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African nightshade (Solanum scabrum) is a vegetable of great importance in several African countries. Production by seed is constrained by limited access to high quality seed, leaving farmers unable to meet the growing demand. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of berry maturity stages (mature green and purple) on germination and protein components of African nightshade seeds. Nine accessions were used for the germination assays and three selected for the proteomics. The seeds harvested at the purple ripe stage showed a higher germination percentage than seeds harvested at the mature green stage. Seeds of three accessions, which showed different germination responses depending on maturity, were subjected to gel-based proteome comparison followed by mass spectrometry. Analysis revealed a total of 563 spots, of which 19–23% were differentially abundant between the two harvest times. This is the first study to utilise proteomics in African nightshade. Four types of seed storage proteins were identified. Identified proteins were associated with seed maturation, indicating more advanced maturation stages in accessions with higher germination capacity. In addition, a reference proteome map of S. scabrum was created using GelMap platform (www.gelmap.de). Colour change of African nightshade berries seems to be a suitable indicator for seed maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that inhibits seed germination, plant growth, and consequently the productivity of many important crops such as barley. Expansins are a major group of cell wall-loosening proteins, which play important roles in plant growth and development, and in response to different environmental stresses. In this study, salinity tolerance and changes in the expression of expansin genes in barley were tested. The germination percentage of Yarmouk was 72.3% of the control after 48 hours of salt stress, and that of Rum was 27.4%. Reserve mobilization was 61.6% and 43.6% of the control in Yarmouk and Rum, respectively. The decrease in the total soluble sugars was 0.3, and 0.54 mg. ml−1. g−1 FW in Yarmouk and Rum, respectively. Yarmouk has a higher number of induced expansin genes under salt stress compared to Rum. This indicates a significant role for expansins in the improvement of salinity tolerance of barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed germination is a critical ecological process that governs both the establishment and maintenance of plant diversity and is highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations. As climate change accelerates, particularly through increasing temperatures, the disruption to seed germination could pose significant risks to plant diversity. Therefore, understanding how temperature fluctuations affect seed germination is essential for predicting the future recruitment of mountain plants and for conserving biodiversity in the context of ongoing climate warming scenarios. In this study, we collected seeds from 14 Impatiens species (Balsaminaceae) in the Gaoligong Mountains (Southwest China) at an elevation of approximately 2000 m. Germination tests were conducted on seeds subjected to cold stratification (42 days at 4 °C) across a range of alternating temperatures (6/1, 11/6, 16/11, 21/16, 26/21, and 31/26 °C). We used generalized linear mixed-effects models (random intercept) with temperature and its higher-order terms as the fix-effect terms to construct four models describing the relationship between germination percentage and temperature. Results indicated that (1) the germination percentage varied significantly among species and temperature treatments; (2) the nonlinear and asymmetrical model, incorporating temperature and its quadratic and cubic terms, best fit the germination data; and (3) the decline in germination percentage above the optimum temperature (To) was significantly steeper than the increase below based on the best model. Overall, these findings suggest that seed plants at low elevations in mountain ecosystems may be particularly vulnerable to future climate warming due to the sharp decline in germination percentage at temperatures above To. Thus, protecting low-elevation plants should be a key priority in biodiversity conservation efforts as global temperatures continue to rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To investigate the effects of discharge plasma on Agropyron mongolicum seeds, various treatments including direct exposure to discharge plasma, combined treatment with discharge plasma and plasma-activated water (PAW) were applied to the seeds. The changes in germination rate, MDA content, and volatile compound levels of Agropyron mongolicum seeds after different treatments were examined. The results showed that the direct effect of plasma had no significant effect on the MDA content or germination rate of Agropyron mongolicum seeds due to the limited penetration depth. However, the combined effect of plasma and activated water could cause active nitrogen and oxygen particles to enter the seeds and cause oxidative stress damage. After 18 h of combined treatment, the MDA content increased significantly, and the germination rate decreased to below the semilethal dose, which was 33.44 %. After plasma treatment, 55 volatile compounds, mainly alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, were identified from the seeds of Agropyron mongolicum. Due to the oxidation and modification of the plasma, the content of most aldehydes increased with increasing reaction time. After screening, 13 volatile organic compounds could be used as potential markers to distinguish between different treatment methods. These results reveal the mechanism underlying the biological effects of plasma treatment on Agropyron mongolicum seeds. [Display omitted] • PAW treatment can reduce the seed germination rate by half compared to the control group (CK). • The MDA content of the seeds treated with PAW was significantly higher than that of the CK. • Seed survival rate is linearly correlated with volatile compounds. • The changes of volatile substances in seeds after plasma treatment and the related mechanism were revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) is an ornamental and medicinal plant containing Lawson’s active substance, which is cultivated in some regions of the south and southeast of Iran. Salinity is one of the major abiotic environmental stress that affects almost all stages of plant development such as germination, vegetative growth and reproductive development. Polyamines such as putrescine can play important roles in plant growth and stress responses. In order to investigate the effect of putrescine and NaCl salinity stress on some germination indices of Henna seeds, a factorial experiment was conducted with two levels of putrescine (0 and 0.75 mM) and four NaCl salinity levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) based on completely randomized design with four replications in germinator for 11 days. The results showed that at control salinity level, there was no significant difference between putrescine treatments on Henna seed germination indices except the seed vigor index. The interaction between putrescine (0.75 mM) and salinity stress showed that pre-treatment with putrescine alleviated the negative effects of 50 and 100 mM NaCl salinity stress on the germination rate of Henna seeds. However, it increased the negative effects of 150 mM salinity stress on germination percentage, radicle length, plumule length, seedling fresh weight, seed vigor index and α-amylase activity in comparison to control. The results showed that germination of Henna seeds is sensitive to salinity stress and they are only able to tolerate low levels of salinity (50 mM). According to a significant correlation between α-amylase activity with germination percentage (r= 0/98), it can be concluded that probably the change in α-amylase activity decreased the germination percentage of Henna seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of seed coating with biochar and activated carbon on some quinoa seed germination indicators, and it was implemented as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications in 2019, in Yasouj University's Faculty of Agriculture. The first factor is seed coating in four levels (no coating, coating with activated carbon, coating with biochar and coating with activated carbon + biochar) and the second factor includes salinity stress in four levels (zero, 75, 150 and 225 mM sodium chloride). The results of the interaction of salinity stress and seed coating showed that the highest content of soluble sugar (28.578 mg/g seed FW) and malondialdehyde (2.97 µmol/g seed FW) was obtained by coating with activated carbon in 150 mM salinity stress. Also, the highest amount of seed hydrogen peroxide (0.18 μmol/g seed FW) and proline (10.49 μmol/g seed FW) at the level of 225 mM sodium chloride was obtained by covering the seeds with biochar and active carbon, respectively. Covering seeds with activated carbon and biochar led to an increase in the length of root and shoot under salt stress conditions. However, under salinity stress conditions, root weight and length vigor index of seed improved more by coating seeds with activated carbon. It can be stated that seed coating can greatly reduce the harmful effects of osmotic stress on germination and biochemical traits in quinoa seedlings and improve seedling growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara L.) is a perennial plant of the Asteraceae family that has been used as an ancient folk remedy to treat coughs, bronchitis, and asthmatic disorders. Ripe seeds were collected from T. farfara plants growing in Pol-e Zangholeh, Iran, in this study. Samples were gathered by the Tarbiat Modares University (TMU) Department of Horticultural Sciences laboratory in late April 2016. The extracted seed essential oil constituents identified and quantified using GC/MS and GC, respectively. Phy, tol, n-Nonadecane, n-Tetradecane, and 4, 4-Dimethyltetracyclo [5.2.1.02, 6.03, 5] decane, with amounts of 30.5%, 11.4%, 9.8%, and 6.2%, respectively, were the main components in the seeds oil of T. farfara. The germination variables were studied using a factorial experiment with 5 replicates x 50 seeds in a totally randomized design. Treatments include: cultivating non-pappus-bearing seeds in a Petri dish and placing them at 4 °C (c1t1) and 25 °C (c1t2), Cultivating pappus-bearing seeds in a Petri dish and keeping them at 4 °C (c2t1) and 25 °C (c2t2) and cultivating of non-pappus-bearing seeds treated with sodium hypochlorite 1.5% for 20 minutes and keep them at 4 °C (c3t1) and 25 °C (c3t2). The interaction between culture type and temperature was significant (p<0.01) for the germination percentage of seeds, germination rate, and seed vigor of T. farfara, according to analysis of variance. The rising seed germination rates of C3t2 and C3t1 were reported at 76.4% and 74.8%, respectively. The results revealed the closest positive correlation between germination rate, vigor index, and seed germination percentage (p≤0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) is a herbaceous plant of great importance in agriculture. The chemical composition of the substrate affects the mineral supply as well as the growth, development and metabolism of the plants. Therefore, the aim of this experiment is to determine the influence of zinc, copper and platinum complexes ([ZnCl 2 (en)], [CuCl 2 (en)], cis -[PtCl 2 (NH 3) 2 ], en = ethylenediamine) on the germination and growth of alfalfa and on the content of phenolic compounds. Alfalfa seeds were sown in three separate groups and treated with the above complexes, the fourth group being the control. The growth of the vegetative part was observed after the tenth, twentieth and thirtieth day. The percentage of germination was recorded for each experimental group. At the end of the treatment, the aerial parts of each group were dried and prepared for extraction with methanol, after which the quantitative composition of phenolic compounds was analyzed by liquid chromatography.The results obtained show that [CuCl 2 (en)] has the best effect on the germination percentage, while the treatment with the platinum(II) complex - cis -[PtCl 2 (NH 3) 2 ] showed a significant effect on the growth of alfalfa. The results of chromatographic analysis showed that [ZnCl 2 (en)] and [CuCl 2 (en)] improved the synthesis of phenolic compounds of alfalfa, with a significant content of catechins in the treatment with the copper complex compared to the control group. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the complex compounds have a significant effect on the germination, growth and phenolic compounds content of alfalfa, with different effects for each of the studied processes. [Display omitted] • Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) is plant with high nutritional value. • The influence of metal complexes on the germination and growth of alfalfa was investigated. • The effects of these complexes on the content of phenolic compounds was also evaluated. • The complexes had a positive effect on seed germination and cis -[PtCl2(NH3)2] had a significant effect on increasing the concentration of almost all phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of the genetic variability of different species for conservation purposes and quality seedling production after longer storage time is important. The aim of the research paper was to examine the effect of longer seed storage periods (19–30 year) on seed viability, seed vigour and initial growth of seedlings from five provenances of Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk). Seeds collected from Dabena, Gambo, Agaro, Bishofitu, and Merti localities and stored for 19, 19, 21, 25, and 30 years, respectively used for the study. Different seed dormancy-breaking treatments such as; soaking in cold water for 48 h (CW-48); soaking in hot water for 10 min (HW-10); 20 min (HW-20) and mechanical scarification; i.e., nicking (NK) used for the germination of the seeds. A randomized complete block design was used for the experiment and the study undertaken in a greenhouse. For each treatment, four replications and for each replication, 50 seeds were used. One-way analysis of variance was used for germination index, early seedling growth and seed vigour index data. The results showed that for all the provenance seeds stored for different periods, NK treatment resulted relatively in a higher mean germination percentage and germination indices as compared to the other pre-treatments. The seed vigour index result showed significant differences among the different provenances (P < 0.001). Similarly, there were significant differences among the early growth of seedlings germinated from different provenance seeds (P < 0.001). The seeds collected from Merti provenance and stored for 30 years and Dabena provenance, stored for 19 years, have relatively resulted in higher mean germination index, seed vigour and seedling growth relative to the other studied provenance seeds. We observed that provenance had a more significant influence on germination, seed vigour and seedling growth than the seed storage period for the P. stellatum. Finally it is recommended that despite there is inter population variation, the seeds of P. stellatum can be stored for a longer time and application of nicking as a dormancy breaking treatment could enhance seed germination of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, carboxymethyl cellulose-capped ZnO nanoparticles (CMC@ZnO NPs) have been synthesized using the co-precipitation method where the CMC behaved as a stabilizing and capping agent. The synthesis of CMC@ZnO NPs has been confirmed by UV–visible, HR-TEM, FTIR, SEM, and XRD analyses. The SEM study revealed that particles were long, cylindrical, and oblong with a rice grain-like morphology. TEM analysis showed that CMC@ZnO NPs have an average particle size of ̴ 10 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated to study their influence on the germination and growth of the root and shoot of the Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) plant seedling. It was found that the minimal concentration of 0.50 mg/L of CMC@ZnO NPs was efficient in exhibiting enhanced growth in contrast to the control. According to the results, CMC@ZnO NPs could enter the plant cell via the roots and were quickly assimilated by the plants, resulting in increased growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoscale geranium waste (GW) and magnesium nanoparticle/GW nanocomposites (Mg NP/GW) were prepared using green synthesis. The Mg NP/GW samples were subjected to characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-FT). The surface morphology of the materials was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and their thermal stability was assessed through thermal gravimetric analysis (TG). The BET-specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution of the prepared materials were determined using the N2 adsorption–desorption method. Additionally, the particle size and zeta potentials of the materials were also measured. The influence of the prepared nanomaterials on seed germination was intensively investigated. The results revealed an increase in seed germination percent at low concentrations of Mg NP/GWs. Upon treatment with Mg NP/GW nanoparticles, a reduction in the mitotic index (MI) was observed, indicating a decrease in cell division. Additionally, an increase in chromosomal abnormalities was detected. The efficacy of GW and Mg NP/GW nanoparticles as new elicitors was evaluated by studying their impact on the expression levels of the farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS1) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GPPS1) genes. These genes play a crucial role in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway in Sinapis alba (S. alba) and Pelargonium graveolens (P. graveolens) plants. The expression levels were analyzed using reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. The qRT-PCR analysis of FPPS and GPPS gene expression was performed. The outputs of FPPS1 gene expression demonstrated high levels of mRNA in both S. alba and P. graveolens with fold changes of 25.24 and 21.68, respectively. In contrast, the minimum expression levels were observed for the GPPS1 gene, with fold changes of 11.28 and 6.48 in S. alba and P. graveolens, respectively. Thus, this study offers the employment of medicinal plants as an alternative to fertilizer usage resulting in promoting environmental preservation, optimal waste utilization, reducing water consumption, and cost reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, to promote sustainable nano-farming, the apparent effects of different concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 ppm) of titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2NPs) solutions on the germination percentage, index and duration of seeds belonging to Balcı, Dincer, Hasankendi, Koc, Olas, and Zirkon safflower varieties were investigated. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to analyze TiO2NPs in germinated safflower varieties. Germination performance was TiO2NPs concentration and variety depended. It was determined that the seed samples displayed different responses to TiO2NPs concentrations; germination percentages were between 20.0±1.15 and 82.9±0.44%, germination durations were between 2.01±0.021 to 3.82±0.017 days, and germination indices were between 9.97±0.606 and 38.97±0.959. While the highest germination percentage (82.9±0.44%) was obtained from Dincer variety with 100 ppm TiO2NP pre-application, the lowest germination percentage (20.0±1.15% and 20.0±1.92%) was obtained from Balcı and Hasan Kendi varieties with 100 and 300 ppm TiO2NP pre-application. According to this result, although the highest germination percentage based on variety was obtained from the Dincer variety, the Balcı variety with the lowest germination percentage provided the most significant increase in the 200 ppm TiO2NPs application dose compared to the control. According to the germination percentage, it can be said that the most effective TiO2NPs application dose in Safflower varieties is 200 ppm. Further research on nanoparticles is needed to determine both the economical doses of TiO2NP pre-application and its uptake by the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim of evaluating the effect of salicylic acid in improving the efficiency of the aged pumpkin seeds under drought stress conditions, a factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. Pretreatment of different concentrations of salicylic acid including zero (pretreated with water), 1 and 1.5 mM at different drought levels of zero, -0.2, -0.4 and -0.6 MPa were investigated. Indicators of mean germination time, germination percentage, seedling length, seed vigor, membrane electrolyte leakage, soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins, malondialdehyde, ascorbate peroxidase activity, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes were evaluated. The results showed that the pretreatment of seeds with different concentrations of salicylic acid prevented the significant decrease in the germination indices of the deteriorated pumpkin seeds under drought stress. So that at the potential of -0.6 MPa, the treatment of seeds with 1.5 mM salicylic acid increased the percentage of germination, seed germination index, soluble carbohydrates and soluble proteins respectively 80.2, 169.4, 51.6, 93.4% and for the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes, 41.2%, 12% and 11.8%, respectively, compared to the control. Based on the research findings, seed priming with 1.5 mM concentrations of salicylic acid is recommended in order to reduce the oxidative stress caused by drought for pumpkin seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract It is known that salinity stress, one of the abiotic stress factors, significantly limits the germination, growth, development, and crop yield of plants. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of salinity (control, 50, 100 ve 150 mM) on seed germination and the effect of salicylic acid (control, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 ve 1.00 mM) on seed germination to improve salt tolerance in cannabis seeds. The physiological characteristics of the plant, such as germination percentage, germination duration, germination index, radicle length, plumule length, wet radicle weight, dry radicle weight, wet plumule weight, and dry plumule weight, were analyzed. Depending on the salinity application dose, it was observed that there was a significant decrease in the germination parameters of cannabis seeds compared to the control. It was observed that salicylic acid treatments under salinity stress positively affected all the characters examined and reduced germination arrest due to increasing concentration levels. Although it is recommended to prepare seeds with 0.5 mM salicylic acid pre-application dose against salt stress of the cannabis plant,it is essential to expand the studies on its transfer to practice. As a result, salicylic acid will provide positive results that can be transferred to practice by increasing the resistance of cannabis plants against salinity, especially in agricultural soils with salt problems, as it will be more sensitive to pests and diseases.

Abstract Background Acacia nilotica Linn. is a widely distributed tree known for its applications in post-harvest and medicinal horticulture. However, its seed-based growth is relatively slow. Seed is a vital component for the propagation of A. nilotica due to its cost-effectiveness, genetic diversity, and ease of handling. Colchicine, commonly used for polyploidy induction in plants, may act as a pollutant at elevated levels. Its optimal concentration for Acacia nilotica's improved growth and development has not yet been determined, and the precise mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not been established. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of optimized colchicine (0.07%) seed treatment on A. nilotica's morphological, anatomical, physiological, fluorescent, and biochemical attributes under controlled conditions, comparing it with a control. Results Colchicine seed treatment significantly improved various plant attributes compared to control. This included increased shoot length (84.6%), root length (53.5%), shoot fresh weight (59.1%), root fresh weight (42.8%), shoot dry weight (51.5%), root dry weight (40%), fresh biomass (23.6%), stomatal size (35.9%), stomatal density (41.7%), stomatal index (51.2%), leaf thickness (11 times), leaf angle (2.4 times), photosynthetic rate (40%), water use efficiency (2.2 times), substomatal CO2 (36.6%), quantum yield of photosystem II (13.1%), proton flux (3.1 times), proton conductivity (2.3 times), linear electron flow (46.7%), enzymatic activities of catalase (25%), superoxide dismutase (33%), peroxidase (13.5%), and ascorbate peroxidase (28%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging activities(23%), total antioxidant capacity (59%), total phenolic (23%), and flavonoid content (37%) with less number of days to 80% germination (57.1%), transpiration rate (53.9%), stomatal conductance (67.1%), non-photochemical quenching (82.8%), non-regulatory energy dissipation (24.3%), and H2O2 (25%) and O−2 levels (30%). Conclusion These findings elucidate the intricate mechanism behind the morphological, anatomical, physiological, fluorescent, and biochemical transformative effects of colchicine seed treatment on Acacia nilotica Linn. and offer valuable insights for quick production of A. nilotica’s plants with modification and enhancement from seeds through an eco-friendly approach.

Background: Acacia nilotica Linn. is a widely distributed tree known for its applications in post-harvest and medicinal horticulture. However, its seed-based growth is relatively slow. Seed is a vital component for the propagation of A. nilotica due to its cost-effectiveness, genetic diversity, and ease of handling. Colchicine, commonly used for polyploidy induction in plants, may act as a pollutant at elevated levels. Its optimal concentration for Acacia nilotica's improved growth and development has not yet been determined, and the precise mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not been established. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of optimized colchicine (0.07%) seed treatment on A. nilotica's morphological, anatomical, physiological, fluorescent, and biochemical attributes under controlled conditions, comparing it with a control. Results: Colchicine seed treatment significantly improved various plant attributes compared to control. This included increased shoot length (84.6%), root length (53.5%), shoot fresh weight (59.1%), root fresh weight (42.8%), shoot dry weight (51.5%), root dry weight (40%), fresh biomass (23.6%), stomatal size (35.9%), stomatal density (41.7%), stomatal index (51.2%), leaf thickness (11 times), leaf angle (2.4 times), photosynthetic rate (40%), water use efficiency (2.2 times), substomatal CO2 (36.6%), quantum yield of photosystem II (13.1%), proton flux (3.1 times), proton conductivity (2.3 times), linear electron flow (46.7%), enzymatic activities of catalase (25%), superoxide dismutase (33%), peroxidase (13.5%), and ascorbate peroxidase (28%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging activities(23%), total antioxidant capacity (59%), total phenolic (23%), and flavonoid content (37%) with less number of days to 80% germination (57.1%), transpiration rate (53.9%), stomatal conductance (67.1%), non-photochemical quenching (82.8%), non-regulatory energy dissipation (24.3%), and H2O2 (25%) and O−2 levels (30%). Conclusion: These findings elucidate the intricate mechanism behind the morphological, anatomical, physiological, fluorescent, and biochemical transformative effects of colchicine seed treatment on Acacia nilotica Linn. and offer valuable insights for quick production of A. nilotica's plants with modification and enhancement from seeds through an eco-friendly approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excavation and utilization of dormancy loci in breeding are effective endeavors for enhancing the resistance to pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) of wheat varieties. CH1539 is a wheat breeding line with high-level seed dormancy. To clarify the dormant loci carried by CH1539 and obtain linked molecular markers, in this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross of weak dormant SY95-71 and strong dormant CH1539 was genotyped using the Wheat17K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, and a high-density genetic map covering 21 chromosomes and consisting of 2437 SNP markers was constructed. Then, the germination percentage (GP) and germination index (GI) of the seeds from each RIL were estimated. Two QTLs for GP on chromosomes 5A and 6B, and four QTLs for GI on chromosomes 5A, 6B, 6D and 7A were identified. Among them, the QTL on chromosomes 6B controlling both GP and GI, temporarily named QGp/Gi.sxau-6B, is a major QTL for seed dormancy with the maximum phenotypic variance explained of 17.66~34.11%. One PCR-based diagnostic marker Ger6B-3 for QGp/Gi.sxau-6B was developed, and the genetic effect of QGp/Gi.sxau-6B on the RIL population and a set of wheat germplasm comprising 97 accessions was successfully confirmed. QGp/Gi.sxau-6B located in the 28.7~30.9 Mbp physical position is different from all the known dormancy loci on chromosomes 6B, and within the interval, there are 30 high-confidence annotated genes. Our results revealed a novel QTL QGp/Gi.sxau-6B whose CH1539 allele had a strong and broad effect on seed dormancy, which will be useful in further PHS-resistant wheat breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A Field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, India during summer, 2020 to evaluate performance of different orientations of double pod sowing in comparison with kernel sowing (practice) on germination variability, yield and its related parameters of peanut. Methods: The experiment set up with four treatments replicated four times with pods sowing orientations viz., i) Sowing with vertical posterior-upwards ii) Vertical posterior-downwards iii) horizontal sowing and iv) sowing with kernels. Result: Results showed a little variation in germination between sowing orientation of double pods compared to kernel sowing. Though, mean germination percentage, germination energy, germination value and emergence energy value were higher in kernel sowing, pod sowing with vertical-posterior downwards elevated germination percent up to 97.45% and also inflated germination attributes and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of waterlogging stress on the quality characteristics of barley seeds. Therefore, this factorial experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design in greenhouse complex at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 1402-1403. This study considered three factors of waterlogging stress, concentrations of salicylic acid, and time of foliar application of hormone. So the foliar application of salicylic acid in four concentrations (zero, one, two, and four mM) and two stages (the last day of flooding and during the growth recovery period) and waterlogging stress at two levels (control and application of waterlogging condition at the end ofstem elongation) were applied. The results showed that waterlogging stress had an effect on most of the morphological traits of the plant and also on the quality characteristics of the barley seeds except for the number of leaves, the number of fertile spikes in the plant, and the number of non-fertile spikes in the plant and caused a decrease in these traits. On the other hand, foliar spraying of salicylic acid compensated for this decrease in the mentioned traits. So in these traits, the effect of salicylic acid in the second foliar spraying was greater than the first foliar spraying; and in both times, the concentration of 4 mM had the greatest effect on the aforementioned traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The germination percentage (GP) is commonly employed to estimate the viability of a seed population. Statistical methods such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) and logistic regression are frequently used to analyse GP data. While ANOVA has a long history of usage, logistic regression is considered more suitable for GP data due to its binomial nature. However, both methods have inherent issues that require attention. In this study, we address previously unexplored challenges associated with these methods and propose the utilization of a likelihood ratio test as a solution. We demonstrate the advantages of employing the likelihood ratio test for GP data analysis through simulations and real data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was done as a factorial experiment with 5 replications was carried out. The seeds were primed using putrescine at concentrations of 0 (hydropriming), 0.5, and 1 mM, and control were used as control. Salinity treatment was applied under normal, low, moderate and severe (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl, respectively) salinity stress. According to the findings, increasing salinity levels reduced germination percentage, (GP), germination rate, (GR), coefficient of velocity of germination, (CVG), seed weight vigour index, (SWVI), by 29, 66, 53 and 25%, respectively and seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, roots length and shoot length by 37, 14, 72 and 61%, respectively, while increasing mean germination time (MGT), percentage of dry matter, total soluble sugar (TSS), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) by 112, 53, 57,16 and 182%, respectively. When seeds were primed using putrescine reduced the effects of oxidative stress by reducing ROS and MDA levels by 11 and 47%, respectively compared to control and improved the GP, GR, CVG, SWVI, root length and shoot length by 31, 81, 67, 36, 27, 19%, and decreased MGT by 40%. Although seed priming using 1 mM putrescine was effective in some parameters, there was no significant difference when compared to 0.5 mM putrescine. As a result, seed priming indigo using 0.5 mM putrescine with increasing dry matter by 73% appears to be more practical and economical in terms of mitigating the negative effects of salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oilseed crop well adapted to Mediterranean area. However, increasing drought, due to climate change, impairs its growth and development, mainly when this stress occurs early during germination. This study carried out in vitro conditions aimed to investigate the effect of water deficit on seed germination and seedling growth traits in 12 genotypes to select the most drought-tolerant ones. Drought conditions were created using polyethylene glycol 6000 to induce three osmotic potential levels, namely −0.7 MPa for moderate stress, −0.9 MPa for intermediate stress, and −1.1 MPa for severe stress. Germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root-to-shoot ratio (RSR), seedling vigor index (SVI), shoot elongation rate (SER), and root elongation rate (RER) were measured/calculated. ANOVA and PCA were performed to analyze the data gathered. Results showed a significant effect of genotype, drought, and drought × genotype interaction on all studied parameters. Under severe drought conditions, overall values of GP, GR, RL, SL, SER, RER, and SVI decreased by 87.15 %, 53.29 %, 9.33 %, 4.73 %, 78 %, 82 %, and 96 %, respectively, while those of MGT and RSR increased by 56 % and 76 %, respectively, when compared to unstressed conditions. However, the genotypes studied reacted differently to the three levels of water stress. Based on PCA results, RL, RER, and GP proved to be the most discriminating of drought-tolerant genotypes. Overall, higher drought tolerance was associated with higher values in RL, SL, and SVI. Accordingly, the variety ‘Nap10’ and, to a lesser extent, ‘Baraka’ and ‘Nap9’ exhibited higher drought tolerance than the rest of genotypes, which makes them potential cultivars for dry areas. However, further studies in real field conditions are needed to confirm their tolerance to drought occurring at germination as well as during other stages, mainly flowering.

[Objective] To screen out suitable seed-coating agent for Euryale ferox. [Method] Two varieties, Suqian No. 2 and Qingziqian, were used as test materials. And 8 kinds of seed-coating agents (30% Pyraclostrobine·fludioxonil·Clothianidin FS, 25 g / L fludioxonil FS, 11% Pyraclostrobine ·triticonazole FS, 11% metalaxyl-M · fludioxonil · azoxystrobin FS, 27% difenoconazole · fludioxonil · clothianidin FS, 4. 23% metalaxyl·ipconazole FS, 22. 4% penflufen FS and 62. 5 g / L metalaxyl-M·fludioxonil metformin FS) were used for coating treatment. [Result]The germination rate of seeds showed that there were differences between varieties, and the germination rate of Suqian No. 2 was higher than that of Qingziqian. The effects of different seed-coating treatments on germination rate were different, among which 4. 23% methanol and thromacazole FS was better than other fungicides, and the germination rates of Suqian and Qingziqian, respectively, were 58. 49% and 42. 05%, which were not significantly different from the control germination rates. However, the leaves showed certain deformities and dwarfing symptoms when treated by seed-coating agents. [Conclusion] 4. 23% methanol and thromacazole FS has no obvious inhibitory effect on the germination rate of Euryale ferox, but there is a certain stress effect on the growth of Euryale ferox, and it is necessary to further optimize the application method. The results of this study can provide a reference for the screening of seed-coating agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article evaluates the genetic variability and viability association of eight mungbean varieties under different levels of salinity stress. The study found that four elite genotypes (Utkarsh, TARM 1, Vamban, and Vishal) performed better than others under various levels of salinity. The study also examined the effects of salinity on various growth parameters of mungbean plants, finding that increasing salinity levels negatively affected plant growth and development. Additionally, the study discussed the effects of salt stress on seed weight and yield, finding that increasing salinity levels resulted in a decrease in seed weight and yield per plant. The document concludes by recommending the use of the four superior genotypes in breeding programs for salt-tolerant mungbean varieties. [Extracted from the article]

The current experiment was conducted during 2020-21 at the Microbiology Laboratory, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station Bawal to examine the impact of bio-inoculants and chemicals seed priming on bael seed germination. There were 15 seed priming treatments i.e., control, IBA @ 100 ppm and 50 ppm for 24 hours, NAA @ 50 and 100 ppm for 24 hours, GA3 @ 50 and 100 ppm for 24 hours, KNO3 @ 1 per cent for 24 hours, Azotobacter (HT 54) for 30 minutes, Trichoderma viride for 30 minutes, Rhizobium (CK 16) for 30 minutes, PSB (P 36) for 30 minutes, hot water for 30 minutes, nitric acid for 3 minutes, sulphuric acid for 3 minutes. Among different seed priming treatments, shortest germination time (12.7 days) was recorded with sulphuric acid for 3 minutes in agar medium at 28 °C under laboratory conditions and the highest germination percentage (83.3 %), dry weight per seedling (153.2 mg), seedling length (12.2 cm) and vigour index I (976) and II (12256) were observed when bael seeds primed with GA3 @ 100 ppm for 24 hours under laboratory conditions.° [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted in the Vegetable Unit, Department of Horticulture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu during 2022 to find out the effective seed priming method in bhendi. The experiment was carried out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) which includes different organics in different concentrations viz., Panchagavya @ 2% & @4%, Cow urine @ 2% & 4%, Vermiwash @ 0.1% &_0.25%, Beejamrutham @ 2% & 4%, Coconut water @25% & 50% and Control. The results of the experiment demonstrated that among the organic seed priming evaluated, Coconut water @ 50% (T10) has resulted in a higher germination percentage, seedling growth and seedling vigour index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gibberellic acid (GA3) is the one of the plant growth regulator which helps plants tolerate salt competently and diminishes the effects of salt stress. The present investigation was done to determine the effect of GA3 on two different Nacl concentrations on seed germination and physiological limits of four fabaceae seeds: Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth., Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf., Cassia fistula L., and Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Experimentation was directed as a factorial with a completely randomised block design with three replicates. Salinity at two levels (50 mM and 100 mM NaCl) and hormone (GA3 at 150ppm versus no GA3 were the experimental conditions. Therefore, when the salt level was 50 mM NaCl, priming the seeds of these tree seeds with 150 ppm GA3 suggestively increased germination percentage, declined mean germination time, improved physiological parameters of the seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Corn is one of the most important crops in the cereal family, and after wheat, it has the largest cultivated area in the world. Among the types of corn, sweet corn seeds are sensitive to storage conditions due to their low starch content and poor seed vigor. Therefore, it is essential to understand their physiological and biochemical behavior during storage to prolong their longevity and prevent the loss of vigor. On the other hand, seed deterioration is a natural phenomenon, resulting in seeds losing their viability and quality even under optimal storage conditions. This undesirable phenomenon causes more damage, especially in sensitive seeds such as sweet corn. Part of this damage is related to the decrease in the speed and percentage of seed germination, which leads to a decrease in plant density and failure to achieve the desired density in the field, resulting in decreased crop yield. This experiment evaluated and tested the ability of seed priming with ascorbic acid to improve damage caused by sweet corn seed deterioration. Materials and methods: This experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, BuAli Sina University, as a factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications. The seed used for the experiment was Chase variety. Wheat seeds deteriorated by accelerated aging method for 72 hours at 43 °C. Then, the deteriorated seeds were primed at 25°C with 1, 1.5 ml of ascorbic acid and distilled water for 18 hours. The studied traits included germination percentage, mean germination time, germination rate, vigor index, malondialdehyde content, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity. Results: The results showed that vitamin priming of seeds with ascorbic acid improved the germination percentage, germination rate, vigor index, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase in deteriorated seeds. Among the examined traits, the mean germination time and malondialdehyde content of primed seeds decreased compared to non-primed ones. The concentrations of ascorbic acid used in mean germination time, germination rate, vigor index, and soluble sugars were not significantly different. However, it had a more favorable effect than hydropriming in improving the studied parameters of sweet corn seeds. While seed priming with a concentration of 1.5 mM ascorbic acid had the most significant effect on germination percentage, soluble proteins, malondialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase activity, and its difference with other priming treatments was significant. Even though seed priming with a concentration of 1.5 mM ascorbic acid had the greatest effect on the germination percentage, soluble proteins, malondialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase activity. However, its difference was significant from other priming treatments. It increased the percentage of germination, soluble proteins, and superoxide dismutase activity by 71, 85, and 44%, respectively, and decreased the content of malondialdehyde by 52.9%. Conclusion: Based on the results from this experiment, it can be concluded that applying ascorbic acid, especially the concentration of 1.5 mM, as the best priming treatment is recommended to recover the lost quality of deteriorated sweet corn seeds and improve their germination characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the potential of compost-combusted forest litters as alternative sources of ex-situ organo-mineral products to the direct use of controlled fire for enhanced soil nutrients in forest stands. Floor litters from six (6) delineated standing forest patches of Pterocarpus erinaceus, Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis, Bambusa vulgaris, Ceiba pentandra and Mangifera indica were characterized for N, K, P, Ca and Mg; composted for 3, 6, 9 and 12 days and then uniformly combusted to produce organo-minerals for early growth response of Dacryodes edulis in a 6 x 4 split-plot factorial experiment. Analysis of variance was conducted for litter characteristics, calorific values, moisture, ash contents, and germination and growth variables of Dacryodes edulis while significant means were separated with DMRT (p ≥ 0.05). Results showed that Mangifera had the highest P (0.68%) and K (1.15%); Bamboo had the highest N (1.92%). Germination was 6>9>12> 3 days with Bamboo > Ceiba > Teak > Mangifera > Gmelina > Pterocarpus for 6 days organo-minerals, but the highest height (21.56 ± 6.77 cm) by Pterocarpus to implicate litters under microbe-thermal mediation as sustainable organo-mineral ex-situ products to combat incidence of forest fire for fertile forest soil. Thus, in-situ controlled fire in standing forests is no longer needed for nutrient-rich forest-agriculture.

1. Introduction: Cultivation of rhubarb (Rheum ribes) plant is increasing rapidly all over the world. The need to cultivate these plants according to the nutritional value is fully felt. The most important issue for the production of agricultural plants is the choosing appropriate method to propagate them. Germination is one of the critical stages in the growth cycle of plants. Germination plays a major role in determining the final growth and density of the plant. Low and irregular germination is one of the main problems of reproduction of many medicinal plants. Considering that biological stimuli can improve seed germination and minimize soil pollution, they are environmentally friendly and suitable for producing of organic crops. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of seed priming with some biostimulants such as humic acid and extract of bean and chickpea sprout on germination indices and seedling growth parameters of rhubarb plant. 2. Materials and Methods: An experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design with three replications to investigate the influence of seed priming with some biostimulants such as humic acid and extract of black-eyed bean and chickpea sprout on germination indices (germination percentage, germination speed, seed vigour and allometric coefficient) and seedling growth parameters (length, and dry and fresh weight of plumule and radicle) of rhubarb plant. Black-eyed bean and chickpea sprouts were separately milled in a fresh state and their powder was mixed with distilled water twice in a 50 to 50 weight ratio, and then mixed. The prepared sprout extracts were considered as 100% mother extract and different concentrations (10%, 20% and 30%) of experimental extract were prepared from mother extract. Humic acid was prepared at three different concentrations including 1, 5 and 10 g L-1, and distilled water was also used as control treatment. After soaking the seeds in prepared biostimulants for 24 h, they were sown in the plastic pots. The number of germinated seeds was counted every three days until the end of the period (50 d). At the end of the experiment, the length, and dry and fresh weight of plumule and radicle were measured. 3. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the effect of all three treatments on germination indices of rhubarb seeds was significant. There was significant difference between humic acid 10 g L-1 and bean extract 10% with the control in terms of seed germination percentage. Also, there was a significant difference between chickpea extract 10% and the control in terms of allometric coefficient. Bean extract 30% increased the length of plumule, but on the other hand, this trait decreased in seeds treated with chickpea 10% comparing to control. In terms of radicle length, there was significant difference between humic acid 5 and 10 g L-1 with the control. Application of humic acid 5 and 10 g L-1 increased the radicle length. Using chickpea sprout extract 10% caused a 28% decrease in the germination rate, and using chickpea sprout extract 20% caused 22% decrease in this trait. Priming with bean extract 10% caused 10 and 21% decrease in plumule length and germination speed, and the other treatments of bean and chickpea extracts did not have a significant effect on germination indices. Seed priming with humic acid at a concentration of 10 g L-1 increased the germination rate by 8% and germination speed by 12.5%. Studies have shown that treatment with humic acid can positively affect cellular metabolism, photosynthetic rate, amino acids biosynthesis rate and phyto-hormones content leading to improving growth rate and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of crops. 4. Conclusion: According to the results of the current study, humic acid 10 g L-1 was the best treatment to improve germination indices and growth parameters of rhubarb plant. Therefore, it could be used as a priming solution for better and faster germination of rhubarb seeds. Also, the use of humic acid both in sustainable agriculture and healthy crop production is cost effective. Using this treatment could be introduced as efficient technique to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and reduce environmental pollution. Also, the results demonstrated that priming with bean and chickpea extracts could not significantly affect the most important germination indices and growth parameters of rhubarb plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Effect of NPK on Growth, Yield and Quality of Chilli" presents the findings of an experiment conducted at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences. The experiment aimed to determine the impact of NPK fertilizer on the growth, yield, and quality of chilli plants. The study found that a specific NPK combination (140:90:80) resulted in superior plant height, number of branches, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit girth, yield, gross profit, net profit, and benefit-cost ratio. The research suggests that optimizing NPK levels can enhance yield, improve input-use efficiency, and reduce fertilizer costs for farmers. [Extracted from the article]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different treatments on seed germination of the Mucuna flagillepes Hook. F (ukpo) species was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Imo State University, Owerri. This experiment consisted of seven(7) treatment levels and was replicated three times, the treatment were O, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72hours, then untreated seeds serve as a control in a completely randomized design. During the germination stage, germination percentage, imbibitions period (IP), germination index(GI), germination speed (GS), and seed vigor index (SVI) were recorded. The result obtained from Plant extract, Piper guineense (uziza), and Xlopia aethiopica (Uda), results showed that uziza extract at 12 and 48hours priming gave the highest germination percentage (99.33%) while 72hours gave the fastest imbibitions period of 7days which was significantly different (P<0.05) from the controls. Also, Uziza extract compared with Uda extract in 72 hours priming duration significantly improved the Germination index (0.4066), germination speed (0.2300), and seed vigor index (5.277). The use of plant extracts at an increased soaking period of 60 hours and 72 hours respectively will enhance germination parameters and seedling growth treatment of the seed of Mucuna flagellipes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important factors in reducing vigor of seed is the occurrence of water stress during seed development on mother plant. Also, the use of growth regulators in environmental stresses leads to the production of seeds with better germination ability. In order to study the effect of methyl jasmonate on germination indices and vigor of two bread wheat cultivars under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial in a RCBD design in two growing seasons (2015 and 2017). In this experiment, different irrigation regimes including normal irrigation (control), irrigation cut off from bolting stage and irrigation cut off from the grain milking stage were investigated as the main factor, and two wheat cultivars Sirvan and Pishtaz and 0, 50, 100, and 150 μm of methyl as sub plots. The results showed that in both cultivars, germination indices decreased by stress, but application of 100 μM methyl jasmonate increased the germination percentage, germination rate, length and weight vigor, gluten and seed starch content in both years compared to the control. On average, at different levels of irrigation cut off and full irrigation, Sirvan cultivar showed higher germination percentage and rate than Pishtaz cultivar. Also, irrigation cut off from bolting stage had the greatest negative effect on the seed formed in the mother plant in different wheat cultivars. Overall, the results showed that among the treatments, the best methyl jasmonate application with a concentration of 100 mM was able to moderate the effects of drought stress and improve germination and qualitative traits of seed under stress and nonstress conditions and Sirvan had higher seed quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hopea chinensis (Merr.) Hand.-Mazz. is a Class II national key protected plant and Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations in China. In order to further analyze why H. chinensis is endangered and optimize conservation techniques, we carried out a study on the effects of seed biological characteristics and environmental factors on the seed germination and seedling growth of H. chinensis. The results show that there were no significant differences in seed morphology between four populations in southern China, but there were significant differences in calyx lobe morphology and seed germination. The removal or retention of the calyx lobes or the seed coat had no significant effect on seed germination. The weight of individual H. chinensis seeds was mainly >1.0 g, with small seeds (<0.5 g) not germinating, whereas seeds >2.0 g had the highest germination rate and fastest seedling growth. H. chinensis produces typical recalcitrant seeds, being sensitive to natural dehydration, with dehydration for 8 d reducing seed viability by 50%, whereas dehydration for 16 d resulted in seeds with zero viability. H. chinensis seeds are light-neutral and capable of germination at a temperature of 30 °C and on a substrate with good water retention and aeration. The seeds are not tolerant of drought, salinity, or flooding. In conclusion, the unique biological characteristics of H. chinensis seeds and the specific habitat which they inhabit contribute to a significant loss of viable seeds, which negatively affects the population's ability to regenerate and achieve maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the germination and seedling development responses of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) varieties under drought stress and identify sensitive/tolerant varieties. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of the Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University. Artificial drought stress was induced using polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) material. The plant material for the study consisted of the following common vetch varieties: Görkem, Kralkızı, Özveren, Dicle, Alper, Doruk, Kubilay-82, D-135, IFVS-715, and Alınoğlu-2001. These varieties were germinated under different drought (PEG-6000) levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The laboratory experiment was conducted with a randomized split-plot design, with four replications. In the research, parameters such as germination percentage, mean germination time, germination index, germination uniformity coefficient, radicle and hypocotyl length, lateral root number and length, seedling fresh and dry weights, and seedling vigor index were examined. Increasing drought levels significantly (p<0.01) affected germination and seedling characteristics of common vetch varieties. The effects of drought stress were observed from the 10% PEG level for germination percentage and from the 5% PEG concentration for all other parameters. According to the research findings, the tolerance of varieties to drought levels also varied. Among the common vetch varieties, Dicle, Alınoğlu-2001, and Kralkızı showed higher tolerance to drought in terms of germination and seedling development parameters compared to other varieties. Considering genotypic differences, the use of drought-resistant varieties is important in common vetch cultivation in drought-affected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive mill wastewater (effluents from olive oil extraction during harvest) is a source of environmental pollution due to its high acidity and heavy loads of polyphenols and organics. Our aim is to study the phytotoxicity of olive mill wastewater (OMW) at different concentrations on the germination and growth of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.). To assess this, we measured the percentage of germination (GP), the germination inhibition rate (GIR), the length of the main stem, the number of leaves, and the biomass of the stem, leaves, and roots. The germination test was carried out by placing 25 tomato seeds on filter paper in Petri dishes and then irrigating with different concentrations of OMW (0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 7%, 10%). The boxes were placed in an incubator at a temperature of 25 °C for 10 days. The results obtained show that, after 10 days of germination, the GP is maximal (more than 98%) at concentrations of less than 7% (r = -0.98; p<0.000) and with an "inhibitory" effect at more than 7% (r = +0.98; p<0.000). However, the growth in length (8.514±2.612 cm) and the number of leaves (4.667±0.866 leaves) were maximum, respectively, at 2% and 1%, after a period of 30 days. However, the dry weight is maximum (0.235±0.049 g) at 5% OMW, however, there is no significant difference in the fresh and dry weights of the stems and leaves for different concentrations. In light of these results, the OMW of crushing units using the continuous three-phase process could be used as an irrigation source at concentrations below 7%, for better tomato yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming has adverse effects on crop growth, development and yield production. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to evaluate the seed heat tolerance of different crops and to mine the related genes for improving the tolerance of crops to high temperature stress. In order to study the differences of seed heat tolerance in different crops, the seeds of different crop varieties or parental lines were used as materials, and the germination potential and germination percentage were investigated after h, h, h, h and h of heat treatment under about 100 °C. The results showed that there were significant differences in seed heat tolerance in different crops. The general trend was that the germination potential and germination percentage decreased continuously with the extension of treatment time. The seeds of sesame and partial rapeseed varieties had the strongest heat tolerance, and the germination potential and germination percentages after hours heat treatment were still over %. The heat tolerance of wheat, rice, barley and safflower is moderate, and the heat tolerance of peanut seeds is the weakest, the germination potential and germination percentages after h treatment were less than %. In order to explore heat tolerance-related genes of rapeseed, Brassica napus lines were used as materials and treated at 100°C for 8h. And 60 K Illumina SNP array were used to conduct genome-wide association analysis of germination potential and germination percentage in two environments. As a result, 11 SNPs associated with germination potential and SNPs associated with germination percentage were detected. A total of heat tolerance-related genes were screened within the candidate interval, and some homologous genes of the genes have been reported to play an important role in heat tolerance response of other plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Seed priming is the simplest and the best method to increase seed germination speed. Methods: To address this, in a study aimed at the effect of priming of different barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars on various germination characteristics, in the form of a factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamadan province in 2022. Treatments including priming of seeds with fertilizers 1. Biozar, 2. Seafull amino zinc, 3. Sabzine, 4. Royesh, 5. Ecobooster, and 6. control (no fertilizer application), and different barley cultivars including Jolgeh, Bahman, Azaran, Abidar, Ghaflan, and Sahand. Results: The results indicated a significant effect of seed priming on the evaluated characteristics compared to the control treatment. The highest enzyme activities of catalase (0.117 Unit/ml) and peroxidase (85.08 Unit/ml) were obtained in seedlings obtained from seeds priming with Seafull amino zinc, which were 72 and 33% more than control treatments, respectively. The highest seedling vigor index was related to the seeds priming with seafull amino zinc fertilizer (26.55), which was significantly higher than the control treatment (22.84) and other treatments. Also, the germination percentage of seeds priming with seafull amino zinc fertilizer was significantly higher (3.5%) than the control. Conclusion: Considering that seed priming is a cost-effective and easy method and at the same time it is simple and does not require complex technical knowledge, it can be easily implemented by farmers. Therefore, this method is recommended to improve germination, seedling growth, and the quality and strength of barley seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]