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Background: Gynecomastia is a progressive disease characterized by enlarged breasts, affecting a significant proportion of men. Persistent gynecomastia negatively affects the psychological and emotional development of patients; therefore, surgical intervention is required. In this article, we describe a surgical technique, where liposuction through an axillary incision is used in combination with a single small periareolar incision, to obtain the most minimal scars in the treatment of gynecomastia. Methods: Between June 2021 and June 2023, 125 patients with different Simon grades of gynecomastia were enrolled. The patients' basic conditions and operation processes were recorded. Following surgery, a score was assigned according to the five main aesthetic aspects of the surgical procedure. Results: In total, 125 patients with gynecomastia were treated with a pre-axillary fold incision combined with a small areolar incision. There were 17 cases of Simon grade I, 46 grade IIA, 42 grade IIB, and 20 grade III. The average operation time was 45.8 min, the average liposuction volume was 250.5 mL, the average glandular tissue volume was 50.5 g, intraoperative blood loss ranged from 15 to 60 mL, and the average hospital stay was 3.2 days. Regarding the postoperative aesthetic effect, doctors scored > 4 points, and the patient satisfaction score was > 7.5, which fully affirmed the aesthetic effect of this method. Conclusions: Treatment of gynecomastia through an anterior axillary fold incision combined with a small areolar incision is safe and feasible, involving a simple procedure, short operation time, and few complications. Its efficacy and cosmetic effects could lead to its use as a primary surgical method to treat gynecomastia. Level of Evidence IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine Ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal models show a more rapid mammary gland response and more milk with subsequent lactations, as well as impairment of lactation performance by obesity. Whilst maternal obesity is linked to reduced breastfeeding initiation, breastfeeding confidence, and duration as well as early introduction of formula, maternal adiposity, breast anatomy and milk production (MP) have not been assessed in this population. Thirty-four lactating mothers 1–6 months postpartum and with BMI range of 17–35 kg/m2 participated in this study. We conducted ultrasound examination imaging to assess breast anatomy. The amount of glandular tissue (glandular tissue representation (GTR)) was classified as low, moderate, or high. Number and diameters of milk ducts as well as mammary blood flow (the resistive index) were measured. Maternal bra cup volume was calculated from current bra size. Maternal body composition was measured with bioimpedance spectroscopy. Mothers completed a questionnaire regarding their medical, obstetric and lactation history, and conducted a 24 h MP study to enable calculation of total volume, average and maximum feed volumes and breast storage capacity (24 h MP parameters). For statistical analysis, we used the correlation networks method (directions of multiple significant correlations are reported). Correlation networks show that pathways culminating in either high or low MP start as early as puberty. In this study, later menarche correlates with the absence of breast growth during both puberty and pregnancy, which further correlate with lower numbers of ducts and smaller diameters. Higher maternal adiposity correlates with larger bra cup volume (both correlate with absence of breast growth during pregnancy and low GTR) and lower 24 h MP parameters. Larger numbers of ducts and duct diameters correlate with higher parity and longer durations of previous lactations, and higher 24 h MP parameters. Mammary blood flow shows no correlations. Findings from this cross-sectional study corroborate animal studies showing that a number of modifiable and non-modifiable maternal factors may impact breast development and MP. Further research may inform interventions, such as maintaining healthy adiposity not only during pre-conception, pregnancy, and lactation, but as early as childhood and potentially infancy. Moreover, the results provide rationale for antenatal lactation assessment of women and intervention in high-risk mothers to ensure they reach their full lactation potential.

Numerous factors not consistently identified in pregnancy are linked with decreased breastfeeding exclusivity and durations. These factors may be considered in three domains: the anatomical, metabolic, and psychosocial domains. As fundamental research into lactation has increased, it is now often possible to identify or speculate the mechanisms by which these factors potentially reduce milk production. The first domain describes the anatomical characteristics of the breast, including intrinsic factors such as hypoplasia (underdevelopment), which may have a genetic component and can be masked by breast augmentation surgery. Hypoplasia has long been associated with the inability to make a full milk production that satisfyies the infant’s needs, although it is not possible to predict a woman’s 24-h milk production so that appropriate complementary feeds can be advised. Extrinsic causes such as breast reduction surgery impact the volume of glandular tissue, thereby reducing the synthetic capacity of the breast. Whereas nipple piercings may damage milk ducts, obstructing milk flow from the breast and thereby reducing milk supply via the autocrine pathway. Various maternal metabolic disorders (intrinsic) comprise the second domain, which includes conditions such as gestational diabetes mellitus, type 1 and 2 diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome (often undiagnosed), and hypothyroidism. The aberrant levels of hormones associated with these disorders, such as insulin, are also implicated in breast development, raising the possibility of reduced mammary growth in pregnancy and, consequently, milk production. Much more research is needed in this area, not only to understand mechanisms by which lactation is impacted but also to identify the women at risk of reduced lactation capacity. The third and final domain includes psychosocial issues such as short intended breastfeeding durations, a lack of breastfeeding support, and maternal anxiety and depression. With respect to anxiety and depression, their association with reduced breastfeeding is likely multifaceted, encompassing mood and the potential biochemical changes associated with these states, such as lower levels of circulating oxytocin and higher cortisol levels. Possessing a knowledge of the negative impacts of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors within the maternal anatomical, metabolic, and psychosocial domains provides the impetus for antenatal lactation screening. The antenatal identification of risk factors enables anticipatory guidance and education during pregnancy, as well as early postpartum intervention should breastfeeding issues occur.

A breast cancer hyperthermia system has been developed for the targeted of increasing hyperthermia therapy efficiency after lumpectomy surgery with the assistance of fat grafting technique. Enhancing the efficiency of hyperthermia treatment will decrease the required radiation doses after surgery. A fat grafting technique is applied around the tumor region that is located into glandular tissue for the purpose of enhancing wave penetration through glandular tissue. The proposed hyperthermia system employs a single horn antenna operating at 2.45 GHz. Here, a modified hyperthermia system was tested on a hemisphere phantom of two different densities with various tumor sizes at depth 2.8 cm from skin layer. Transmission and reflection coefficients of applied electromagnetic waves at the air‐phantom interface were calculated analytically. Based on these computations, an external dielectric matched layer was added on the skin layer of breast to decrease reflection that would occur at the skin layer because of the difference in permittivity values. The experiments were conducted on a 3‐D phantom that has the realistic dielectric properties using the available laboratory capability. Measured and simulated results confirmed the system ability to increase the diseased region temperature using fat grafting technique with a dielectric matched layer without increasing the system input power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal models show a more rapid mammary gland response and more milk with subsequent lactations, as well as impairment of lactation performance by obesity. Whilst maternal obesity is linked to reduced breastfeeding initiation, breastfeeding confidence, and duration as well as early introduction of formula, maternal adiposity, breast anatomy and milk production (MP) have not been assessed in this population. Thirty-four lactating mothers 1–6 months postpartum and with BMI range of 17–35 kg/m2 participated in this study. We conducted ultrasound examination imaging to assess breast anatomy. The amount of glandular tissue (glandular tissue representation (GTR)) was classified as low, moderate, or high. Number and diameters of milk ducts as well as mammary blood flow (the resistive index) were measured. Maternal bra cup volume was calculated from current bra size. Maternal body composition was measured with bioimpedance spectroscopy. Mothers completed a questionnaire regarding their medical, obstetric and lactation history, and conducted a 24 h MP study to enable calculation of total volume, average and maximum feed volumes and breast storage capacity (24 h MP parameters). For statistical analysis, we used the correlation networks method (directions of multiple significant correlations are reported). Correlation networks show that pathways culminating in either high or low MP start as early as puberty. In this study, later menarche correlates with the absence of breast growth during both puberty and pregnancy, which further correlate with lower numbers of ducts and smaller diameters. Higher maternal adiposity correlates with larger bra cup volume (both correlate with absence of breast growth during pregnancy and low GTR) and lower 24 h MP parameters. Larger numbers of ducts and duct diameters correlate with higher parity and longer durations of previous lactations, and higher 24 h MP parameters. Mammary blood flow shows no correlations. Findings from this cross-sectional study corroborate animal studies showing that a number of modifiable and non-modifiable maternal factors may impact breast development and MP. Further research may inform interventions, such as maintaining healthy adiposity not only during pre-conception, pregnancy, and lactation, but as early as childhood and potentially infancy. Moreover, the results provide rationale for antenatal lactation assessment of women and intervention in high-risk mothers to ensure they reach their full lactation potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous factors not consistently identified in pregnancy are linked with decreased breastfeeding exclusivity and durations. These factors may be considered in three domains: the anatomical, metabolic, and psychosocial domains. As fundamental research into lactation has increased, it is now often possible to identify or speculate the mechanisms by which these factors potentially reduce milk production. The first domain describes the anatomical characteristics of the breast, including intrinsic factors such as hypoplasia (underdevelopment), which may have a genetic component and can be masked by breast augmentation surgery. Hypoplasia has long been associated with the inability to make a full milk production that satisfyies the infant's needs, although it is not possible to predict a woman's 24-h milk production so that appropriate complementary feeds can be advised. Extrinsic causes such as breast reduction surgery impact the volume of glandular tissue, thereby reducing the synthetic capacity of the breast. Whereas nipple piercings may damage milk ducts, obstructing milk flow from the breast and thereby reducing milk supply via the autocrine pathway. Various maternal metabolic disorders (intrinsic) comprise the second domain, which includes conditions such as gestational diabetes mellitus, type 1 and 2 diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome (often undiagnosed), and hypothyroidism. The aberrant levels of hormones associated with these disorders, such as insulin, are also implicated in breast development, raising the possibility of reduced mammary growth in pregnancy and, consequently, milk production. Much more research is needed in this area, not only to understand mechanisms by which lactation is impacted but also to identify the women at risk of reduced lactation capacity. The third and final domain includes psychosocial issues such as short intended breastfeeding durations, a lack of breastfeeding support, and maternal anxiety and depression. With respect to anxiety and depression, their association with reduced breastfeeding is likely multifaceted, encompassing mood and the potential biochemical changes associated with these states, such as lower levels of circulating oxytocin and higher cortisol levels. Possessing a knowledge of the negative impacts of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors within the maternal anatomical, metabolic, and psychosocial domains provides the impetus for antenatal lactation screening. The antenatal identification of risk factors enables anticipatory guidance and education during pregnancy, as well as early postpartum intervention should breastfeeding issues occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrical properties of the cancer affected cell or malignant tumor cell are completely different from normal healthiest breast tissue. Specific absorption rate (SAR) is used as one of the best parameter to identify the malignant tissue in breast with the help of electrical properties of the human breast tissue, for example, permittivity and conductivity. The design of modified octagonal shaped ultra-wideband monopole microstrip antenna with size of $27\times 29\times 1.6$ mm3, fabricated with FR-4 material, is found suitable for ultra-wideband applications and used to detect the cancer. The antenna impedance bandwidth of simulated and measured results are good (S11< −10 dB) and its operating frequency ranges from 3 to 15 GHz with voltage standing wave ratio ≤ 2. A 3-D breast model is designed with 60 mm radius, and simulated SAR values are tabulated for skin, fatty tissue, glandular tissue, and tumor. As glandular tissue is one of the softest tissues in human female breast, it has the possibility of developing tumor in lobules and ducts. The tumors of different size are incorporated in glandular tissue. It is found that the SAR value varies based on the tumor size in glandular tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anatomy of the female genitalia sets the arena for sperm competition in species in which females mate multiply and store sperm. In spiders, females possess cuticular internal structures that have evolved into diverse sperm storage sites. Here, we investigate the female genital morphology of seven eresid spider species. We used X-ray micro-computed tomography for 3D reconstruction of the anatomy of the female genital system in the social Stegodyphus dumicola, S. mimosarum and S. sarasinorum, and the subsocial S lineatus, S. pacificus, S. tentoriicola as well as Eresus sandaliatus . We used histology to assess the sites of sperm storage in two selected species S. lineatus and S. dumicola . Our results show that the internal genitalia of the Stegodyphus species consist of two bilateral folds instead of closed ducts as often reported for entelegyne spiders. Along each fold, three regions are discriminable that differ in their specific morphology but are all surrounded by glandular tissue. Between species, the regions differ in shape and dimension. In virgin females, the lumina of all regions are filled with secretion. In mated females, spermatozoa were found in all three regions; however, only those sperm that are stored in the posterior region seem to become activated. Sperm found in anterior regions are embedded in a substance that might act as a mating plug. Our data suggest that the regions of the female genital tract differ in accessibility by the male as well as in their potential use for ejection and manipulation of sperm by the female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximum points of breast density have been strongly associated with breast cancer masking than global breast density, which is a widely used measure today. The objective of this work was to verify the correlation between two measures of global breast density (VBD GLOBAL and DAB GLOBAL) and a measure of maximum point breast density (VBD MP). Mammographic images of 4.020 patients were analyzed using the Volpara software, which calculated or extracted the variables needed for the study from the DICOM header. Two-tailed partial correlation tests were performed between the variable VBD GLOBAL with VBD MP and DAB GLOBAL with VBD MP in the following contexts: keeping PA and CBT constant, keeping only CBT constant, and keeping only PA constant. The Pearson test was also used to verify the bivariate correlation between VBD GLOBAL with VBD MP and DAB GLOBAL with VBD MP. For the two-tailed partial correlation tests between VBD GLOBAL with VBD MP , keeping the CBT and PA variables constant resulted in r = 0.845 (p < 0.05). When kept constant only the CBT, r = 0.875 (p < 0.05), and keeping only the PA constant r = 0.866 (p < 0.05). Pearson's test showed r = 0.883 (p < 0.05). For the two-tailed partial correlation tests between the DAB GLOBAL with VBD MP quantities, the results were r = 0.675 (p < 0.05), r = 0.725 (p < 0.05) and r = 0.701 (p < 0.05) for constant CBT and PA, constant CBT and constant PA, respectively, while the Pearson test resulted in r = 0.738 (p < 0.05). We conclude that a woman who has high global breast density is also highly likely to have maximum points of breast density. • Analysis of real mammographic images to calculate breast density. • Use of the point breast density metric, a metric that is rarely used. • Comparison of point breast density metrics with global breast density metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]