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The vaccine, a distinctive product with specific characteristics, plays a crucial role in enhancing human immunity against diseases for their eradication. Given the severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on humanity, numerous challenges lie ahead, underscoring the necessity to develop and enhance medical, economic, and managerial components of vaccine development, as well as to integrate digital technologies and coordinate all stakeholders to respond effectively to the epidemic. All of these considerations refer to the need for a vaccine lifecycle management approach. Despite existing literature, many studies focus on isolated stages, neglecting the essential holistic view required to understand interconnections and the overall impact of proposed solutions on the whole lifecycle. This study addresses this research gap, by systematically tackling major challenges throughout the vaccine lifecycle. Our research contributes to the literature by (a) providing a systematic examination of the literature surrounding Vaccine Lifecycle Management, offering insights into the existing challenges and issues faced in the various stages of vaccine development, production, distribution, and administration, and (b) proposing recommendations or directions for improvement in managing the entire lifecycle of vaccines. Our results could be valuable perspectives for decision-makers involved in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuum of care is a concept that has been widely applied in HIV prevention and treatment studies. However, measuring care continuum can be challenging because it involves multiple stages and multiple components or domains at each stage of care. In this study, we introduced an analytical framework to (1) estimate intervention effects overall and by domain using a multi-level modeling approach, and (2) learn possible patterns of domains over time utilizing a multi-layer heatmap visualization. Longitudinal data from an intervention study conducted among people who use drugs in Vietnam were used to construct Seek, Test, Treat, and Retain (STTR) domain and overall scores. Findings from the adjusted analysis showed that people who use drugs in the intervention exhibited a significantly greater improvement in the overall STTR score than those in the control (p-values < .0001). The multi-layer heatmap revealed different patterns of the individual domains over time and the inter-relationships among the individual domains. This study demonstrates the feasibility of constructing a general fulfillment score and domain specific scores to measure care continuum among people who use drugs. The analytical framework can be readily extended to evaluate service fulfillment outcomes in health services and treatment studies for other key populations.

This scoping review examined racial and ethnic bias in artificial intelligence health algorithms (AIHA), the role of stakeholders in oversight, and the consequences of AIHA for health equity. Using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, databases were searched between 2020 and 2024 using the terms racial and ethnic bias in health algorithms resulting in a final sample of 23 sources. Suggestions for how to mitigate algorithmic bias were compiled and evaluated, roles played by stakeholders were identified, and governance and stewardship plans for AIHA were examined. While AIHA represent a significant breakthrough in predictive analytics and treatment optimization, regularly outperforming humans in diagnostic precision and accuracy, they also present serious challenges to patient privacy, data security, institutional transparency, and health equity. Evidence from extant sources including those in this review showed that AIHA carry the potential to perpetuate health inequities. While the current study considered AIHA in the US, the use of AIHA carries implications for global health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth living with HIV (YLWH) have high rates of virologic failure due to medication non-adherence. PEERNaija is a novel, gamified mobile health (mHealth) application designed with user-centered principles to improve medication adherence by integrating medication reminders with social and financial incentives, virtual peer social support and early clinic outreach for non-adherent YLWH in Nigeria. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted to identify reactions to key prototype features (user interface, medication reminders, incentives, and peer support), facilitators and barriers to app use, and how well the app would meet adherence needs. FGDs were analyzed using thematic analysis. Fifty-one Nigerian YLWH 15–27 years (29 females, 22 males), 14 parents of YLWH (11 mothers, 3 fathers), and 5 adolescent public health experts participated in FGDs. All groups expressed enthusiasm about PEERNaija and thought it would improve medication adherence. YLWH expressed excitement about gamified and incentive components. All participants highlighted the importance of maintaining privacy. The app was refined in response to feedback, prioritizing desired features of YLWH and addressing barriers across groups. Findings suggest that PEERNaija will be acceptable (to YLWH, parents of YLWH, and adolescent public health experts) and highlight the importance of user-centered design principles to adapt and refine mHealth interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-management refers to the behaviors and strategies individuals employ to manage their health conditions. For people living with HIV (PLWH), it encompasses medication adherence, health monitoring, symptom management, lifestyle maintenance and seeking emotional support. While previous studies on the factors influencing self-management in PLWH are predominantly cross-sectional, longitudinal studies are scarce. This nine-year longitudinal study aimed to investigate the trajectories of psychosocial characteristics in PLWH and their effects on self-management. A total of 265 PLWH were assessed for psychosocial factors, including stigma, depression, anxiety, and social support, at baseline and at one-, five- and nine-year follow-ups. Self-management was evaluated at the nine-year follow-up. Psychosocial trajectories were identified using latent growth trajectory models (LGMM), and associations with self-management were analyzed via multiple linear regression. The majority of participants exhibited a low-level decline in depression (79.6%) and rising social support (54.3%). The high-level decline depression group demonstrated the lowest self-management scores (b = −4.67, 95% CI: −8.166 to −1.175). Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between self-management and exercise (b = 5.360, 95% CI: 3.934-6.786), depressive symptoms (b = −0.168, 95% CI: −0.305 to −0.031) and social support (b = 0.182, 95% CI: 0.101-0.264). These findings emphasize the need for continuous monitoring and targeted interventions to improve self-management in PLWH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) seeking post-abortal care (PAC) remain at risk of unintended pregnancies and HIV due to infrequent condom use. Integrating HIV prevention services, such as PrEP, into PAC services offers an opportunity to enhance reach, uptake, and efficiency, particularly in high-burden settings like Kenya. However, data on acceptability, feasibility, and sustainability of PAC clinics as entry points for PrEP is limited. A cross-sectional qualitative study, part of a cluster-randomized trial in 14 Kenyan public and private facilities, explored the integration of PrEP delivery for AGYW aged 15–30 within PAC clinics. Using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews, the study gathered perspectives from AGYW, providers, and implementing partners. Guided by the theoretical framework of acceptability, findings revealed receptiveness for the integration as a timely and effective intervention to expand PrEP reach, enhance access , and reduce stigma. Provider competence, their attitudes towards the integration, and AGYWs' confidence in using PrEP were identified as critical influencers. Essentail operational considerations were staffing, availability of safe spaces, commodity management, and efficient reporting systems. The study highlights the acceptability and scalability of integrating PrEP services into PAC while emphasizing the need for strategies to enhance operational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living with HIV can affect mothers' wellbeing, functioning, and experiences of caregiving. Most research about caregiving in the context of HIV comes from studies of dyads where both mother and child are living with HIV. Less is known about how mothers experience caregiving when their children are HIV exposed, but their HIV-status is not yet known. We conducted a scoping review to map out existing evidence on this topic. Systematic database search was conducted combined with a purposive hand search and expert consultation to identify relevant peer-reviewed literature. Title and abstract screening followed by a full-text review was done to select eligible studies. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they related to maternal caregivers; young children exposed to HIV, confirmed to be uninfected or whose HIV-status is unknown; and caregiving including any maternal involvement with her child. We identified 19 relevant studies. Analysis revealed that many mothers' caregiving experience was marked by feelings of fear and stress in the early months of motherhood, mostly to do with the possibility of the child receiving a positive HIV diagnosis. Two dominant themes emerged – (1) experiences related to feeding and (2) experiences related to HIV testing, medications and health care utilization. Mothers had concerns pertaining to HIV transmission, feeding choices, efficacy of antiretrovirals and infant testing at multiple stages. Finally, any kind of support received from family, community or health workers, acted as a facilitator to improve caregiving experiences. This review highlights the need to provide additional support to mothers in their caregiving roles, especially before a child's negative HIV-status is confirmed. Further investigation is warranted to determine if mothers' concerns and challenges with caregiving persist even after HIV has been ruled out in the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited data exists concerning the fertility desires of young people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in China, making it difficult to develop appropriate reproductive health service policies and interventions for them. Extensive fieldwork was carried out from April to May 2021 in 10 selected survey sites across five provinces, targeting all young men aged between 18 and 24 years living with HIV. The association between independent variables and fertility desires was determined using Chi-square tests and Multivariate binary logistic regression models. In total, we obtained valid responses from 436 individuals, yielding a response rate of 74.9%. Nearly half of the respondents (48.6%) expressed a future desire to have children. The multivariate logistic regression models pointed to rural registered residence (AOR = 1.595, CI: 1.073, 2.371), heterosexual (AOR = 3.098, CI: 1.523, 6.301) or bisexual orientation (AOR = 2.302, CI: 1.396, 3.794), among others, as significant correlates of fertility desires. This study represents the first exploration of fertility desires among young men living with HIV in China. Evaluating these desires allows healthcare providers to anticipate patients' potential marriage and family plans, thereby facilitating timely provision of reproductive services designed to prevent HIV transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionLatinx adults experience disparately high rates of chronic diseases and cognitive dysfunction. Participating in cognitive-stimulating activities, such as reading, is thought to improve and preserve cognitive function. However, little is known about cognitively stimulating activities preferred by Latinx adults. In addition, surveys to measure participation in cognitively stimulating activities are not culturally sensitive to Latinx preferences and tend to feature activities that require financial resources and leisure time and may not include cognitively stimulating activities that are more accessible or preferable.We conducted an instrumentation study in three phases to adapt the Florida Cognitive Activities Scale (FCAS): Phase (1) revision and translation of the FCAS for Latinx adults with chronic diseases; Phase (2) feasibility testing; and Phase (3) reliability and validity testing.Five experts provided input on existing items, with suggestions for changes or items to remove and for new items. The resulting 17 item FCAS-Latinx (FCAS-L) was translated into Spanish and back-translated and determined to be readable at the 6th grade level. The FACS-L was administered to 70 participants (mean age 62.17 years; 57% female; 51% Mexican American) with other surveys that measured cognitive functioning and chronic disease management. To select the final items, we analyzed the item discrimination index, item-to-total correlations, and participants’ feedback. The final 20-item Spanish – and English versions of the FCAS-L are internally consistent (Cronbach alpha = 0.74 and 0.81, respectively), showed good construct validity (higher scores on cognitive functioning tests correlated with engaging in more frequent cognitively stimulating activities, r = 0.63, P < .01), and temporal reliability (the interclass correlation coefficient between test and retest times was 0.81).The FCAS-L is a valid and reliable updated measure of cognitively stimulating activities for Spanish- and English-speaking Latinx adults with chronic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral healthcare settings can be a challenging environment for people with HIV. Combined with problematic insurance policies, insufficient health literacy, and higher treatment fees, HIV stigma contributes to barriers when accessing oral healthcare. We conducted a descriptive study via an online survey with open-ended questions to understand the experiences of people with HIV in oral healthcare settings. The survey was administered by non-governmental organizations. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data via a critical realist approach. Seventy-five participants responded to survey between August and September 2023. Thematic analysis yielded three main themes: occurrences of stigma in healthcare, coping with HIV stigma and anxiety, and barriers beyond stigma. Participants reported a problematic understanding of HIV literature and stigma among dentists, which was manifested as excessive precaution measures, denial of care, unnecessary referrals, gossiping, discriminatory remarks and disclosure of HIV status without consent. This was reflected in people with HIV as self-stigma, fear of healthcare workers and avoidance of healthcare services. Advancements in dental education and post-qualification training are needed in infection control and ethics, while people with HIV need health education to preserve their rights and sustain good health and well-being to prevent adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By consistently taking medication, people with HIV (PWH) can attain viral suppression, improving their health and reducing transmission risk. PositiveLinks (PL) is a clinic-deployed mobile platform designed to improve engagement in care for PWH by enabling them to track their medications, connect with peers, and communicate with providers. This project investigated the experience of PL users who had recent periods of viral non-suppression to understand how these high-risk episodes can be predicted and prevented. Fifteen participants completed mental health measures and in-depth interviews. Two members of the study team independently coded interview transcripts and resolved any discrepancies. The codebook was developed iteratively until thematic saturation and intercoder reliability were achieved. Participants revealed mental health and substance use concerns. Frequent stressors highlighted were relationship challenges, financial difficulties, and unstable living situations. Relationship challenges were a common barrier to care, along with competing priorities, transportation and finances. In contrast, positive relationships, motivation, positive interactions with clinic staff, and social programs facilitated regaining viral suppression. Participants highlighted the importance of strong patient-provider relationships and social support in overcoming barriers to care. We identified factors that impact medication adherence, which will inform efforts to mitigate and prevent viral non-suppression and thus improve health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer support services for people living with HIV (PLHIV) serve varying functions and are a unique resource for support. Peer support programs are considered an important strategy for achieving better quality of life (QoL) for PLHIV and there has been substantial investment in provision of such programs. The present study asks whether being connected to other PLHIV is associated with better QoL for PLHIV in Australia and; whether involvement in formal peer support programs is associated with QoL among people newly diagnosed with HIV. A sample of 816 PLHIV participated in a nationwide survey. Regression analyses showed that having a friend living with HIV who they could talk to about HIV was significantly associated with better QoL. However, a multiple regression analysis showed that use of peer advice/support and peer navigator programs was associated with lower QoL among PLHIV who had been living with HIV for more than five years. This suggests that people experiencing poorer QoL are more likely to access these programs long after diagnosis. It is therefore critical that peer support continue to be available and accessible to PLHIV beyond initial diagnosis and treatment as a means of ongoing HIV-related care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV and the consequences of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) disproportionally affect South African women. Longitudinal neurocognitive data on women with HIV are limited. We tracked longitudinal neurocognitive profiles of South African women with HIV (baseline n = 140) compared to women without HIV (baseline n = 156). We determined if lifetime and childhood trauma were significantly correlated with global deficit scores (GDS). We assessed neurocognitive performance at baseline, 1-year, and 5-years. We used mixed linear models to determine between-group differences and neurocognitive profiles over time. We used Pearson's correlations to assess correlations with GDS. There were no significant between-group differences in GDS. Both groups showed a significant decline in GDS (i.e., improved cognition) between baseline and 1-year follow-up (p < 0.01). There were significant group differences in learning (p = 0.02) and attention/working memory (p = 0.01) at baseline, with HIV + status associated with higher deficit scores. Childhood neglect was correlated with baseline GDS among women with HIV. Our results support the use of antiretroviral treatment to improve and/or maintain neurocognition in women with HIV. Future research should focus on the specific types of trauma exposure, specifically neglect and its association with HAND. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WHO’s 2013 PMTCT guidelines recommended lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-infected pregnant and breastfeeding women, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), nevirapine prophylaxis (NVP) and early infant diagnosis (EID) for HIV-exposed-breastfed infants. We examined the association between knowledge and adherence to these guidelines among 550 HIV-infected pregnant women in Maharashtra, India. Knowledge of PMTCT guidelines was assessed using a structured-questionnaire during enrollment. Adherence to ART, NVP, and EBF was assessed using structured questionnaires during post-partum home visits at 2 weeks, 2, and 6 months respectively. EID adherence at 6 weeks was assessed by weekly infants’ HIV testing clinical record review. We used Fisher's exact test to assess the association between correct knowledge and subsequent adherence and logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios. The results showed that women’s correct responses to specific questions of each PMTCT guideline correlated with subsequent adherence. For instance, awareness of duration and place to obtain ART was associated with a higher likelihood of taking ART at delivery (aOR = 1.93, p = 0.02 and aOR = 3.91, p < 0.01 respectively). Similarly, women knowing only breastmilk should be given to infants for 6 months showed highest adherence to EBF (aOR = 2.59, p = 0.02). Women who correctly knew the reason for infant NVP administration were more adherent to it at 6 weeks (aOR = 1.77; p = 0.03). Women aware of mother-to-child HIV transmission during delivery had highest adherence to EID at 6 weeks (aOR 3.58, p = 0.01). Gaps were identified in women's detailed knowledge of and adherence to each PMTCT guideline. Suboptimal adherence to ART (n = 389, 71%), EBF (n = 179, 33%), NVP (n = 428, 78%), and EID at 6 weeks (n = 369, 67%) was found. Our study suggests providing a comprehensive knowledge of each guideline through the PMTCT program’s education strategies can enhance adherence among HIV-infected women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise is vital in managing sarcopenia in people living with HIV (PLWH). This study explores the role of exercise in reducing sarcopenia in HIV patients. A systematic search of electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identifed relevant articles published in English up to April 2024. Inclusion criteria were: 1) humans aged 18 or older, 2) clinical trials involving exercise interventions, 3) outcomes addressing aging-related effects, and 4) English-language original articles. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS).Ten studies with 2039 participants met the criteria. Exercise interventions included resistance training, cardiorespiratory training, and combined approaches at various intensities. Regular exercise can help prevent muscle wasting in PLWH and mitigate age-related sarcopenia. HIV itself is a risk factor for sarcopenia, but resistance training combined with moderate to high-intensity cardiorespiratory training, can increase muscle mass, reducing sarcopenia risk and improving life expectancy in PLWH. The findings emphasize the effectiveness of exercise, particularly combined resistance and cardiorespiratory training, in mitigating sarcopenia in PLWH. Healthcare providers are urged to promote exercise interventions as a preventive measure against sarcopenia in this clinical population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the aging-associated health and care needs among the HIV population in Vietnam, integrating perspectives from healthcare professionals, PLWH, and their caregivers. Qualitative data were collected through five focus group interviews involving ten PLWH, nine caregivers, and eight healthcare providers in Hanoi, Vietnam, in March 2023. Thematic analyses uncovered recurring patterns and themes across the three participant groups. PLWH reflected diverse experiences, showing mental health struggles, aging-related concerns, and a lack of preparation due to health challenges or unexpected longevity. Resilience and optimism are also manifested in PLWH. Caregivers demonstrated crucial roles, including bridging care, medication adherence, and financial and emotional support. Both PLWH and caregivers expressed a desire for education on HIV and aging. Healthcare providers reported mental and physical health changes among aging PLWH, such as insomnia, forgetfulness, and memory deterioration. They noted a lack of resources and called for comprehensive training across medical staff to enhance the well-being of the aging PLWH. This study demonstrates the complicated age-associated needs among PLWH in Vietnam and underscores the need for policy and practice innovations to address aging-related cognitive, mental health, and long-term care concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of peers to be effective in delivering HIV interventions is linked at least in part to the degree to which they are perceived as credible sources of HIV-related information. This study aimed to operationalize qualities that would make a LMSM peer implementer credible. We conducted a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with 20 LMSM and focus groups with 11 HIV service implementers. The parent study collected formative data to inform the design of a strategy to enhance the reach of HIV prevention and treatment services to LMSM. The present study examined participant views on qualities necessary for peer implementers to establish credibility among LMSM. We identified five themes regarding peer credibility, including (1) Peers must be trained in HIV prevention and care, (2) Peers should be verified and have a special designation indicating their knowledge and trustworthiness, (3) Peers should convey accurate information and not spread misinformation, (4) Peers should be relatable and interpersonally skilled, and (5) Peers should be engaged with the general LGBTQ + community to generate trust and credibility. Findings can inform the development of acceptable peer strategies for LMSM, peer recruitment, training, and peer supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV PrEP is over 99% effective in preventing HIV when medication adherence is high. Despite this, uptake and retention in PrEP care remains less than optimal. We investigated whether gbMSM with objective risk factors for HIV who were automatically offered PrEP would have higher uptake and retention in PrEP care. For this, gbMSM with clinical evidence of HIV risk received a reflexive offer for PrEP from a nurse. The number of offers, referral acceptance, presentation to the first appointment, initiation and retention at 6 months were examined. Of 1181 gbMSM with objective HIV risk factors who were offered PrEP, only 50% accepted, 28% initiated and 16% remained on PrEP at 6 months. Loss across the cascade was more pronounced for youth. We found a notable disconnect between recent STI diagnosis and acceptance, initiation and retention in PrEP. This notwithstanding, 137 at-risk individuals were retained on PrEP because of an active offer. PrEP delivered by nurses was as effective as that delivered by infectious disease physicians. While active offer PrEP successfully brought at-risk individuals into care, more work is required to understand the perceptions of risk, the benefits and challenges of PrEP use, and how stigma and structural barriers affect retention among diverse groups affected by HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the impact of woodcraft-style family camping on preschool children, using their parents' perspectives. Although the history and methodology of Woodcraft have been well documented, the theme of family camping has attracted very little research attention, and even fewer studies have targeted the impact of this leisure activity on preschool children. By inquiring about the parents' experience, the researchers adopted a qualitative approach backed by a phenomenology and hermeneutics-based philosophy for their empirical research. Data was collected through insightful interviews with seven respondents; parents experienced in Woodcraft camping with young children. Interpretative phenomenological analysis, which aims at understanding the uniqueness of one's experience and the meaning attributed thereto, identified six phenomena describing the fundamental structure of this lifestyle: motivation for family camping; camp life and its principles; outdoor education; education through nature; community; and romanticised experiencing following the Native Americans. Since direct childhood experiences predominantly shape environmental attitudes, this topic should be addressed more in environmental education research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young people aged 18–29 are considered “adult” within the Australian HIV health service context. However, evidence increasingly defines this age group as distinct from the broader adult population such that the needs of young people living with HIV may be overlooked in the context of HIV service design and delivery. This analysis draws on the Young + Positive study, a national study in Australia that documented the perspectives of young people (aged 18–29) living with HIV. Data were collected via survey (n = 60) and interview (n = 25) methods between 2018 and 2019. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis, exploring the inner- and outer-world factors influencing participant engagement with HIV care and support. Using the multi-dimensional framework by Harms [2021. Understanding human development (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press], we found that both inner- and outer-world factors influenced participants’ ability and motivations to engage with specialist HIV treatment and support. Inner-world factors included psychological outlook, and perceptions of HIV and HIV services. Outer-world factors included workforce competencies of service providers, physical space of the service and hours of service operation. These research findings confirm that opportunities exist to better meet the treatment and care needs of young people living with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale and ObjectivesDesignResultsConclusionPerinatal mental illnesses (PMIs), such as depression and anxiety, affect 25% of mothers in England and occur during pregnancy or within the first year postpartum. PMIs have serious consequences for mothers, children, and families, additionally impacting minoritised ethnic women who experience higher mental health risks and diminished quality of life, stemming from systemic inequalities, socio-economic disadvantages, and limited access to quality care. Social support influences women's help-seeking intentions and behaviours for PMIs, yet its role remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate minoritised ethnic women's experiences of PMIs to understand the role of social support in help-seeking intentions or behaviour for formal or informal support.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with minoritised ethnic women (n = 6) in England. The interviews explored their experiences of PMIs, mental health, and views on social support during the perinatal period. The data was analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.Minoritised ethnic women held varied perspectives on what constituted social support, ranging from immediate social circles to broader professional networks. Social support was not the sole determinant of help-seeking behaviours; self-perceptions, cultural background, and prior experiences with maternity care were also crucial. Additionally, a need for non-intrusive, empathetic, and culturally sensitive perinatal mental health support for minoritised ethnic women was expressed. The women emphasised the importance of creating safe spaces for open discussions, expressing a desire for peer support to foster a sense of belonging amongst minoritised ethnic women.The role of social support in help-seeking for minoritised ethnic women is complex; functioning as both a facilitator and a barrier to help-seeking, contingent upon individual circumstances and subjective perceptions. The dissatisfaction expressed by women around the current perinatal care highlights the need for services in England to prioritise cultural humility and empathetic support to enhance outcomes for minoritised ethnic women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research on marital happiness in Middle Eastern cultures is lacking. This lack of understanding has created several challenges for policymakers and marriage counselors as divorce rates have increased over the past decade. Method: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of marital happiness among Omani couples and its association with demographic variables, including gender, level of education, and duration of marriage. A convenience sample of 1137 married people from different regions in Oman responded to the Marital Happiness Scale. Results: Omani couples, in general, indicated a high level of marital happiness. Married men seemed significantly happier about their marriages than wives did. Income and education level also affect perceived marital happiness. Marital happiness increased as income increased while level of education was partially associated with marital happiness. Place of living was not a significant predictor of marital happiness. Lower levels of perceived marital happiness among couples in polygamous marriages were observed. The spouses' kinship did not affect their perception of marital happiness. Conclusion: This study showed that financial stressors and education level significantly influence marital happiness. Men and women also perceive marital happiness differently. The results offer implications for research and practice, especially for policymakers and marital counselors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, frequent floods caused by heavy rainfall and persistent precipitation have greatly affected changes in groundwater levels. This has not only caused huge economic losses and human casualties, but also had a significant impact on the ecological environment. The aim of this study is to explore the effectiveness of the new method based on Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTM) and its optimization model in groundwater level prediction compared with the traditional method, to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the different models, and to identify the main factors affecting the changes in groundwater level. Taking Chaoyang City in Liaoning Province as an example, four assessment indicators, R2, MAE, RMSE, and MAPE, were used. The results of this study show that the optimized LSTM model outperforms both the traditional method and the underlying LSTM model in all assessment metrics, with the GWO-LSTM model performing the best. It was also found that high water-table anomalies are mainly caused by heavy rainfall or heavy storms. Changes in the water table can negatively affect the ecological environment such as vegetation growth, soil salinization, and geological hazards. The accurate prediction of groundwater levels is of significant scientific importance for the development of sustainable cities and communities, as well as the good health and well-being of human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borate bioactive glasses are an auspicious material for tissue engineering applications due to their enhanced dissolution rate, bioactivity, and capacity to integrate therapeutic ions. In this study, borate-based S49B4 bioactive glass doped with silver at mass fraction of 0.5, 1, and 3 wt% were studied for bioactivity, degradation, antibacterial, and cytocompatibility. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the bioactive glasses were thermally stable between 600 and 700 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the successful synthesis of an amorphous phase of the doped borosilicate bioactive glasses and the incorporation of silver ion crystals within the structure, as well as associated contributions from borate and silicate network formers in the borosilicate bioactive glass. Morphological evaluation revealed that the borosilicate bioactive glasses exhibit a uniform and spherical shape across all formulations, with the mean particle size varying from 65 to 76 nm. An in-vitro acellular bioactivity in simulated body fluid medium showed that increasing the silver content increased the degradation rate and pH. Besides, scanning electron microscopy and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed an upsurge in apatite production on the BBGs' surfaces as well as incremental Calcium-Phosphate ratio values of 1.50, 1.65 and 1.70 as the silver content increases. The antibacterial effect was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus , while cytocompatibility was tested against human gingival epithelial cells. Silver integration at 1 wt percent yielded the most promising outcomes, which were particularly bactericidal at 79.8 % for Escherichia coli and 93.41 % for Staphylococcus aureus. Similarly, its Lactate Dehydrogenase percentage is significantly similar to the negative control employed in the study, indicating its biocompatibility. In contrast, 3 wt% silver exhibited the maximum bactericidal activity while also exhibiting mild cytotoxicity. In summary, our research indicates that elevated silver concentration enhances the bioactivity and antimicrobial characteristics of borosilicate bioactive glasses; nevertheless, a higher silver weight percent in this study also increases the possibility of cytotoxicity. It is therefore essential to carefully regulate the amount of silver doping at lower concentrations in order to maximize antibacterial action and minimize toxicity to human cells. The results presented here contribute to our understanding of the prospective use of silver doped borosilicate bioactive glasses as a possible material for tissue engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral PrEP is highly effective against the acquisition of HIV but is underutilised by young women. New options, like the monthly dapivirine vaginal ring (DVR) and injectable long-acting cabotegravir (CAB-LA), are emerging. However, little is known about young women's perceptions of these alternatives. This qualitative study explored perceptions of the attributes of PrEP technologies in South Africa. Young women accessing sexual health services were purposively selected to participate in 22 in-depth interviews, five focus group discussions and two workshops using the nominal group technique, between August 2022 and March 2023. A thematic approach guided by the diffusion of innovation attributes, including relative advantage, compatibility with the student's lives, complexity of the technology, and trialability, was used for data analysis. The DVR was the least preferred because of lower efficacy, the perceived complexity of inserting it in the vagina and some safety concerns. Oral PrEP, which some had tried and discontinued, was least compatible with students' busy schedules. Integrating PrEP and contraceptives with similar return visit patterns could enhance service delivery. Intensive demand creation campaigns will be needed to increase PrEP utilisation and dispel myths about the vaginal ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins, widely recognized for their antioxidant properties and potential health benefits, are highly susceptible to degradation due to environmental factors such as light, temperature, and pH leading to reduced bioavailability and efficacy. Microencapsulation, which involves entrapment in a matrix to enhance stability and bioavailability. This study aims to investigate the bioactive properties of microencapsulated anthocyanins derived from Vaccinium floribundum (Andean blueberry) and Rubus glaucus (Andean blackberry). The extracts from V. floribundum and R. glaucus were microencapsulated using maltodextrin as the carrier agent due to its film-forming properties and effectiveness in stabilizing sensitive compounds through a spray-drying process. The microcapsules were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to assess their chemical and morphological properties. The biological activities of these microencapsulated anthocyanins were evaluated using in vitro assays for their antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. The results indicated enhanced bioactivity of the microencapsulated anthocyanins, suggesting their potential use in developing functional foods and pharmaceuticals. This study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of microencapsulation in preserving anthocyanins' functional properties and enhancing their health-promoting effects, highlighting the potential for application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice consumption is a pathway for human exposure to toxic elements. Although rice is a major staple in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) there is limited published data about its toxic element composition. Both imported and locally grown Hassawi rice in Saudi Arabia were collected, digested then analysed by HPLC-ICP-MS for inorganic arsenic (i-As) and by ICP-MS for As, Cd, Pb and Hg. Of these toxic elements, i-As was present at concentrations that might give rise to material concerns about human exposure and public health. Hassawi rice (mean 43 ± 5 µg/kg) was found to have significantly lower concentrations of i-As than imported rice (mean 73 ± 8 µg/kg). The estimated exposure of adults consuming imported rice in one KSA city reached 0.3 µg/kg-bw/day, within the margin of safety of the recently withdrawn WHO PTWI for i-As of 2.1 µg/kg-bw/day and higher than EFSA’s 0.06 µg/kg-bw/day skin cancer BMDL05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Understanding reproductive anatomy and physiology is essential for safe wealthy sexual practices as well as reproductive attitudes. It has been advised that comprehensive sexual reproductive health (SRH) education should be provided in educational systems, colleges, and communities. We aimed to explore the knowledge about the reproductive system among first-year students in non-medical health schools. Method A pre-validated questionnaire was distributed among first year non-medical health care school students in two universities. Results A number of 384 students were included. The average score of knowledge was 14.12 out of 42, Female students scored higher than males (15.06 versus 11.54). Conclusion From the results of the current study, it appears that Jordanian students do not study enough about reproductive systems. It is recommended that the school curricula in the fields about reproductive systems, need to be reassessed and reformed, teachers need to be trained for better teaching strategies about reproductive subjects as well.

Abstract Background Research on marital happiness in Middle Eastern cultures is lacking. This lack of understanding has created several challenges for policymakers and marriage counselors as divorce rates have increased over the past decade. Method This study aimed to assess the prevalence of marital happiness among Omani couples and its association with demographic variables, including gender, level of education, and duration of marriage. A convenience sample of 1137 married people from different regions in Oman responded to the Marital Happiness Scale. Results Omani couples, in general, indicated a high level of marital happiness. Married men seemed significantly happier about their marriages than wives did. Income and education level also affect perceived marital happiness. Marital happiness increased as income increased while level of education was partially associated with marital happiness. Place of living was not a significant predictor of marital happiness. Lower levels of perceived marital happiness among couples in polygamous marriages were observed. The spouses' kinship did not affect their perception of marital happiness. Conclusion This study showed that financial stressors and education level significantly influence marital happiness. Men and women also perceive marital happiness differently. The results offer implications for research and practice, especially for policymakers and marital counselors.

Highlights: • Most hypertrophic scar patients were aged 17 to 25, mainly female, and the scars were mostly caused by burns on the face and upper extremities. • Surgical techniques were the most common treatment, with most scars measuring 1 to 5 cm². Abstract: Introduction: Scars is a prevalent clinical concern that is often more complex than commonly perceived. Hypertrophic and keloid scars results from atypical wound healing responses following trauma, characterized by an excessive deposition of connective tissue. In Indonesia, there are remains a paucity of data on the clinical profile and management of hypertrophic scars. To address this gap, researchers conducted a descriptive study to systematically examine various variables associated with hypertrophic scars, aiming to enhance understanding and inform more effective management strategies. Methods: This research is a retrospective descriptive analysis utilizing secondary data from medical records of patients with hypertrophic scars treated at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital in Surabaya during the 2019 – 2020 period. The data were collected and processed according to key variables, including age, gender, occupation, etiology, anatomical location of the hypertrophic scars, scar size, and therapeutic interventions. Results:The number of patients with hypertrophic scars at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, from 2019 to 2020 was 68. Most patients were aged 17 to 25 years. The gender distribution was nearly equal, with 50% male and 50.9% female patients. Among the patients, 12.5% and 43% were students. Burns caused 37.5% and 25% of cases. The most common scar locations were the face (25%) and upper extremities (25%). Most scars measured 1 to 5 cm² (25%). The most common treatment was surgical techniques (80% and 48%). Conclusion: Most hypertrophic scar patients were aged 17 to 25 years, predominantly female, and students. The primary cause of the scars was burns, with the scars most commonly located on the face and upper extremities. The majority of scars measured between 1 and 5 cm², and surgical techniques were the most widely used therapy.

Abstract The shifting agriculture (popularly known as ‘Jhum’) in north-eastern Himalayas is plagued by substantial reduction in paddy yield and soil quality. The region’s paddy yield and soil condition may be improved by the use of right integrated nutrient management (INM) technology on the jhum lands. We used 7 treatments replicated thrice in a randomized block design (RBD) to evaluate the soil health and yield of direct-seeded upland paddy (Oryza sativa L.) in this study. The results showed that the combination of inorganic fertilization, organic manure, and bio-fertilizers (T5) significantly (P

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted public health, with emerging evidence suggesting substantial effects on maternal and neonatal health. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the prevalence and risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborns born to mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. Methods We conducted a literature search in Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science up to April 20, without language or date restrictions. Observational studies reporting on the prevalence or risk of RDS among newborns from mothers with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. Quality assessment was performed using the JBI tool. Statistical analysis was performed by using R software version 4.3. Results Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of RDS among newborns born to COVID-19-infected mothers was 11.5% (95% CI: 7.4–17.3%), with significant heterogeneity (I² = 93%). Newborns from infected mothers had a significantly higher risk of developing RDS, with a pooled risk ratio (RR) of 2.69 (95% CI: 1.77 to 4.17). Conclusion Newborns born to mothers with COVID-19 have a substantially increased risk of developing RDS. These findings emphasize the need for vigilant monitoring and appropriate management of pregnant women with COVID-19 to mitigate adverse neonatal outcomes.

The shifting agriculture (popularly known as 'Jhum') in north-eastern Himalayas is plagued by substantial reduction in paddy yield and soil quality. The region's paddy yield and soil condition may be improved by the use of right integrated nutrient management (INM) technology on the jhum lands. We used 7 treatments replicated thrice in a randomized block design (RBD) to evaluate the soil health and yield of direct-seeded upland paddy (Oryza sativa L.) in this study. The results showed that the combination of inorganic fertilization, organic manure, and bio-fertilizers (T5) significantly (P < 0.05) increased paddy height, number of tillers hill−1, number of grains panicle−1 and test seed weight. Simultaneously, these combined treatments significantly increased soil organic carbon and available Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) contents. All the soil chemical properties except the soil pH significantly (p < 0.05; n = 7) affected various growth and yield parameters of paddy. The INM of organic manure and bio-fertilizers (T7) significantly enhanced the soil's biological properties. Thus, INM technology is recommended to enhance paddy yield while sustaining the soil health in upland paddy cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hippo signaling pathway is recognized for its significant role in cell differentiation, proliferation, survival, and tissue regeneration. Recently, the Hippo signaling pathway was also found to be associated with oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation, which are important in the regulation of cell survival. Studies indicate a correlation between components of the Hippo signaling pathway, including MST1, YAP, and TAZ, and the generation of ROS. On the other hand, ROS and oxidative stress can activate key components of the Hippo signaling pathway. For example, ROS production activates MST1, which subsequently phosphorylates FOXO3, leading to apoptotic cell death. ROS was also found to regulate YAP, in addition to MST1/2. Oxidative stress and ROS formation can impair lipids, proteins, and DNA, leading to many disorders, including aging, neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Consequently, understanding the interplay between the Hippo signaling pathway, ROS, and oxidative stress is crucial for developing future disease management strategies. This paper aimed to review the association between the Hippo signaling pathway, regulation of ROS production, and oxidative stress to provide beneficial information in understanding cell function and pathological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted public health, with emerging evidence suggesting substantial effects on maternal and neonatal health. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the prevalence and risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborns born to mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a literature search in Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science up to April 20, without language or date restrictions. Observational studies reporting on the prevalence or risk of RDS among newborns from mothers with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. Quality assessment was performed using the JBI tool. Statistical analysis was performed by using R software version 4.3. Results: Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of RDS among newborns born to COVID-19-infected mothers was 11.5% (95% CI: 7.4–17.3%), with significant heterogeneity (I² = 93%). Newborns from infected mothers had a significantly higher risk of developing RDS, with a pooled risk ratio (RR) of 2.69 (95% CI: 1.77 to 4.17). Conclusion: Newborns born to mothers with COVID-19 have a substantially increased risk of developing RDS. These findings emphasize the need for vigilant monitoring and appropriate management of pregnant women with COVID-19 to mitigate adverse neonatal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: This paper proposes a method for managing gait imbalances by integrating the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning technologies. Ankle–foot orthosis (AFO) devices are crucial medical braces that align the lower leg, ankle, and foot, offering essential support for individuals with gait imbalances by assisting weak or paralyzed muscles. This research aims to revolutionize medical orthotics through IoT and machine learning, providing a sophisticated solution for managing gait issues and enhancing patient care with personalized, data-driven insights. Methods: The smart ankle–foot orthosis (AFO) is equipped with a surface electromyography (sEMG) sensor to measure muscle activity and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensor to monitor gait movements. Data from these sensors are transmitted to the cloud via fog computing for analysis, aiming to identify distinct walking phases, whether normal or aberrant. This involves preprocessing the data and analyzing it using various machine learning methods, such as Random Forest, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Transformer models. Results: The Transformer model demonstrates exceptional performance in classifying walking phases based on sensor data, achieving an accuracy of 98.97%. With this preprocessed data, the model can accurately predict and measure improvements in patients' walking patterns, highlighting its effectiveness in distinguishing between normal and aberrant phases during gait analysis. Conclusions: These predictive capabilities enable tailored recommendations regarding the duration and intensity of ankle–foot orthosis (AFO) usage based on individual recovery needs. The analysis results are sent to the physician's device for validation and regular monitoring. Upon approval, the comprehensive report is made accessible to the patient, ensuring continuous progress tracking and timely adjustments to the treatment plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an enhanced optical fiber biosensor based on nanomaterials is proposed for the detection of enrofloxacin residues in food. Single mode fiber (SMF), multimode fiber (MMF), and four-core fiber (FCF) were fused to fabricate an SMF-MMF-FCF-MMF-SMF fiber structure. Then, a three times tapered (T3) optical fiber structure was fabricated on FCF. The WaveFlex fiber structure T3-SMF-MMF-FCF-MMF-SMF was fabricated. The optical fiber surface was modified with gold nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO-NWs), and Fe3O4 and Au nanocomposites to stimulate and enhance the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect. The enrofloxacin monoclonal antibody was fixed on the surface of the probe in order to achieve specific differentiation detection. The performance of the sensor was verified by testing 0–1000 μg/mL enrofloxacin solutions. The sensitivity of the proposed sensor is 1.89 nm/ln (μg/mL), with a detection limit (LoD) of 0.16 μg/mL. In addition, the method has good reproducibility, reusability, repeatability, stability, and selectivity. It has also obtained promising results in real environment (milk, juice, pork, and chicken) tests and can be used for the detection of enrofloxacin in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Frailty is one of the most significant challenges to healthy ageing. Aboriginal Australians experience some of the highest levels of frailty worldwide, and despite this, no studies have explored frailty from an Aboriginal perspective. This is important because Aboriginal understandings and priorities in frailty may differ from Western/mainstream frailty frameworks. Furthermore, this lack of research severely hampers healthcare planning and service delivery. As a starting point, this study aims to understand the experiences, attitudes, and perceptions that Aboriginal older adults hold regarding frailty. Design: A qualitative study that utilized the Indigenous research method of Yarning for data collection as a culturally appropriate process for engaging Aboriginal peoples. Yarning circles and one-on-one yarns with 22 Aboriginal adults aged 45+ years living in one Australian capital city took place online and over the phone to explore the views that Aboriginal adults hold around frailty. Data were analysed thematically by Aboriginal researchers. Results: Seven key thematic areas were identified: (1) Keep in with culture; (2) Physical markers of frailty; (3) Frailty throughout the life course; (4) Social, cultural, and psychological understandings of frailty; (5) We want information about frailty; (6) Appropriate and positive wording; (7) Frailty assessment. Conclusions: There was interest and engagement in the concept of frailty by Aboriginal older adults and approaches to frailty that extend beyond the physical to address cognitive, psychosocial, cultural and spiritual domains are likely to be more acceptable to this population. Culture and community connectivity are essential elements in preventing and alleviating frailty and have wider positive implications for Aboriginal health and wellbeing. Existing tools in practice to assess frailty are not aligned with Aboriginal cultural norms. Culturally appropriate frailty assessment methods co-designed with the community which incorporate holistic and multidimensional approaches are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Despite cervical cancer (CC) being a preventable disease, its incidence remains high in marginalized communities due to inequalities that restrict access to health services. This article investigates the experiences, perceptions, and attitudes regarding the screening of indigenous women in a region of the Colombian Amazon during a cervical cancer prevention initiative facilitated by community participation. Design: Qualitative study based on interviews conducted with women and indigenous leaders from Paujil reserve. They participated in research focused on cervical cancer prevention, which employed a methodology of collaboration between academia and communities aimed at enhancing women's health and reducing inequalities in access to healthcare services. The analysis utilized a deductive and inductive approach. Results: Five main themes were addressed: 'Barriers within health services'; 'Individual and cultural constraints'; 'Motivations and facilitators'; 'Positive experiences within the research framework'; and 'Suggestions for encouraging women's participation.' Challenges related to appointment scheduling and result delivery were frequently cited as obstacles to access. Misinformation, feelings of shame, fear, and distrust towards health services played significant roles in the reluctance to undergo screening. Factors such as support from family and community networks, respectful treatment, ease of scheduling appointments, the presence of female healthcare professionals, and involvement of leaders fluent in indigenous languages were identified as positive facilitators of screening acceptance. Conclusion: Understanding the factors that influence access to screening is crucial for reducing inequalities in service delivery for indigenous women. The involvement of trained leaders who can identify these factors and motivate women can have a positive impact on the acceptance and guidance of cervical cancer prevention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims at illustrating the benefit of combining lead (Pb) biomonitoring data with toxicokinetic simulations in order to confidently identify the risk management intervention that favors the greatest reduction of blood Pb level (BLL) in children exposed to smelter emissions in a mining city from northern Quebec, Canada. The U.S. EPA's Integrated Exposure and Uptake BioKinetic (IEUBK) model was parametrized with relevant environmental concentrations data to simulate background BLL (in average Canadian children) and local BLL (in children from the concerned community). The resulting simulations were compared with corresponding BLL biomonitoring data. Next, soil and air concentrations were lowered sequentially within the IEUBK model to values specified in Quebec's environmental regulations. IEUBK simulations predicted mean BLL values that were similar to the measured biomonitoring values, for both the background (predicted: 0.56 vs observed: 0.5 µg/dL) and local BLL (1.24 vs 1.16 µg/dL). Repeating local BLL simulations with lower Pb concentration in the air or soil based on regulatory guidelines showed a much stronger impact of decreasing soil Pb as compared to air Pb. Concluding, this work shows that soil remediation should be prioritized to lower local children's BLL. Also, the combined use of case-specific environmental Pb levels and biomonitoring data can increase the level of confidence toward an IEUBK-driven identification of the most effective measure for lowering children's BLLs, in the ≤2 µg/dL domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane (BPB), one of the 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (BPA) alternatives, has not received sufficient attention so far due to the limited environmental concentration and toxicological data available. In this study, the acute toxicity of BPB was investigated using three aquatic organisms, i.e., Tetradesmus obliquus, Daphnia magna and Danio rerio. It was showed that Daphnia magna was the most sensitive organism with a half effective concentration of 3.93 mg/L. Subsequently, Daphnia magna was exposed to BPB solutions for 21 days to explore its chronic toxicity. Results indicated that BPB restricted the body length of parent Daphnia magna and reduced the total number of broods and neonates. The no-observed effect concentration of BPB to Daphnia magna was as low as 0.01 mg/L, which was two orders of magnitude lower than that of BPA (0.86–5.00 mg/L). Furthermore, the ecological risk of BPB was quantitatively assessed using a risk quotient (RQ) method. The RQ values of BPB ranged from 0.003 to 0.914, with the mean of 0.197. BPB posed a moderate risk at most sampling sites, while BPA posed a low ecological risk with RQ < 0.1 at nearly all the sampling sites. Hence, environmental monitoring and management should also be focused on BPB contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Spermatogenesis is a key process in male reproduction that, if it does not happen correctly, can lead to infertility, with diabetes being one of the most prevalent causes of spermatogenesis disruption. Currently, there is a lack of research examining the potential benefits of targeting cell proliferation to enhance spermatogenesis in this condition. XMU-MP1 has been identified as an inhibitor of MST1, a core component of the Hippo pathway, which is anticipated to promote proliferation and regeneration. This study aims to evaluate the effects of XMU-MP1 treatment on sperm and testicular characteristics in mice. Methods: We used the STZ-induced diabetic mouse model to investigate the impact of administering XMU-MP1 on testicular tissue and sperm parameters. This study compared the seminiferous tubules, specifically focusing on the diameter of the seminiferous tubule, the thickness of the seminiferous tubule epithelium, the ratio of the thickness of the seminiferous tubule epithelium to the diameter of the seminiferous tubules, and the lumen diameter of the seminiferous tubules. We also conducted a comparison of sperm parameters, including sperm concentration, progressive motility, total motility, total motility, and morphology. Results: XMU-MP1-treated mice had a larger spermatogenesis area and better sperm motility than control mice. Diabetic mice treated with XMU-MP1 also showed a trend toward improvements in the spermatogenesis area, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm morphology, although these improvements were not statistically significant. Conclusions: XMU-MP1 serves as a potential compound to improve spermatogenesis in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]