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The growing awareness of environmental issues, climate policies, and rapidly developing technologies is contributing to the increasing number of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) around the world. A key requirement for their widespread implementation is providing a charging infrastructure that allows users to operate these vehicles comfortably. Lack of access to charging stations can be a major barrier to the development of electromobility in a given area. Therefore, each additional charging infrastructure can support a change in the structure of the vehicle fleet. One of the key challenges facing this transformation is the selection of suitable locations for charging stations. It is necessary to ensure that they are uniformly distributed so that range anxiety for EV users is reduced and equal access to charging infrastructure is provided to all residents. One of the most important stakeholders in this market is local authorities. Therefore, the objective of this research was to develop a method of determining optimal locations for electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) from the perspective of local authorities that also takes into account equal access to the charging infrastructure for all residents, which seems to be a unique approach to this problem. We used commonly available spatial data as input to enable the method to be applied on a larger scale and over an urban area. We carried out our research using a case study: the city of Gliwice in Poland. The city area was divided into hexagonal basic fields, for which potentials for locations of new charging stations were calculated. The analysis was carried out using the geographic information system (GIS) QGIS (ver. 3.34). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to map and model the noise pollution level (NPL) of a highway in Iran by using statistical techniques, geographic information system (GIS) Software, and the Traffic Noise Model version 2.5 (TNM2.5). The equivalent noise level in A weighting network (L eq(A)) was measured in 28 stations in different seasons using the sound level meter of the TES-1358 model. The traffic noise data and indices L eq (equivalent noise level), L max and L min (the maximum and minimum time-weighted noise levels), L n (noise pressure level exceeded for n percent of the time), NPL, and TNI (traffic noise index) were measured and calculated to determine the daily sound level. They were then statistically analyzed by SPSS and Sigma Plot Software. Finally, the GIS software and TNM2.5 techniques were used to map and predict the traffic NPL in the region and the distribution of noise levels. The highest noise level was measured at about 80 and 79.61 dB in Kouhsangi and Abadgaran stations, respectively. The lowest level was measured at around 58 dB in the Hafez Square station. In addition, the results show that the highest and lowest L eq were almost in the same range (81–85 dB). It appears that the TNM2.5 model can reasonably predict traffic noise levels as well as the dispersion and nature of noise pollution on the highway.

The major objective of this study is to establish a network of Ground Control Points-GCPs which can use it as a reference for any engineering project. Total Station (type: Nikon Nivo 5.C), Optical Level and Garmin Navigator GPS were used to perform traversing. Traversing measurement was achieved by using nine points covered the selected area irregularly. Near Civil Engineering Department at Baghdad University Al-jadiriya, an attempt has been made to assess the accuracy of GPS by comparing the data obtained from the Total Station. The average error of this method is 3.326 m with the highest coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.077 m observed in Northing. While in the Easting the average error is 4.634 m with (R2) 0.099 m observed. The average error 5.513 m with (R2) is 0.071 m is observed in Reduced Level. The accuracy assessments of the interpolation methods (Total Station and Level) have been calculated using the average error 0.240 m with (R2) is 0.735 m is observed in Reduced Level. The GIS 10.3 program can automatically transform the saved data to text format and produce digital plans with attribute.

This paper reports on how the concept and technologies of GIS are included in the telecommunications engineering curriculum at the undergraduate level. The course of Fundamentals of GIS is described in detail. The usage of GIS software is necessary part of GIS technology education. In order to evaluate available GIS software, several criteria are defined. For this purpose, the authors used Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology according to the goal to find the most appropriate GIS software in education of telecommunications engineers. The following software tools are considered: GRASS, uDig, SAGA, Prune and OpenJUMP. Each proposed criterion was given relative importance through pair-wise comparison. Taking into account proposed criteria, uDig software tools showed the most promising results to be used for education of future telecommunications engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTSolid waste management (SWM) in Ethiopian cities is a significant public health, economic, and environmental issue, with access to suitable disposal locations becoming challenging due to social, environmental, economic, and technical factors. This study aims to propose suitable landfill sites for Debrebirhan Town's solid waste disposal using an integrated survey mechanism, including geographical information system, remote sensing, and analytical hierarchy process (AHP), to address limiting factors. Economic, social, and environmental data were used for the suitable site selection. Satellite images were processed by ERDAS IMAGINE Software, and ArcGIS software was used to identify and map the potential landfill sites. The suitability map was produced by the combined effect of the weights of the criteria and the suitability of the factor maps. The result is summarized with four suitability levels labeled as highly suitable (23%), moderately suitable (51.75%), less suitable (0.25%), and unsuitable (25%). The most suitable landfill sites were found in three locations in the west, north-west, and north directions of Debrebirhan Town that fulfill the economic feasibility, environmental safety, and social acceptability requirements for solid waste disposal. The findings are relevant for governmental decision-making and policy framework implementation.

A wetland is an area of land that is covered by water, whether salt, fresh, or somewhere in between, either seasonally or permanently. It operates as a separate ecosystem. Wetlands are distinguished from other types of land or bodies of water primarily by vegetation that has adapted to moist soil. However, this study focused on identifying wetlands, and change in Addis Ababa, the study employs remote sensing and GIS software. USSG provides free pictures from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI. The area is separated into six classes, with a Confusion Matrix reaching an accuracy of 95.58% for images taken between 1986 and 2019, and 86% in 2019. The Kappa Coefficients (k) are 0.8645 and 0.82, respectively. The Confusion Matrix also reports the Kappa Coefficient (k), which is another indicator of categorization accuracy. The k values for the picture classifications in 1986 and 2019 were 0.8645 and 0.82, respectively. Wetlands totaled 52.66 km2 of land in the original condition (1986) image; in 2019, that figure had reduced to 17.03 km2. The distribution of land cover types in 1986 and 2019 for built-up and other concerns influenced the demise of the marsh in and around the city. To develop a smart city and a green, climate-resilient economy, immediate and mid-term restoration management plans are required.

Demand for space cooling systems is growing worldwide. The main reasons are socioeconomic developments such as the growing world population and the rise of economic wealth, especially in developing countries. These developments run simultaneously with global warming effects, increasing the need for cooling. This study introduces the development of the Cooling Demand Market Index (CDMI), which indicates the demand for cooling appliances worldwide at a spatial resolution of 1 km. It is based on population density, Gross Domestic Product (GDP)/capita and Cooling Degree Days (CDD) per climate zone. The CDMI is calculated for 2020 and 2050 in four different future scenarios in accordance with the Spatial Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). Further, the Solar Thermal Cooling Index (STCI) was developed to spatially estimate the worldwide potential to use solar thermal cooling systems based on solar availability and limitations due to maximum heat rejection temperature. Results of the CDMI show that the economic demand for cooling solutions is increasing, especially in developing countries, and that India will be by far the largest market by 2050. Countries such as Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo show the strongest national increases in CDMI. The STCI indicates that ammonia absorption chillers and zeolite adsorption chillers can serve the vast majority of the market thanks to their capability to run at high condenser temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many previous studies of the occurrence of blocking anticyclones, their characteristics, and dynamics have defined the onset longitude using the one-dimensional zonal index type criterion proposed by Lejenas and Okland. In addition to examining the blocking event itself, the onset longitude was determined to start at the nearest five degrees longitude using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalyses that were used to identify the events. In this study, each blocking event in the University of Missouri Blocking Archive was re-examined to identify an onset latitude, and this information was added to the archive. The events were then plotted and displayed on a map of the Northern or Southern Hemisphere using Geographic Information System (GIS) software housed at the University of Missouri as different colored and sized dots according to block intensity and duration, respectively. This allowed for a comparison of blocking events in the archive above to studies that used a two-dimensional index. Then the common onset regions were divided by phase of the El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the typical onset of intense and persistent blocking events could be examined. The results found a favorable comparison between the onset regions identified here and those found in previous studies that used a two-dimensional blocking index. Additionally, there was variability identified in the onset regions of blocking in both hemispheres by ENSO phase, including the location of more intense and persistent events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities are growing geographically in response to the enormous increase in urban population; consequently, comprehending growth and environmental changes is critical for long-term planning. Urbanization transforms naturally permeable surfaces into impermeable surfaces, causing an increase in urban land surface temperature, leading to the phenomenon known as urban heat islands. The urban heat islands are noticeable across Malaysia's rural communities and villages, particularly in Kuala Lumpur. These effects must be addressed to slow, if not halt, climate change and meet the Paris Agreement's 2030 goal. The study posits an application of thermal remote sensing utilizing a space-borne satellite-based technique to demonstrate urban evolution for urban heat island analysis and its relationship to land surface temperature. The urban heat island (UHI) was analyzed by converting infrared radiation into visible thermal images utilizing thermal imaging from remote sensing techniques. The heat island is validated by reference to the characteristics of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which define the land surface temperature (LST) of distinct locations. Based on the digital information from the satellite, the highest temperature difference between urban and rural regions for a few chosen cities in 2013 varied from 10.8 to 25.5 °C, while in 2021, it ranged from 16.1 to 26.73 °C, highlighting crucial temperature changes. The results from ANOVA test has substantially strengthened the credibility of the significant temperature changes. Some notable reveals are as follows: The Sungai Batu area, due to its rapid development and industry growth, was more vulnerable to elevated urban heat due to reduced vegetation cover; therefore, higher relative vulnerability. Contrary, the Bukit Ketumbar area, which region lies in the woodland region, experienced the lowest, with urban heat islands reading from 2013 at −0.3044 and 0.0154 in 2021. It shows that despite having urban heat islands increase two-fold from 2013 to 2021, increasing the amount of vegetation coverage is a simple and effective way of reducing the urban heat island effect, as evidenced by the low urban heat islands in the Bukit Ketumbar woodland region. The study findings are critical for advising municipal officials and urban planners to decrease urban heat islands by investing in open green spaces.

One of the ways to generate power from the solar energy is to use the solar chimney technology. In the present study, by examining the weather map of Iran and using GIS software for selecting the appropriate area for the power plant site, the four physical models proposed studied for the solar chimney. This study is a numerical simulation (by MATLAB) regarding four physical models of solar chimneys in the city of Bam site, in Kerman province. The difference between the four mentioned models of the solar chimney is in storage system and the use of air diffuser. The behaviors of all four models were examined according to the valid meteorological information on a specific day from the target site. According to the results of the simulation, which includes airflow speed in several internal parts of the chimney and the production capacity of each of the mentioned models, the best and most proper model of solar chimney can be selected for the studies site and a proper estimation of the final production can be obtained.

Nowadays, there are many area-based Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications such as real estate valuation, land tax, farming support and cost–benefit analysis. Areas used in such applications are calculated by means of two-dimensional plane geometry. However, the computed area value is not the exact area value in the terrain. In order to calculate the exact area value of a parcel, area corrections due to various factors must be taken into account. These factors are selection of projection, slope of the terrain, elevation of the terrain and scale of the map. Selection of projection and slope of terrain are available; elevation of the terrain and scale of map are not available in all GIS software. In this study, the effect of area corrections on the area value calculated from the map is examined with sample applications and the results are presented to the GIS users. According to the results, GIS users should select the equal area projection. In addition, scale of map, elevation and slope of terrain should be taken into account in the area calculation where land measurements are not possible.

Sikkim Himalaya is located in the North-Eastern Himalaya and is prone to landslides caused by rainfall, anthropogenic factors, earthquakes, and other natural disasters. This study aims to identify landslide susceptibility map for the Sikkim Himalaya, India, utilizing an integrated methodology of Geographic Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), and the Frequency Ratio (FR) method. Identification of landslide susceptibility map in this region has used multiple datasets as rainfall, earthquake's magnitude, slope angle, altitude, distance to drainages, topographic roughness index, geomorphology, geology, soil, gravity anomaly, distance to faults, stream transportation index, topographic witness index, stream power index, distance to roads, LULC, and NDVI. All the above-mentioned factor/thematic layers were generated using remotely sensed as well as ground data with the help of Arc GIS software. Therefore, the weights of these all-thematic layers were calculated using the FR model for the occurrence of landslides prone in the area. After that, calculated weights of all factor/thematic layers were integrated with Arc GIS software to generate a landslide susceptibility map. The landslide susceptibility zone of the study area has been divided into 5 different classes, namely ‘Very High (11.88%)’, ‘High (15.75%)’, ‘Medium (25.88%)’, ‘Low (25.30%)’, and ‘Very Low (21.19%)’. The accuracy assessment of the study area was 87.8%, which was done by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve method. This research investigates the possibility of using broader approaches to determine landslide-prone areas.

Today, many mapping techniques (development plan implementation, expropriation, urban and rural arrangement, etc.) are applied geometrically. One of the situations that will be encountered in these applications is the relative status of the parcels. Firstly, point-plot relationships for arbitrary points were examined in this study. It was investigated whether these points were inside or outside the parcel. The aim is to determine the positions of the points relative to the parcels and to observe whether there is an intersection. If there is an intersection between the main parcel and the test parcel as a result of the point-parcel examination, the intersection points of these two parcels are found. Parcel corner points and intersection points are ordered according to the specified criteria and the intersection parcel is obtained. The area of the intersection parcel obtained is calculated. All possible special cases of the two parcels are examined relative to each other. With the proposed method, the results for each of the special cases are obtained and presented. The accuracy of the results was compared with CAD and GIS software and their advantages and disadvantages were examined. The proposed method is designed to be two or more parcels in many surveying techniques and gives high accuracy results. In addition, it is foreseen that the proposed method will provide great convenience in calculations functionally and temporally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ways to generate power from the solar energy is to use the solar chimney technology. In the present study, by examining the weather map of Iran and using GIS software for selecting the appropriate area for the power plant site, the four physical models proposed studied for the solar chimney. This study is a numerical simulation (by MATLAB) regarding four physical models of solar chimneys in the city of Bam site, in Kerman province. The difference between the four mentioned models of the solar chimney is in storage system and the use of air diffuser. The behaviors of all four models were examined according to the valid meteorological information on a specific day from the target site. According to the results of the simulation, which includes airflow speed in several internal parts of the chimney and the production capacity of each of the mentioned models, the best and most proper model of solar chimney can be selected for the studies site and a proper estimation of the final production can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the surge of spatio-temporal data volume, the popularity of location-based services and applications, and the importance of extracted knowledge from spatio-temporal data to solve a wide range of real-world problems, a plethora of research and development work has been done in the area of spatial and spatiotemporal data analytics in the past decade. The main goal of existing works was to develop algorithms and technologies to capture, store, manage, analyze, and visualize spatial or spatio-temporal data. The researchers have contributed either by adding spatio-temporal support with existing systems, by developing a new system from scratch, or by implementing algorithms for processing spatio-temporal data. The existing ecosystem of spatial and spatio-temporal data analytics systems can be categorized into three groups, (1) spatial databases (SQL and NoSQL), (2) big spatial data processing infrastructures, and (3) programming languages and GIS software. Since existing surveys mostly investigated infrastructures for processing big spatial data, this survey has explored the whole ecosystem of spatial and spatio-temporal analytics. This survey also portrays the importance and future of spatial and spatio-temporal data analytics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural waste mapping is an indispensable tool for the development and adoption of sustainable waste management practises in the agricultural sector. Current practices of agricultural plastic waste (APW) management in countries with large agricultural areas and thus high generation volumes of APW include uncontrollable disposal in fields or near water sources, or uncontrolled burning of the waste. These practices lead to irreversible deterioration of the natural environment through land and soil contamination, contamination of freshwater resources, air pollution and also pose public health issues. Given these negative effects on the environment, spatial prediction of APW generation becomes significant in sustainable agriculture. This dataset consists of the coordinates of the agricultural plots identified in the Republic of Cyprus and the area in square meters covered by agricultural greenhouses. The dataset has been used to perform APW generation mapping and predict the national generation quantities of waste low- density polyethylene (LDPE). The collection of the data is included in sixteen tables separated per geographical area-cluster. The agricultural plastic waste (APW) generation mapping was conducted with the use of up-to-date statistics from Cyprus Agricultural Payments Organization (CAPO), geographic information system (GIS) and satellite imagery.

This report seeks to provide a framework for Geographic Information System (GIS) based education module development. The full potential of GIS in the K-12 classroom has not been met in part due to the limited availability of necessary support materials such as tutorials, exercises, datasets, background information on GIS and geographical data, and packaged approaches to using GIS software in learning. Now, however, GIS software is becoming easier to use as it adopts point-and-click icon and menu-based graphical user interfaces in step with broader trends in computing. These positive trends have made creating materials that support teachers and students in their use of GIS more feasible and have encouraged various groups and individuals to begin creating these support tools.The modules investigated in this report are all based on the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) software package ArcView 2. The focus is primarily on a series of educational modules developed over the past two years by NCGIA. The three modules are: Color Your World, the introductory module, which uses a global level dataset; Light Up Your Nation which uses national level nighttime space imagery; and Know Your Neighborhood which uses local level street network and demographic data. The experience of creating these materials is compared to three other ArcView module development efforts. We begin with a bit of background on the issues related to ArcView-based module development. This includes a discussion of the critical issues, both in the design and in the actual development process. Finally, we present a discussion of lessons learned from all of these efforts.

Topographic survey uses to determine the relative locations of points (coordinates) on the earth's surface by measuring horizontal distances, differences in elevations and directions. Generally speaking the production of large scale topographic maps requires precise topographic survey with land surveying instrument such as (Total Station) which is costly and time consumed. The objective of this research is to produce topographic maps using an unconventional means through application analytical close range photogrammetry. The analytical close range photogrammetric method is characterized by low efforts and cost, the speed of topographic survey works, as well as the possibility of measuring and / or assessing places inaccessible. Photos strip was selected at University of Technology as a case study with area (400 m2). The fieldwork started with generation of ground control points around the area. A theodolite (wild T2) was used to measure the ground (X, Y, and Z) coordinates for GCPs within the study area. The strip consists of eight overlapped images, overlap more than 60% were captured using a single non metric digital camera (Canon EOS D500) (with a resolution of 15.10 mega pixels). After capturing images for study area two steps were used for processing data.The first step was used to process these images for producing 3D coordinates from 2D images with different methods by using two software. The first software using Matlab2014b dealing with different methods Sequential (R-I) and bundle adjustment (BA) methods, and another software ERDAS IMAGINE (LPS) using block bundle adjustment. The second step was used GIS software to producing large scale topographical map.The computed Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for three methods (Resection – Intersection, Bundle Adjustment and Bundle Adjustment Block) and it was found that the RMSE in R-I method is (2.917cm) , RMSE in B-A method is (2.882cm) and RMSE in Bundle Block Adjustment method is (3.112cm). The final result was a topographic map with scale (1:100 and 1:200).

The research area of this study is the city of Khorramabad . The data of this study are 23 wells and springs in Khrorramabad and from 1381 to 1392, which is seasonal. Information and data on the chemical elements present in the water parameters: ph., total hardness (TH), electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), sulfate (SO4), chlorine (Cl), nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3). . The results showed that Ph. of all wells and springs allowed within acceptable limits and standards. The total hardness (TH) is higher than the desirable standards in all seasons in all of resources and is lower than the allowed maximum of standards. According to the conducted researches, the amount of the electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and sulfate (SO4) are lower than optimum and maximum in all wells and springs in all seasons. The amount of chlorine (Cl) in all wells and springs is lower than the limit on the number of allowable standards but is higher than the desirable standard of EPA. In all seasons the amount of nitrate (NO3) on all resources is lower than the allowed Iranian national limit, and desirable and permissible World Health Organization (who), and the limit of EPA standard, but in all of the resources is higher than the desirable limit of (EPA). Also, in all seasons, the amount of nitrites (NO2) in all wells, springs and the study area is lower than the standards.

Regional geography studies should approach the interrelations between the components of the territorial system and highlight those distinguishing features which will act as levers for future development. Speaking of the geological features, the graphical representation both of the evolution and of the current situation is considered important. Cartographic resources and the GIS software make possible many spatial analyses that can help in quantifying the implications of the geological evolution on the present state of a region. The cartographic representation in regional context of the deposits was considered necessary for the Land of Haţeg, as well as the reference to the national tectonic context. Together with these, the spatial representation of mineral resources, the evolution of the exploitation sites, as well as the potentially attractive areas were the subject of another chart, where graphics were inserted to quantitatively highlight the impact of the petrographic features on the morphometric parameters.

The aim of the paper is to introduce method which allows to calculate the estimation of the total consumer spending for 2019 in different regions of the Czech Republic. Presented method is based on combination of publicly available consumer spending data sets and geomarketing information. It can be applied to estimate consumer spending in total or for example only in one specific consumption expenditure group. Thus obtained findings, that can be visualized on a map with the use of GIS software, can be considered as a basis for more effective SMEs‘ marketing and management decision-making process concerning Czech Republic local consumer goods markets‘ size and characteristics as well as for forecasting future growth rate.

Abstract Background: Zone 3 of Zahedan City includes the most deprived areas in province and country. The purpose of this research was assessing the distribution of the health care center (hospitals) and determining the underserved areas based on hospital locating concidering standards and criteria. Materials and Methods: In order to achieve accurate results based on GIS software, spatial and descriptive data using statistics and field observation gathered and connected to database. Besides, AHP Model used to set priorities in locating the optimal urban spaces for building hospitals in the city. Results: Suitable zone with special symbol severance divide from another zones was determine to develop landuse based on dependency to health care centers aimed at providing services in local level . Similarly, two Places recommended constructing health care centers in complete suitable zone. Unsuitable and compeletly Unsouitable zones was determined in zone three of zahedan city in finaly map. Conclusion: study analysis based on urben percapita, population and needed availibilty to health care centers suggests that Zahedan city need two new hospitals setting which has been indexed on final map.

Polygon layers obtained on the basis of the DEM, may have specific characteristics, such as the emergence of geographically disparate polygons with the same identification number. The paper discusses the experience of spatial analysis such polygon layers, namely the experience of forest parcels adjacent to the parts of a hydrological network, using Arc Map 9.3.1. GIS software.

Landfill siting is a complex process. It is one of the major problems in waste management, where many factors should be taken into consideration when selecting a suitable site for landfill in any given area. At the present time, there are many random waste disposal sites distributed throughout Al-Hashimiyah Qadhaa in Iraq. In this study, the Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used to select the best sites for landfill. The process of selecting sites for landfill in Al-Hashimiyah Qadhaa comprised two steps. First, fifteen different criteria were mapped and incorporated into overlay analyses within GIS software to produce the final suitability index map for the site. The second step comprises the exclusion of unsuitable areas from the final map to simplify identification of the candidate sites for landfill in the study area. The weightings of criteria were identified using AHP, and the weightings of the sub-criteria of each criterion were determined based on multiple factors. In order to accommodate solid waste from 2020 until 2030, two suitable candidate landfill sites were determined which fulfill the required area of 1.013 km² with areas of 1.374 km² and 1.288 km² respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water shortage is one of the most important environmental challenges in arid and semiarid regions. Unfortunately, today, due to low precipitation and over pumping of groundwater resources in recent years and also lack of attention to aquifer and artificial feeding; therefore more attention to ground water resources is an inevitable and important issue. The review of quantitative and qualitative situation of the underground water tables is of such issues which shall be considered. In this study, the qualitative and quantitative variations of the groundwater water tables have been investigated for feeding and discharge in some pizometers of Jovain prolific plains in south Khorasan province. Firstly, the data statistics of hydro static levels at 50 pizometers as quantitative and at sixty pizometers as qualitative were prepared as selected pizometers and sufficiency and homogenous tests of the data were performed. Then the imperfect data were reconstructed and finally the data were extracted and analyzed in 12 years common statistics base of 1995-2007. The aim of this paper is to determine the qualitative and quantitative maps of underground waters based on the variables of hydrostatic levels through inverse distance interpolation method (ID) by the use of GIS system (Geographical Information System). So that, based on the results of mapping Annual Groundwater Unit Hydrograph (AGUH) of Jovain province, on average the water ground level from years of 1995 to 1999 up to aqueous year 2006-2007 shows a drop of 10 m. Also the Annual Groundwater Unit Hydrograph (AGUH) of Jovain plain and three periods of diverse drop of hydrostatic level from years 1995 up to 1998 from 53.07 to 54.09m shows approximately a normal drop status. But from statistical year 1998 on ward up to year 2003, the drop has reached from 53.07 to 54.09 m, that is 4.5 m of drop during four aqueous years. With respect to the obtained results of analysis of quantitative and qualitative results by Inverse Distance Interpolation Method (ID) and mapping qualitative and iso- drop maps , the interpolated qualitative parameters are critical in some areas and show a drastic decrease of quality of this aquifer.

People are important in towns. They are the foundation of the social and economic processes that drive the urban system and sustain the urban fabric. While people spend much of their time inside buildings – at home, at work, and at play – it is the movement of people, whether in vehicles or on foot, that is indicative of the vibrancy of the town. Comfort and safety are important for people movement. The crash data in cities, provinces started with the Traffic Organization of Inner Ministry looking at access management controls on functionally classified streets. Safety is a driving factor in access management and the crash reports are the best indicator of the lack of safe roads. This paper presents the development and findings of crash data from police reports and how they are being used in Geographic Information System (GIS). This tool generates a contour map identifying areas of high crash occurrence determined by crash density and clusters of crashes involving pedestrians or bicyclists. Summary statistics of the selected zones can be generated and displayed in a table or chart form.

The paper proposes a software/ multimedia point of view of the resources and file formats used in GIS applications. An overview of the most known software approaches for GIS data management and components is proposed in order to familiarize and focus to the one of the most dynamic multimedia tools. A syntesis of the characteristics of specific file formats for geographic knowledge representation is made.

Regional geography studies should approach the interrelations between the components of the territorial system and highlight those distinguishing features which will act as levers for future development. Speaking of the geological features, the graphical representation both of the evolution and of the current situation is considered important. Cartographic resources and the GIS software make possible many spatial analyses that can help in quantifying the implications of the geological evolution on the present state of a region. The cartographic representation in regional context of the deposits was considered necessary for the Land of Haţeg, as well as the reference to the national tectonic context. Together with these, the spatial representation of mineral resources, the evolution of the exploitation sites, as well as the potentially attractive areas were the subject of another chart, where graphics were inserted to quantitatively highlight the impact of the petrographic features on the morphometric parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]