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Abstract: Research Summary: We use a novel longitudinal dataset, constructed from 16 downloads of VentureXpert records collected over 20 years, to characterize the international migration of venture‐capital‐backed startups. We find that: (i) 1078 firms in our sample (1.4%) migrate; (ii) countries with high levels of in‐migration also have high levels of out‐migration; (iii) migrating firms move to places with more investors; (iv) pre‐move investors and their connections most strongly predict migration patterns; and (v) movers raise more money than non‐movers, primarily from investors at their destinations. Overall, these patterns appear inconsistent with those expected if startups move primarily in search of talent or customers. Instead, the flows across countries look more like international trade, with startups seeking capital, and social connections between investors defining the shipping lanes. Managerial Summary: Although many high‐profile startups have relocated their headquarters from one country to another, systematic information on this phenomenon has been scarce. How frequently do these moves happen? Why do startups move? Over 20 years, we have built a database that can begin to answer these questions. International moves appear rare. When startups do move, they tend to move to places with more venture capital, particularly when their existing investors have connections in those places. Movers, moreover, raise more money than non‐movers, mostly from investors in their destination countries. Capital availability, rather than access to talent or proximity to customers, appears to be the strongest predictor of startup migration.

ABSTRACT Aim Design and Methods Results Conclusions Impact Patient or Public Contribution Professional Doctorate Programmes (PDP) in nursing continue to develop across many countries. However, there is a lack of evidence demonstrating the impact on nurses who graduate from these programmes and the outcomes they deliver. This exploratory study aims to identify graduate outcome domains that can be applied internationally to evaluate professional doctorate programmes in nursing.Underpinned by Kim's theory of knowledge development in nursing, this innovative exploratory study was carried out in three phases: (1) a scoping review of literature published between 1 January 2000 and 1 July 2023, guided by the methodology developed by Arksey and O'Malley; (2) a document analysis of the graduate outcomes of three different universities' Professional Doctorate Programmes in Nursing and (3) a thematic analysis and coalescence of the findings from the initial two study phases.A scoping review revealed three patterns in the literature related to graduate outcomes: personal transformation, critical self‐awareness and bridging the theory–practice divide. An analysis of three universities' Professional Doctorate Programmes revealed insights into documented graduate outcomes. The third and final research phase identified five graduate outcome domains: Personal achievement, critical self‐awareness and professional identity, professional citizenship, discipline, research and information literacy and community‐based academic practice.The impact of Professional Doctorate Programmes in nursing has traditionally lacked consensus and clarity. However, this research has led to the identification of graduate outcome domains that offer valuable insights for establishing new professional doctoral programmes and conducting meaningful evaluations of the outcomes of existing PDP and their graduates globally.This exploratory study establishes five graduate outcome domains for evaluating the effectiveness of PDP in nursing internationally. These domains offer valuable benchmarks for the development and assessment of such nursing programmes globally.Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychology has paid relatively little attention to low arousal positive states like calmness. To remedy this lacuna, this study draws on the most globally comprehensive study to date on calmness (121,207 participants in 116 countries in the 2020 Gallup World Poll), featuring two items asking whether people: (a) prefer a calm life or an exciting life; and (b) experienced calmness yesterday. By intersecting these, we could categorise people in four categories of calmness: satisfied (both prefer and experience it); unwanted (experience calmness but prefer excitement); longed-for (prefer calmness but don't experience it); and unmissed (neither prefer nor experience it). The results reveal a nuanced picture that challenges certain stereotypes (e.g. calmness had no particular association here with Eastern cultures), and shed new light on this overlooked topic (e.g. poorer people and countries are more likely to prefer calmness yet are less likely to actually experience it). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial fluctuations affect all aspects of economic production and daily life. Using the slacks-based measure (SBM) model and the functional data analysis (FDA) technique, this study examined the pattern of global low-carbon development and the synergies between these development processes and financial fluctuations from 1991–2019. The main results show that (1) the world is making steady progress in low-carbon development. However, there were clear imbalances at the regional level. Among the countries analysed, Italy, Luxembourg, and the United States are leading in low-carbon development, while Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Slovakia are lagging. (2) The direction and magnitude of financial development affecting global low-carbon development vary over time. In recent years, its internal instabilities have increased. (3) There are distinct spatial heterogeneities in the direction and magnitude of this impact. Compared with other regions, Europe and the Asia-Pacific region's low-carbon development processes are more sensitive to their own financial situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) as a neurological adverse effect of vaccines on a global scale is scarce, highlighting the need for further investigation to evaluate its long-term impact and associated risk factors comprehensively. Hence, this study aims to assess the global burden of vaccine-associated GBS and its associated vaccines. This study utilized data from VigiBase, the World Health Organization global database of adverse event reports of medicines and vaccines, encompassing the period from 1967 to 2023 (total reports, n = 131,255,418) to investigate vaccine-associated GBS. Reported odds ratios (ROR) and information components (IC) were analyzed to assess the association between 19 vaccines and the occurrence of vaccine-associated GBS over 170 countries. We identified 15,377 (8072 males [52.49%]) reports of vaccine-associated GBS among 22,616 reports of all drugs-cause GBS from 1978 to 2023. Cumulative reports of vaccine-associated GBS have been increasing steadily over time, with a notable surge observed since the commencement of COVID-19 vaccines administration in 2020. Most vaccines showed significant associations with GBS such as Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccines (ROR, 14.88; IC, 3.66), COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (ROR, 9.66; IC, 2.84), and inactivated whole-virus COVID-19 vaccines (ROR, 3,29; IC 1.69). Influenza vaccines showed the highest association (ROR, 77.91; IC 5.98). Regarding age-and sex-specific risks, the association remained similar regardless of sex, with an increased association observed with advancing age. The mean time to onset was 5.5 days. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the reports of GBS surged in response to widespread COVID-19 vaccination. Nonetheless, COVID-19 vaccines exhibited the lowest association compared to other vaccines. Vigilance for at least one-week post-vaccination is crucial, particularly for older adults. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms linking vaccines and GBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exposure to air pollution contributes to cardiovascular disease-related deaths and morbidity, including stroke. However, few studies have examined the global stroke burden linked to air pollution. This study aimed to evaluate the global stroke morbidity and mortality associated with air pollution from 1990 to 2021. Method: With the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021, the numbers, and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for air pollution-related stroke were reported globally. Further subgroup analyses were conducted by age, sex, region and country, and stroke subtypes. A linear regression model explored global temporal trends and a cluster analysis examined temporal trends across GBD regions. To predict trends until 2040, the age-period-cohort (APC) model and the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model were applied. Results: In 2021, there were 1,989,686 (95% uncertainty interval [95% UI], 1,530,479-2,493,238) deaths and 44,962,167 (95% UI, 35,020,339 − 55,467,024) DALYs due to air pollution-related stroke. The ASRs increased with age, peaking generally over 85 years. Males, the Central African region, and Guinea-Bissau showed higher stroke burdens Intracerebral hemorrhage was the most lethal subtype, with an ASR of 11.69 (95% UI 8.94–14.69) for deaths and 276.93 (95% UI 212.21-344.36) for DALYs. From 1990 to 2021, the crude number of deaths and DALYs increased by 13.4% and 6.3%, respectively, for the global stroke burden but showed a declining trend when age-standardized. Most GBD regions in Asia and Africa experienced an increasing stroke burden linked to air pollution, while Europe and America showed a decreasing trend. Predictions indicated a gradual reduction in ASRs, with higher rates in males from 2020 to 2040. Conclusions: The global stroke burden associated with air pollution remained significant despite a decreasing trend until 2021. Although future predictions suggested a reduction, the crude counts for stroke burden remained substantial, with significant regional disparities. This warranted the implementation of public health policies and ongoing efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential and non‐residential buildings are a major contributor to human well‐being. At the same time, buildings cause 30% of final energy use, 18% of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), and about 65% of material accumulation globally. With electrification and higher energy efficiency of buildings, material‐related emissions gain relevance. The circular economy (CE) strategies, narrow, slow, and close, together with wooden buildings, can reduce material‐related emissions. We provide a comprehensive set of building stock transformation scenarios for 10 world regions until 2060, using the resource efficiency climate change model of the stock–flow–service nexus and including the full CE spectrum plus wood‐intensive buildings. The 2020–2050 global cumulative new construction ranges from 150 to 280 billion m2 for residential and 70‐120 billion m2 for non‐residential buildings. Ambitious CE reduces cumulative 2020–2050 primary material demand from 80 to 30 gigatons (Gt) for cement and from 35 to 15 Gt for steel. Lowering floor space demand by 1 m2 per capita leads to global savings of 800‐2500 megatons (Mt) of cement, 300‐1000 Mt of steel, and 3‐10 Gt CO2‐eq, depending on industry decarbonization and CE roll‐out. Each additional Mt of structural timber leads to savings of 0.4‐0.55 Mt of cement, 0.6‐0.85 Mt of steel, and 0.8‐1.8 Mt CO2‐eq of system‐wide GHGE. CE reduces 2020–2050 cumulative GHGE by up to 44%, where the highest contribution comes from the narrow CE strategies, that is, lower floorspace and lightweight buildings. Very low carbon emission trajectories are possible only when combining supply‐ and demand‐side strategies. This article met the requirements for a gold‐gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The purpose of this study is to compare the rate of COVID-19 vaccination among psoriasis patients internationally and to correlate it with their treatment regimens. (2) Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study from January 2021 to October 2022 among adults in the United States (US), Chile, China, Switzerland, and Singapore using the Global Healthcare Study on Psoriasis survey. (3) Results: A total of 310 psoriasis patients in the US (98), Chile (32), China (80), Switzerland (39), and Singapore (61) were surveyed. Of these, 248 patients (80.0%) were vaccinated at least once for COVID-19 (Chile: 100%, Singapore: 100%, US: 93.9%, Switzerland: 69.2%, China: 45.0%). Compared with other countries, patients in China were 89% less likely to report at least one COVID-19 vaccination (1 − 0.11 = 0.89; OR 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03–0.48), and patients in Switzerland were 80% less likely (1 − 0.20 = 0.80; OR 0.20; 95% CI: 0.05–0.79). Compared with patients on biologics, patients on topicals were 10.9 (95% CI: 2.1–56.6) times more likely to report at least one COVID-19 vaccination, and patients on oral systemics were 7.2 times more likely (95% CI: 1.6–31.6). (4) Conclusions: Country of residence and treatment regimen are associated with different COVID-19 vaccination rates in psoriasis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of a long‐term time series of dataset with a high spatiotemporal resolution at a global scale poses a great challenge to clarify the characteristics of DOC in space and depth, and its trend in time. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of a global DOC gridded dataset in space, time and depth. The Biogeochemical Argo (BGC‐Argo) provides an important data source for obtaining global DOC, but is limited by irregular spatial sampling locations. Besides, BGC‐Argo has shorter time series coverage and fewer profiles compared to Core‐Argo. Thus, this manuscript aims at reconstructing the DOC profiles based on the Core‐Argo and BGC‐Argo profiles and then developing a spatial, temporal and depth‐specific gridded DOC dataset, named G4D‐DOC. Validation results demonstrate that G4D‐DOC has a good overall consistency with WOA18 and GLODAPv2 datasets, particularly at depths of 10 dbar and 1000 dbar, where it surpasses consistency at other standard depths. In addition, compared to WOA18, G4D‐DOC has achieved a breakthrough in a temporal resolution from a climatological monthly to monthly, and compared to GLODAPv2, G4D‐DOC has achieved a breakthrough in space from irregular discrete locations to regular grids. Further, G4D‐DOC can be widely used to conduct the characteristics of DOC in space and depth and its trends at global and regional scales. The metadata of G4D‐DOC is as follows: four dimensions mean two dimensions in space (longitude and latitude), one in time and one in depth; data format is standard Hierarchical Data Format Version 4 (HDF4) with a spatial resolution of 1 degree and temporal resolutions of annual, seasonal and monthly intervals at 26 standard layers above 2000 dbar in depth; the spatial coverage is global and the time period is from 2005 to 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue expands on the recent literature break with the globalist paradigm of Salafism studies to propose a shift to a ‘glocal’ or ‘translocal’ paradigm emphasizing the interplay between global pushes and local particularities. Based on an extensive literature review, this introduction proposes to (1) challenge the prevalent understanding of the global spread of Salafism as a Saudi-induced process; (2) to raise the question of Salafis’ integration in their respective national/local environment; and (3) to analyse the local as a space in its own right rather than as a mere receptacle of global fluxes. In contrast with the model of a globalized, ‘decultured’ Salafism, the SI contends that Salafism is now taking an opposite direction towards a threefold trend of ‘indigenization’, re-culturation, and politicization, which encompass an increasing embeddedness in local dynamics and the revision of exclusivist, isolationist, and non-participatory behaviours. The SI proposes a series of case-studies and cross-case comparisons both at the centre (France, Algeria, Tunisia, and Syria) and at the periphery of the Mediterranean region (Mauritania, Mali/Nigeria, Ethiopia, and far away Cambodia) with the intent of demonstrating that this trend is not confined to a specific geography but occurs in all Muslim communities, including Muslim-majority and Muslim-minority countries. Through in-depth ethnographic and qualitative research, the authors observe a tendency towards the revision of Salafis’ exclusivist and rejectionist stance through a reinvention of its modes of engagement with society at the religious, political, and cultural levels, which marks an unprecedented rupture with ‘globalized’ Salafism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The scarcity of studies on vaccine‐induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) limits the comprehensive understanding of vaccine safety on a global scale. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the global burden of vaccine‐induced TTS, identify the vaccines most associated with it, and suggest clinical implications regarding vaccination. Methods: This study employed the World Health Organization international pharmacovigilance database, extracting records of vaccine‐induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia from 1969 to 2023 (total reports, n > 130 million). Global reporting counts, reported odds ratios (ROR), and information components (IC) were calculated to identify the association between 19 vaccines and the occurrence of vaccine‐induced TTS across 156 countries. Results: We identified 24 233 cases (male, n = 11 559 [47.7%]) of vaccine‐induced TTS among 404 388 reports of all‐cause TTS. There has been a significant increase in reports of vaccine‐induced TTS events over time, with a noteworthy surge observed after 2020, attributed to cases of TTS associated with COVID‐19 vaccines. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccines were associated with most TTS reports (ROR [95% confidence interval], 2.87 [2.75–3.00]; IC [IC0.25], 1.51 [1.43]), followed by hepatitis B (HBV, 2.23 [2.07–2.39]; 1.15 [1.03]), rotavirus diarrhea (1.95 [1.78–2.13]; 0.81 [0.53]), encephalitis (1.80 [1.50–2.16]; 0.84 [0.53]), hepatitis A (1.67 [1.50–1.86]; 0.73 [0.55]), adenovirus Type 5 vector‐based (Ad5‐vectored) COVID‐19 (1.64 [1.59–1.68]; 0.69 [0.64]), pneumococcal (1.57 [1.49–1.66]; 0.65 [0.56]), and typhoid vaccines (1.41 [1.12–1.78]; 0.49 [0.11]). Concerning age and sex‐specific risks, reports of vaccine‐induced TTS were more associated with females and younger age groups. The age group between 12 and 17 years exhibited significant sex disproportion. Most of these adverse events had a short time to onset (days; mean [SD], 4.99 [40.30]) and the fatality rate was 2.20%, the highest rate observed in the age group over 65 years (3.79%) and lowest in the age group between 0 and 11 years (0.31%). Conclusion: A rise in vaccine‐induced TTS reports, notably MMR, HBV, and rotavirus diarrhea vaccines, was particularly related to young females. Ad5‐vectored COVID‐19 vaccines showed comparable or lower association with TTS compared to other vaccines. Despite the rarity of these adverse events, vigilance is essential as rare complications can be fatal, especially in older groups. Further studies with validated reporting are imperative to improve the accuracy of assessing the vaccine‐induced TTS for preventive interventions and early diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The assessment of aphasia in people with severe deficits is hampered by a paucity of tests that are appropriate for this population and that are sensitive to their underlying linguistic and short-term and working memory (STM/WM) strengths and weaknesses. The Temple Assessment of Language and Short-Term Memory in Aphasia (TALSA) provides a means of assessing people with severe aphasia (PWSA). Aims: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the sensitivity of the TALSA to the underlying linguistic and STM/WM strengths and weaknesses in PWSA. We assessed eight PWSA on selected subtests of the TALSA and found that 1) the TALSA is sensitive to the underlying linguistic and verbal STM/WM abilities of PWSA, 2) the TALSA reveals a wide variety of linguistic and verbal STM/WM profiles in PWSA and, 3) the TALSA can potentially demonstrate common patterns of performance in PWSA. Main contributions: The TALSA allows researchers to include more PWSA in the study of aphasia and enables clinicians to establish more accurate prognoses, create precisely targeted treatment plans and document incremental progress in therapy. Conclusions: The TALSA is an important addition to the assessment of severe aphasia. It provides an in-depth evaluation of underlying linguistic and verbal STM/WM strengths and weaknesses of PWSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Global variations in women's health outcomes, increased international migration, and an increase in the number of medical schools underpin the need for global standardization in obstetrics and gynecology curricula for medical students. However, there are currently no recommendations regarding the content of a common curriculum. The aim of this project was to agree the objectives for a common curriculum in obstetrics and gynecology for medical students globally. Methods: The curriculum was developed and agreed by an international taskforce of obstetricians and gynecologists. Published curricula for medical students in a variety of regions globally were reviewed and discussed, and the objectives for a common curriculum in obstetrics and gynecology for medical students were agreed by consensus. Results: The content of the proposed curriculum is classified into three domains: clinical skills, professional behaviors, and knowledge. The recommended curriculum covers health conditions that affect women globally in different social and cultural contexts, and addresses important global health issues of relevance to obstetrics and gynecology. Conclusion: The methods and outcomes of a project by an international taskforce of obstetricians and gynecologists to develop a common curriculum in obstetrics and gynecology for medical students globally are presented. More work is required to identify ways in which the curriculum may be adapted to a minimum essential required curriculum in times of man‐made or natural disasters. Achieving these will facilitate the intended long‐term aims of this curriculum, to improve women's health outcomes globally. Synopsis: This article describes the methods and outcomes of a project by an international taskforce to develop a common curriculum in O&G for medical students globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a major public health problem and represents substantial disparities worldwide. This study reported estimates for 36 cancers across 185 countries by incidence, mortality, 5-year prevalence, mortality-to-prevalence ratio (MPR), and mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) to examine its association with human development index (HDI) and gross national income (GNI). Data were collected from the GLOBOCAN 2020. MPR and MIR were calculated by sex, age group, country, and cancer type and then summarized into totals. Segi's population and global cancer spectrum were used to calculate age- and type-standardized ratios. Correlation analyses were conducted to assess associations. Results showed that breast cancer was the most diagnosed cancer globally. Low- and middle-income countries had high MPR and MIR. Cancers of esophagus, pancreas, and liver had the highest ratios. Males and the older population had the highest ratios. HDI and GNI were positively correlated with incidence and mortality but negatively correlated with MPR/MIR. Substantial disparities in cancer burden were observed among 36 cancer types across 185 countries. Socioeconomic development may contribute to narrowing these disparities, and tailored strategies are crucial for regional- and country-specific cancer control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a global health crisis, profoundly impacted all aspects of daily life. Adolescence, a pivotal stage of psychological and social development, is heavily influenced by the psychosocial and socio-cultural context. Hence, it is imperative to thoroughly understand the psychosocial changes adolescents experienced during the pandemic and implement effective management initiatives. Data sources: We examined the incidence rates of depressive and anxiety disorders among adolescents aged 10–19 years globally and regionally. We utilized data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 to compare pre-pandemic (2018–2019) and pandemic (2020–2021) periods. Our investigation covered 204 countries and territories across the six World Health Organization regions. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar, employing search terms such as "psychosocial", "adolescent", "youth", "risk factors", "COVID-19 pandemic", "prevention", and "intervention". Results: During the pandemic, the mental health outcomes of adolescents deteriorated, particularly in terms of depressive and anxiety disorders. According to GBD 2021, the incidence rate of anxiety disorders increased from 720.26 [95% uncertainty intervals (UI) = 548.90–929.19] before the COVID-19 pandemic (2018–2019) to 880.87 per 100,000 people (95% UI = 670.43–1132.58) during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2021). Similarly, the incidence rate of major depressive disorder increased from 2333.91 (95% UI = 1626.92–3138.55) before the COVID-19 pandemic to 3030.49 per 100,000 people (95% UI = 2096.73–4077.73) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This worsening was notably pronounced in high-income countries (HICs). Rapid environmental changes, including heightened social anxiety, school closures, economic crises, and exacerbated racism, have been shown to adversely affect the mental well-being of adolescents. Conclusions: The abrupt shift to remote learning and the absence of in-person social interactions heightened feelings of loneliness, anxiety, sadness, and stress among adolescents. This change magnified existing socioeconomic disparities, posing additional challenges. These complexities profoundly impact adolescents' well-being, especially vulnerable groups like those from HICs, females, and minorities. Acknowledging the underreporting bias in low- to middle-income countries highlights the importance of addressing these mental health alterations in assessments and interventions within these regions as well. Urgent interventions are crucial as the pandemic-induced mental stress may have lasting effects on adolescents' mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background Methods Results Conclusion Visual impairment is a global problem which is predicted to rise in the coming years. Some of the biggest causes of visual impairment globally include uncorrected refractive error, cataract and age‐related macular degeneration. People with a visual impairment often require support and so many countries hold registers of visual impairment. These registers can sit at a national, regional or local level. This scoping review aims to identify which countries hold visual impairment registries and have published data from them.Medline All, Embase and EBSCOHost were searched using several search terms after consulting an information specialist. All papers after the year 2000 were included in the scoping review. All results are shown using a PRISMA diagram and presented narratively.The total number of articles and papers identified was 1266; after screening and review, 57 articles were included in the review from 2000 to 2024. These articles came from 19 different countries and encompassed national, regional and local visual impairment databases. Many countries cited age‐related macular degeneration as the major cause of blindness with diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma following. In less economically developed countries, refractive error was the main cause of sight loss. There were papers which focused on specific eye conditions such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy or on specific cohorts including working‐age population and children. The leading causes of blindness in children appeared to be inherited retinal diseases, albinism and cerebral visual impairment.Certification of visual impairment is held differently across the world. There is commonality among different countries regarding the major causes of visual impairment in both adults and children. The importance of holding visual impairment registers to support people with a visual impairment and to plan services is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, Euphrates Institute piloted the Peace Practice Alliance (PPA), a virtual six-month program that brings together an international cohort of peacebuilders to learn peace leadership theories and develop related skills and practices. The program framework is based on integral peace leadership, which focuses on four interrelated areas of Innerwork, Knowledge, Community, and Environment. As part of an emergent field, limited research has documented the application of integral peace leadership in peacebuilder training and development programs. This paper, therefore, examines the pilot PPA program to understand the ways in which an online, global peace leadership training program can support the development of community peace leaders. Findings from interviews with 14 of the program’s first cohort of 18 peace leaders revealed that the PPA supported their development through the content of the curriculum, the creation of a strong learning community, and the dual focus on theory and practice. This paper concludes with suggestions for further improvement, including additional spaces for participant interaction and experiential learning and the creation of further training and development opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is currently a strong drive to expand aquaculture further offshore cooccurring with a rapid change of the conditions under which this activity will be practiced due to climate change. At the dawn of these profound changes a global review of the current status of technologies used commercially to grow extractive species in wave exposed environments can serve as a benchmark for future developments. Part 1 of this paper presents a systematic inventory of commercial farms in temperate exposed waters. The study area includes 5 regions in the northern hemisphere and 3 regions in the southern hemisphere and covers entirely or part of 48 countries and territories. The inventory is based on 80+ high resolution aquaculture lease maps, most of them available as Internet Web-GIS applications, that cover the entire study area with the exception of a few countries. Exposed sites are first identified from these maps using simple wave fetch criteria and this preselection is then validated using climatological data on wave height and power density (energy flux). The number of sites and the leased area are tallied by region, country, species group and production method. The longline is the production method used in more than 99% of the sites inventoried. Longline design and farm layout in 28 of these sites are reviewed. With a few exceptions, semi-submerged or fully submerged designs are used (in some cases they have been for more than 30 years) while the information on farm layout is patchy. A review of structural damage and loss of cultured biomass due to hydrodynamic forces in commercial and experimental farms confirms that surface and semi-submerged longlines are more vulnerable to large storms than fully-submerged designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over five years, Chrissy has developed and facilitated “Morals + Murals Hood Tours” of North and West Philadelphia that revere Black and local counter-narratives. In her presence, I was entrusted with such stories that I otherwise could not access. Since then, 2021, I have returned to Philadelphia (Philly) and taken Black-led tours in other locations. While in New Orleans, I learned from Mama Vera. In my hometown, Detroit, I finally met Baba Jamon Jordan during the Black Scroll Network History and Tour. Most recently, I took a solo trip to Portugal, where I learned from Naky during the African Lisbon Tour. My experiences with Chrissy, Mama Vera, Baba Jamon, and Naky, inspire me to question: How do Black storytellers honor, imagine, and amplify Black curricula, revelatory counter-narratives, and possibilities via curated city-based “street” tours? In doing so, how do they participate in glocal (simultaneously local and global) conversations that speak back to anti-Blackness. These wonderings frame my conceptualizing of curbside pedagogy (CP). Through witnessing, I have noticed these elements of CP: • Hearing One’s Own Voice • Summoning Responsibility & Resistance • Grief and Healing • Volume (Space-Making and Space-Taking) • Ujamaa • Decolonial Cartographies • Glocal Black Curricula Hearing One’s Own VoiceSummoning Responsibility & ResistanceGrief and HealingVolume (Space-Making and Space-Taking)UjamaaDecolonial CartographiesGlocal Black Curricula [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the utilization of the mineral resources of the international seabed area entering a new phase of exploitation, the international community’s concern for the protection of the marine environment in the international seabed area has also reached an unprecedented level. Regional Environmental Management Plans (REMPs), formulated by the International Seabed Authority (ISA), are considered as an important component of marine environmental protection in the deep seabed. However, REMPs are faced with challenges in practice under the background of deep-sea mining. In this work, we review the historical evolution of REMP, sort out the challenges faced by REMP from NWP to global and provide our suggestions to solve these issues. Specifically, the difficulties in the Northwest Pacific (NWP) REMP are mainly located in the lack of environmental scientific data. Meanwhile, from a global perspective, besides difficulties in local region, such as NWP, REMPs are facing more challenges, such as the arguments about the legal force of REMPs, conflicts between REMPs and the BBNJ Agreement, as well as absence of regulations for balancing exploitation and conservation. Focus on these challenges, suggestions are proposed including using the ISA to coordinate the application between REMPs and BBNJ Agreement and using the principle of scientific evidence to improve the regulations of REMPs. This work not only introduces a new insight for improving the framework system for the protection of the marine environment in the international seabed area, but also provides a reference for the solution to new challenges in the field of marine environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Worldwide, the uptake of peritoneal dialysis (PD) compared with hemodialysis remains limited. This study assessed organizational structures, availability, accessibility, affordability and quality of PD worldwide. Methods This cross-sectional study relied on data from kidney registries as well as survey data from stakeholders (clinicians, policymakers and advocates for people living with kidney disease) from countries affiliated with the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) from July to September 2022. Results Overall, 167 countries participated in the survey. PD was available in 79% of countries with a median global prevalence of 21.0 [interquartile range (IQR) 1.5–62.4] per million population (pmp). High-income countries (HICs) had an 80-fold higher prevalence of PD than low-income countries (LICs) (56.2 pmp vs 0.7 pmp). In 53% of countries, adults had greater PD access than children. Only 29% of countries used public funding (and free) reimbursement for PD with Oceania and South East Asia (6%), Africa (10%) and South Asia (14%) having the lowest proportions of countries in this category. Overall, the annual median cost of PD was US$18 959.2 (IQR US$10 891.4–US$31 013.8) with full private out-of-pocket payment in 4% of countries and the highest median cost in LICs (US$30 064.4) compared with other country income levels (e.g. HICs US$27 206.0). Conclusions Ongoing large gaps and variability in the availability, access and affordability of PD across countries and world regions were observed. Of note, there is significant inequity in access to PD by children and for people in LICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On July 23, 2022, the growing global monkeypox outbreak was deemed a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Since early May 2022, there has been an increase in monkeypox cases. The aim of this study was to explore the global epidemiology of monkeypox cases. This was a retrospective epidemiological study that reported all confirmed cases of monkeypox worldwide between May 6, 2022, and July 21, 2022. We extracted data from the publicly available Global Health platform. A total of 15, 510 confirmed cases of monkeypox were reported worldwide until July 21, 2022. The daily confirmed cases of monkeypox increased by 205-fold [from 1 case on May 6, 2022, to 206 cases on July 21, 2022]. The highest number of confirmed cases of monkeypox was seen in Spain which has reached 3, 125 cases on July 21, 2022, followed by the United States with 2, 316 cases, Germany with 2, 191 cases, the United Kingdom with 2, 142 cases, and France with 1, 448 cases. Monkeypox outbreak is on the rise and the regulations adopted so far are not proving effective enough to tackle the problem. To improve public understanding of this illness and their capacity for prevention, awareness campaigns should be intensified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework lays out an ambitious set of goals and targets aimed at halting and reversing biodiversity loss. The extent of natural ecosystems has been selected as one of a small set of headline indicators against which countries will report progress under this framework. We evaluate the effectiveness with which this indicator is expected to capture the overall scope of the ecosystem‐focused component of Goal A, and interlinkages with the species‐focused component of this same goal, using extensive global data on the integrity, connectivity, and plant species composition of forests. Results generated for all forest‐supporting countries demonstrate that consideration of these additional factors can profoundly alter understanding of the state of forest biodiversity relative to that based on extent alone. Employment of ecosystem extent as a headline indicator must therefore be augmented by appropriate use of component and complementary indicators addressing other key dimensions of ecosystem change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Since the onset of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been a significant opportunity to leverage virtual platforms for communication and dissemination of knowledge. An online survey was conducted to examine the viewpoints of World Gastroenterology Organization (WGO) leaders concerning the necessity, primary priority areas, and implementation strategies for a virtual global gastroenterology educational program. Methods: We conducted a survey of leaders of WGO member societies to assess their opinions on creating opportunities for global education using virtual platforms, identifying practical implementation steps and priority educational areas. Results: Responses were obtained from 57/117 (48.7%) contacted leaders with 56/57 (98.2%) identifying such a need. Five mutually exclusive priority educational topics were proposed in the survey: clinical gastroenterology, endoscopy, nutritional support, research methodology, and professional development. Overall, most participants prioritized clinical gastroenterology (45/57; 78.9%) and endoscopy/hand skills (27/57; 47.3%) as educational topics to be addressed by the virtual global gastroenterology educational program. A majority of WGO member society leaders surveyed favored monthly teaching activities (33/57; 57.8%), ideally carried out between 1500-2100 local time (31/57; 54.3%), ideally with no administrative fees (47/57; 82.4%). Conclusions: This truly global survey of WGO member societies achieved a good response rate and provides important insights into the need for and scope of future virtual education programs under the aegis of the WGO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most challenging issues in contemporary complex network research is to understand the structure and vulnerability of multilayer networks, even though cascading failures in single networks have been widely studied in recent years. The goal of this work is to compare the similarities and differences between four single layers and understand the implications of interdependencies among cities on the overall vulnerability of a multilayer global logistics network. In this paper, a global logistics network model set as a multilayer network considering cascading failures is proposed in different disruption scenarios. Two types of attack strategies—a highest load attack and a lowest load attack—are used to evaluate the vulnerability of the global logistics network and to further analyze the changes in the topology properties. For a multilayer network, the vulnerability of single layers is compared as well. The results suggest that compared with the results of a single global logistics network, a multilayer network has a higher vulnerability. In addition, the heterogeneity of networks plays an important role in the vulnerability of a multilayer network against targeted attacks. Protecting the most important nodes is critical to safeguard the potential "vulnerability" in the development of the global logistics network. The three-step response strategy of "Prewarning–Response–Postrepair" is the main pathway to improving the adjustment ability and adaptability of logistics hub cities in response to external shocks. These findings supplement and extend the previous attack results on nodes and can thus help us better explain the vulnerability of different networks and provide insight into more tolerant, real, complex system designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dioxin-like compounds, recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as among the most enduring toxic chemical substances in the environment, are linked to various occupational activities and industrial accidents worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine and present research publications on dioxins, pinpoint current research trends, identify research gaps, and highlight potential avenues for future exploration in the field. The study period for relevant research articles ranged from 1923 to December 31, 2022, and these articles were sourced from the Scopus database. The analysis involved the identification of key contributors to the field and the visualization of topics, themes, and international collaboration. VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20) was used for visualization analysis. A total of 11,620 publications on dioxins were documented in the Scopus database. The predominant category of these documents comprised 9780 original articles, which represents 84.17% of the total publications. The United States lead in the number of publications, with 3992 (34.35%), followed by Japan, with 1429 (12.3%), China, with 1005 (8.65%), and Germany, with 974 (8.38%). Before 2002, scholarly attention in this field focused primarily on the health effects, environmental fate, and mechanism of toxicity of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). However, a noticeable change in research focus has been observed since 2002, highlighting the emergence of a topic related to the health effects and environmental fate of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PFDFs). This study is the first to conduct a comprehensive quantitative bibliometric analysis of dioxins over time. These findings indicate a significant increase in the overall growth of the dioxin literature over the past 30 years. These findings may prove crucial in guiding and organizing subsequent investigations related to dioxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an overview of Chinese-language historiography concerning ancient maritime trade between the Mediterranean and East Asia. It examines the impact of institutional structures, political context and wider questions within the Chinese research environment, revealing inter-disciplinary intersections and recent trends, including towards the intensive study of numismatic evidence and the centring of the (maritime) Silk Road as the focal point of a growing research community. This article aims to enable future research collaboration, in a contemporary context in which scholars working in China are often more aware of key debates in western scholarship than vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An estimated 1.7 billion children and adolescents do not have access to safe and affordable surgical care, and the vast majority of these are located in low‐middle‐income countries (LMICs). Pediatric anesthesia, a specialized field that requires a diverse set of knowledge and skills, has seen various advancements over the years and has become well‐established in upper‐middle and high‐income countries. However, in LMICs, due to a multitude of factors including severe workforce shortages, this has not been the case. Collaborations play a vital role in increasing the capacity of pediatric anesthesiology educators and training the pediatric anesthesia workforce. These efforts directly increase access for children who require surgical intervention. Collaboration models can be operationalized through bidirectional knowledge sharing, training, resource allocation, research and innovation, quality improvement, networking, and advocacy. This article aims to highlight a few of these collaborative efforts. Specifically, the role that the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, the Safer Anesthesia from Education program, the Asian Society of Pediatric Anaesthesiologists, Pediatric Anesthesia Training in Africa, the Paediatric Anaesthesia Network New Zealand, the Safe Pediatric Anesthesia Network and two WhatsApp™ groups (global ped anesthesia and the Pediatric Difficult Intubation Collaborative) have played in improving anesthesiology care for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: The motivation for this research work is its potential to identify critical issues with far-reaching implications for economic security, governance and development, and to contribute to more informed decision-making in the area of countering the financing of terrorism. Aim: The purpose of this research paper is to analyse the impact of the FATF (Financial Action Task Force) standards on crime and anti-corruption efforts and the effective implementation of the legal framework in countries. Results: The article examines the relationship between crime, corruption, terrorism and FATF standards in 54 countries. Based on the regression analysis, the influence of crime, terrorism and perception of corruption on the effectiveness and compliance with FATF standards is investigated. The specific coefficients show that the perception of terrorism and corruption have a statistically significant negative and positive impact on the dependent variable, respectively, while the impact of the crime index is not statistically significant. By examining the impact of crime rates and anti-corruption efforts on FATF standards and the effective implementation of legal frameworks in countries, the study aims to provide information that can inform decision-making. Understanding how these factors interact can help to improve anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing strategies at both the national and international levels, including the improvement of financial monitoring systems. Understanding the relationship between crime, corruption and terrorism can have practical implications for various stakeholders, including law enforcement, government officials and international organisations. The findings are important for the implementation of effective measures to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, improve governance, security and overall socio-economic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicide is the second leading cause of death in young people worldwide and is responsible for about 52,000 deaths annually in children and adolescents aged 5–19 years. Familial, social, psychological, and behavioral factors play important roles in suicide risk. As traumatic events such as the COVID-19 pandemic may contribute to suicidal behaviors in young people, there is a need to understand the current status of suicide in adolescents, including its epidemiology, associated factors, the influence of the pandemic, and management initiatives. Data sources: We investigated global and regional suicide mortality rates among children and adolescents aged 5–19 years using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. The suicide mortality rates from 1990 to 2019 were examined in 204 countries and territories across six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. Additionally, we utilized electronic databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus, and employed various combinations of terms such as "suicide", "adolescents", "youth", "children", "risk factors", "COVID-19 pandemic", "prevention", and "intervention" to provide a narrative review on suicide within the pediatric population in the post-pandemic era. Results: Despite the decreasing trend in the global suicide mortality rate from 1990 to 2019, it remains high. The mortality rates from suicide by firearms or any other specified means were both greater in males. Additionally, Southeast Asia had the highest suicide rate among the six WHO regions. The COVID-19 pandemic seems to contribute to suicide risk in young people; thus, there is still a strong need to revisit appropriate management for suicidal children and adolescents during the pandemic. Conclusions: The current narrative review integrates up-to-date knowledge on suicide epidemiology and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, risk factors, and intervention strategies. Although numerous studies have characterized trends in suicide among young people during the pre-pandemic era, further studies are required to investigate suicide during the pandemic and new strategies for suicide prevention in the post-pandemic era. It is necessary to identify effective prevention strategies targeting young people, particularly those at high risk, and successful treatment for individuals already manifesting suicidal behaviors. Care for suicidal children and adolescents should be improved with parental, school, community, and clinical involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: The study aims to provide an overview of hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination strategies and actions to show the progression of elimination efforts and path to elimination criteria globally. Additionally, we will highlight barriers and challenges facing global elimination actions and propose recommendations to achieve this goal. Recent Findings: Significant advancements have been made in the field of HCV treatment with the introduction of oral direct-acting antivirals. In 2016, the World Health Organization launched a global health sector strategy to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030. Over the recent years, many countries have begun to establish and support their national hepatitis programs, trying to fulfill the criteria of complete elimination or the path to elimination, or in other words, to accomplish all requirements to announce viral hepatitis elimination. Summary: Over the past decade, many countries have improved their progress toward achieving the goal of HCV elimination. Egypt was the first country to receive the "path to elimination certificate." Other countries from various WHO regions are currently working toward this goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores cross-national patterns in state feminism, or women's policy agencies, in relation to broader trends in autonomous feminist organizing. The role and effectiveness of such agencies in the context of resistance to feminist initiatives, democratic backsliding and backlash against progress towards gender justice are considered. The essay contends that connections and relations of solidarity between autonomous and state feminism, across borders, and across class and identity-groups in a variety of contexts is important for maintaining and/or continuing progress towards gender justice. Some promising new directions for future research are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetlands are the largest natural source of global atmospheric methane (CH4). Despite advances to our understanding of changes in temperature and precipitation extremes, their impacts on carbon‐rich ecosystems such as wetlands, remain significantly understudied. Here, we quantify the impacts of extreme temperature, precipitation, and dry events on wetland CH4 dynamics by investigating the effects of both compound and discrete extreme‐events. We use long‐term climate data to identify extreme‐events and 45 eddy covariance sites data sets sourced from the FLUXNET‐CH4 database and Ameriflux project to assess impacts on wetland CH4 emissions. These findings reveal that compound hot + dry extreme‐events lead to large increases in daily CH4 emissions. However, per event, discrete dry‐only extreme‐events cause the largest total decrease in CH4 emissions, due to their long duration. Despite dry‐only extreme‐events leading to an overall reduction in CH4 emissions, enhanced fluxes are often observed for the first days of dry‐only extreme‐events. These effects differ depending on wetland type, where marsh sites tend to be sensitive to most types of extreme‐events. Lagged impacts are significant for at least the 12 months following several types of extreme‐events. These findings have implications for understanding how extreme‐event impacts may evolve in the context of climate change, where changes in the frequency and intensity of temperature and precipitation extreme‐events are already observed. With increasing occurrences of enhanced CH4 fluxes in response to hot‐only extreme‐events and hot + wet extreme‐events and fewer occurrences of reduced CH4 fluxes during cold‐only extreme‐events, the impact of wetland CH4 emissions on climate warming may be increasing. Key Points: Compound extreme‐events (e.g., hot + dry extreme‐events) cause large impacts on daily CH4 emissions relative to discrete extreme‐eventsDry‐only extreme‐events show large total decreases in CH4 emissions due to the long duration of events, despite initial flux increasesLagged impacts are significant for at least the 12 months following most types of extreme‐events [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Research on Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) as a neurological adverse effect of vaccines on a global scale is scarce, highlighting the need for further investigation to evaluate its long-term impact and associated risk factors comprehensively. Hence, this study aims to assess the global burden of vaccine-associated GBS and its associated vaccines. This study utilized data from VigiBase, the World Health Organization global database of adverse event reports of medicines and vaccines, encompassing the period from 1967 to 2023 (total reports, n = 131,255,418) to investigate vaccine-associated GBS. Reported odds ratios (ROR) and information components (IC) were analyzed to assess the association between 19 vaccines and the occurrence of vaccine-associated GBS over 170 countries. We identified 15,377 (8072 males [52.49%]) reports of vaccine-associated GBS among 22,616 reports of all drugs-cause GBS from 1978 to 2023. Cumulative reports of vaccine-associated GBS have been increasing steadily over time, with a notable surge observed since the commencement of COVID-19 vaccines administration in 2020. Most vaccines showed significant associations with GBS such as Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccines (ROR, 14.88; IC, 3.66), COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (ROR, 9.66; IC, 2.84), and inactivated whole-virus COVID-19 vaccines (ROR, 3,29; IC 1.69). Influenza vaccines showed the highest association (ROR, 77.91; IC 5.98). Regarding age-and sex-specific risks, the association remained similar regardless of sex, with an increased association observed with advancing age. The mean time to onset was 5.5 days. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the reports of GBS surged in response to widespread COVID-19 vaccination. Nonetheless, COVID-19 vaccines exhibited the lowest association compared to other vaccines. Vigilance for at least one-week post-vaccination is crucial, particularly for older adults. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms linking vaccines and GBS.

Abstract Lack of a long‐term time series of dataset with a high spatiotemporal resolution at a global scale poses a great challenge to clarify the characteristics of DOC in space and depth, and its trend in time. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of a global DOC gridded dataset in space, time and depth. The Biogeochemical Argo (BGC‐Argo) provides an important data source for obtaining global DOC, but is limited by irregular spatial sampling locations. Besides, BGC‐Argo has shorter time series coverage and fewer profiles compared to Core‐Argo. Thus, this manuscript aims at reconstructing the DOC profiles based on the Core‐Argo and BGC‐Argo profiles and then developing a spatial, temporal and depth‐specific gridded DOC dataset, named G4D‐DOC. Validation results demonstrate that G4D‐DOC has a good overall consistency with WOA18 and GLODAPv2 datasets, particularly at depths of 10 dbar and 1000 dbar, where it surpasses consistency at other standard depths. In addition, compared to WOA18, G4D‐DOC has achieved a breakthrough in a temporal resolution from a climatological monthly to monthly, and compared to GLODAPv2, G4D‐DOC has achieved a breakthrough in space from irregular discrete locations to regular grids. Further, G4D‐DOC can be widely used to conduct the characteristics of DOC in space and depth and its trends at global and regional scales. The metadata of G4D‐DOC is as follows: four dimensions mean two dimensions in space (longitude and latitude), one in time and one in depth; data format is standard Hierarchical Data Format Version 4 (HDF4) with a spatial resolution of 1 degree and temporal resolutions of annual, seasonal and monthly intervals at 26 standard layers above 2000 dbar in depth; the spatial coverage is global and the time period is from 2005 to 2022.

Abstract Background Exposure to air pollution contributes to cardiovascular disease-related deaths and morbidity, including stroke. However, few studies have examined the global stroke burden linked to air pollution. This study aimed to evaluate the global stroke morbidity and mortality associated with air pollution from 1990 to 2021. Method With the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021, the numbers, and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for air pollution-related stroke were reported globally. Further subgroup analyses were conducted by age, sex, region and country, and stroke subtypes. A linear regression model explored global temporal trends and a cluster analysis examined temporal trends across GBD regions. To predict trends until 2040, the age-period-cohort (APC) model and the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model were applied. Results In 2021, there were 1,989,686 (95% uncertainty interval [95% UI], 1,530,479-2,493,238) deaths and 44,962,167 (95% UI, 35,020,339 − 55,467,024) DALYs due to air pollution-related stroke. The ASRs increased with age, peaking generally over 85 years. Males, the Central African region, and Guinea-Bissau showed higher stroke burdens Intracerebral hemorrhage was the most lethal subtype, with an ASR of 11.69 (95% UI 8.94–14.69) for deaths and 276.93 (95% UI 212.21-344.36) for DALYs. From 1990 to 2021, the crude number of deaths and DALYs increased by 13.4% and 6.3%, respectively, for the global stroke burden but showed a declining trend when age-standardized. Most GBD regions in Asia and Africa experienced an increasing stroke burden linked to air pollution, while Europe and America showed a decreasing trend. Predictions indicated a gradual reduction in ASRs, with higher rates in males from 2020 to 2040. Conclusions The global stroke burden associated with air pollution remained significant despite a decreasing trend until 2021. Although future predictions suggested a reduction, the crude counts for stroke burden remained substantial, with significant regional disparities. This warranted the implementation of public health policies and ongoing efforts.

Over the last decade, rare earth elements (REEs) have gained international attention due to their multiple usages. Because of their unique properties, the elements play a vital role in electronics, defense, aerospace, transportation, agriculture, and communications technology. They are also critical to the high technology and low carbon economy. These applications drive demand for rare earth products and promote the steady development of the rare earth industry. In this paper, we have reviewed the current scenario, applications, challenges, and impacts of REEs from a global perspective. It is seen that China leads in the production of REEs worldwide. Globally, REE production is associated with a range of environmental issues, including mining-related pollution, the generation of radioactive waste, water scarcity, soil contamination, and deforestation, all of which impact both humans and animals. Drawing from global literature, we discussed a comparative scenario of REEs in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, the rising population has led to increased REE demand, and we utilized secondary sources to deduce REE impacts. We overviewed aspects such as 100% electricity coverage, import opportunities from the other countries, and government initiatives, all contributing to the growing REE demand and e-waste generation in Bangladesh. Currently, there is no recycling process available. Subsequently, we highlighted the situation in Bangladesh regarding REE management, presented suggestions for recycling based on recent global literature, and provided recommendations for the future.

The article discusses the need for greater diversity and global perspectives in the research and scholarship published in the journal Communication & Sport. The authors acknowledge that the majority of submissions and accepted manuscripts come from scholars in North America, but emphasize the importance of including perspectives from scholars in other regions of the world. They argue that a global lens is necessary to fully understand communication phenomena in the context of sport, as North America represents a small proportion of the world's population and many popular sports have their roots outside the U.S. The authors express a commitment to inclusivity and diversification of perspectives in future publications. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: Liver cancer is a major health concern globally and in China. This analysis investigated deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) with respect to etiologies and risk factors for liver cancer in China and worldwide. Methods: Global and China-specific data were collected on liver cancer deaths, DALYs, and age-standardized rates (ASRs) from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database. Liver cancer etiologies were classified into five groups and risk factors were categorized into three levels. Each proportion of liver cancer burden was calculated in different geographic regions. The joinpoint regression model were used to assess the trends from 1990–2019. Results: Liver cancer accounted for 484,577 deaths worldwide in 2019 with an ASR of 5.9 per 100,000 population. China had an elevated liver cancer death ASR in 2019 and males had an ASR 1.7 times the global rate. The global ASR for DALYs peaked at 75–79 years of age but peaked earlier in China. Hepatitis B virus was the prominent etiology globally (39.5%) and in China (62.5%), followed by hepatitis C virus and alcohol consumption. In high sociodemographic index countries, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis has gained an increasing contribution as an etiologic factor. The liver cancer burden due to various etiologies has decreased globally in both genders. However, metabolic risk factors, particularly obesity, have had a growing contribution to the liver cancer burden, especially among males. Conclusions: Despite an overall decreasing trend in the liver cancer burden in China and worldwide, there has been a rising contribution from metabolic risk factors, highlighting the importance of implementing targeted prevention and control strategies that address regional and gender disparities.

ObjectiveTo analyze the trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality from 1990 to 2019 and to predict the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of breast cancer from 2020 to 2029 in the world female population, providing a reference for the prevention and control of female breast cancer in the world. MethodsData on breast cancer incidence and mortality in the global female population from 1990 to 2019 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study. Incidence count, incidence rate, ASIR, death count, mortality rate, and ASMR were used for descriptive analysis. Average annual percentage change (AAPC) was used to analyze trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality from 1990 to 2019. The age-period-cohort (APC) model was used to estimate the age effect, period effect, and cohort effect on breast cancer incidence and mortality risk in the world female population; the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was used to predict trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality from 2020 to 2029 in the female population. ResultsIncreases in breast cancer in the global female population from 1990 to 2019 were observed in incidence number (867 620.84 to 1 977 211.62), incidence rate (32.67/100 000 to 51.27/100 000), ASIR (40.12/100 000 to 45. 86/100 000), number of deaths (375 016.06 to 688 562.26), and mortality rate (14.12/100 000 to 17.85/100 000), with total percentage changes of 127.89%, 56.93%, 14.31%, 83.61%, and 26.42%, respectively. The breast cancer ASMR decreased from 17.76/100 000 in 1990 to 15.88/100 000 in 2019, with an overall percentage change of – 10.54%. Joinpoint regression analysis showed that breast cancer ASIR for the global female population generally increased from 1990 to 2019 (AAPC = 0.44, P < 0.001), while breast cancer ASMR generally decreased (AAPC = – 0.37, P < 0.001). Trends in female breast cancer incidence and mortality varied across global regions with different levels of socio-demographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2019. The ASIR generally increased in global regions with different SDI levels. The ASMR generally increased in the middle, low-middle, and low SDI regions, but generally decreased in the high and high-middle SDI regions from 1990 to 2019 (all P < 0.001). The APC model analysis showed that the age effects on breast cancer incidence and mortality rates in the global female population generally increased with age, with coefficients increasing from – 2.878 and – 2.946 at ages 20 – 24 years to 0.706 and 1.053 at ages 75 – 79 years, respectively. Period effects on breast cancer incidence and mortality also showed increasing trends, with coefficients increasing from – 0.310 and – 0.206 in 1990 – 1994 to 0.296 and 0.235 in 2015 – 2019, respectively. However, cohort effects on breast cancer incidence and mortality generally decreased, with coefficients decreasing from 0.848 and 0.866 for the 1915 – 1919 birth cohort to – 0.575 and – 0.672 for the 1995 – 1999 birth cohort, respectively. ARIMA model predictions showed that the global female breast cancer ASIR will continue to increase while the ASMR will continue to decrease from 2020 to 2029, with predicted ASIR and ASMR of 47.86/100 000 and 15.31/100 000, respectively, in 2029. ConclusionFrom 1990 to 2019, the ASIR for breast cancer has generally increased while the ASMR has generally decreased in the global female population. From 2020 to 2029, the ASIR is projected to continue to increase while the ASMR is projected to continue to decrease.

Abstract Introduction Scabies is a widespread issue in prisons due to overcrowded living conditions and limited healthcare resources. A recent study published in the Journal of Infection and Public Health discovered that the prevalence of scabies varies greatly among prisoners in different regions and facilities. This review aimed to determine the global prevalence and predictors of scabies among prisoners by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis checklist to report the findings of our systematic review and meta-analysis. Relevant databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and other grey literature databases were used to search and retrieve articles. The study included both published and unpublished research written in English languages for studies reporting the prevalence of human scabies among prisoners. This review has been registered on PROSPERO. The heterogeneity of the data was evaluated using the I2 statistic. A meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 17 software, with a 95% confidence interval. The researchers also conducted publication bias and sensitivity analysis. Results The review included 7 studies involving 1, 309,323 prisoners. All included studies involved cross-sectional study design. The prevalence of scabies among prisoners ranges from 0.72% in Italy to 41.01% in Cameroon. The global pooled prevalence of human scabies among prisoners was found to be 6.57% (95% CI; 2.16–19.94). According to subgroup analysis, the overall prevalence of scabies among African prisoners was 19.55% (95% CI; 9.44–40.45), while the prevalence among prisoners outside of Africa was 1.57% (95% CI; 0.77–3.19). The length of time spent in prison, sharing of clothing or beds, and hygiene practices were found to be factors that were significantly associated with the likelihood of prisoners developing human scabies. Conclusion The overall prevalence of human scabies is high among prisoners worldwide. Prisoners who spent more time in prison shared clothing or beds, and had poor hygiene practices were more likely to develop human scabies. Thus, efforts should be made by policymakers and program administrators to decrease the prevalence of scabies in prisons. The protocol for this systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews with registration number CRD42024516064.

Archaeology as a discipline began in the 19th century following the main moves of globalization, such as the worldwide spread of capitalism and the imperialist moves of the colonial powers. The discipline's core intellectual goals were also global, such as understanding the vast spread of material culture and the evolution of human ancestors later in the century. In the 20th century, this trend grew even greater; however, with the emergence of numerous social actors towards the end of the 20th century, this situation changed dramatically for many reasons. Archaeology has shifted from a potentially limited, Western narrative of the past to a chaotic but pluralistic study of past material culture from a variety of contradictory perspectives. This is actually a major epistemological shift from a normative, uniform, and integrative narrative to a diversity of different interpretations. The idea of glocalization has been put forward in order to clearly reveal the 'heterogenizing' aspects of globalization. In this vein, it is quite common to find proposed issues related to the "rehumanization" of archaeology and global archaeology. In this article, in the light of a number of examples, the ways in which localities were 'produced' in the ancient Near East, especially in the light of Assyrian examples in the Upper Tigris Basin, and some of their reflections on the global are examined. Our goal is to understand some of the ideas that underpin these recommendations.

This article contributes to the intensifying calls to globalize and decolonize the field of media and communication by broadening the possibilities for digital media research. To do so, it takes a deep dive into a set of 27 works on digital media from five Philippine-based journals, all of which were published during the COVID-19 years of 2020–2023. Collectively, they spotlight the entanglements of technologies with the distinct and diverse political, economic, and socio-cultural realities outside the West. Through a qualitative thematic analysis, our article identifies how the different works in our selected set are clustered along three key themes: on digital deliberations, digital intimacies, and digital promotion. There were a few of them that did not align with these themes, but nevertheless also indicated emerging vectors from which to see the entwinement of digital media with the dynamics of Philippine society. All these present expanded lines of theorizing research about digital media that connect with but, importantly, also go beyond the typical concerns of scholarship generated in the West.

Abstract Background Despite remarkable progress, HIV’s influence on global health remains firm, demanding continued attention. Understanding the effectiveness of third-line antiretroviral therapy in individuals who do not respond to second-line drugs is crucial for improving treatment strategies. The virological outcomes of third-line antiretroviral therapy vary from study to study, highlighting the need for robust global estimates. Methods A comprehensive search of databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, International Scientific Indexing, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, was conducted. STATA version 17 statistical software was used for analysis. A random-effects model was applied to compute the pooled estimates. Subgroup analysis, heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were also performed. The prediction interval is computed to estimate the interval in which a future study will fall. The GRADE tool was also used to determine the quality of the evidence. Results In this systematic review and meta-analysis, 15 studies involving 1768 HIV patients receiving third-line antiretroviral therapy were included. The pooled viral suppression of third-line antiretroviral therapy was 76.6% (95% CI: 71.5- 81.7%). The viral suppression rates at 6 and 12 months were 75.5% and 78.6%, respectively. Furthermore, third-line therapy effectively suppressed viral RNA copy numbers to ≤ 50 copies/mL, ≤ 200 copies/mL, and ≤ 400 copies/mL with rates of 70.7%, 85.4%, and 85.7%, respectively. Conclusion More than three-fourths of patients on third-line antiretroviral therapy achieve viral suppression. Consequently, improving access to and timely initiation of third-line therapy may positively impact the quality of life for those with second-line treatment failure.

Abstract Background Stroke among younger age groups is increasing globally. While there is a focus on research conducted on people under 65 years who have had a stroke, there is a paucity of data on the incidence and risk factors of stroke among younger people (≤ 30 years). This scoping review examines evidence on incidence and risk factors for perinatal, paediatric and young adult stroke globally. Methods The review was guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute’s scoping review methodology. A systematic search was conducted on 23rd March 2022 across Medline Ovid, Embase, PsycINFO and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). The eligibility criteria included all study designs providing information on the incidence and risk factors of stroke among young people (≤ 30 years) in the last ten years. Results A total of 5750 articles were identified. After screening, 471 articles (224 cohort studies (47.6%), 164 case studies/case series (34.8%), 35 reviews (7.4%), 30 case-control (6.4%) and 18 combinations of designs (3.8%) were included. There was data from 50 different countries, 199 studies were from high-income countries, upper and middle income (n = 38), lower middle-income (n = 39), low-income (n = 3) countries, international study (n = 7) and a further 185 articles did not state the country of research. Most of the studies (63%) focused on risk factors while incidence constituted 37%. Incidence data were reported heterogeneously across studies, leading to an inability to synthesise data. The three most frequently reported risk factors for perinatal stroke were infections, cardiac conditions, and intrapartum factors. Vasculopathies, infection and cardiac conditions accounted for most reported risk factors for paediatric stroke, while chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus, vasculopathies and cardiac conditions accounted for the most reported risk factors among young adults. Conclusion This review has highlighted different stroke risk factors for each age cohort of people under 30 years. The low number of epidemiological studies suggests that further research of this type is needed to fully understand the incidence and risk factors in young stroke. A standardised reporting of age groupings of incidence data is imperative to enable the comparison of data from different geographical locations.

This paper describes the development and characteristics of a multi-disciplinary spina bifida clinic in Qatar considering the recently revised and globally available Guidelines for the Care of People with Spina Bifida (GCPSB).A retrospective chart review was performed on individuals in Sidra’s multidisciplinary spina bifida clinic database from January 2019 to June 2020. Their electronic health records were reviewed for demographics, as well as neurosurgical, urologic, rehabilitation, and orthopedic interventions.There were 127 patients in the database; 117 met inclusion criteria for diagnoses of myelomeningocele, meningocele, sacral agenesis/caudal regression, and/or spinal lipoma. Generally, Qatar is following GCPSB recommendations for multidisciplinary care. Consanguineous relationships, difficulties with access to urological and rehabilitation supplies and equipment, school access, and variable timing of neurosurgical closure were areas that demonstrated differences from GCPSB recommendations due to barriers in implementation.The GCPSB recommendations are applicable in an international setting such as Qatar. Despite a few barriers in implementing some of the recommendations, this new multi-disciplinary spina bifida clinic demonstrates alignment with many of the GCPSB guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Insomnia during pregnancy presents significant medical care challenges and heightens the risk of adverse outcomes for both pregnant women and fetuses. This study undertook a meta-analysis to assess the global prevalence of insomnia during pregnancy, examining both the overall prevalence and regional variations. Method: The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of articles indexed in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from the inception of these databases up to February 29, 2024. The study systematically reviewed the global prevalence of gestational insomnia and explored potential moderating factors, encompassing research type, publication date, regional influences, maternal age, pregnancy status, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms. Result: Forty-four studies, encompassing a total of 47,399,513 participants, were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of insomnia symptoms during pregnancy was 43.9%. Regional factors and depression emerged as the main factors affecting insomnia, with Europe (53.6%) surpassing North America (41.0%), followed by South America (50.6%) and Asia (40.7%). High depression rates (56.2%) correlated with increased insomnia prevalence compared to low depression rates (39.8%). The type of research and publication date showed no significant impact on the prevalence of insomnia symptoms. Conclusion: The meta-analysis results indicated that the prevalence of insomnia symptoms was higher during pregnancy, especially among pregnant women who were in a highly depressed state or located in the European region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]