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Introduction Fallowing, which is one of the common practices in Iran's cropping systems, brings negative consequences such as soil erosion and reduction of its fertility, leaching of nutrients and, as a result, groundwater pollution. In addition, this practice increases weed infestation in an environment free of competition. Planting cover crops is one of the alternative methods to increase the quality and health of the soil and produce a healthy crop with minimal use of chemical inputs. Through competition and production and release of allelopathic substances in the soil environment, these crops are also considered as a suitable tool in suppressing weeds. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of planting several species of cover crops as pure and mixed green manures on some soil characteristics and weed control. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Razi University, Kermanshah. Experimental treatments included cover crops of barley, common vetch and Persian clover in pure and mixed form at 10 levels: control (without cover crop), pure clover, pure barley, pure vetch, 50% barley + 50% clover, 50% barley +50 vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 30% barley + 70% clover, 30% vetch + 70% barley, and 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley. In order to cultivate cover crops, the land was first prepared by plowing and disk harrowing. Then, the seeds of cover crops were planted in plots of 7 × 6 m dimensions, using a furrower. The amount of seed used in the pure cultivation treatments of vetch, clover and barley was 60, 20 and 150 kg ha-1, respectively, and in the mixed treatments, different amounts of the seeds of each cover crop were planted based on the above-mentioned ratios. On the 30th of May (one month before planting potato) and at the stage when none of the cover crops had entered seed production stage, they were incorporated into the soil as green manures in two stages (one week apart) and at a depth of 10 to 15 cm. Results and Discussion The results showed that the cultivation of cover crops caused a decrease in pH and an increase in soil organic carbon compared to the control treatment, so that the lowest pH (7.32) and the highest soil organic carbon content (1.76%) were obtained from the pure barley treatment. Also, treatments of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley and 50% vetch + 50% clover caused a 38% and 36% increase in soil nitrogen, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The use of cover crops increased the content of phosphorus and potassium macronutrients in the soil both before and after potato harvest, compared to the control. The use of cover crops reduced the density of weeds in 20 and 40 days after potato cultivation, and the pure barley treatment reduced the density of weeds by 53 and 54%, respectively, compared to the control. The highest potato tuber yield was achieved under the treatments of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley and 50% vetch + 50% clover. The mentioned treatments increased the tuber yield by 71.09 and 59.79% compared to the control, respectively. The decrease in soil pH may be due to the accumulation of organic matter from crop residues and the acidification process during the mineralization of these residues, the increase in the amount of electrolytes, as well as the increase of microbial respiration and thereby the release of CO2 (5, 18). The increase in soil nitrogen availability following the application of green manures may have stemmed from the increase in root nodulation, release of a larger amount of nitrogen compounds by root nodules in the early stages of crop growth and their subsequent decomposition in later stages. Also, the increased nitrogen is at least partly due to the increase of organic matter through the return of biomass of cover crops in the cropping system (21). Covering the soil surface by cover crops and hence shading reduces weed seed germination and their subsequent growth due to competition of cover crops. In addition, during the decomposition of cover crop residues, allelopathic compounds are released in the soil environment, which affects the germination of weed seeds and establishment of their seedlings (15). Green manures obtained from cover crops increases moisture storage and improves soil fertility, enhancing the growth and yield of the main crop (16). Conclusions The results showed that the cultivation of cover crops instead of fallow increased the amount of organic carbon and macronutrients, despite decreasing the soil pH, leading to improvement in the access of the main crop to the soil nutrients. Weed control was another advantage of planting these crops. In the present study, the planting of leguminous cover crops with non-leguminous plants had the satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to examine the effect of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extract on growth performance, gut morphometry, and economics in broilers. One hundred and twenty days old broiler chicks were used for the experiment and were divided into four groups each with three replicates of ten birds. Group 1 was control with normal water while 1, 1.5, and 2ml/liter of liquorice extract (LE) in drinking water were provided to the remaining three groups. The results showed significantly reduced feed consumption, increased weight gain, and better FCR in 2ml/l of LE group. Similarly, 2ml/l of LE group showed increased (P<0.05) villus height, crypt depth, villus width, and villus height to crypt depth ratio. The digestibility of dry matter, ash, crude fiber, crude protein, ether extract, and calcium was also calculated significantly higher in the 2ml/l of LE group. Total cost in the control group while the gross and net return was recorded significantly higher in the group containing 2ml/l of LE. The dressing percentage had a significantly higher value in 1.5, and 2ml/l of LE groups than in the remaining treatment groups. Mortality was recorded significantly higher in 1 ml/l of LE group as compared to all other groups. It was concluded that liquorice extract at 2ml/l water has a useful effect on growth performance, gut morphology, and economics in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyherbal chewable tablets of Phyllanthus emblica and Glycyrrhiza glabra were developed with the objective to formulate an effective, safe and convenient dosage form for acid-related disorders. A standard calibration curve was constructed for Polyherbal extracts through UV-Spectrophotometry, achieving an absorbance maximum at 275 nm. Compatibility between the drug and excipients was examined through FTIR studies. Various pre-compression parameters, like bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner's ratio and angle of repose, were assessed for the powder blend. The tablets were evaluated for post-compression parameters, such as thickness, hardness, friability, and weight variation and disintegration time. The drug release study was conducted in vitro. The acid-neutralizing capacity of the formulated batches was compared with marketed formulations. The calibration curve showed a high correlation coefficient (r2=0.9972), suggesting accuracy and reliability. FTIR analysis confirmed the compatibility between the drug and excipients. Pre-compression studies revealed an acceptable range for all parameters, indicating good flow properties. For instance, Carr's Index for all batches varied from 14.31% to 24.41%, and the angle of repose ranged from 33.7 to 35.21 degrees. Post-compression parameters were within the standard limits with hardness between 4.9 to 6.1 kg/cm2 and friability less than 1% for all batches. In vitro drug release showed a gradual increase over time with PF9 achieving 98.63% release at 60 min. The acid-neutralization capacity was highest for the combined extract at 27.83±0.34 mEq/g and PF9 batch at 28.12±0.43 mEq/g, demonstrating their effectiveness in neutralizing acid. The study successfully formulated a Polyherbal chewable tablet with optimized pre and post-compression parameters. The tablet exhibited promising in vitro drug release and an efficient acid-neutralizing capacity. It holds potential as an effective treatment option for acid-related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, more than 200-year-old historical remains of liquorice root powder and a current liquorice root as a reference material were analyzed by HPLC–MS/MS to confirm the botanical authenticity of the historical material by comparing the results obtained. Combining extraction with different solvents with HPLC–MS/MS successfully identified nine chemotaxonomic markers in the historical material, thus confirming its identity as liquorice. In the current reference material, 32 chemotaxonomic markers of liquorice were successfully identified. Therefore, several liquorice-specific compounds in the historical remains analyzed were shown to have degraded over time. In addition, possible fragmentation mechanisms for five liquorice-specific compounds that have not been previously published in the literature were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Despite being a global public health problem, there are no antiviral agents for dengue. Plants are the sources of most approved drugs and many phytochemicals have exhibited in vitro antiviral activity. We explored the antiviral potential of the aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots (GGaq) on dengue viruses. Plaque reduction antiviral assay for half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) was done in Vero cells infected with dengue serotypes 1–4 and exposed to varying concentrations of GGaq. Half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of the GGaq was 651.9 µg/mL. The IC50 of the four dengue serotypes (10–50 µg/mL) indicated moderate inhibition by GGaq. 98–100% inhibition of all dengue serotypes was seen with GGaq at the maximum nontoxic dose. Preparative thin layer chromatography of GGaq, isolated sub fractions E and F which had low to moderate antiviral activity (IC50 12.65–85.95 and IC50 13.14–69.27 respectively). They exhibited good therapeutic potential only for dengue serotype-4. Virus adsorption to cells was significantly inhibited by GG (50%) and sub fraction E (24.9%). Chloroquine diphosphate was used as the positive control in all assays. The aqueous extract of GG was non-toxic and had better antiviral activity than sub fractions E and F.

Excessive exposure to UV radiation results in skin photoaging, which may be prevented or treated using natural plant compounds. Herbal cosmetics and medicines have grown in popularity due to the abundance of relatively safe compounds. This research aims to explore the network pharmacology of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) and Curcuma domestica (CD) against skin photoaging. Active compounds from GG‐CD were sourced from databases including TCSMP, KnapSack, TCMID, and published literature, while disease targets were collected from GeneCards and OMIM databases. The STRING database was utilized to construct the protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network. Enrichment analyses for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway were performed using Metascape. The herb‐compounds‐target‐pathway‐disease (H‐C‐T‐P‐D) network was visualized using Cytoscape software. A total of 529 compounds, 2,335 active compound targets, and 120 skin aging targets were obtained. GO enrichment revealed 1,635 biological processes, 67 cellular components, and 121 molecular functions. The study suggests that GG and CD have the potential to treat skin photoaging by targeting multiple targets, such as TP53, TNF, AKT1, IL6, and IL‐1B, as well as multiple pathways, such as those in cancer, apoptosis, TNF, IL‐17, and the AGE‐RAGE signaling pathway. Experiment validation is necessary to confirm the preliminary network pharmacology results.

Vacuum gas oil (VGO) is a hydrocarbon combination formed during crude oil extraction, and its consumption may have neurological repercussions. This study investigated the neuroprotective properties of Monodora myristica and Glycyrrhiza glabra in rats given cassava flour diet containing vacuum gas oil (CFD-VGO). Thirty rats were separated into six groups and treated as follows: Group 1 severed as normal control. Group 2 were fed CFD-VGO only. After a normal diet was given to groups 3, 4, and 5, M. myristica, G. glabra, and M. myristica plus G. glabra extracts were administered. Group 6, 7, 8 and 9 were given CFD-VGO and then treated with M. myristica extract, G. glabra extract, M. myristica plus G. glabra extracts and 2-methyl cellulose respectively. The rats were euthanized using carbon dioxide after experimental period of 28 days. The brain was excised for biochemical assays. The results showed that the concentration of the assessed 16 PAHs in CFD-VGO using GC-MS was 53.38 ppm. Significant (p

Glabridin is a widely used product in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry, which is generally isolated and purified from Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extract in industrial production. It has wide clinical applications, but significant toxicity has also been reported. The purity of glabridin raw material is generally between 90% and 98%. We have identified a toxic impurity, glabrene, in the industrial product glabridin. Our investigation using an AB wild-type zebrafish toxicity test showed that glabrene has a significant lethal effect with an LC10 of 2.8 μM. Glabrene induced obvious malformation and disrupted cartilage development in zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, the compound significantly reduced larval mobility and caused damage to brain neural tissues. Metabolic pathway analysis and neurotransmitter quantification via ELISA indicated abnormal activation of the phenylalanine metabolic pathway, resulting in elevated dopamine and acetylcholine levels in vivo. These findings provide insights into the potential risks of glabrene contamination and offer a new reference point for enhancing safety measures and quality controls in licorice-derived products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To identify promising fungal endophytes that are able to produce glycyrrhizin and enhance it in licorice and the mechanisms involved. Methods and results Fifteen fungal endophytes were isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. rhizomes among which SGGF14 and SGGF21 isolates were found to produce glycyrrhizin by 4.29 and 2.58 µg g−1 dry weight in the first generation of their culture. These isolates were identified as Fusarium solani and Alternaria tenuissima , respectively, based on morphological characteristics and sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer, TEF1, ATPase , and CAL regions. Subsequently, G. glabra plants were inoculated with these fungal isolates to examine their effect on glycyrrhizin production, plant growth parameters and the expression of key genes involved in glycyrrhizin pathway: SQS1, SQS2, bAS, CAS, LUS, CYP88D6 , and CYP72A154. Endophytes were able to enhance glycyrrhizin content by 133%–171% in the plants. Natural control (NC) plants, harboring all natural endophytes, had better growth compared to SGGF14- and SGGF21-inoculated and endophyte-free (EF) plants. Expression of SQS1, SQS2, CYP88D6 , and CYP72A154 was upregulated by inoculation with endophytes. LUS and CAS were downregulated after endophyte inoculation. Expression of bAS was higher in SGGF21-inoculated plants when compared with NC, EF, and SGGF14-inoculated plants. Conclusions Two selected fungal endophytes of G. glabra can produce glycyrrhizin and enhance glycyrrhizin content in planta by modulating the expression of key genes in glycyrrhizin biosynthetic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (GG) and Strychnos nux‐vomica L. (NV) are traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Changes in the chemical composition may occur before and after the GG–NV compatibility. Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography Q‐exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC‐QE‐Orbitrap‐MS) was applied here to study the difference in the components of the GG and NV decoctions before and after they were combined. The changes in the chemical composition of GG and NV before and after the combination were determined. Methods: The precise molecular weight, retention time, and fragment ion peak of the different components of the decoctions before and after compatibility were obtained through UPLC‐QE‐Orbitrap‐MS. Differential analysis methods, such as principal component analysis, were used for comparison. Results: In the positive ion mode, 200 new components were added, whereas six components were lost. In the negative ion mode, 144 new compounds were identified, whereas three components were missing. Conclusions: The compatibility difference between GG and NV was studied through UPLC‐QE‐Orbitrap‐MS. The chemical composition of GG and NV changed before and after compatibility, and a class of compounds different from GG and NV was identified in the co‐decoction. This study provides an experimental basis for subsequent research into detoxification mechanisms of the GG–NV combination and offers a new analytical method for investigating the compatibility of various other TCM pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Localized Aggressive Periodontitis (LAP) is a severe periodontal condition that requires effective intervention to prevent progression. Natural products like Mulethi (Glycyrrhiza glabra) have demonstrated antiinflammatory and antimicrobial properties, making them potential adjunctive therapies in periodontal treatment. Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Mulethi gel as an adjunctive treatment for Localized Aggressive Periodontitis. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 60 participants diagnosed with LAP, divided into two groups: the test group (n=30) treated with Mulethi gel and scaling and root planing (SRP) and the control group (n=30) treated with SRP alone. Clinical parameters including Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), and Gingival Index (GI) were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months post-treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 version. Results: The test group showed a significant reduction in PPD and improvement in CAL and GI scores compared to the control group at both 3 and 6 months (p<0.05). Mulethi gel, as an adjunct to SRP, significantly enhanced clinical outcomes, demonstrating its effectiveness in managing LAP. Conclusion: Mulethi gel is a promising adjunctive therapy for LAP management, showing significant improvements in periodontal health outcomes. Further long-term studies are required to validate these findings and assess the long-term sustainability of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is a plant commonly utilized in herbal medicine and stands out as one of the more extensively researched medicinal plants globally. It has been documented with respect to several pharmacological activities, notably, neuroprotective effects, among others. However, the neuroprotective activity of pure phenolic compounds has not been reported yet. The chromatographic of a methanolic extract yielded twenty-two compounds, viz.: naringenin 4′-O-glucoside (1), 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavanone (butin) (2), liquiritin (3), liquiritin apioside (4), abyssinone (5), glabrol (6), isoliquiritin (7), neoisoliquiritin (8), isoliquiritin apioside (9), licuraside (10). 3'[O], 4'-(2,2-dimethylpyrano)-3,7-dihydroxyflavanone (11), glabrocoumarin (12), glabrene (13), isomedicarpin (14), 7-hydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone (formononetin) (15), ononin (16), glycyroside (17), (3S)-7,4′-dihydroxy-2′-methoxyisoflavan (18), glabridin (19), neoliquiritin (20), 3,11-dioxooleana-1,12-dien-29-oic acid (21), and 3-oxo-18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (22). The results of the neuroprotection evaluation showed that G. glabra total extract (TE) and compounds 1, 7, 11, 16, and 20 protected SH-SY5Y cells by inhibiting the depletion of ATP and elevated caspase 3/7 activities induced by MPP+. Indeed, this study reports for the first time the structure and activity of compound 11 and the neuroprotective activity of some phenolic constituents from G. glabra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the antidiabetic effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra ethanolic extract and Glycyrrhiza glabra silver nanoparticle against induced diabetes mellitus (DM) by alloxan and nicotinamide in adult female Rats. Methods: The current study was performed over 36 days in which the G. glabra extract (200 mg/ Kg) and G. glabra extract loaded on Silver nanoparticle (230 μ g/ Kg) were given to alloxan and nicotinamide (120mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, respectively, single dose, IP) induced diabetic rats (10 rats per group). The antidiabetic effect has been evaluated biochemically. Results: The results of induction of DM for 36 days showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in serum Glucose concentration with a significant decrease (P<0.05) in serum insulin concentration in DM induced (G2) group when compared with the control group (G1). and showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the serum glucose concentration and a significant increase (P<0.05) of serum insulin concentration in (G3) group (received G. glabra extract) and (G4) group (G.glabra loaded on silver nanoparticle) in comparison with G2. Conclusion: This study concluded that Glycyrriza glabra extract and Glycyrrhiza glabra Silver nanoparticle have a significant antidiabetic effect induced by alloxan and nicotinamide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan coating containing nanoliposomes loaded with licorice root extract was prepared to investigate shrimp's shelf life and anti-browning function during 20 days of ice storage. 1% licorice root hydroethanolic extract (LHE) was encapsulated in nanoliposomes or coated with chitosan, and then the shrimp were immersed in coating solutions. LHE treatment had the lowest browning indices (5 and 1.02), TBA (0.32 mg MDA/kg), and FFA (0.01%). Chitosan-coated LHE treatment (Ch-LHE) showed the best performance for TVN, microbial counts, and discoloration. PV, WHC, and cook loss in the treatment with LHE nanoliposome coated with chitosan (Ch-N-LHE) were measured at acceptable levels of 0.53 meq/kg, 86.12%, and 15.06%, respectively. Experiments showed that pure or encapsulated LHE is an effective method for increasing the quality and preventing the browning of shrimp. Additionally, due to its cost-effectiveness and health benefits, it can be an effective natural substitute for sodium metabisulfite at the global export level.

Abstract Iron, a crucial micronutrient, is an integral element of biotic vitality. The scarcity of iron in the soil creates agronomic challenges and has a detrimental impact on crop vigour and chlorophyll formation. Utilizing iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) via nanopriming emerges as an innovative method to enhance agricultural efficiency and crop health. The objective of this study was to synthesize biogenic IONPs from Glycyrrhiza glabra (G. glabra) plant extract using green chemistry and to evaluate their nanopriming effects on rice seed iron levels and growth. The synthesized IONPs were analyzed using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. The UV–Vis peak at 280 nm revealed the formation of IONPs. SEM and TEM showed that the nanoparticles were spherical and had an average diameter of 23.8 nm. Nanopriming resulted in a substantial enhancement in growth, as seen by a 9.25% and 22.8% increase in shoot lengths for the 50 ppm and 100 ppm treatments, respectively. The yield metrics showed a positive correlation with the concentrations of IONPs. The 1000-grain weight and spike length observed a maximum increase of 193.75% and 97.73%, respectively, at the highest concentration of IONPs. The study indicates that G. glabra synthesized IONPs as a nanopriming agent significantly increased rice seeds' growth and iron content. This suggests that there is a relationship between the dosage of IONPs and their potential for improving agricultural biofortification.

Abstract Transcriptome-wide survey divulged a total of 181 ABC transporters in G. glabra which were phylogenetically classified into six subfamilies. Protein–Protein interactions revealed nine putative GgABCBs (-B6, -B14, -B15, -B25, -B26, -B31, -B40, -B42 &-B44) corresponding to five AtABCs orthologs (-B1, -B4, -B11, -B19, &-B21). Significant transcript accumulation of ABCB6 (31.8 folds), -B14 (147.5 folds), -B15 (17 folds), -B25 (19.7 folds), -B26 (18.31 folds), -B31 (61.89 folds), -B40 (1273 folds) and -B42 (51 folds) was observed under the influence of auxin. Auxin transport-specific inhibitor, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, showed its effectiveness only at higher (10 µM) concentration where it down regulated the expression of ABCBs, PINs (PIN FORMED) and TWD1 (TWISTED DWARF 1) genes in shoot tissues, while their expression was seen to enhance in the root tissues. Further, qRT-PCR analysis under various growth conditions (in-vitro, field and growth chamber), and subjected to abiotic stresses revealed differential expression implicating role of ABCBs in stress management. Seven of the nine genes were shown to be involved in the stress physiology of the plant. GgABCB6, 15, 25 and ABCB31 were induced in multiple stresses, while GgABCB26, 40 & 42 were exclusively triggered under drought stress. No study pertaining to the ABC transporters from G. glabra is available till date. The present investigation will give an insight to auxin transportation which has been found to be associated with plant growth architecture; the knowledge will help to understand the association between auxin transportation and plant responses under the influence of various conditions.

The aim of the study. To assess the possibility of correction and prevention of behavioral disorders in rats with metabolic syndrome using a complex phytoadaptogen (CPA).Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on 30 male Wistar rats randomized into 3 groups: group 1 – control; group 2 – metabolic syndrome (MS); group 3 – treatment of metabolic syndrome using CPA. In groups 2 and 3, animals were on a high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet for 16 weeks. Group 3 received CPA for 14 days in drinking water after 16 weeks of a diet. CPA consists of official tinctures of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Rhodiola rosea, Acantopanax senticosus at a ratio of 1:2:1. Behavior was analyzed through the “open field” test using Realtimer software (Open Science, Russia). Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8.03 software (GraphPad, USA).Results. The experiment proved that metabolic syndrome is accompanied by increased anxiety (decreased horizontal (p = 0.017) and vertical (p = 0.017) motor activity) and fear (increased periods of immobility (p = 0.011)) in the open field. When corrected with a complex phytoadaptogen, the time spent in the open and closed arms of the maze did not differ statistically significantly from the values of similar control indicators.Conclusion. Based on the data obtained in the group 3 (no statistically significant differences with control) – decreased manifestations of fear and anxiety (increased orientation and research activity) – we can talk about the effectiveness of complex phytoadaptogens as an anxiolytic. The mechanisms underlying this result remain to be explored, emphasizing the role of the autonomic nervous system, leptin and ghrelin in behavior and the influence of complex phytoadaptogens on them.

During industrial licorice production, considerable amounts of licorice root residues (LRR) are produced. The use of these residues as an agricultural production input could be beneficial to sustainable economic growth and the environment. Therefore, we evaluated the application of LRR to some growth media at (v/v) [100% soil (S), 100% LRR (L), 50% soil + 50% LRR (SL), 50% perlite + 50% LRR (PL), 50% cocopeat + 50% LRR (CL), and 25% soil + 25% perlite + 25% cocopeat + 25% LRR (SPCL)] plus humic acid (HA) (0, 5, 10, or 15 gl−1) during bell pepper production. Results showed that LRR application plus HA fertigation significantly improved the vegetative and reproductive growth and mineral content of pepper. The highest fresh weight (shoot and root), plant height, root length, leaf number, and chlorophyll content were observed for plants treated with SPCL + 15 gl−1 HA. The highest number of flowers (18.08), fruits per plant, fruit length and diameter, fruit fresh weight, and yield were associated with the peppers grown under SPCL. Deformed fruits significantly increased in the S treatment whereas no deformed fruits were observed under the SPCL treatment. The highest leaf K, Ca, Fe, and Zn contents were observed in the medium culture containing 25% LRR (SPCL) + 15 gl−1 HA. The findings revealed that the use of SPCL + 15 gl−1 HA fertigation could provide the best conditions for fruit production by bell pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Honey, ghee, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (GG), and Nerium indicum Mill. (NI) have been effectively used in Ayurveda and Indian folk medicine for healing both normal and diabetic wounds. However, the exact biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved are less discussed. The present study explores the wound healing efficacy of these traditional medicines in normal and diabetic rats using biochemical and molecular parameters. Materials and Methods: Normal and Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats were used for the study and inflicted with excision wounds. The test materials, i.e., honey, ghee, GG, and NI, were topically applied to the wounds singly and in combinations (H+G: Honey+Ghee and Tot-combination of all test materials). On the 8th and 16th days of healing, biochemical and molecular parameters were assessed using the tissues procured from the wound site. We quantified the levels of hydroxyproline and antioxidants (CAT-Catalase, GSH-Glutathione, SOD-Superoxide dismutase, MDA-Malondialdehyde). We also measured the mRNA expression of growth factors, i.e., Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGFß), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Results: Biochemical analysis showed enhanced hydroxyproline levels in both normal and diabetic wounds treated with the test materials. The groups treated with GG in normal and NI and Tot in diabetic wounds showed statistically significant findings (p<0.05). Different study materials showed significant antioxidant properties at different intervals of wound healing. Similarly, different test materials enhanced the expression of different growth factors at the wound site. Conclusion: Result indicates that the wound healing properties of these natural traditional medicines are through their antioxidant and growth factor enhancing capability at the wound site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds are the main phytochemical constituents of many higher plants. They play an important role in synthesizing metal nanoparticles using green technology due to their ability to reduce metal salts and stabilize them through physical interaction/conjugation to the metal surface. Six pure phenolic compounds were isolated from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and employed in synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The isolated compounds were identified as liquiritin (1), isoliquiritin (2), neoisoliquiritin (3), isoliquiritin apioside (4), liquiritin apioside (5), and glabridin (6). The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using UV, zeta sizer, HRTEM, and IR and tested for their stability in different biological media. The phenolic isolates and their corresponding synthesized NP conjugates were tested for their potential in vitro cytotoxicity. The anti-inflammatory effects were investigated in both normal and inflammation-induced settings, where inflammatory biomarkers were stimulated using lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. LPS, functioning as a mitogen, promotes cell growth by reducing apoptosis, potentially contributing to observed outcomes. Results indicated that all six pure phenolic isolates inhibited cell proliferation. The AuNP conjugates of all the phenolic isolates, except liquiritin apioside (5), inhibited cell viability. LPS initiates inflammatory markers by binding to cell receptors and setting off a cascade of events leading to inflammation. All the pure phenolic isolates, except isoliquiritin, neoisoliquiritin, and isoliquiritin apioside inhibited the inflammatory activity of RAW cells in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcriptome-wide survey divulged a total of 181 ABC transporters in G. glabra which were phylogenetically classified into six subfamilies. Protein–Protein interactions revealed nine putative GgABCBs (-B6, -B14, -B15, -B25, -B26, -B31, -B40, -B42 &-B44) corresponding to five AtABCs orthologs (-B1, -B4, -B11, -B19, &-B21). Significant transcript accumulation of ABCB6 (31.8 folds), -B14 (147.5 folds), -B15 (17 folds), -B25 (19.7 folds), -B26 (18.31 folds), -B31 (61.89 folds), -B40 (1273 folds) and -B42 (51 folds) was observed under the influence of auxin. Auxin transport-specific inhibitor, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, showed its effectiveness only at higher (10 µM) concentration where it down regulated the expression of ABCBs, PINs (PIN FORMED) and TWD1 (TWISTED DWARF 1) genes in shoot tissues, while their expression was seen to enhance in the root tissues. Further, qRT-PCR analysis under various growth conditions (in-vitro, field and growth chamber), and subjected to abiotic stresses revealed differential expression implicating role of ABCBs in stress management. Seven of the nine genes were shown to be involved in the stress physiology of the plant. GgABCB6, 15, 25 and ABCB31 were induced in multiple stresses, while GgABCB26, 40 & 42 were exclusively triggered under drought stress. No study pertaining to the ABC transporters from G. glabra is available till date. The present investigation will give an insight to auxin transportation which has been found to be associated with plant growth architecture; the knowledge will help to understand the association between auxin transportation and plant responses under the influence of various conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is an increasing interest in identifying modulators of cellular senescence as potential anti-ageing agents. Nutritional modulation of senescence is pragmatic and medicinal plants are attractive sources of anti-cellular senescence drug candidates. Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) is an extensively utilized medicinal plant and its anti-ageing and anti-cellular senescence effects are also known. The current study attempted to understand the anti-cellular senescence targets of GG components and their underlying pathways using network pharmacology and its validation through in silico molecular docking. Methods: Components of GG were screened using Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Database and KNApSAcK database, target prediction was done using SuperPred 3.0, followed by mapping with cellular senescence gene targets obtained from GeneCards and CellAge databases. The STRING database and Cytoscape software were utilized for protein-protein and protein-target interaction analyses and further screening of core targets. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis was performed, and the top identified targets were subject to binding affinity evaluation with major GG compounds using molecular docking. Results: The 40 screened GG compounds overlapped with 71 potential gene targets of cellular senescence. PPI interaction analysis revealed top core targets as HIF1A, HSP90AB1, NF-κB1, STAT1, and HDAC2 while GO enrichment analysis showed protein phosphorylation and protein folding to be the top targeted biological processes. KEGG analysis revealed ‘pathways in cancer’ and ‘MAPK signalling pathway’ as top enriched pathways with several major classical regulators of cellular senescence that were targeted by GG. 4′-O-methylglabridin and glycyrrhisoflavanone categorically appeared to be the most potent interacting GG components with average binding affinity < 7.0 kcal/mol. Molecular docking revealed very strong binding affinities (< 7.0 kcal/mol) with HSP90AB1, CDK2, NFE2L2, and HIF1A. Conclusion: Together, our research paves the way for subsequent experimental verification of novel anti-cellular senescence components of GG that could be useful for developing GG-based herbal anti-ageing approaches.

Amiodarone (AMD), a powerful antidysrhythmic medication, can cause hepatotoxicity when used long-term or in high doses. It affects both mitochondrial and lysosomal function because of its lipophilic nature and accumulation in tissues. It also has direct production of ROS. Glycyrrhiza glabra is one of the medicinal plants that have been commonly used for thousands of years. It possesses anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, the antihepatotoxic effect of Gg was evaluated against AMD liver toxicity in rats model, thirty rats were taken and divided evenly into five groups given daily doses by gastric gavage oral tube for 3 weeks as follows: the 1st group acted as a control group given D.W., and the 2nd group received AMD at a dose of 300mg/kg for 2 weeks. 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups were pretreated with Gg in doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg, respectively, for one week, then along with AMD for 2 weeks. Hepatic damage, revealed by histology and the increased activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and serum phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was decreased in the AMD group. Gg extract significantly reduced the elevated AST and ALT levels caused by AMD intoxication, rendering PLA2 to its normal level. It also enhanced liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Gg extract markedly reverses the increased serum TNF levels induced by AMD; therefore, it may be considered a good hepatoprotective agent.

Background: Coccidiosis is one of the most economically significant poultry diseases worldwide, caused by the pathogenic Eimeria species, and is characterized by decreased weight gain and failure to grow due to malabsorption, low feed conversion rate, bloody diarrhea, and dehydration. Aim: This study investigated the effectiveness of licorice root extract (LRE) in controlling cecal coccidiosis to determine whether its combination with maduramicin could help alleviate the pathological, biochemical, and histopathological effects of cecal coccidiosis in Sasso broiler chicks. Methods: A total of 125 one-day-old Sasso broiler chicks were categorized into five equal groups (n=25), each consisting of five replicates (n= 5 per replicate). (G1-LE) received a basal diet supplemented with LRE (3 g/kg); (G2-ME) received a basal diet containing maduramycin (0.5 g/kg); (G3-LME) received a basal diet containing LRE and maduramicin together with the same rates. G4-E (positive control) and G5-N (negative control) received no additives in their feed. Birds in groups (G1-4) were challenged on day 14 of the experiment orally intercropping a 1 ml suspension of Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts. Results: Groups of birds fed on LRE and maduramicin separately or together appeared to be in good condition where no deaths or clinical abnormalities were observed, based on the analysis of clinicopathological examination. Compared with the G4-E positive control, the dropping scoring and oocyst shedding of groups G1-LE, G2-ME, and G3-LME along the 10th-day post-challenge (dpc), as well as macroscopic and microscopic lesions scoring at the 7th dpc, was considerably lower. The dual supplementation use of LRE and maduramicin in G3-LME's reduced the harmful effects of coccidian, which appeared only as a mononuclear cellular infiltration and a small number of oocysts invading the intestinal glands. Molecular docking revealed that LRE and maduramicin interacted with E. tenella DNA polymerase, E. tenella apical membrane antigen 1, and microneme protein binding sites resulting in reduced E. tenella replication and invasion. Conclusion: The inclusion of LRE and maduramicin, individually or in combination, in the diet might effectively mitigate the detrimental effects of coccidiosis. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(1.000): 225-241]

Licorice root is traditionally used in medicine due to its content of saponins and flavonoids. Licorice leaves are not used as pharmacopoeial raw materials, although their chemical composition and biological activity have been studied recently, which makes it possible to evaluate the possibilities of using this raw material as a medicinal one. Active harvesting of licorice can jeopardize its natural populations, so urgent tasks are to cultivate cells of this plant in systems in vitro and to study the composition of cell culture metabolites. In our study, the material for obtaining a callus culture of licorice leaves was plants from the collection of the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. To select optimal conditions for growing calli, nine combinations of phytohormones were compared. The best growth of calli was found on Murashige–Skoog medium with a combination of phytohormones 1 mg/L BAP and 10 mg/L NAA. Under these conditions, flavonoids accumulated in callus in quantities comparable to their content in intact leaves and roots. The content of phenolic compounds was comparable to their amount in the roots. Ethanol extracts obtained from callus culture had pronounced antioxidant activity comparable to extracts from the intact plant and standards of rutin, gallic, and ascorbic acids. When assessing the effect of extracts on animal cell cultures in the MTT test, it was shown that all obtained extracts increased the metabolic activity of both normal human cells and the HeLa line. At the same time, the extract obtained from the leaves showed the maximum effect, while that from the callus showed the minimum and differed slightly from the root extract. Thus, calli from leaf explants can be considered as a new raw material for obtaining dietary supplements with antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coccidiosis is one of the most economically significant poultry diseases worldwide, caused by the pathogenic Eimeria species, and is characterized by decreased weight gain (WG) and failure to grow due to malabsorption, low feed conversion rate, bloody diarrhea, and dehydration. Aim: This study investigated the effectiveness of licorice root extract (LRE) in controlling cecal coccidiosis to determine whether its combination with maduramicin could help alleviate the pathological, biochemical, and histopathological effects of cecal coccidiosis in Sasso broiler chicks. Methods: A total of 125 one-day-old Sasso broiler chicks were categorized into five equal groups (n = 25), each consisting of five replicates (n = 5 per replicate). G1-LE received a basal diet supplemented with LRE (3 g/kg); G2-ME received a basal diet containing maduramycin (0.5 g/kg); and G3-LME received a basal diet containing LRE and maduramicin together with the same rates. G4-E (positive control) and G5-N (negative control) received no additives in their feed. Birds in groups (G1-4) were challenged on day 14 of the experiment by orally intercropping a 1 ml suspension of Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts. Results: Groups of birds fed on LRE and maduramicin separately or together appeared to be in good condition where no deaths or clinical abnormalities were observed, based on the analysis of clinicopathological examination. Compared with the G4-E positive control, the dropping scoring and oocyst shedding of groups G1-LE, G2-ME, and G3-LME along the 10th-day post-challenge (dpc), as well as macroscopic and microscopic lesions scoring at the 7th dpc, was considerably lower. The dual supplementation use of LRE and maduramicin in G3-LME's reduced the harmful effects of coccidian, which appeared only as a mononuclear cellular infiltration and a small number of oocysts invading the intestinal glands. Molecular docking revealed that LRE and maduramicin interacted with E. tenella DNA polymerase, E. tenella apical membrane antigen 1, and microneme protein binding sites resulting in reduced E. tenella replication and invasion. Conclusion: The inclusion of LRE and maduramicin, individually or in combination, in the diet might effectively mitigate the detrimental effects of coccidiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for quantitative determination of pinocembrin in herb of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. The content of the dominant flavonoid pinocembrin (5,7-dihydroxyflavanone) in G. glabra herb varied from 0.39 ± 0.007% to 1.28 ± 0.022%. The error of a single determination of the pinocembrin content in G. glabra herb was ±6.30% with confidence probability 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to measure LARE extract efficiency against the adults of B. zonata in both of first generation and second generation of the same pest. Data showed that the concentration effect (1: 40) of LARE extract sprayed against adults of B. zonata (first generation) on three groups of fruits, Guava, Peach and Apricot were sprayed by hand sprayer under laboratory conditions during the season (2022) successively. The percentages of mortality after 24 h., 48 h. and 72 hours were 73.75%, 5% and 21.25% respectively. But in the case of second-generation experiments, laying eggs for females' adults of B. zonata. Percentages total numbers of pupae were 100% of distorted adults exit were 32.56%. Data, illustrated that the percentage of (AChE), (GST) and (SOD) activity decreased significantly when sprayed LARE compared with the control by 22.5%, 39.14% and -- 2.98% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural co-occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in liquorice roots obtained from different herbal outlets of Karachi, Pakistan, was evaluated. A total of 60 samples were obtained during 2019‒2021 and analysed using HPLC with fluorescence detection. The method was validated according to the European Union (EU) regulation. The incidence of AFs was 52 in all tested samples (87%), with a contamination range of 1.2‒6.4 µg kg−1 and an average of 2.1 ± 0.3 µg kg−1. In all samples, the AFs contamination was below the maximum limit (ML) of 10 µg kg−1 for total AFs as set by the EU. The OTA contamination in all samples ranged 1.5‒60.3 µg kg−1, with a mean of 18.9 ± 0.8 µg kg−1. In 36 samples (60%) the OTA contamination was below the ML of 20 µg kg−1 as set by the EU. These results led to the recommendation to test liquorice root on mycotoxins, as it comes to food quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The natural tendency of polymicrobial infections and co-habitation of bacteria and Candida are currently well-recognized and reported as highly fatal. This kind of interaction is usually associated with drug tolerance, infection relapse, persistence and high mortality. The interest in natural products has emerged and their potential applicability as therapeutic strategies is being constantly explored. Purpose: The main goal of this work is to evaluate the effect of the hydroethanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Manuka honey, in Staphylococcus aureus and Candida tropicalis planktonic cells and single and mixed biofilms. Methods: The effect of both the G. glabra extract and the honey was evaluated by determination of the minimum inhibitory/bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations and by determination of their antibiofilm activity (alone and in combination) on single and mixed-species biofilms. In addition, phenolic compounds were characterized in the hydroethanolic extract with high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results: Among the phenolic compounds identified in the G. glabra extract, flavonoids were the most abundant (≈75 % of the total phenolic compounds), with liquiritigenin being the most representative. S. aureus and C. tropicalis were susceptible to both antimicrobials acting alone. When tested in combination, a significative synergism was observed against C. tropicalis single biofilm formation. Instead, the combination showed an additive effect against mixed biofilms of S. aureus and C. tropicalis. In general the combination G. glabra+honey showed a broader antibiofilm effect than each partner alone. Conclusion: The results showed the good anti S. aureus and C. tropicalis effect of G. glabra and manuka honey against both pathogens tested and highlighted their potential use in combination as therapeutic strategy to combat S. aureus, C. tropicalis and mixed species infections particularly when growing as biofilms.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of ZOE-based, calcium hydroxide, and epoxy resin-based sealers on modification with three herbal extracts. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extracts of selected herbs were combined with ZOE-based, calcium hydroxide, and epoxy resin-based sealers. Cultures were prepared from E. faecalis and C. albicans and agar plates prepared. Prepared mixtures were inoculated in punched holes, and inhibitory zones were measured. Results: No statistical significance was obtained on comparing mean scores of test groups. Conclusion: None of the combinations used was found to be significantly better than others.

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that causes multiple and occasionally debilitating symptoms in patients. Given the high prevalence and wide effects of IBS in our society, finding cheap, safe, and effective drugs has a great importance for helping the patients with IBS and helping the community's health economy. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of yarrow, licorice, and chamomile (as a cheap and safe cocktail) on the symptoms of patients with IBS. METHODS: In this double-blinded clinical trial study, 102 patients (referred to Toohid Hospital in Sanandaj City, Kurdistan, Iran, from February 25, 2017 to August 21, 2019) were included in the trial. The diagnosis of IBS was based on clinical findings and Rome-III criteria. Subjects were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group was given a combination of three plants [Glycyrrhiza glabra (G. glabra), Matricaria chamomilla (M. chamomilla), and Achillea millefolium (A. millefolium)] for a month. The control group received a placebo. Outcomes were assessed 2 and 4 weeks later. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 41.2 ± 11.6 years (age range: 21-60 years). 42 patients (41.17%) were men, and 60 patients (58.8%) were women. The mean duration of the symptoms was 27.4 [standard deviation (SD) = 24.6] months. Two weeks after the intervention, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of some symptoms, including constipation, diarrhea, and mucus excretion. Four weeks after the intervention, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and feeling of incomplete excretion (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, combination of the three plants (G. glabra, M. chamomilla, and A. millefolium) was effective in reducing the symptoms of IBS.

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is a plant commonly utilized in herbal medicine and stands out as one of the more extensively researched medicinal plants globally. It has been documented with respect to several pharmacological activities, notably, neuroprotective effects, among others. However, the neuroprotective activity of pure phenolic compounds has not been reported yet. The chromatographic of a methanolic extract yielded twenty-two compounds, viz.: naringenin 4′-O-glucoside (1), 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavanone (butin) (2), liquiritin (3), liquiritin apioside (4), abyssinone (5), glabrol (6), isoliquiritin (7), neoisoliquiritin (8), isoliquiritin apioside (9), licuraside (10). 3’[O], 4’-(2,2-dimethylpyrano)-3,7-dihydroxyflavanone (11), glabrocoumarin (12), glabrene (13), isomedicarpin (14), 7-hydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone (formononetin) (15), ononin (16), glycyroside (17), (3S)-7,4′-dihydroxy-2′-methoxyisoflavan (18), glabridin (19), neoliquiritin (20), 3,11-dioxooleana-1,12-dien-29-oic acid (21), and 3-oxo-18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (22). The results of the neuroprotection evaluation showed that G. glabra total extract (TE) and compounds 1, 7, 11, 16, and 20 protected SH-SY5Y cells by inhibiting the depletion of ATP and elevated caspase 3/7 activities induced by MPP+. Indeed, this study reports for the first time the structure and activity of compound 11 and the neuroprotective activity of some phenolic constituents from G. glabra.

Abstract Human adenovirus type-7 (HAdV-7) is a common pathogen that may cause significant morbidity as well as severe complications. Currently, there is no approved drug for the treatment of HAdV-7 infections and the contemporary strategy mainly rely on nonspecific antivirals. Glycyrrhiza glabra; (licorice), is a well-recognized edible plant used in food and beverages. The plant is renowned for its pharmacological and biological activities including antiviral activities against wide range of viruses. The following study reported for the first time the anti-adenoviral activity of licorice extract using in-vitro cytopathic inhibitory assay. Different solvent fractions showed promising activity with IC50 reaching 1.431 μg/ml. Certain fractions had selectivity index (SI) greater than 10 indicating their efficacy together with relatively low cytotoxic effect. Metabolic profiling using LC-HRMS/MS resulted in identification of 41 compounds from licorice fractions. Chemometric modeling using Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures (OPLS) suggested the compounds; kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, violanthin, rhamnoliquiritin, isoliquiritigenin isomer, licoagroside B and liquiritin apioside as potential markers against (HAdV-7). Finally, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside was further confirmed via in-vitro adenovirus inhibitory assay to possess strong antiviral activity with IC50 and CC50 of 54.7 ± 1.93 μM and 655.7 ± 2.22 μM, respectively.

The study aimed to assess the impact of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract on IGF, TNF, and lysozyme gene expression in Cyprinus carpio. Fish, averaging 9.08±0.05 grams, were distributed across 12 tanks and subjected to three levels of G. glabra extract (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 %) over a 56-day feeding period. Results at the study's conclusion revealed that G. glabra extract notably enhanced growth factors, including final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR). The most significant growth was evident in fish fed 2% of the extract, displaying substantial differences compared to both the control and other treatments (P

Abstract Background The emergence of different viral infections calls for the development of new, effective, and safe antiviral drugs. Glycyrrhiza glabra is a well-known herbal remedy possessing antiviral properties. Objective The objective of our research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly developed combination of the probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus and G. glabra root extract against two viral models, namely the DNA virus Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and the RNA virus Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), with regards to their antiviral properties. Methodology To examine the antiviral impacts of various treatments, we employed the MTT assay and real-time PCR methodology. Results The findings of our study indicate that the co-administration of L. acidophilus and G. glabra resulted in a significant improvement in the survival rate of Vero cells, while also leading to a reduction in the titers of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) in comparison to cells that were not treated. Additionally, an investigation was conducted on glycyrrhizin, the primary constituent of G. glabra extract, utilizing molecular docking techniques. The results indicated that glycyrrhizin exhibited a greater binding energy score for HSV-1 polymerase (− 22.45 kcal/mol) and VSV nucleocapsid (− 19.77 kcal/mol) in comparison to the cocrystallized ligand (− 13.31 and − 11.44 kcal/mol, respectively). Conclusions The combination of L. acidophilus and G. glabra extract can be used to develop a new, natural antiviral agent that is safe and effective.

The present study is the first attempt to utilize the root extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra as a novel biological route for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs) under optimized conditions. The process variables namely concentration of ferric chloride, root extract of G. glabra and temperature were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to obtain high yield. Phytochemicals mediated the reduction process and served as capping and stabilizing agent. The biosynthesized Fe2O3NPs characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy exhibited a prominent peak at 350 nm. The crystallinity and valence state of Fe2O3NPs was confirmed by XRD and XPS. The surface functionalization of the nanoparticles was confirmed from the presence of functional groups in the FT-IR spectrum. The FESEM analysis revealed the biosynthesized Fe2O3NPs are irregular and the EDX spectrum recorded the presence of iron and oxygen in the synthesized nanoparticles. The biosynthesized Fe2O3NPs exhibited an appreciable photocatalytic activity against methylene blue under sunlight with a maximum decolorisation efficiency of 92% within 180 min of reaction time. The experimental data of adsorption studies well fitted with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model. The thermodynamic study proved to be spontaneous, feasible and endothermic in nature. The phytotoxicity study revealed 92% germination and increased seedling growth in the green gram seeds exposed to Fe2O3NPs. Hence the study established the efficiency of biosynthesized of Fe2O3NPs in photocatalytic and phytotoxic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Autoimmunity is responsible for vitiligo. • Inhibition of IL-17 can prevent vitiligo. • Oxidation is responsible for the generation of ROS. • High levels of IL-17 and ROS cause vitiligo. • In-silico studies show good docking scores and good protein ligand interaction with glycyrrhizin from G. glabra. Vitiligo is a chronic skin de-pigmentation disease; decrease in melanocytes is responsible for vitiligo. Autoimmune diseases, oxidative stress, and biochemical, neuronal, genetic, and environmental factors are the main reasons for vitiligo pathogenesis. TH-17 generates Interleukin-17 (IL-17) which gives rise to autoimmune disorders such as vitiligo. Literature reveals that glycyrrhizin inhibits IL-17 and is considered a potent antioxidant. In the present experiment, we have determined the In-silico inhibition of IL-17 by glycyrrhizin with the help of PyRx (AutoDockVina) Software, and molecular dynamics was done for predicting interaction and binding affinity of glycyrrhizin with the IL-17 receptor. Afterward, glycyrrhizin was isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra roots and confirmed through HPLC. We also estimated the antioxidant potential of isolated glycyrrhizin using different antioxidant methods such as Phosphomolybdate assay, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazine-hydrate), reducing power assay, free radical scavenging activity against the ascorbic acid standard. We also determined the pharmacognostic parameters such as Loss on drying (LOD) acid-insoluble ash, total ash, and water-soluble ash of dried root powder. The in-silico evaluation describes that glycyrrhizin exhibits a good docking score, and the molecular dynamic simulation study validated the activity of glycyrrhizin on IL-17. The antioxidant study shows glycyrrhizin possesses good antioxidant potential. The experiment shows LOD (0.52 % w/w), total ash (16.78 % w/w), acid-insoluble ash (1.932 % w/w), and water-soluble ash (1.213 % w/w), respectively. The in-silico docking study on IL-17 receptor and in-vitro antioxidant study reveal that glycyrrhizin is a better herbal choice for treating vitiligo. However, more in-vivo investigations are needed to confirm the above hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is devoted to characterization of the Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice root) fibers (GGFs) that have different uses in industrial areas, globally. For this purpose, several properties of GGFs were investigated to determine their suitability for natural fiber-reinforced composite production. Such properties include; physical, chemical, thermal, morphological, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, as well. As a result of these analyses, it was found that the GGFs are composed of cellulose (40.46%), hemicellulose (15.94%), lignin (12%), waxes (1.3%), moisture (9.93%), and others. The density of GGFs was measured as 1.43 g/cm3. Additionally, the existence of cellulose with a 35.86% crystal index, was also verified by the XRD characterization results of these fibers. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that GGFs are thermally stable within the polymerization process temperature of 354.09°C. As a result, it was determined that GGFs have characteristics with significant potential as cellulose-based reinforcement fiber for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Licorice (Radix glycyrrhizae) is a plant root extract widely used in various applications, including cosmetics, food supplements, and traditional medicine. It has a long history of medicinal use in different cultures due to its diverse pharmacological properties. Licorice has traditionally been used for treating gastrointestinal problems, respiratory infections, cough, bronchitis, arthritis, and skin conditions. In recent years, the potential therapeutic benefits of licorice for oral health have gained significant interest. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the effects of licorice extracts and their bioactive components on common oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontitis, halitosis, candidiasis, and recurrent aphthous ulcers. The chemical composition of licorice has shown the presence of several bioactive compounds such as glycyrrhizin, glabridin, isoliquiritigenin (ISL), and licochalcone exhibiting various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory effects. Interestingly, in certain patients, licorice has shown a promising potential to inhibit the spread of viruses, prevent biofilm formation, reduce inflammation, boost immune responses, alleviate pain, and exert antioxidative effects. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the current understanding of licorice's therapeutic benefits in the treatment of oral ailments, emphasising its potential as an alternative treatment option for oral diseases. Further research is warranted to explore its efficacy, safety, and clinical applications using placebo-controlled clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational methods like molecular docking, pharmacokinetic study, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and Molecular Mechanics‐Poisson‐Boltzmann Surface Area (MM‐PBSA) were used to investigate the ability of Glycyrrhiza glabra phytoconstituents to modulate the activity of GABA‐A receptor. The docking studies suggested that both Kanzonol U and Glabrol, have shown superior binding abilities, as evident by their binding energies of −11.8 and −11.4 kcal/mol, respectively, as compared to diazepam (−10.0 kcal/mol), which is an allosteric modulator of GABA‐A. Only nine constituents were identified as the blood‐brain barrier permeants in the SwissADME investigation, with binding energy≤−10.0 kcal/mol. The docking results were further strengthened by MD simulation which showed that the Kanzonol U and Glabrol complex displayed good conformational stability with an average RMSD of 0.20 nm. Additionally, MM‐PBSA outcomes revealed that these phytochemicals as the most potent GABA‐A modulators. All these investigations suggest that the phytochemicals Kanzonol U and Glabrol may produce a promising antiepileptic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]