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Quartz glass powder is a type of silicon-rich industrial waste. Accumulation of this waste has led to resource wastage and environmental pollution. In this paper, quartz glass powder is used as raw material for preparing xonotlite through hydrothermal synthesis. The effects of Ca/Si (C/S) molar ratio, liquid/solid ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the conversion of quartz are studied. The phase and structural changes of glass powder are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on this, the conversion mechanism of quartz in glass powder is explained. The dissolution rate of quartz in an alkaline solution is a critical factor that restricts hydrothermal reactions. The conversion rate of quartz can be effectively increased by raising reaction temperature and extending reaction time. When the reaction temperature is 240 °C and the reaction time reaches 14 h, the conversion of quartz can reach 94.5 wt%. This study reveals the conversion mechanism of quartz in hydrothermal reactions and provides a theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of glass powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to evaluate the ability of cathode-ray tube funnel waste glasses (CRT-F) to shield photons (gamma and X-ray) and other forms of radiation with rest masses (i.e., neutrons and charged particles) after their Pb content was reclaimed. The lead (Pb) content of cathode-ray tube funnel waste glasses (CRT-F) was reduced using Na 2 CO 3 as the reducing agent CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3). CRT-F and CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3) were produced using the melt and quench processes using the powder of pristine funnel glass from discarded cathode ray tube glass and the reduced glass powder, respectively, as the starting materials. The X-ray fluorescence technique was adopted for determining the chemical composition of CRT-F and CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3) glasses. The parameters relating to the gamma photon, fissile neutron, moderated neutron, slow neutron, and charged radiation (β, H+, He2+, and C6+) attenuation abilities of pristine CRT-F and CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3) were evaluated. The FLUKA simulation code and XCOM were used to estimate the mass attenuation coefficient of the glasses. The stopping power (S p) and range (R) of β, H+, and He2+ were evaluated by using the NIST data-based calculators (ESTAR for β, PSTAR for H+, and ASTAR for He2+) while S p and R data for C6+ was determined using SRIM. The cross section for fast, thermal (25 meV), and slow neutrons (0.1–10 meV) was also estimated. The Pb reclamation from the CRT-F drastically increased the half value layer of photons by at least a factor of 4 at 0.1 MeV and by more than 90 % at 10 MeV. The CRT-F interacts more with fissile and thermal neutrons compared to CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3). Although, CRT-F showed a better ability to attenuate all the radiation types considered, both glasses are better absorbers of radiation (especially photons) than some common shields. The reduction of Pb weight in CRT-F resulted in a drastic reduction in the ability of the glass to attenuate radiation; the resulting glass (CRT-F(Na 2 CO 3)) is however, an environmentally safer glass shield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron phosphate glasses, known for their exceptional chemical durability and potential applicability in nuclear waste management, have gained significant attention over the years. The structures of these glasses are complicated by the coexistence of Fe3+ and Fe2+, which plays a crucial role in determining their structures and properties. This work uses molecular dynamics simulations to study the structural changes in Na2O–Fe2O3–P2O5 glasses with varying glass composition and Fe2+/Fe3+ redox ratio. It was found that the redox ratio and modifier contents significantly affected the short‐range and medium‐range orders in the glasses. Significant changes in the local environments around P5+ and Fe3+ were observed, as reflected by the bond distances and coordination numbers. Na+ cations are found to preferentially associate with Fe3+ (rather than Fe2+),  whereas Fe2+ has stronger association with P5+ than Na+, confirming the structural role of Fe2+ as a glass modifier. The disruptions in P–O–P linkages upon increasing FeO suggest that FeO causes glass depolymerization. These glasses achieved higher connectivity with increasing Fe3+/(Fe3++Fe2+)${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}/({\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}+{\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+})$ ratios, conerting phosphorous Q2 to Q3 units and iron Q5 units to Q4 units. The decrease of nonbridging oxygen fractions with increasing Fe3+/(Fe3++Fe2+)${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}/({\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}+{\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+})$ ratios, through creating P–O–Fe linkages, is the main reason of enhanced network connectivity. Quantitative structure–property relationship analyses with different structural descriptors were used to correlate with measured properties. The analyses provided valuable insights into structure–property relationships, emphasizing the importance of choosing relevant energy parameters and defining glass network connectivity, particularly in Fnet descriptors. It was found the Fe–O–P linkage density exhibits strong correlations to measured dissolution rates, supporting the importance of these linkages in improving the chemical durability in iron phosphate glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the influence of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and waste glass fine aggregate (GA), on the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in high-strength and normal-strength mortar using an accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT). Residual mechanical properties and scanning electron micrographs were used to assess the changes in the matrix. GA reduced the mechanical properties of both normal-strength (NGA_OPC) and high-strength mortars (HGA_OPC), contributing to a decline in overall performance. This phenomenon was a result of the slipping of the GA from the matrix owing to its smooth surface. However, the inclusion of reactive SF and GGBS in the HGA improved the slip phenomenon of the GA, leading to a significant enhancement in its mechanical properties. Following the ASR expansion measurement, HGA_OPC demonstrated an ASR expansion rate approximately three times higher than that of NGA_OPC. This was attributed to the dense structure of HGA_OPC, which resulted in greater expansion than that of NGA_OPC. However, with the incorporation of SCMs into both HGA and NGA, a significant reduction in ASR expansion was observed. This was attributed to the delayed ASR of GA due to alkali activation or the pozzolanic reaction of the SCMs. Continuous exposure to the AMBT environment can lead to the destruction of GA. This was caused by the inner ASR that originated from the surface crack of the GA, which resulted in a reduction in the flexural strength of the mortar. The HGA with SF exhibited the highest resistance to ASR expansion and residual mechanical properties' degradation. Therefore, various durability and long-term performance-monitoring studies on ultra-high-performance concrete or high-strength cementitious composites with very high SF contents and GA can be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass cullet (GC) generated from the disposal of photovoltaic (PV) panels are typically landfilled, and effective GC utilization methods must be established for PV generation. In this study, alkali-activated material (AAM) mortars were prepared from the paste of fine blast-furnace slag powder, fly ash, and sodium orthosilicate (SO) and mixed with crushed sand and GC to investigate the potential use of GC as a fine aggregate in AAM. The replacement of crushed sand with GC did not considerably affect the flowability of the mortar, whereas the compressive strength decreased with the increasing GC replacement rates. Although expansion due to the alkali–silica reaction (ASR) was observed in mortars wherein GC replaced crushed sand, the expansion can be controlled by reducing the amount of mixed SO, autoclaving the GC, performing preleaching to remove the Si that causes the ASR, and replacing the blast-furnace slag with fly ash. By enforcing measures against the expansion, the possibility of using GC as fine aggregate is enhanced considerably, thus increasing the feasibility of continuous PV production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste glass as a solid waste is urgently needed to utilize and alleviate the shortage of natural aggregate. In this paper, a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) modified emulsified asphalt microsurfacing mixture was prepared by partially replacing basalt aggregate with waste glass, and the interlayer shear resistance and night visibility were explored. The optimum content of SBR was determined by evaluating the properties of SBR-modified emulsified asphalt. The wet track abrasion and load wheel test were chosen to optimize the content of asphalt. Moreover, Leutner shear strength was measured to characterize the interlayer shear resistance, and the night visibility was certified through qualitative and quantitative methods. The experimental results indicate that modified emulsified asphalt exhibits good properties when the dosage of SBR is 4%. The addition of waste glass exerts a certain weakening effect on interlayer shear resistance of the microsurfacing mixture, but the adverse impact could be neglected when the content of coarse and fine waste glass is less than 15%. The night visibility is improved significantly when the waste glass is added; the retroreflection coefficients are 52.2 and 45.7 mcd/lx/m2 , respectively, when the content of waste glass fine aggregate and waste glass coarse aggregate reaches 20%, and the reflective effect brought by waste glass fine aggregate is more remarkable. The application of waste glass in the microsurfacing mixture realizes the resource utilization of solid waste, provides a safe environment for driving at night, and achieves the effects of traffic guidance and landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe present study investigated the flexural properties of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) incorporated with waste fishing nets as reinforcement with a view to providing a potential solution to the environmental impact caused by these nets. Locally available waste fishing nets having two different mesh sizes and thicknesses were used as textile reinforcement for investigation. The fishing nets composed of nylon fibres were selected due to their potential as a sustainable and cost-effective reinforcement material. TRC composite with A.R. Glass textile was used as a reference specimen and that with A.R. Glass textile and waste fishing net were considered for the flexural tests. The influence of different layers of textiles was also investigated. The epoxy coating was used to coat the waste fishing nets along with A.R. glass textile to develop a hybrid textile. Properties of TRC composites incorporated with uncoated nets were compared with the composites using coated nets in order to understand the effect of coating on the reinforcement. The efficiency of textiles as reinforcement was also analyzed in detail by determining the strength and ductility ratio. Investigating the flexural behaviour of TRC with epoxy-coated waste fishing nets aims to understand this innovative composite material’s mechanical properties and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gamma shielding parameters of an admixture of waste borosilicate glass (BS) and geopolymer (GP) made from activated metakaolin are presented in the present study. The influence of the BS quantity on the density and different gamma shielding quantities is investigated over a wide gamma energy range. Four batches of the G-BS composite were prepared using the solid-state diffusion method, containing 0 (G), 10 % (G-10BS), 20 % (G-20BS), and 30 % (G-30BS) by weight of BS, respectively. The chemical compositions of the G-xBS samples were determined through X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. In addition, the density of the BS-doped geopolymers was determined using the liquid displacement method using deionized water as the displacement fluid. The theoretical determination of estimating shielding parameters began by estimating the mass (μ ρ) and linear (μ) attenuation coefficients of the geopolymers for photon energies in the range of 15 keV to 15 MeV using the XCOM data library. The B and Si content and density of the geopolymer samples increased as the BS weight proportion increased in the geopolymer. The values of the attenuation coefficients (ACs) decreased with energy. For μ, the decrease was from 9.1533 to 0.0355 cm−1, 6.7486 to 0.0374 cm−1, 10.2964 to 0.0396 cm−1, and 10.7722 to 0.0414 cm−1, while for μ ρ , it was 5.3217 to 0.0206 cm2 g-1, 5.3860 to 0.0206 cm2 g-1, 5.3627 to 0.0206 cm2 g-1, and 5.3594 to 0.0206 cm2 g-1, for G, G-10BS, G-20BS, and G-30BS, respectively. There are no significant differences between the photon energy absorption capacity of the geopolymers, especially at energies greater than 1 MeV. The photon buildup factors of the G-xBS samples have very close relative values with no clear order. The introduction of waste borosilicate glass is therefore a way of improving the photon attenuation capacity of geopolymer and, therefore, the potential of shielding applications of geopolymer-based concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global surge in glass waste generation, exceeding 130 million tons annually, presents a pressing environmental issue, compounded by inadequate recycling practices, it is concerning that the global recycling rate for glass waste is below 50%. This research investigates the utilization of WG as a FA substitute in paver block to mitigate the ecological footprint of conventional paver block while enhancing its mechanical properties. WG's unique characteristics, such as high silica content and impermeability, make it a promising alternative. A comprehensive experimental approach, including tests like water absorption, dry density, workability, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and rebound hammer, demonstrated WG's potential to improve concrete's durability and performance. For instance, a 40% WGA replacement reduced the absorption rate 12%, while 20% WGA incorporation-maintained strength properties close to the control mix, with compressive strengths up to 30.80 MPa at 28 days. Employing RSM as predictive models, the study showed R2 values of 0.9513, 0.9983, 0.9156, 0.9925, and 0.9895 for water absorption, dry density, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and rebound hammer, respectively. This study offers supporting global research efforts to advance sustainable and affordable construction materials, leading to a significant reduction in landfill waste and the conservation of precious natural resources worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste materials contribute to a wide range of environmental and economic problems. To minimize their effects, a safe strategy for reducing such negative impact is required. Recycling and reusing waste materials have proved to be effective measures in this respect. In this study, an eco-friendly treatment is investigated based on using waste powdered glass (WGP) and EPS beads (EPSb) as mechanical and chemical admixers in soils. For this purpose, Atterberg limit, standard proctor, free swell, and unconfined compression tests are performed on soil samples with different ratios of waste materials at their optimum moisture contents. The obtained test results indicate that adding WGP to cohesive soils increases the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and reduces free swell (FS). In contrast, using EPSb reduces both FS and UCS of the treated soil samples. An optimum combination of both waste materials is determined for the improvement of the properties of high plasticity clay used in this study. Furthermore, multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods are used to predict the FS and UCS of the clayey soils based on the data obtained here and the experimental test results reported in the literature. Once the FS and UCS values of untreated soil and additive percentages are defined as independent variables, both methods are shown to predict the FS and UCS values of the treated soil samples on a satisfactory level with the coefficient of correlation ( R 2 ) values greater than 0.926. Additionally, when only the index properties (liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index) of the soil samples with waste materials are used as dependent variables, the R 2 values obtained by the ANN method are 0.968 and 0.974 for FS and UCS, respectively. The results of the untreated soil samples' FS and UCS tests are known, and the linear regression and ANN techniques yield similar results. Lastly, the ANN method is used to predict the FS and UCS of the treated samples in accordance to the limited predictors (e.g., only the Atterberg limits of the soil sample). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste (MSW) characterization plays a pivotal role in devising effective waste management strategies conducive to fostering a circular economy. This study presents composition analysis across twenty-four subcategories sourced from residential, commercial, and industrial sectors in Kuwait. The study is conducted in accordance with the Standard Test Method for Determination of the Composition of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste (ASTM D5231). The results indicate that organic waste comprises 45.3%, followed by paper waste (19.9%) and plastics (19.8%). The remaining waste comprises glass waste (3.5%), diapers (2.7%), textiles (2.6%) and other waste. Paper waste (19.9%) consists mainly of mixed paper (12.1%), cardboard (3.7%), newspaper (3.3%), printer printouts (0.6%) and other office paper (0.2%). Plastic waste (19.8%) consists mainly of film (11.2%), PET (3.1%), HDPE (1.1%) and other mixed plastics (4.4%). Residential and mixed areas have the highest proportion of organic waste. Commercial areas produce the highest proportion of wastepaper (22.4%) and textiles (3.7%). Industrial areas produce the highest proportion of plastic waste (29.1%), most of which is film (17.3%). The study also provides an overview of the MSW management system in the country, an overview over the legislative framework, and forecasts of future waste generation rates with comparison to historical baselines. Implications: The precise and up-to-date characterization of municipal solid waste is imperative for scholarly journal submissions, as it establishes a foundational understanding of waste composition, aiding researchers and policymakers in the development of effective waste management strategies, resource recovery initiatives, and sustainable solutions to address the evolving challenges in waste management systems. This study provides detailed composition analysis for twenty-four municipal solid waste (MSW) subcategories collected across different sources: residential, commercial, industrial, and mixed areas. Time series forecasting is applied to predict MSW generation based on historical data obtained through the local municipality over the past decade. Factorial analysis is applied to investigate changes across source areas, and a hypothesis test is used to compare the current MSW composition against previous baselines. The results demonstrated significant variation across most waste categories. The plastic waste proportion has increased by 48.5% compared to 2013 data, despite awareness campaigns. Paper waste has also increased in proportion from 6.8% to 16.2%; this increase is associated with the mixed paper subcategory, which is mostly used for packaging. The composition data provided in this study are necessary for long-term monitoring, strategy assessment, and legislation associated with waste reduction and remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating use of glass in an ever-evolving world poses a waste management challenge, with glass waste contributing to non-biodegradable landfill growth. Recycling glass waste emerges as a viable solution, combating the need for additional landfills and the environmental repercussions. This study employs a scientometric and content analysis from the Scopus bibliometric database and explores the functional feasibility and performance characteristics of recycled glass waste (RGW) in sustainable concrete production. Results indicate that Asia dominates research contributions to RGW for concrete production compared to other continents. Glass-mixed concrete properties depend on glass type, particle size, shape, surface texture, replacement ratio, and curing age. The pozzolanic reactivity of recycled glass is correlated with its relative fineness. Finer glass particles were considered more suitable for use due to the enhanced alkali-silica interaction. Utilizing glass powder and fine aggregates improves mechanical properties, but high replacement levels could affect concrete strength development. Additionally, using RGA as a cement and fine aggregate replacement reduces concrete's thermal conductivity. This scientometric analysis not only aids in understanding a comprehensive overview of incorporating recycled glass waste into concrete production but also identifies knowledge gaps, guiding sustainable concrete research and development for addressing waste management challenges linked to the growing use of glass in our contemporary society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its superior performance over traditional materials, polymer concrete has emerged as a new engineering material in the current context. The main focus of this study was the design and manufacture of polyester polymer concrete (PC) from various recycled materials for use in various building applications. Four different types of recycled aggregate from easily accessible crushed building materials were employed: waste glass (WG), crushed mortar (CM), crushed clay bricks (CB), and crushed concrete (CC). Sustainable modified polymer concrete (SMPC) specimens were made using a conventional casting method and various replacements for normal sand, such as crushed concrete, mortar, clay bricks, and waste glass (10, 20, 30, and 40 volume percent). The mechanical properties of SMPC with and without recycled aggregate were tested for compressive, tensile, and flexural strength. The findings showed that adding (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) of (CC, CM, CB, and WG) as a partial substitute for natural fine aggregate improves the mechanical properties (compressive strength, direct tensile strength, and flexural strength) of SMPC. In comparison to other waste materials, the results of using crushed concrete were the best and highest. Similar to reference PC and SMPC with recycled fine aggregate, the rate of strength evolution with age is roughly the same. This research also looked into how the curing temperature affected the SMPC's compressive strength characteristics. The 20, 40, and 60 °C curing temperature ranges were taken into consideration. The findings demonstrate that the compressive strength of PC, both with and without recycled fine aggregate, is significantly impacted by a curing temperature above 20 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid waste management is a major environmental challenge, especially in developing countries, with increasing amounts of waste glass (WG) and waste plastic (WP) not being recycled. In Ethiopia, managing WG and WP requires innovative recycling techniques. This study examines concrete properties with WG and WP as partial replacements for fine aggregate. Tests were conducted on cement setting time, workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength. Concrete of grade C-25, with a target compressive strength of 25 MPa, was prepared by partially replacing fine aggregate with WP and WG. The mechanical properties were evaluated after 7 and 28 days of curing. At a 20% replacement level, workability decreased at water–cement ratios of 0.5 and 0.6 but remained stable at 0.4, leading to the selection of the 0.4 ratio for further testing. A 10% replacement of fine aggregate, using a ratio of 3% WP and 7% WG, was found to be optimal, resulting in an increase in compressive strength by 12.55% and 6.44% at 7 and 28 days, respectively. In contrast, a 20% replacement led to a decrease in compressive strength by 14.35% and 0.73% at 7 and 28 days, respectively. On the 28th day, the splitting tensile strength at the optimal replacement level was 4.3 MPa, reflecting an 8.5% reduction compared to the control mix. However, flexural strength improved significantly by 19.7%, from 12.46 MPa to 15.52 MPa. Overall, the incorporation of WG and WP in concrete enhances flexural strength but slightly reduces splitting tensile strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex interactions between soil and additives such as lignin, glass powder, and rubber tires were investigated using principles of material and soil mechanics. Previous research has mainly focused on individual additives in clay soils. In contrast, this study investigates soil improvement with two different types of waste materials simultaneously. The improvement of soil properties by hybrid waste materials was evaluated using several laboratory tests, including the standard Proctor test, the unconfined compressive strength test, the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, and cyclic triaxial tests. The aim of this research is to identify key parameters for the design and construction of road pavements and to demonstrate that improving the subgrade with hybrid waste materials contributes significantly to the sustainability of road construction. The mechanical and physical properties were evaluated in detail to determine the optimal mixtures. The results show that the most effective mixture for the combination of waste glass powder and rubber tires contains 20% glass powder and 3% rubber tires, based on the dry weight of the soil. For the combination of waste glass powder and lignin, the optimum mixture consists of 15% glass powder and 15% lignin, based on the dry weight of the soil. These results provide valuable insights into the sustainable use of waste materials for soil stabilization in road construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has focused on assessing the effectiveness of response surface methodology (RSM), a non-machine learning technique, and artificial neural networks (ANN), a machine learning approach, for predicting concrete performance. This research aims to predict and simulate the compressive strength of concrete that replaces cement and fine aggregate with waste materials such as eggshell powder (ESP) and waste glass powder (WGP) for sustainable construction materials. In order to ensure concrete's durability and structural integrity, a compressive strength evaluation is essential. Precise predictions maximize efficiency and advance sustainability, particularly when dealing with waste materials like ESP and WGP. The response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) techniques are used to accomplish this for practical applications in the built environment. A dataset comprising previously published research was used to assess ANN and RSM's predictive and generalization abilities. To model and improve the model, ANN used seven independent variables, while three variables, cement, waste glass powder, and eggshell powder, improved the RSM. Both the ANN and RSM techniques are effective instruments for predicting compressive strength, according to the statistical results, which include mean squared error (MSE), determination coefficient (R2), and adjusted coefficient (R2 adj). RSM was able to achieve the R2 by 0.8729 and 0.7532 for compressive strength, while the accuracy of the results for ANN was 0.907 and 0.956 for compressive strength. Moreover, the correlation between ANN and RSM models and experimental data is high. The artificial neural network model, however, exhibits superior accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to determine the impact of glass waste as a valuable additive in cement mortars. As part of this study, three mortars with different glass waste contents were designed with the addition of 10, 20, and 30% glass waste, as well as a reference mortar without the additive. The selected characteristics of the mixtures were determined, including the consistency, density, air content, and strength properties of the mortar. Strength tests (bending and compressive strength) were performed after 28 and 56 days of maturation. Mortars with the lowest waste content (MC10%) achieved flexural strength of 26% and compressive strength of 18% compared to the average value of standard mortar, whereas MC20% mortars showed a decrease in bending strength of 30% and compressive strength of 24%. Studies have also been conducted to determine the parameters of air trapped in the mortar microstructure and its possible impact on mortar durability in a freezing/thawing environment. A group of experimental studies involved microstructure studies aimed at assessing the changes that occur in mortars containing glass waste. The negative effects of glass waste on the compressive and bending strengths and the positive effect at low temperatures were clearly demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction industry intends to promote effective utilization of waste materials obtained from various sources to develop an eco‐friendly building material for high performance, life cycle sustainability, and reduction of carbon footprints globally. The current study focusses to produce concrete mix by using industrial wastes such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (BOF) and glass powder (GP). Samples are prepared by utilizing industrial wastes partially for M35 grade concrete. The ground granulated BOF and GP are used with 10%–40% and 0.1%–0.4%, respectively, as the partial replacement of cement. Under different curing periods, the specimens were characterized for their physical and mechanical properties. Test results were analyzed to check the workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption of the sample mixes prepared. The highest compressive and flexural strength of the samples are found to be 46.23 MPa and 5.13 MPa, at the optimal replacement of BOF and GP in the proportion of 30% and 0.2%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the environmental issues arising from the growing scarcity of natural fine aggregates (NFA) and landfilling of waste glass, research is being conducted globally to utilize waste glass as a sustainable fine aggregate. However, contradictory results have been obtained regarding the effect of the type of waste glass and the physical properties of waste glass fine aggregate (GFA) on concrete, making it challenging to promote the use of GFA in concrete. Therefore, to promote the use of GFA in concrete, it is necessary to examine it under field conditions, such as mass-production processes or real-scale concrete applications. This study introduced a mass-production process for GFA, and the effect of mass-produced GFA on mortar was evaluated. The fine aggregate properties (particle aspect ratio, crushing rate, and solubility) of the GFA and the effects of color, content, and particle size on the mortar properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, and ASR expansion behavior) were analyzed, along with the results reported in previous studies. Consequently, the high aspect ratio and microcracks in the particles of mass-produced GFA led to an increase in the strength reduction and ASR expansion of the mortar. These effects appear to be particularly severe for transparent GFA. Overall, this study proposed the content of GFA within 20% or the replacement of fine particles (< 500 μm) in NFA as a condition for sustainable fine aggregate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improper waste management is causing global environmental problems. Waste glass may have adverse impacts on the ecosystem. While a substantial amount of soda-lime glass bottle (SGB) undergoes recycling to create new glass items, a significant volume still ends up in landfills. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the potential use of SGB in foamed concrete (FC) production as an aggregate replacement. SGB was substituted for sand in different weight fractions, ranging from 5 to 50%. The fresh state, mechanical, thermal, pore structure, and transport properties were examined. The findings showed a significant enhancement in the FC's mechanical properties when SGB replaced 20% of sand. The compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths exhibited a rise of up to 17.7, 39.4, and 43.8%, respectively. The findings also demonstrated that the addition of SGB improved the thermal conductivity, sorptivity, water absorption, and porosity. The scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the inclusion of 20% SGB caused a substantial decrease in void diameter and enhanced its uniformity. A comparison was made between the experimental data and predictions of the mechanical properties using various models of international standards, such as IS 456, ACI 318, NZS-3101, EC-02, AS 3600, and CEB-FIB, along with several references in the literature. The findings implied a strong correlation between the strength properties. The outcomes of this research offer valuable insights into both the possible advantages and constraints of using SGB in FC. Furthermore, this extensive laboratory investigation may serve as a guideline for future study and aid in the advancement of greener and more environmentally friendly FC alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the heat extraction efficiency from the wellbore fluids to the stratum in the geothermal well, thermal insulation cement, which contains of waste glass powder as a heat-insulating material, is proposed to apply in geothermal well's middle and upper sections in the paper. Effect of such glass powers on mechanic and thermal property of thermal insulation cement was then investigated. Various tests were carried out to measure compressive strength, thermal conductivity, microstructure porosity etc. parameters of the thermal insulation cement. Results showed that the waste glass powder would enhance its the compressive strength and improve its the thermal insulation performance. Correlation study between contents of the added waste glass powder in geothermal cements and its mechanic and thermal property was conducted. It was found that thermal insulation cement exhibited its optimum performance when the added content of glass powers was 20% in weight. Analysis of the microstructure porosity with SEM found that the pores in thermal insulation cement with added waste glass powders were mostly closed, tiny and even, and therefore contributed to the compressive strength of the thermal insulation cement; such pores would be also beneficial to improving its thermal insulation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the production of concrete roof tiles using a red clay-based geopolymer binder with container glass waste and river sand as a concrete filler. Clear and colored container glass wastes were separately ground to powder and blended with low-grade red clay to achieve a SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of approximately 7.0. The powder blends were converted to geopastes with a solid-to-alkali solution ratio of approximately 0.8 using a 12-molar alkali activator solution containing a mixture of potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. Rheological analysis showed that the geopaste binders with transparent and colored glass powders exhibited high shear thinning behavior. A higher viscosity was observed for the geopaste with colored glass powder due to the presence of colorants. Fine and coarse particles of river sand were prepared and mixed with different ratios of geopaste binder to river sand of 1:2.0, 1:2.5, and 1:3.0, respectively. All geopaste and river sand formulations were poured into acetate molds and heated in a metal chamber at 80 °C for 24 h, then aged at room temperature for 14 d. The highest flexural strength of 2.33 MPa was obtained from the formulation with a 1:2 ratio of geopaste with transparent glass powder and fine sand. The measured strength corresponded to an apparent porosity of 6.30% and a water absorption of 4.50%. The bulk density was approximately 1.16 g/cm³, which is classified as a lightweight material. A prototype geopolymer concrete roof tile was successfully produced with a sorption coefficient of approximately 0.170 mm/min1/2. This measured sorption coefficient and the physical properties indicate that the produced roof tile is a potential building material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the use of waste glass as an active aggregate in glass polymers based on water glass, aiming to enhance the sustainability of construction materials by utilizing recyclable waste. Methodologically, the research employs a combination of water glass as a binder with waste glass, analyzing their chemical interaction and the resulting mechanical properties. The primary findings reveal that the inclusion of finely ground waste glass not only promotes the polycondensation and hardening processes of water glass but also significantly influences the adhesive and cohesive strengths of the developed glass polymers. After 7 days of hardening, the tensile strength of these materials exceeds that of standard concrete with values reaching up to 4.11 MPa, indicating strong adhesion capabilities that could pull out fragments of the concrete substrate. Conclusively, the study underscores the potential of waste glass in improving the structural and economic efficiencies of building materials, contributing to a reduction in landfill waste and offering a promising avenue for the innovative use of recyclable materials in construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing, with its ability to assemble a variety of materials in complex and customized architectures, is developing rapidly. The integration of technologies and materials into a sustainable production, however, is still challenging. The present investigation offers new functional glass-based products, from nearly room temperature processing, based on direct ink writing (DIW) of pastes from 'light' alkali activation (2.5 M NaOH) of pharmaceutical glass waste, added with 20 wt% of TiO 2 nanoparticles. The inks were refined by the inclusion of porous glass microspheres (PGMs, 20–30 wt%), previously fabricated from fiber glass waste. Printed scaffolds, stabilized by simple drying (i.e. 'unfired'), were successfully applied in the photodegradation of methylene blue. The degradation efficiency reached 100% within 75 min, and the 3D-printed composites could be easily separated from the solution for subsequent reuse. The degradation efficiency declined only by 7.5%, after 5 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environment is currently confronted with challenges arising from the substantial accumulation of challenging-to-recycle waste glass. To address this issue, the utilization of alkali-activated waste glass (AAWG) emerges as a promising solution for generating potential low-carbon materials. AAWG, serving as a novel binder, is characterized by a lack of Al/Ca, diverging from both geopolymer and calcium silicate hydrate gels. Consequently, variations in gel properties necessitate corresponding adjustments in AAWG preparation methods. However, to date, there has been limited comprehensive exploration by researchers into the effects of curing conditions (humidity, temperature, and duration) on the compressive strengths of AAWG. The interaction among these factors in influencing AAWG compressive strengths remains unclear. Furthermore, the feasibility of employing AAWG as a standalone binder in concrete, along with the performance of the interfacial transition zone around the aggregates, remains uncertain. Considering these unresolved issues, this study investigates the impact of curing conditions (humidity, temperature, and time) on AAWG compressive strengths. Concrete incorporating AAWG as the binder, granite as coarse aggregates, quartz sand as fine aggregates, and silica sand/flour as inert fillers exhibited compressive strengths surpassing 75 MPa. This research contributes to advancing the upcycling of waste glass to produce high-strength concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borosilicate glasses are the primary waste forms for the industrial immobilization of high‐level liquid waste. Yet, the compositional variation of waste glasses can form the diopside phase, which can be detrimental to the melting process and the properties of the final glass products. This study prepared simulated waste glasses with variable contents of alkaline earth metals, boron, transition metals, and rare earth metal oxide and subjected them to heat treatments. The effect of the compositional variation on the diopside crystallization behavior was explored using differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results revealed that the average size of diopside crystals was proportional to the square root of the heat treatment durations. Increased contents of alkaline earth and transition metal oxides could contribute to the growth of diopside crystals, while boron oxide tended to inhibit it. Finally, a prediction model correlating the average crystal size, compositional variation, and heat treatment durations was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding mass transport in the alteration layers of glass surfaces is a crucial component of the safety assessment of nuclear waste glass. In this work, we model such an alteration layer as a silicate gel with water through a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with a reactive force field. Gels with various water contents (WCs) ranging from 5.1 to 30.7wt%$30.7 \,{\rm wt}\%$ are produced via high‐temperature annealing with water and silica. It is found that an increase in the water content destroys the polymerized structure of the silicate network and promotes the formation of silanol groups. The pore size and water connectivity formed by the silicate networks are investigated for the modeled gels. Gel with a WC of 5.7wt%$5.7 \,{\rm wt}\%$ is composed of isolated water in the pores; in contrast, pores filled with interconnected water are formed in gel with a WC of 30.7wt%$30.7 \,{\rm wt}\%$. The water diffusivity in the modeled gel is calculated using the mean‐squared displacement at various temperatures. An attempt is made to formulate a linear relationship between the water diffusivity and porosity derived from the MD simulation. The porosity is calculated using a probe atom with a radius, which was optimized from a linear relationship between the water diffusivity and porosity. This approach successfully explains the water diffusivity in terms of the porosity. Random walk (RW) simulations for the structures derived from the MD simulations are performed to determine the geometrical effects of the pores. The diffusivity obtained from RW simulation is compared with the results of the MD simulations, which include chemical interactions such as the formation and breakage of hydrogen bonds. This comparison highlights how geometrical effects and chemical interactions contribute to water diffusivity depending on the WC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address metallurgical waste residue pollution, this study utilized copper slag tailings (CST) and waste glass (WG) as primary raw materials, with secondary aluminum dross (SAD) as a pore-forming agent, to produce lightweight spontaneous foam glass-ceramics. The effects of raw material ratios, sintering temperature (1120–1160 °C), and sintering time (0–40 min) on foam glass-ceramics properties were investigated, elucidating the correlations between various properties. Under optimal preparation conditions (CST: WG: SAD = 7:11:2, sintered at 1150 °C for 20 min), the foam glass-ceramics exhibited a bulk density of 0.41 g/m³, compressive strength of 2.32 MPa, open porosity of 61.02 %, 2-h water absorption of 83.76 %, and mean pore size of 3.12 mm. The sintering process transformed raw materials into substances like diopside subsilic ferrian, which enhanced the strength of lightweight foam glass-ceramics. Harmful substances in the raw materials can be immobilized within the internal structure of foam glass-ceramics, ensuring excellent environmental safety. Additionally, comprehensive characterization was conducted on the foam glass-ceramics, elucidating their composition, structure, and pore-forming mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatility of technetium poses a challenge during the vitrification of low-activity waste (LAW) feed to glass. Although this is typically resolved through recycle loops, this can lead to other problems, such as sulfate phase formation. Thus, ensuring high single-pass retention of Tc (or Re, its non-radioactive surrogate) is required for enabling high waste-loading formulations. In our previous study, we observed significantly higher Re retention in final waste glass produced from a LAW melter feed containing gibbsite as the alumina source compared to a compositionally similar feed containing kyanite. To investigate this effect, we prepared representative LAW melter feeds with kyanite and gibbsite as alumina sources and measured the Re retention in the produced glasses. We found that the Re retention is consistently higher in glasses produced with gibbsite, by up to 20 %. We attribute this result to the formation of nanocrystalline alumina in melter feeds containing gibbsite. Possessing a high surface area, nanocrystalline alumina can adsorb the perrhenate-containing molten salt, increasing the rate at which Re is incorporated into the alkali-alumino-boro-silicate glass-forming melt. In addition, we demonstrate that replacing kyanite with gibbsite in LAW melter feeds has no adverse effects on their processing during vitrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One major factor impeding the design of nuclear waste glasses with enhanced waste loadings is our insufficient understanding of their composition–structure–durability relationships, specifically in the environments the waste form is expected to encounter in a geological repository. In particular, the high field‐strength cations (HFSCs) are an integral component of most waste streams. However, their impact on the long‐term performance of the glassy waste form remains mostly undeciphered. In this context, the present study aims to understand the impact of some HFSCs (i.e., Nb5+, Zr4+, Ti4+, and La3+) on the dissolution behavior of alkali/alkaline‐earth aluminoborosilicate‐based model nuclear waste glasses in hyper‐alkaline media. At pH = 13, the studied glasses dissolve through the dissolution–reprecipitation mechanism, with Ca precipitation being the most vital step to passivation. In Ca‐free glasses, although the HFSCs slow down the forward rate, they do not seem to impact the residual rate behavior of glasses. The presence of Ca2+, however, initiates the rapid precipitation of network polymerizing HFSCs (i.e., Nb5+, Zr4+, and Ti4+) into a Ca2+/HFSCs‐based passivating layer, thus suggesting a synergy between Ca2+ and HFSCs that contributes to the enhanced long‐term durability of the glasses. Such synergy is not strongly evident for La3+, but instead, a potential La/Si affinity is observed upon the formation of the alteration layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important environmental problem of coal energy in Russia is the accumulation of solid waste in ash dumps - products of coal combustion. Ash dumps are located on the lands of populated areas and are source of toxic dust, contamination of surface and groundwater with soluble compounds and increased radioactivity. An effective solution to the problem of accumulation of ash and slag waste is its use as secondary raw materials in the construction industry. In this work, physicochemical methods were used to study ash and slag raw materials from coal-fired power plants in Novosibirsk and municipal cullet. Recipes for building ceramics have been developed by varying the content of fly ash and cullet, molding technologies, and modes of drying and firing of products. The influence of various methods of preparing raw materials (grinding, fractionation, ignition, mechanical activation) and methods of processing and dispersing ceramic masses on the physical and mechanical properties of experimental samples was studied. The possibility of obtaining ceramic products that meet the requirements of regulatory documents for construction materials is shown.

Briquettes made from carbonized agricultural residues present sustainable material alternatives to wood charcoal and firewood for commercial and industrial applications. However, these briquettes are plagued by property weaknesses including low drop strength and thermal efficiency. Therefore, this study focuses on enhancing the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of composite briquettes produced from carbonized banana peels and waste glass. Composite briquettes comprised of banana peels biochar and waste glass powder (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) were developed, characterized, and evaluated using thermo-gravimetric analysis and bomb calorimetry to determine thermo-physical properties and higher heating values, respectively. The thermal efficiency and emissions (CO, CO2, and PM2.5) were assessed using the water boiling test and an emissions monitoring system. Proximate analysis revealed that moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content of the developed briquettes ranged from 2.5 to 9.7%, 19.2 to 37.2%, 28.7 to 55.6%, and 7.2 to 44.9%, respectively. Drop strength for the briquettes was 84% without waste glass in the composite, increasing to 94–98% with waste glass included in the composite matrix. Higher heating values ranged from 20.1 to 35.8 MJ/kg. Thermal efficiency rose from 22% with no waste glass powder to 40% with 50% waste glass powder addition, while CO and CO2 emissions decreased from 41 to 11 ppm; and 50 to 15 ppm, respectively. PM2.5 remained constant across all banana peel biochar waste glass composites. Notably, even a modest 10% waste glass composition significantly improved drop strength and thermal efficiency, but higher waste glass percentages correlated with elevated ash values and reduced higher heating values. Therefore, the developed composite briquettes can be used in commercial and industrial applications including in some industrial boilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA series of experiments were carried out to explore the impact of waste glass on the durability of concrete. In this study, waste glass was incrementally incorporated to replace sand as the fine aggregate in creating 240 concrete specimens, with substitution rates of 0%, 10%, 30%, and 50%. The concrete specimens were subjected to early strength testing on the 3rd and 7th day, followed by evaluation of strength and permeability after curing for 28 days with dry-wet cycles. Furthermore, ultrasonic wave analysis was conducted on the waveform, and the concrete’s internal phases and chemical composition were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The results led to the following observations: (1) The inclusion of glass sand lowered the early compressive strength of concrete, with the lowest drop being 24.78%. However, when it was cured for 28 days and the content of glass sand was not more than 30%, the change rate of its compressive strength was between −2.85% and 3.19%, so it was practically negligible. (2) Glass sand substitution rates ranging from 10% to 30% greatly enhanced the strength of concrete under dry-wet cycles, and the 50% substitution rate significantly improved the permeability properties, although it adversely affected the strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) is commonly used in wastewater treatment owing to its high adsorption efficiency; however, the separation of GO from treated water presents a considerable challenge, causes secondary pollution and poses an enormous threat to organisms and the environment. In this study, waste glass (WG) is employed in the aquatic environment to adsorb GO, and the adsorption mechanism is examined by SEM, TEM, BET, XRD, AFM, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, XPS and Zeta potential testing methods. The effect of the pH, mass of WG, initial GO concentration, temperature, and adsorption time on the adsorption of GO by WG is examined. The adsorption mechanism included electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding and surface complexation. The optimal WG adsorption effect on GO was achieved at a pH, WG mas, GO initial concentration, and temperature of = 3, 40 mg, 80 mg/L, and 313 K, respectively; the corresponding adsorption rate was 95.5 %. An increase in temperature favoured the adsorption reaction. The Freundlich isotherm model more accurately represents the adsorption behavior. The adsorption of GO by WG proceeds via a spontaneous, endothermic multilayer adsorption process. Adsorption equilibrium was attained after 750 min, which was more consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. WG is highly reusable and stable. This study demonstrates that solid-waste WG can be employed as an inexpensive and highly-efficient adsorbent for the effective and efficient removal of GO from aqueous solutions, providing a reference for water pollution treatment in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete, the construction industry's most utilized construction material, has transformed the environment and the modern built-up lifestyle. Although concrete is a first-rate supplier to the carbon footprint, it is imperative for buildings to display sustainable characteristics. Scholars have explored techniques to lessen the carbon footprint and the way to put into effect strategic waste control plans in which waste is reused. This study explores the dual benefits wherein concrete ingredients are replaced through abandoned waste which reduces the unwanted waste materials that have a substantial carbon footprint and thus results in the recycling of waste as part of a sustainable economic system. In this study, timber ash is utilized as a partial substitute for sand and cement, crumb rubber and waste glass as a partial substitute for sand, recycled concrete, and waste glass as a substitute for gravel. Characteristics studies were done to check the influence of each waste replacement on the modulus of elasticity of concrete. More than sixty-five combinations of waste have been examined to attain the modulus of elasticity of concrete. A total of about 200 concrete cylinders were cast to provide at least three cylinders for each generated data point. Three different ASTM standards were utilized to determine the modulus of elasticity of each mix. Four mixes comprising of the combination of two waste materials and two mixes comprising of the combination of three waste materials replacing natural materials were determined to exhibit an equal or superior modulus of elasticity of the control mix of 25 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a fission product in high‐level radioactive nuclear waste, Mo has low solubility in borosilicate glass. Fe2O3 is not only a prevalent transition metal element but also a major corrosion product in high‐level radioactive nuclear waste. Against this backdrop, the effect of Fe2O3 content on the structure and chemical durability of typical molybdenum‐containing sodium borosilicate glasses for nuclear waste immobilization are studied. The results show that the samples containing more than 3.85 mol% Fe2O3, a completely homogenous amorphous glass sample is obtained. Moreover, the mechanism of the effect of Fe2O3 on the solubility of Mo is discussed in detail. In this work, a portion of Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+ and enters into the glasses as a charge compensation ion as Fe2+O6. Concurrently, Fe3+ ions contribute to the formation of the glass networks as Fe3+O4. Iron incorporation can improve the chemical durability of the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the compressive strength and drying shrinkage behavior of cement and LC3‐50‐based cementitious composites containing glass powder. A total of four, i.e., 20, 35, 50, and 60 MPa, strengths of cementitious composites were targeted by varying the mix composition and water‐to‐cement ratios. In all four composite mix types, locally available glass powder was used as 0, 5, 10, and 15% added as a partial replacement of cement and LC3‐50. The novelty of this research is the addition of waste glass powder as an alternative to silica fume, especially in a high‐strength composite (including 50 and 60 MPa). The aim was to investigate the efficiency of waste glass powder in providing eco‐friendly composites. The compressive strength was determined following ASTM C 109 standard and the drying shrinkage test followed ASTM C 157 standard. The results of compressive strength in the enhancement using up to 10% waste glass powder are beneficial in enhancing strength and reducing drying shrinkage. Furthermore, the use of LC3‐50 initially reduced compressive strength up to 14 days while increased at 28 days compared to OPC. Contrariwise, the initial drying shrinkage was higher in LC3‐50 specimens and lower at later ages compared to OPC. A detailed investigation of existing shrinkage models for mortar/composite is assessed, and limitations are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of obtaining high-strength vitrified bricks based on loess by adding 20% of waste glass powder was established. At the same time, the amount of moisture in the material should be close to 10%, which corresponds to the dry-pressing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of the structural organization of nuclear waste glasses at the atomic scale is the basis for further studies of macroscopic properties (e.g., fracture toughness, chemical durability, and leaching rate). Recent studies have focused on the iodine dissolution mechanism in oxide‐based glasses synthesized under high‐pressure conditions, but there is still a lack of key information on the extent of the modifications caused by iodine entering the glass network. We therefore decided to conduct an in‐depth study by nuclear magnetic resonance on two series of aluminoborosilicate glasses synthetized under high pressure conditions and doped with either I2 or I2O5. The obtained 11B, 23Na, and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were fitted and correlated with the iodine content in order to find possible relationships with the local environment change for the probed cations. These data showed that iodine has no effect on the coordination of aluminum and very little effects on that of boron. In contrast, we found an expected relationship of the I content with the 23Na NMR parameters. In comparison with previous studies on the non‐bridging oxygen (NBO) distribution in aluminoborosilicate, we suggest that Na+ is mainly scavenged from silica tetrahedra with one or two NBO (Q3${Q}^3$ or Q2${Q}^2$) as no boron planar triangles with one NBO are expected for such compositions. From those information, we establish a model for iodine dissolution in nuclear waste glass that is consistent with previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern consumption patterns have led to a surge in waste glass accumulating in municipal landfills, contributing to environmental pollution, especially in countries that do not have well-established recycling standards. While glass itself is 100% recyclable, the logistics and handling involved present significant challenges. Flint and amber-colored glass, often found in high quantities in municipal waste, can serve as valuable sources of raw materials. We propose an affordable route that requires just a thermal treatment of glass waste to obtain glass-based antimicrobial materials. The thermal treatment induces crystallized nanoregions, which are the primary factor responsible for the bactericidal effect of waste glass. As a result, coarse particles of flint waste glass that undergo thermal treatment at 720 °C show superior antimicrobial activity than amber waste glass. Glass-ceramic materials from flint waste glass, obtained by thermal treatment at 720 °C during 2 h, show antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli after just 30 min of contact time. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed to monitor the elemental composition of the glass waste. The obtained glass-ceramic material was structurally characterized by transmission electron microscopy, enabling the confirmation of the presence of nanocrystals embedded within the glass matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New materials and technologies used in construction constantly need improvements, whereby the leveraging of new raw materials for the manufacture of products already in use, such as paving, is required. Thus, this study aimed to determine the mechanical and thermal behavior of pavers containing waste glass and São Tomé stone waste to verify their potential application as cold diffraction. Thereafter, they were comminuted and added to the mixtures for making the pavers having glass waste and São Tomé stone in the range of 0–30% by weight. Mechanical compressive strength and thermal heat absorption tests were performed. Results showed that the replacement of fine aggregates with waste glass and São Tomé stone waste in pavers reached a mechanical resistance of approximately 85% and 73% of that of the reference paver, respectively. The results show that reducing the waste content of pavers can increase the mechanical strength to reach the NBR 9781/87 values. However, pavers with lower mechanical strength can be used in paving pedestrian sidewalks, where the loads are low. Pavers with 30% glass waste achieved a 5.5% reduction in the maximum temperature, which could contribute to the reduction of urban heat islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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