhabiting heterostigmatic mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Heterostigmata), during spring-winter 2019, in Gorgan, Golestan Province, northern Iran, a total of six species from five genera of two families were identified. Among them Promicrodispus pumilis (Sevastianov, 1975) and Premicrodispus montanus Khaustov, 2006 are new records for mite fauna of Iran. The genus Promicrodispus Khaustov, 2017 is recorded for the first time for the mite fauna of Iran. Moreover, Pre. akermanae (Sevastianov & Al Douri, 1988), Paramicrodispus scarabidophilus Hajiqanbar & Rahiminejad, 2012, Pygmodispus (Allodispus) latisternus Paoli, 1911 and Scutacarus sphaeroideus Karafiati, 1959 were collected from soil in the sampling sites. The world distribution of the mites is reviewed.

Problem definition: A variable called color is one of the most important factors affecting the urban space in terms of the visual and perceptual identity and according to the qualities of diversity, readability and cohesion of the environment that the audience encounters with. In fact, color is expressed as one of the most prominent components of visual elements in the design of urban furniture as well as the urban landscape. According to these points, the current research aims to express the role of color in the urban space of Mohtasham Alley in Gorgan from the perspectives of the three examined groups and tourist attracting approach. Objective:The present study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the role of color on the physical and external structure of buildings as the most effective visual factor in creating a sense of social security, happiness and peace in the residents of Mohtasham Alley of Gorgan. Research method: The research has been carried out based on a descriptive-analytical approach using library resources and field studies. In line with the purpose of the study, interviews were conducted on a case-by-case basis with 30 residents of the study area in three different age groups. Results: The present results showed that adolescents were more enthusiastic about the color variation in their living space. Also, young people have considered the beauty created in the neighborhood space to be a pleasant change, but stated that the needs of the residents go far beyond the temporary colors created in the environment. The third group, i.e. middle-aged people, depending on their age and different perceptions of poverty and poor living conditions in that area, have not significantly felt the necessity of being color in their living environment or pretended to ignore the role of color in creating a sense of peace and happiness and its positive effect on the structure of their lives.

Background and objective: Currently, due to an increase in the number of individuals with immune deficiency, long-term chemotherapy, and underlying diseases, an appropriate situation has been provided for the development of opportunistic infections, including fungal infections. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, and the treatment outcome of mucormycosis in diabetic individuals. Methods: In this cross-sectional retrospective study, all recorded cases of mucormycosis in the health centers of Gorgan city, northeast of Iran, in diabetic individuals were extracted during 15 years from 2002 to 2016. All information was extracted from patient-related records and then was analyzed. In the period from 2002 to 2016, 12 diabetic individuals with mucormycosis were referred to health centers. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the categories of sex, residence, education, taking drug, addiction, diabetes status, methods of diagnosis, involved area with mucormycosis, treatment type of mucormycosis, and treatment outcome of mucormycosis. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was observed in the categories of age, underlying diseases (other than diabetes), hospitalization, and diagnostic time. Conclusion: Due to the rareness or lack of an appropriate diagnostic method, and in addition, due to lack of an appropriate treatment, attention should be paid to invasive mucormycosis in individuals with immunodeficiency.

Background and Objective: Human external exposure to natural radiation sources is much more than artificial radiation sources. In this study, external annual effective doses were estimated in cities of Gorgan and Bandar-Torkman by determining ambient gamma dose rate in indoor and outdoor spaces. Materials and Methods: Using an ionization chamber detector, the outdoor and indoor ambient gamma dose rate at 32 and 16 selected stations in Gorgan and Bandar-Torkman cities was measured for one hour, respectively. Indoor measurements were performed by 36 dosimeters in Gorgan and Bandar-Torkman cities in 11 and 6 residential buildings respectively using thermoluminescence dosimetry method. Results: The results of this study indicate that the ambient gamma dose rate in outdoor is a little more than this quantity in indoor space. The annual effective dose received by residents of Gorgan and Bandar-Torkman were 0.720 and 0.719 mSv, respectively. Conclusion: The annual effective dose received by residents of Gorgan and Bandar-Torkman cities is less than the worldwide average, and it is also less than the reference dose level for ordinary people (1 mSv).

Background and Objectives: The attitude of health care providers towards the elderly has an important effect on the quality of service delivery. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes of health staff in Gorgan towards the elderly. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 395 health care providers in Gorgan in 2019 were selected by census sampling method and completed a questionnaire on demographic information and attitudes towards the elderly. Data were analyzed by independent t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and one-way analysis of variance. Results: 73 participants (18.5%) had a good attitude towards the elderly, 319 (80.8%) had a moderate attitude, and 3 (0.8%) had a weak attitude. There was a statistically significant relationship between the overall score of attitude towards the elderly and job background (p<0.001). Conclusion: There was a moderate attitude towards the elderly in most of the participants. Designing and implementing more interventions is necessary to promote a positive attitude towards the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common parasitic infections in humans and other vertebrates worldwide. This study aimed at determining the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection and associated risk factors in individuals attending a Reference Laboratory in Gorgan, Iran. Moreover, recent studies in Golestan province were reviewed. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in 551 blood samples obtained from February-June 2017. Serum samples were isolated and examined for IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii using ELISA. Data were analyzed in SPSS applying logistic regression. Results: Total prevalence of T. gondii was 63.5% (350 out of 551). Among the samples, 306 (55.5%), 12 (2.17%), and 32 (5.8%) were found to be positive for IgG, IgM and both IgG and IgM against T. gondii, respectively. There were significant associations between T. gondii infection and age and soil contact (P< 0.05). However, no significant correlation was observed between T. gondii infection and sex, living area, level of education, occupation, etc (P>0.05). Conclusion: About two thirds of individuals were infected with T. gondii. Accordingly, a high number of subjects have been exposed to T. gondii in this area, which their seropositivity was seen to increase by age as a risk factor. High seropositivity indicates appropriate conditions for the life cycle of the parasite in this province. Therefore, preventive measurements at the community level, particularly in high-risk groups, are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pipes as one of the main and important components of a water distribution network break during operation due to various factors. Developing models for pipes failure rate prediction can be one of the most important tools for managers and stakeholders during optimal operation of the water distribution network. In this study, the statistical and soft models such as Linear Regression, Generalized Linear Regression, Support Vector Machine, Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN), Radial-Based Function Neural Network (RBFNN), and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) were studied in order to predict the pipes failure rate based on the characteristics of Gorgan city water distribution network including diameter, length, age, installation depth, and number of failures of each pipe. In order to determine the optimal values of the parameters of each model, appropriate error indices including correlation coefficient (R), Mean Square Error (MSE), and Correlation Mean Square Error Ratio (CMSER) for training and test data were calculated, and the values of the parameters related to the model with the highest value of the CMSER index were considered as the model optimal values. Furthermore, in the validation stage, the values of R and MSE error indices for each of the above models were considered as a criterion for selecting the most appropriate model for predicting pipe failure rate. The findings show that among the soft and statistical models investigated, ANFIS with MSE of 0.071 and R of 0.92 can predict the failure rate of the studied network pipes more efficiently and more accurately than other models. Yet, despite the superiority of this model over other models, this model cannot accurately predict the failure rate of the studied network pipes due to its relatively high MSE value. Therefore, a new approach was developed based on the hybridization of trained models to provide a more efficient model for a more accurate prediction of the pipe failure rates of water distribution network. In this approach, the values of the network pipe failure rate predicted by each of the soft and statistical models are considered as independent input variables, and the observational failure rate values are considered as the dependent output variable of the ANFIS model. A comparison between the values of non-hybrid model validation data indices and the results of the proposed hybrid prediction model reveals that the use of the developed hybrid model increased the R error value from 8.1% (compared to the ANFIS model) to 260% (compared to the RBFNN model). It also decreased the MSE error value from 37% (compared to the FFNN model) to 58% (compared to the RBFNN model). Moreover, the hybrid model, compared to the superior non-hybrid ANFIS model, decreased MSE error rates by 45%. The findings show that the proposed model can significantly raise the accuracy of predicting the failure rate of pipes, compared to other existing models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of pygmephorid mites, Pediculaster absentia sp. n. (Acari: Prostigmata: Pygmephoridae) is described and illustrated based on phoretic female found in northern forests of Iran, phoretic on muscid flies, Helina spp. (Diptera: Muscidae). Also, Pediculaster muscarius (Martin, 1978), P. martyani Khaustov, 2008 and P. montanus Khaustov, 2008 are recorded on the flies from Iran for the first time. As well as, the variation of hysterosomal setae, along with distributions and host range of recorded species is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of region in duration history for special geographical position or to reason vicinity in edge big city and or natural agents and unnatural lose own important and Forget inchmeal. As if that Only residual name of they in sources ancient. Even nowadays also exist some cities or region geographical who as yet not determined geographical position and situation that and among that may allude to Dahestān. Several stair allud to Dahestān in sources ancient among contexts Grecian and inscriptions sassanian era. Even name Dahestān incoming in some sources Islamic period. But nowadays incognizan Dahestān except historians, recognizers and instructive Iran culture. of course they cant too determined confine Dahestān geographical. As if Shafiei Kadkani this case confession after vast researches. But sound by new search and quest in sources ancient, should know Dahestān in vicinity new-fashioned shahrod. However, by using historical methodology and by predication and historical evidences, in this research it has been tried to examine geographical position Dahestān in befor Islam shell out and with attention to sources that period, definition position present Dahestān.

Background and objectives: Drug poisoning is a serious global health problem that sometimes requires hospitalization and intensive care. This study investigates clinical and demographic profile of acute poisoning cases admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of 5 Azar hospital in Gorgan, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on 440 acute drug poisoning cases (224 men and 190 women) who had been admitted to the ICU of the hospital from March 2008 to March 2018. Data were collected with a checklist and using the census method. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16) and the Chi-square test. Results: Of 440 cases, 54.1% were male and 43.7% were aged 20-29 years. Suicide attempt by self-poisoning was the most important type of poisoning (70.8%). Benzodiazepines (38.9%) and narcotic drugs (18.6%) overdose was the most common cause of acute poisoning. The majority of incidents (72.7%) were caused by a single drug. The average length of stay in the ICU was 4.21 ± 3.45 days. Acute poisoning-related mortality rate was 4.1%, which was primarily due to the use of narcotic drugs. Conclusion: Benzodiazepines and narcotics are the primary agents involved in acute poisoning requiring critical care. Moreover, methadone-based narcotics are the main cause of drug poisoning-related mortality.

Purpose: Since most cut flower consumers do not have knowledge as to how to extend the post-harvest life of the cut flowers, the cut flowers purchased by them last for a very short time. The present study aimed to evaluate the people’s awareness as to cut flowers and the extent to which they consume and keep these flowers in Gorgan, Iran. Research method: The sample size was determined to be 267 individuals by the Cochran formula. Considering the research objectives, 13 questions were developed within a questionnaire. Findings: The results showed that 34.1 percent of respondents had no knowledge as to the cut flowers. Among the studied parameters, the cost was the second most important factor in flower choice after interest. Among respondents, 55.1 percent asserted that advertisement and promotion methods were effective on flower consumption. Also, 77.9 percent stated that they only used water to keep flowers and just a little percent added compounds to water. Research limitations: Evaluation of people from more cities in Iran. Originality/Value: It was found that flower consumption was not in a good state and people in Gorgan, Iran did not have enough knowledge as to the cut flowers and how to keep them and it was far from the ideal situation. To enhance people’s knowledge and improve their vision, it is necessary to perform training and extension works by the relevant officials.

Background and Purpose: Self-medication is an important concern in every part of the world. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and to investigate the associate factors of self-medication among adults in Gorgan, north of Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among adults aged 12 years and above who were residents in Gorgan city. The participants were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. SPSS Software and Pearson's chi-squared test were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 592 households with 2050 respondents were visited. The prevalence of self-medication was 67.9%. A larger number of females were self-medicating (71.3%) than males (63.5%). The majority of the respondents self-medicated because of the previous use experience (59.3%). The main indication for self-medication use was headache (60.8%). Analgesics were the most commonly self-medicated by the respondents (83.9%). Also, 88.6% of the respondents prepared their drug from drugstores. Furthermore, there were significant differences between self-medication and demographics characteristics including gender, age group, marital status, occupation, education level and income (p