Search

The present study examined the traces of neoliberal ideology in O-level English language textbooks taught in elitist private schools in Pakistan that follow the UK-based international educational system administrated by the University of Cambridge under the General Certificate of Education (GCE). Analysis in the study was informed by Fairclough's CDA writings. Moreover, Bourdieu's views on neoliberalism were also considered to shed some light on neoliberal ideology in the textbooks. Findings suggest that several neoliberal themes were evident in the textbooks under scrutiny, including marketization, consumerism, branding, celebrity culture, competition, individualism, self-responsibility and self-entrepreneurship, mobility, new ‘Othering’ strategy and English as a neoliberal skill. Based on the findings, we argue that the global ELT industry that produces teaching materials, including textbooks for the periphery is a major contributor to the neoliberal world order maintained by the local (political) elite in the government(s) e.g. Pakistan in case of the present study. The textbooks prepare learners for a competitive world rather than a world based on cooperation, mutual progress, and happiness. The study thus questions such neoliberal hegemony encoded in the textbooks and argues for critical examination and selection of the materials for contexts where English is taught as a foreign language. peerReviewed

Global workers have long contended with the challenges of working across geographical, temporal, and cultural boundaries enabled by communication technologies. However, the global work research has rarely intersected with the literature on work–home boundary management—which has been brought to the forefront due to the forced move to remote work during the Covid-19 pandemic. Drawing on a qualitative field study of 55 in-depth interviews with global workers from a large organization headquartered in the Nordics, we found that global workers drew on sociomaterial affordances to manage both global work and work–home boundaries through strategies of boundary support and boundary collapse. Although the shift to remote work created challenges due to boundary collapse, it presented new spatiotemporal affordances that led to unexpected benefits for both global work and work–life boundary management. The findings have implications for global work, remote work, and the future of work more broadly. peerReviewed

At a time when uneven power dynamics are high on development actors’ agenda, this book will be an important contribution to researchers and practitioners working on innovation in development and civil society. While there is much discussion of localization, decolonization and ‘shifting power’ in civil society collaborations in development, the debate thus far centers on the aid system. This book directs attention to CSOs as drivers of development in various contexts that we refer to as the Global South. This book take a transformative stance, reimagining roles, relations and processes. It does so from five complementary angles: (1) Southern CSOs reclaiming the lead, 2) displacement of the North–South dyad, (3) Southern-centred questions, (4) new roles for Northern actors, and (5) new starting points for collaboration. The book relativizes international collaboration, asking INGOs, Northern CSOs, and their donors to follow Southern CSOs’ leads, recognizing their contextually geared perspectives, agendas, resources, capacities, and ways of working. Based in 19 empirically grounded chapters, the book also offers an agenda for further research, design, and experimentation. Emphasizing the need to ‘Start from the South’ this book thus re-imagines and re-centers Civil Society collaborations in development, offering Southern-centred ways of understanding and developing relations, roles, and processes, in theory and practice. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license. Funded by Wageningen University. peerReviewed

With more attention given to women’s sports, this study focuses on the research gap in women's American football as a heavily under-researched field. The paper aims to examine the global dynamics of women's American football by highlighting the position of the sport in opportunities, challenges, and development process. The study investigates the environment of women's American football by asking the following questions: How is women's American football functioning in the USA and in Finland? What is the nature of international competition in the IFAF Women's World Championship? And what are the challenges and opportunities presented in women's football globally, in Finland, and in the USA? Through the lens of sports globalization, the study examines the global landscape of American football, while considering cultural aspects, economic aspects, and glocalization of sport practices. The study lays groundwork of the local landscape in the US and Finland for comparison and reflection, then it utilizes descriptive analysis in a results-oriented process of the Women’s World Championship competitions. For that, online data from relevant American football sources has been utilized. In addition, the study collects data through both online and in-person semi-structured interviews with four contributors who attended the 2022 Women's World Championship in Finland. The data from interviews is thematically analyzed according to the literature concepts of globalization in sports and sport management. The findings of the study show the impact of globalization on American football, with the sport striving for Olympic inclusion, and gaining further integration in Europe through factors such as international games, online platforms, social media, and international competition. Additionally, it is found that the management of women's American football requires attention and efforts to elements like sustainability, promotion, funding, growth and development, and encouragement of a culture of collaboration and effective leadership. Finally, the main conclusions include encouraged practices, common objectives, challenges, and possibilities of women’s American football across global actors. In addition, recommendations are provided based on the insights from the hands-on perspectives of Finnish and American interviewees who are actively engaged in various roles in the women’s football environment. Considering the Olympic aspirations of American football this study aims to encourage further research related to the sport.

Julkaisemme tässä tarkastetun suomennoksen ”Work: Democratize, Decommodify, Remediate” -manifestista. Arto Laitisen ja Olli Herrasen suomennos julkaistiin alun perin lyhennettynä Helsingin Sanomissa 16.5.2020 sekä lyhentämättömänä Osallisuusmedian verkkosivulla.

peerReviewed

This article addresses identities, hierarchies of knowledge and power relations in academia in postcolonial settings, in the context of development studies in Tanzania. Based on literatures on organizational identity and postcolonial hybridity, it establishes a conceptual lens of hybrid identity, scrutinizing how the identity of the discipline of development studies is constructed. Based on analysis of interviews with staff in development studies, we identify four relationships where differences and asymmetries were articulated: with other disciplines, with past development studies, with global theorizing on development, and with partners in the global North. We conclude in discussing how acknowledging multiple relationships and ambivalent knowledge hierarchies can make room for hybrid identities that can produce new ways of producing knowledge in development studies. peerReviewed

The speed and uncertainty of environmental change in the Anthropocene challenge the capacity of coevolving social–ecological–technological systems (SETs) to adapt or transform to these changes. Formal government and legal structures further constrain the adaptive capacity of our SETs. However, new, self-organized forms of adaptive governance are emerging at multiple scales in natural resource-based SETs. Adaptive governance involves the private and public sectors as well as formal and informal institutions, self-organized to fill governance gaps in the traditional roles of states. While new governance forms are emerging, they are not yet doing so rapidly enough to match the pace of environmental change. Furthermore, they do not yet possess the legitimacy or capacity needed to address disparities between the winners and losers from change. These emergent forms of adaptive governance appear to be particularly effective in managing complexity. We explore governance and SETs as coevolving complex systems, focusing on legal systems to understand the potential pathways and obstacles to equitable adaptation. We explore how governments may facilitate the emergence of adaptive governance and promote legitimacy in both the process of governance despite the involvement of nonstate actors, and its adherence to democratic values of equity and justice. To manage the contextual nature of the results of change in complex systems, we propose the establishment of long-term study initiatives for the coproduction of knowledge, to accelerate learning and synergize interactions between science and governance and to foster public science and epistemic communities dedicated to navigating transitions to more just, sustainable, and resilient futures.

Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma tarkastelee Helsingin Sanomissa käytyä julkista keskustelua Suomen vaateteollisuudesta vuosina 1970–1997. Tutkimuksen lähtökohdat ovat historiallisen tarkastelun lisäksi mediatutkimuksessa. Tutkimuksessa arvioidaan Helsingin Sanomien uutisia, tekstejä ja artikkeleja joukkoviestintävälineiden tehtävien kautta. Nämä viestintävälineet rakentavat todellisuutta ja identiteettejä eri tavoin: luomalla me-henkeä sekä jatkuvuutta arvojen ja normien kautta ja toimimalla julkisen sektorin päätöksenteon valvojina. Representaation käsitteen avulla tutkitaan, mistä näkökulmasta, millä tavalla ja kuinka hyvin luotu näkökulma edustaa todellisuutta. Julkinen keskustelu on yleensä vuorovaikutteinen jatkumo. Julkiseen keskusteluun liittyy olennaisesti teoria julkisosta; kuka käy julkista keskustelua. Muodin tutkimus ei historiantutkimuksessa ole yleinen tai perinteinen tutkimusaihe. Muoti on kuitenkin läsnä pukeutumisen kautta arjessamme jatkuvasti, ja sitä on mahdotonta erottaa yhteiskunnallisesta kehityksestä. Viime vuosina ilmastonmuutoksen suhde muotiteollisuuteen on ymmärretty pikamuodin luodessa valtavan ekologisen ongelman. Tutkielma pureutuu muotiteollisuuden alakategoriaan vaateteollisuuteen osana suomalaista yhteiskuntaa. Tutkielmassa käydään läpi Helsingin Sanomien kirjoituksia Suomen vaateteollisuudesta sisällönanalyysin avulla, ja niiden antia julkiselle keskustelulle arvioidaan. 1970-luvulla julkisessa keskustelussa toistui vahvasti talouslähtöinen puhe vaateteollisuuden ollessa tärkeä vientiteollisuus Suomelle. Erilaisten vapaakauppasopimusten kautta Suomea identifioitiin osaksi eurooppalaista ja länsimaista kehitystä, vaikka Neuvostoliiton rooli oli Suomen taloudelle ja eritysesti vaateteollisuudelle suuri. Vaikka tuotantokustannukset olivat Suomessa edelleen alhaiset, haluttiin Suomen ja kehitysmaiden välille tehdä eroa me vs. ne -puheella. Negatiivisilla otsikoilla luotiin elinkeinoelämälle edullisia mielikuvia. 1980-luvulla halpatuonnin ja -tuotannon uhka kasvoi, ja vaatteiden tuonti ylitti Suomessa viennin arvon. Vapaakaupan ongelmat nousivat esille, mutta osallistuminen kansainvälisiin sopimuksiin oli vahva arvo. Naisten toimijuus osana vaateteollisuutta oli vähäistä ja julkisessa keskustelussa heitä näkyi vain vähän, tai he olivat uhrin asemassa. 1990-luvulla Suomi kohtasi laman ja Euroopan Unionin. Suomen vaateteollisuuden mahdollisuuksia yritettiin korostaa puhumalla yksilöllisestä muodista, laadusta ja korkeasta jalostusasteesta. Suomalaiset vaatevalmistajat siirsivät tuotantoaan ulkomaille, mutta yritysten vastuusta ei keskusteltu juurikaan. Vuosikymmenen lopussa julkisuuteen nousivat hikipajat, ja keskustelu globaalin talouden voittajista ja häviäjistä voimistui. Tutkimuksen myötä voidaan todeta, että vaateteollisuuden kehitys on ollut läsnä julkisessa keskustelussa paljon, ja sen ongelmia on pohdittu jo kauan. Globaalin vaateteollisuuden tuomat haasteet tiedostettiin kunnolla vasta 1990-luvun lopussa, eikä runsaskaan julkinen keskustelu estänyt ongelmia vain kasvamasta edettäessä kohti nykypäivää.

Suomen säilyminen itsenäisenä oli pitkälti seurausta kansainvälisen yhteisön tuesta. Viime aikoina monissa kansallisvaltioissa on sen sijaan nähty uusnationalistinen käänne, kirjoittavat Antero Holmila ja Pasi Ihalainen Jyväskylän yliopistosta. nonPeerReviewed

Pastoralism is globally significant in social, environmental, and economic terms. However, it experiences crises rooted in misconceptions and poor interdisciplinary understanding, while being largely overlooked in international sustainability forums and agendas. Here, we propose a transdisciplinary research approach to understand pastoralist transitions using (1) social, economic, and environmental dimensions, (2) diverse geographic contexts and scales to capture emerging properties, allowing for cross-system comparisons, and (3) timescales from the distant past to the present. We provide specific guidelines to develop indicators for this approach, within a social-ecological resilience analytical framework to understand change. Distinct systems undergo similar transitions over time, crossing critical thresholds and then either collapsing or recovering. Such an integrated view of multidimensional interactions improves understanding of possible tipping points, thereby supporting better-informed decision making. The need for a paradigm shift in pastoralism science and policy is pressing. This research approach, including participatory methods, can provide the solutions urgently needed. peerReviewed

Citizen’s income is an idea that is currently gaining ground in many parts of the world. The prospect of disappearing jobs and social exclusion that the globalized world faces has given the...

This article aims to increase understanding of the global-local contexts in football by exploring the changing field of professional football stadiums in Finland and Hungary in the 2000s. More specifically, the cases of two clubs, HJK (Finland) and Ferencvárosi TC (Hungary) are studied. We employ concepts of sport and globalization. The research data consist of semi-structured expert interviews with Finnish and Hungarian football practitioners, media and club documents, and data from observation. The results suggest that interactions of global and local forces are reflected in the development and operation of stadiums. On the one hand, international and national governing bodies have strengthened their control over the different aspects of stadiums, indicating increasing standardization. On the other hand, due to distinct local histories and conditions, the development and management of stadiums have shown dissimilar trajectories, as demonstrated in the Finnish and Hungarian contexts, therefore highlighting both homogenization and heterogenization processes.

The article aims to deepen the understanding of structural social work from the point of view of the ecosocial framework. It analyses selected current international literature from the debate on the new wave of various interpretations of ecological social work. The debate shares four main themes: (a) a global perspective, (b) a critical view of professional social work, (c) a holistic ecosocial transition of society and (d) environmental and ecological justice. The ecosocial framework challenges structural social work to follow the principles of sustainable development and considers environmental issues as a crucial part of the goals and practical activities of structural social work.

Based on a case study from the Chimanimani National Reserve in Mozambique, this article analyses to what extent different types of operational practices can contribute to the sustainability of protected areas in relatively unfavourable external conditions. While current conservation policies highlight community participation and market-based approaches, the same “best practices” are not equally valid under different conditions. Where unfavourable natural conditions, lack of infrastructure, difficult access and political instability limit the potential for upmarket ecotourism, actors should focus on community empowerment, diversification of livelihoods, and building joint conservation ideology, where they have direct influence through operational practices. peerReviewed

This edited book brings together contributions by some of the top work-life researchers from Finland and abroad. It offers a series of short essay-type chapters covering a broad variety of topics related to how labour markets, work and working life are continuously changing. The book has a strong cross-national approach and stresses the importance of studying both microlevel changes within macrolevel contexts as well as the microlevel mechanisms of changes at the macrolevel. The chapters are grouped in four parts. Part I deals with how life courses have changed, with special focus on the entry of women to the labour market and the determinants of their economic contribution. Part II discusses two circuits of labour migration: that of mostly high-skilled and regulated work and that of mostly low-skilled and unregulated work. However, it also shows that the boundaries between those two are not always clear. Part III focuses on how work itself is changing, using the examples of women attorneys’ pro-bono work in Finland and Poland and the use of lean management in the Nordic public sector. Finally, in Part IV the authors explore the power of institutions and ideas in reshaping the way we work while labour markets are under pressure. Available in print from online bookstores e.g. Booky.fi and Adlibris. Contents: Preface / Pertti Koistinen 1. Shaping and reshaping boundaries of work: A framework for analysing complex and multifaceted change / Aart-Jan Riekhoff PART I: THE LIFE COURSE AND GENDER IN THE LABOUR MARKET 2. Welfare state entry and exit over the life course: Employment and the sustainability of the welfare state in different worlds of welfare / Olli Kangas, Joakim Palme & Markus Kainu 3. Cross-national analysis of women’s economic contribution / Saki Kudo PART II: VARIETIES OF MIGRATION AND WORK 4. Crossing the boundary to Europe: Finns on transnational careers in the European Union / Saara Koikkalainen 5. Examining the role of institutions in shaping migrant reproductive labour / Merita Jokela 6. Polish posted workers in the transnational space of subcontracting: Making ethnographic sense of new employment relations / Anna Matyska PART III: NEW WAYS OF WORKING 7. “It is also about helping people”: Women attorneys’ commitment to public service and incentives for pro bono work in Finland and Poland / Marta Choroszewicz 8. The rise of lean organisations in Nordic countries: How recent changes in public sector management are shaping working life / Armi Mustosmäki, Tomi Oinas & Timo Anttila PART IV: THE POLITICS AND POSSIBILITIES OF CHANGING WORK 9. Labour market reforms in times of globalisation / Aart-Jan Riekhoff 10. Decentralisation in the context of the competitiveness discourse: The Finnish labour market relations system since 2008 / Paul Jonker-Hoffrén 11. Alternative for work, low-income supplement or investment? Exploring the idea of basic income in the Finnish public debate / Johanna Perkiö

We analyze occupational polarization within and across firms using a census of matched employer–employee panel data from Finland in the period of 2000–2014. As in most industrialized countries, the Finnish occupational distribution has polarized over the last decades. Using decomposition analysis, we find that jobs involving low-level service tasks increase mostly through the entry dynamics, while the high-level abstract task share increases largely within continuing firms. Worker-level occupational mobility points to some skill upgrading within continuing firms, while labor force entry and retirement contribute the polarizing trend. Instrumental variables (IVs) regressions confirm that this occupational restructuring is affected by the globalization of economic activity, including trade in goods and services, offshoring and outsourcing. For example, firms that outsource tasks abroad are more prone to lay off production workers, while domestic outsourcing leads to a reduction of both cognitive and service employees.

nonPeerReviewed

As the West struggles, China, economically and politically stable, has increased its criticism toward the Western-led international order. According to Chinese arguments, the ongoing decade has demonstrated that the Western liberal international order is no more capable of solving the troubles of the globalizing world. It is as if the Western political imagination has run out of steam and it is now the responsibility of China to take the lead in stabilizing the world. On the side of the official statements, Chinese theorists of world politics are envisioning a new alternative world order, which would be based on a historical, sinocentric system that was in place in East Asia for thousands of years. According to Chinese theorists, this ‘tianxia system’ was based on completely different philosophical and institutional foundations, and it is a mere historical contingency that it was later left in the shadow of the Western international order. This ‘tianxia theory’ is one of the main proponents for a new ‘Chinese theory of world politics’. It is slowly influencing policy circles in China, and more importantly, globally challenging our ingrained conceptions on world politics. A large part of the work of the tianxia theorists consists of criticisms of the ‘west’: its religion, political thought, and ‘chaotic’ individualist nature. The chapter especially focuses on these critical narratives of the ‘west’. peerReviewed

What would a desirable and viable global organization of progressive movements look like in the context of the historical conjuncture of crises-ridden capitalism? I propose here a reorientation of progressive politics that are attuned to both the fundamentals of structural change and the basic daily needs of human beings. nonPeerReviewed

Tässä kymmenestä artikkelista koostuvassa kokoomateoksessa tarkastellaan Varkautta rakennemuutoksen kanssa kamppailevana pienenä kaupunkina historiallisia dokumentteja sekä vuosina 2016–2017 kerättyjä kysely- ja haastatteluaineistoa hyödyntäen. Pitkän teollisuushistorian omaava Varkauden kaupunki on tämän vuosituhannen ensimmäisinä vuosikymmeninä menettänyt suuren osan teollisista työpaikoistaan ja sen väestö on supistunut voimakkaasti. Kuitenkin koko aikuisväestöä edustava kysely kertoo, että varkautelaiset ovat tyypillisesti tyytyväisiä työhönsä, sosiaalisiin suhteisiinsa ja elämäänsä muutenkin. Varkaus nähdään turvallisena ja hyvän elämän puitteet tarjoavana asuinpaikkana. Hyvinvoinnin tärkeitä osatekijöitä ovat parisuhde ja muut sosiaaliset suhteet. Hyvinvoinnin puutteet liittyvät työttömyyteen, pienituloisuuteen sekä ulkopuolisuuden tunteisiin suhteessa asuinpaikkaan. Nuoret aikuiset arvostavat omaa asuinpaikkakuntaansa sekä perhe- ja sukulaisuussuhteitaan, mutta arkielämään liittyy jännitteitä työn ja toimeentulon osalta. Varkauden rauhallisuutta ja luonnonläheisyyttä arvostetaan, mutta monet toivoivat siltä myös enemmän kaupunkimaista sykettä. peerReviewed

The article studies UNESCO's program that, from the late 1960s onward, aimed at spreading globally the concept of cultural policy. An essential part of the program, UNESCO invited member states from different regions of the world to prepare reports on national cultural policy. That was successful in spreading cultural policy as a concept and as a governmental structure. Except for only Australia, Canada and the United States, in which cultural policy is handled at a sub-state level, all countries that produced a national report have established a ministry of culture, typically synchronously with the report. The analysis suggests that UNESCO's success was due to two factors: the process of domestication and peer pressure. This means that, for one thing, the UNESCO materials stressed differences rather than similarities, and therefore the program was not seen as a threat to national sovereignty. Rather than mentioning the program's contribution to structural isomorphism, the documents stressed that developing and reporting on a national cultural policy are means to support and promote national art and cultural heritage. Secondly, diffusion of the concept of cultural policy benefitted from international comparisons enabled by the national reports and the tendency of countries to emulate others, especially those belonging to the same reference group. These two factors were results of strategic planning on UNESCO's part. Experienced in seeking to guide national policies, the UNESCO staff members could anticipate the challenges that the program could face and the processes that different moves could trigger. publishedVersion

Humankind faces a most crucial mission; we must endeavour, on a global scale, to restore and improve our natural and social environments. This is a big challenge for global information systems development and for their modelling. In this paper, we discuss on different aspects of conceptual modelling in global environmental context. The paper is the summary of the panel session “The Future of Conceptual Modelling” in the 29th International Conference on Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases. peerReviewed

This article addresses the digital culture of Islamophobic bloggers, focusing on the online circulation of a forensic photograph of a Swedish woman who was assaulted. The analysis shows how through appropriating this image, the bloggers created a unifying, imagined whiteness in the transnational Islamophobic network. The empirical analysis clarifies how this one image migrated and transformed in the blogosphere and legitimated the recurrent discursive trope of “Muslim rape.” This image became a subcultural “memory freeze frame” crystallizing the contemporary Islamophobic ideologies articulated in connection to race, ethnicity, nation, gender, and sexuality. The viral circulation of this image constructed a cultural, gendered, and racial Swedish whiteness, imagined to have become victimized by both Islam and liberal feminism, and therefore requiring global protection.

nonPeerReviewed

Ihmiskauppa on yksi aikamme vakavimmista ihmisoikeusongelmista, joka on kiinnittänyt myös joukkotiedotusvälineiden huomion. Ihmiskauppa on laajamittaista hyväksikäyttöä, jossa loukataan toisen ihmisarvoa. Lisäksi se on globaaliin ja rakenteelliseen eriarvoisuuteen kytkeytyvä ongelma. Ihmiskauppaan liittyvät mediakuvastot ovat toisinaan stereotypioita uusintavia, joten kuvastojen tarkastelu on tärkeää esimerkiksi uhrien tunnistamisen kannalta. Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma selvittää, miten ihmiskauppaa käsitellään Helsingin Sanomissa. Asetan ihmiskaupan globaaliin kontekstiin ja tarkastelen, millaisia ihmiskauppakategorisointeja sekä globalisaatiomaisemia Helsingin Sanomien ihmiskauppauutisointi sisältää. Teoreettinen viitekehykseni pohjautuu käsitteen ihmiskauppa ympärille sekä yhteiskunnalliseen ymmärrykseen globalisaatiosta dynaamisina prosesseina. Aineisto koostuu Helsingin Sanomien ihmiskauppaa käsitelleistä teksteistä vuosilta 2015–2017. Analyysi on kaksiosainen. Ensimmäinen osa perustuu aineistolähtöiseen etnometodologisviritteiseen kategoria-analyysiin ja toinen osa on teoriaohjaavaa sisällönanalyysia. Teoriakehyksen muodostaa Arjun Appadurain (1996) mallinnus globalisaatiomaisemista, johon peilaan aineistosta löydettyjä kategorisointeja sekä kategoriamääreitä. Appadurain (1996; 2001) mukaan moderni maailma ja globaalit virrat muodostuvat maisemien välisissä katkoksissa. Tulosten mukaan Helsingin Sanomien kuvasto edustaa tyypillisiä käsityksiä ihmiskaupasta. Aineistossa ihmiskauppa määrittyy hyväksikäytön, erehdyttämisen ja autonomian rajoittamisen kautta. Kuvastossa näkyy ilmiön monimuotoisuus ja vaikeasti hallittavissa oleva luonne. Ihmiskauppa käsitetään globaalina ilmiönä, joka kytkeytyy siirtolaisuuteen. Rajat ylittävä ihmiskauppa on uhka valtioiden sisäiselle turvallisuudelle, mutta vastuun asettuminen on epäselvää. Kategorisoinnit jakautuivat paikkakategorioiden mukaisesti sekä työperäiseen ja seksuaaliseen hyväksikäyttöön liittyvään ihmiskauppaan. Tarkastelemalla globaalia ihmiskauppamaisemaa selvisi, kuinka useat toimijat rajoittavat etnisten virtojen liikkuvuutta ja toimijuutta fyysisillä, psyykkisillä ja poliittisilla esteillä. Ihmiskaupan ideologiseen maisemaan liittyi valtioiden suvereenisuus sekä uusliberaalin globaalin talouden hallinnallisuus sekä asiantuntijoiden näille esittämä vastapuhe. Tuloksissa havainnollistuu, kuinka globalisaation katkokset hyödyttävä toisia ja vahingoittavat toisia. Sosiaalipolitiikan avulla voidaan pienentää katkoksista aiheutuvia haittoja. Ihmiskaupan ymmärtämiseksi ja sen vastaisen toiminnan tehokkuuden takaamiseksi tarvitaan lisää sosiaalista tutkimusta. Stereotyyppisten, etnisten ja sukupuolittuneiden kuvastojen kyseenalaistaminen on osa sitä.

nonPeerReviewed

Juego argues that the new Internationale’s “primary organizational function should be the global coordination of actions of progressive grassroots movements from country to country.” He calls for a ‘learning organization,’ where the new Internationale supports “a continuous dialogue between bottom-up and top-down approaches to decision-making.” He sees it as “[a]kin to a global coordinating council” meaning that it works to integrate and synthesize the “varying initiatives, campaigns, and mass actions at all geographical levels of membership” while remaining mindful of the “dialectics between reform and revolution.” The new Internationale must, moreover, be “grounded on a pragmatic understanding of realpolitik especially in struggles at national and local scales,” and institutionalize a commitment to dialogue, research, and discussion.

Tarkastelen tutkielmassa, mitä amerikanisaation käsite tarkoittaa ja miten sitä käytetään joukkoviestintä- ja mediatutkimuksen kentällä. Lähestyn näitä kysymyksiä tekemällä yleiskatsauksen amerikanisaation käsitteen käyttöö tutkimusalan journaaleissa julkaistuissa tieteellisissä artikkeleissa sekä analysoimalla tulkitsevan käsitetutkimuksen avulla tarkemmin kuutta alan tutkimusartikkelia. Tutkielmani metodina toimii tulkitseva käsitetutkimus, jonka avulla kuvaan amerikanisaation määritelmiä ja tulkitsen sen saamien merkitysten kokonaisuutta. Etsin myös määritelmiin sisältyviä ideologisia ja vallankäyttöön liittyviä merkityksiä. Valitsemiani artikkeleita erittelemällä selvitän amerikanisaation määrittelyjen mahdollista jaettua ydinsisältöä sekä sitä, millaisia keskusteluja käsitteen käyttöön sisältyy sen reuna-alueilla. Tekemäni havainnot tarjoavat ainesta pohtia, miten amerikanisaation käsitettä voitaisiin jatkossa hyödyntää joukkoviestintä- ja mediatutkimuksessa. Analyysini perusteella amerikanisaation määritelmien yhteiseksi osaksi muodostuu jo termin luonteen huomioon ottaen vähemmän yllättävästi, että se on muutosprosessi, jossa amerikkalaiset vaikutteet johtavat muutoksiin ei-amerikkalaisissa kulttuureissa. Erittelemieni artikkeleiden tavoissa lähestyä amerikanisaatiota keskustelun reuna-alueiksi muodostuivat amerikkalaisuuden piirteet, amerikanisaation leviämismekanismit, kulttuuri-imperialismi ja assimilaatio, amerikanisaation suhde kulutuskulttuuriin, amerikanisaatioon liittyvä valta, amerikanisaatiota koskevat pelot ja amerikanisaation positiiviset puolet. Amerikanisaation käsitettä käytettiin valituissa artikkeleissa pintapuolisesti, eikä se vaikuta joukkoviestintä- ja mediatutkimuksen alalla pitkälle teoretisoidulta käsitteeltä. Käsitteen käytössä tuntuvat painavan osittain historialliset painolastit amerikanisaatiosta kulttuuri-imperialismina ja toisaalta globalisaation nousu 2000-luvun kuluessa käsitteeksi, joka selittää ylikansallisia kulttuurisia virtoja maailmassa. Koska amerikanisaatio on vahvasti mediakenttään liittyvä reaalimaailman ilmiö, sen pidemmälle viety käsitteellistäminen voisi olla tutkimusalan kannalta kiinnostavaa ja hyödyllistä. Mikäli tiettyjä ilmiöitä alettaisiin tarkastella suhteessa amerikanisaatioon, saattaisi avautua hienosyisempi näkymä siihen, mitä eri asioita ja prosesseja amerikanisaatio pitää sisälläään, ja kuinka laajasta ilmiöstä kaiken kaikkiaan on kysymys. Käsitteen todellinen hyödyntäminen edellyttäisi sen teoretisointia esimerkiksi muiden yhteiskuntatieteellisten alojen malleja seuraten.

This paper contributes to the effort to formulate strategies for approaching the challenges of twenty-first century “globalised urbanisation.” The paper hypothesises that cosmopolitanism might be seen as an option when trying to understand and resolve problems associated with globalised urbanisation within the scope of the United Nations’ Habitat III policy framework. In the context of the United Nations’ Habitat III (New Urban Agenda) policy framework, culture and cultural diversity are recognised as sources of enrichment for humanity and provide an important contribution to the sustainability of cities (UN-Habitat 2016:4). In addition, the policy framework supports the core aspect of cosmopolitanism through its critical perspective towards achieving a transformative vision of an alternative society. This paper focuses on UNESCO’s 2016 report entitled Culture: Urban Futures as an example of this idealised cosmopolitanism. Concerning the methods, I use cosmopolitanism as a theoretical concept (which, at the same time, is also used as a “methodological tool”) with which I frame and interpret my analysis of the empirical data (i.e. the policy reports). This paper supports the argument that cosmopolitanism is a theoretical framework concerning identity and citizenship in the contexts of “globalised urbanisation”: by using it, people formulate their individual and collective identities without binding them to a nation-state or ethnic groups. peerReviewed

Maailmantalouden hallinta nojaa kansainvälisen eliitin kollektiiviseen toimintaan. Se edellyttää eliitin jäsenten keskinäistä koordinaatiota, yhteisten politiikkaideoiden ja tavoitteiden määrittelyä sekä ryhmäidentiteetin muodostumista. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen Financial Times -lehden (FT) raportointia globalisaatiosta ja sen hallinnasta vuosina 2001–2018. Kysyn diskursiivisen institutionalismin tutkimusperinteeseen ja erityisesti episteemisen työn käsitteeseen nojaten, miten FT:n globalisaatiokirjoittelu tuottaa jaettuja käsityksiä eliitin toimintaympäristöstä sekä eliitistä itsestään kollektiivisena toimijana ja sen toimintaa ohjaavista arvoista ja päämääristä. Tarkastelu tuo esiin merkittäviä muutoksia globalisaation artikulaatioissa tultaessa vuosituhannen alkuvuosista 2010-luvun lopulle. Muutoksista huolimatta globalisaation asema kansainvälistä eliittiä määrittävänä ideana säilyy vahvana. Artikkeli kertoo siten globalisaation ideologisesta merkityksestä kansainvälisen eliitin yhtenäisyyden ankkurina.

This title is published in Open Access with the support of the University of Helsinki. Presenting an ethnographic account of the emergence and application of critical political alternatives in the Global South, this book analyses the opportunities and challenges of decolonizing and transforming a modern, hierarchical and globally-immersed nation-state on the basis of indigenous terminologies. Alternative development paradigms that represent values including justice, pluralism, democracy and a sustainable relationship to nature tend to emerge in response to – and often opposed to – the neoliberal globalization. Through a focus on the empirical case of the notion of Vivir Bien (‘Living Well’) as a critical cultural and ecological paradigm, Ranta demonstrates how indigeneity – indigenous peoples’ discourses, cultural ideas and worldviews – has become such a denominator in the construction of local political and policy alternatives. More widely, the author seeks to map conditions for, and the challenges of, radical political projects that aim to counteract neoliberal globalization and Western hegemony in defining development. This book will appeal to critical academic scholars, development practitioners and social activists aiming to come to grips with the complexity of processes of progressive social change in our contemporary global world.

Suomi viettää itsenäisyyden 100-vuotisjuhlaa vuonna 2017. Luvassa on tapahtumia kaikilla mahdollisilla aloilla, niin myös kirjallisuudessa. Esimerkiksi Yle on tehnyt Kirjojen Suomi -nimisen ohjelmakokonaisuuden, jossa on ilmestynyt muun muassa radio-ohjelmasarja 101 kirjaa. Se esittelee yhden suomalaisen kirjan jokaiselta itsenäisyyden vuodelta. Mukana on paitsi itsestään selviä merkkipaaluja myös vähän yllättävämpiä nimiä, mikä on jo ehtinyt herättää kysymyksiä siitä, miksi tietyt kirjat on valittu ja toiset, kenties olennaisemmat, taas on sivuutettu. Millaista käsitystä kansallisesta kirjallisuudesta yleisradioyhtiö 2010-luvun lukijoille tarjoaa? Ylen aihetta koskevan internet-artikkelin otsikkoa mukaillen voidaan myös kysyä, minkälainen kuva Suomesta tämän kirjavalikoiman pohjalta syntyy.

Globalization, mass mobility, and economic and transcultural flows are changing the experience of diversity in many contemporary societies and communities. This is encapsulated in the notion of ‘superdiversity’, the growing complexity of what ‘diversity’ means, when new combinations of ethnicity and other variables, mobility, belonging, and identification intersect in complex, less predictable ways (see Creese & Blackledge 2010: 550–552; Blommaert & Rampton 2011). Also, the world of association football (soccer, henceforth ‘football’) is radically transformed by such processes of globalization (Giulianotti 1999; Giulianotti & Robertson 2009; Kytölä 2013). The mobility of ‘actors-in-the-field’ – professional and amateur football players, coaches, media, audiences, fans, and the like – has always been essential to football culture, but recent decades have accelerated such mobilities, leading to a complexity of patterns and outcomes of ‘diversities’ unparalleled before. Discussions of such issues in the context of football culture from the perspectives offered by superdiversity research are therefore timely and justified (Kytölä 2017). peerReviewed

The paper addresses the question whether national decision-making has become increasingly interdependent in recent decades, and what role “world models” play in any such trend. These questions are scrutinised by utilising the “Historic Hansard” corpus, which contains all records of the UK Parliament from 1803 to 2005, complemented by other corpora. The results show that references to other countries were most frequent in parliamentary debates very early in the 19th century. However, allusions to other countries have evolved from referencing case examples to referencing policies that are constructed and branded as models. The idea of transferable models caught on particularly strongly from the 1950s onward. The other corpora used for the study confirmed that these changes reflect a global trend. Hence, the post-war era has witnessed a worldwide spread of the idea of model as a precondition for a global proliferation of named models.

In 2017, the annual autumn symposium of the Finnish Association for Applied Linguistics (AFinLA) was organised in Turku. During the symposium, the theme of "Building new literacies" was approached from various perspectives. In this introduction to the 2018 AFinLA Yearbook, we outline three approaches to new literacies and introduce the contributions included in this volume. First, we discuss how approaches to literacy have changed over time and highlight the multifaceted nature of literacy. Second, we briefly outline some of the recent societal changes, especially digitalisation and globalisation, that influence literacy requirements/demands. For instance, examining attitudes towards digital literacy and the use of new technologies in teaching is important both from language learners and language teachers' perspectives. Third, we present new approaches to literacy that highlight the interactional and multimodal aspects of literacy. We conclude with reflections on the theme from the perspective of transdisciplinary action research based on Daniel Perrin's essay included in the yearbook.

The objective of this article is to study some of the intended and unintended effects on academe of the evolving global ranking game. I will start with some broader points on the global ranking game, the formal terms and economic interests it promotes, then continue with a presentation of the Shanghai ranking and its main rival the Times Higher Education. Through reversed engineering, I will bring out the main problems of the Shanghai ranking. I will finish with some of the key features of the demand side, the uses and effects of the tool: the psychosocial mechanisms that reproduce ranking and the lock-ins it creates. peerReviewed

This chapter excavates Bourdieu’s theoretical insights concerning political sociology to develop a theory of transnational structuration processes. The early Bourdieu implicitly imagined the state as a nationally bounded actor. Only later in his career did he begin to grapple with issues such as globalization, transnationalism, and neoliberalism; and it is this later germ of ideas that this chapter develops. Transnational social fields, this chapter argues, are not reducible to institutional or organizational structures. They require a more holistic analysis of institutions and their underpinnings. To provide an example of how Bourdieu’s political sociology can be extended to transnational spaces, this chapter considers the case of the European Parliament. peerReviewed

Social media has become a new way of life that allows for real-time interaction among businesses (B2B) and consumers (P2P/C2C) as well as between business firms and consumers (B2C). Customers are increasingly accessing and using social networking sites (SNS), making it imperative for businesses and organizations to have a presence on these platforms to enhance visibility. The main purpose of this chapter is to provoke an agenda on the study of social network brand visibility (SNBV). We developed and proposed a definition of SNBV and report findings from a preliminary study. We further discuss implications for theory, research, and practice as well as the limitations and options for future research. peerReviewed